Raptors Conservation 13/2008 by Igor Karyakin

      

ISSN 1814–0076

  Ðàáî÷èé áþëëåòåíü î ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêàõ Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè The Newsletter of the raptors of the East Europe and North Asia Áþëëåòåíü «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ó÷ðåæäåí ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîé îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» (Íîâîñèáèðñê) è íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîé îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé» (Í. Íîâãîðîä).

The Raptors Conservation Newsletter has been founded by the non-governmental organisations Siberian Environmental Center (Novosibirsk) and Center of Field Studies (Nizhniy Novgorod).

Ðåäàêòîðû íîìåðà: Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî (Ñèáýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê) è Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí (Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, Í.Íîâãîðîä)

Editors: Elvira Nikolenko (Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk) and Igor Karyakin (Center of Field Studies, N.Novgorod)

Ôîòîãðàôèÿ íà ëèöåâîé ñòîðîíå îáëîæêè: Ñë¸òîê îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) íà ãíåçäå, íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà», Ðîññèÿ, 22 èþíÿ 2006 ã. Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà.

Photo on the front cover: Fledgling of the WhiteTailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in the nest, National Park «Nizhnyaya Kama», Russia, 22 June 2006. Photo by R. Bekmansurov.

Â èëëþñòðàöèè çàäíåé ñòîðîíû îáëîæêè èñïîëüçîâàíû ôîòîãðàôèè Ñ. Áàêêè, Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà, È. Êàðÿêèíà

Photos on the back cover by S. Bakka, R. Bekmansurov, I. Karyakin.

Äèçàéí: Ä. Ñåíîòðóñîâ, À. Êëåù¸â Âåðñòêà: Ä. Êàòóíîâ Êîððåêòóðà: À. Êàþìîâ

Design by D. Senotrusov, A. Kleschev Page-proofs by D. Katunov Proof-reader by A. Kajumov

Ðåäàêöèîííàÿ êîëëåãèÿ:

Ñ.Â. Áàêêà, â.í.ñ., ê.á.í., ÃÏÁÇ «Êåðæåíñêèé», Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; sopr@dront.ru Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí, ê.á.í., ÐÃÏÓ, Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, Ðîññèÿ; timbar@bk.ru Ñ.À. Áóêðååâ, ñ.í.ñ., ê.á.í., ÈÒèÝÁ ÐÀÍ, Ïóùèíî, Ðîññèÿ; sbukreev@rol.ru Â.Ì. Ãàëóøèí, àêàä. ÐÀÅÍ, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÌÏÃÓ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ; v-galushin@yandex.ru Í.Þ. Êèñåëåâà, ê.ïåä.í., ÑÎÏÐ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; sopr@dront.ru Ð.Ä. Ëàïøèí, äîö., ê.á.í., ÍÃÏÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; lapchine@mail.ru À.Ñ. Ëåâèí, äîö., ê.á.í., Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè ÌÎèÍ, Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí; levin_saker@nursat.kz Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, ïðîô., ä.á.í., Íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, Òàøêåíò, Óçáåêèñòàí; olmit@list.ru À.Ñ. Ïàæåíêîâ, ê.á.í., ÖÑÂÓÝÑ, Ñàìàðà, Ðîññèÿ; f_lynx@hotbox.ru Ì.Â. Ïåñòîâ, ê.á.í., Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò», Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; vipera@dront.ru Å.Ð. Ïîòàïîâ, Ph.D., Èññëåäîâàíèå Ïðèðîäû, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ; EugenePotapov@gmail.com Þ.Ñ. Ðàâêèí, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÈÑèÝË ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; zm@eco.nsc.ru È.Ý. Ñìåëÿíñêèé, Ñèáýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; ilya@ecoclub.nsu.ru À.À. Øåñòàêîâà, ê.á.í., ÍÍÃÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; f_s_c@mail.ru T. Katzner, Ph.D., Conservation and Field Research National Aviary, USA; todd.katzner@aviary.org M.J. McGrady, Ph.D., Natural Research, UK; MikeJMcGrady@aol.com

Àäðåñ ðåäàêöèè: 630090 Ðîññèÿ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 Editorial adress: P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090 Tel./Fax: (383) 339 78 85 E-mail: rc_news@mail.ru ikar_research@mail.ru nikolenko@ecoclub.nsu.ru http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors Ýëåêòðîííàÿ âåðñèÿ/RC online http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/RC Ïðàâèëà äëÿ àâòîðîâ äîñòóïíû íà ñàéòå: Guidelines for Contributors available on website: http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/RC/guidelines/

Events

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

  9 íîÿáðÿ 2007 ã. â ã. Ìîñêâà (Ðîññèÿ) íà áàçå Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî íåçàâèñèìîãî ýêîëîãî-ïîëèòîëîãè÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà (ÌÍÝÏÓ) ïðîøëà âòîðàÿ Âñåðîññèéñêàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïî îõðàíå ïðèðîäû1.

Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos). Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Photo by A. Levashkin

Íà êîíôåðåíöèè ñîáðàëèñü ïðåäñòàâèòåëè íåïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé, àêòèâíî äåéñòâóþùèõ â ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè. Âíèìàíèå ê êîíôåðåíöèè ïðîÿâèëè Åâðîïåéñêîå áþðî ÞÍÅÏ, àïïàðàò Ìîñãîðäóìû, Îáùåñòâåííàÿ Ïàëàòà ïðè Ïðåçèäåíòå ÐÔ, íî ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé îò Ìèíèñòåðñòâà ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ Ðîññèè ñðåäè îðãàíèçàòîðîâ è ó÷àñòíèêîâ êîíôåðåíöèè íå áûëî. Ïîñëåäíèé ðàç òàêîå ìàñøòàáíîå ìåðîïðèÿòèå ñîáèðàëîñü â íîÿáðå 2003 ã. â Êðåìë¸âñêîì Äâîðöå Ñúåçäîâ. Ñîáðàâøèåñÿ ïîïûòàëèñü îòâåòèòü íà âîïðîñû î òîì, êàê îõðàíÿòü ïðèðîäó â íîâûõ óñëîâèÿõ, êàêèì îáðàçîì êîíñîëèäèðîâàòü ýêîëîãè÷åñêîå äâèæåíèå è êàêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âíåñòè äëÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ïîëèòèêè Ðîññèè. Êîíôåðåíöèÿ âêëþ÷àëà ïëåíàðíîå çàñåäàíèå è ðàáîòó ñåêöèé «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è ðàçâèòèå ÎÎÏÒ Ðîññèè», «Îáðàçîâàíèå äëÿ óñòîé÷èâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ», «Ãðàäîñòðîèòåëüñòâî, îáùåñòâåííîå ó÷àñòèå, ÎÂÎÑ, ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ýêñïåðòèçà». Â ðàáîòå ñåêöèè «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è ðàçâèòèå ÎÎÏÒ Ðîññèè» ïðèíÿëè ó÷àñòèå 35 ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé îáùåñòâåííûõ è ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé, íàó÷íûõ

http://www.rusrec.ru/ru/docs/1442

9 November 2007 in Moscow (Russia) in International Independent University of Environmental and Political Sciences (IIUEPS) the 2nd All-Russia conference of Nature protection took place1. The representatives of non-governmental organizations, working actively in different regions of Russia, gathered at the conference. The European UNEP Bureau, Moscow Duma staff, Public Palate at the President’s of the Russian Federation showed their attention to the conference, but there were no representatives of the Ministry of Natural Resources. Last time such a large-scaled event took place in November 2003 in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses. The assembled people tried to answer the questions how to protect nature in new conditions, how to consolidate ecological movement and which motions to introduce for the ecological policy of Russia. The conference was divided into the Plenary meeting and work of sessions «Conservation and development of Biodiversity and Protected areas of Russia», «Education for the sustainable development», «Town-planning, public participation, Environment Impact Assessment, ecological examination». In the work of «Conservation of Biodiversity and development of Protected areas of Russia» session 35 representatives of non-governmental, governmental organizations, research institutions from 16 subjects of the Russian Federation took part. The session participants discussed proposals on ecological policy of Russia in the part of wildlife protection, possibilities and prospects of the joined efforts of non-governmental

Êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus). Photo by I. Karyakin

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13 ó÷ðåæäåíèé èç 16 ñóáúåêòîâ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè. Ó÷àñòíèêè ñåêöèè îáñóäèëè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïî ôîðìèðîâàíèþ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ïîëèòèêè Ðîññèè â ÷àñòè îõðàíû æèâîé ïðèðîäû, âîçìîæíîñòè è ïåðñïåêòèâû îáúåäèíåíèÿ óñèëèé íåïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûõ ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé äëÿ ïîâûøåíèÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè èõ ðàáîòû, ïðèíöèïû è ìåòîäû ñîõðàíåíèÿ æèâîé ïðèðîäû â ñîâðåìåííûõ ñîöèàëüíî-ïðàâîâûõ óñëîâèÿõ, à òàêæå ðàçðàáîòàëè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè â ñëåäóþùèõ òåìàòè÷åñêèõ îáëàñòÿõ: ëåñà è ëåñíûå ñîîáùåñòâà; ÎÎÏÒ è èõ ñèñòåìû; îõðàíà ïòèö è èõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé; íåëåãàëüíûé ïðîìûñåë è îáîðîò áèîðåñóðñîâ. Ïî èòîãàì äâóõ÷àñîâûõ îáñóæäåíèé áûëè ïðèíÿòû ðåçîëþöèè ñåêöèé, êîòîðûå âîøëè â òåêñò çàêëþ÷èòåëüíîé ðåçîëþöèè êîíôåðåíöèè. Âûäåðæêè èç Ðåçîëþöèè êîíôåðåíöèè2 îïóáëèêîâàíû íà ñòð. 6–7.

Êîíòàêò (1) Ýëüäàð Ðóñòàìîâ Íàöèîíàëüíûé êîîðäèíàòîð ïðîãðàììû «Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè Òóðêìåíèñòàíà» â ðàìêàõ Ïðîãðàììû IBA/CA/RSPB Àøõàáàä, 2011/59 Íàöèîíàëüíûé èíñòèòóò ïóñòûíü, ðàñòèòåëüíîãî è æèâîòíîãî ìèðà Òóðêìåíèñòàíà êîðïóñ 2, êîìí. 38 òåë.: +312 39 83 88 elldaru@mail.ru Contact (1) Eldar Rustamov National project leader of the Programme on Important Bird Areas in Turkmenistan IBA/CA/ RSPB National Institute of Deserts, Plants and Animals build. 2, of. 38 Ashgabat, 2011/59 Turkmenistan tel.: +312 39 83 88 elldaru@mail.ru

Â Àøõàáàäå 6–7 äåêàáðÿ 2007 ã. ñîñòîÿëèñü Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå íàó÷íûå ÷òåíèÿ, ïîñâÿùåííûå 90–ëåòèþ àêàäåìèêà Àíâåðà Êåþøåâè÷à Ðóñòàìîâà (1917–2005). Íà êîíôåðåíöèè ñ ïðèâåòñòâèÿìè è íàó÷íûìè ñîîáùåíèÿìè âûñòóïèëè ó÷¸íûå è äåÿòåëè îõðàíû ïðèðîäû Òóðêìåíèñòàíà, Ðîññèè, Êàçàõñòàíà, Óçáåêèñòàíà, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè, Ãåðìàíèè, Àâñòðèè, Áîëãàðèè. Áûëè îòìå÷åíû îðèãèíàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ Àíâåðà Êåþøåâè÷à ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì ðåãèîíà. Áðèòàíñêîå Êîðîëåâñêîå îáùåñòâî îõðàíû ïòèö (RSPB) ó÷ðåäèëî åæåãîäíóþ ïðåìèþ èìåíè àêàäåìèêà À.Ê. Ðóñòàìîâà ìîëîäîìó òóðêìåíñêîìó îðíèòîëîãó çà âêëàä â èçó÷åíèå ïòèö. Òóðêìåíñêèå îðíèòîëîãè âûñòóïèëè ñ ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè îá îðãàíèçàöèè ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ è äâóñòîðîííèõ ïðîåêòîâ ïî èññëåäîâàíèþ ïòèö Òóðêìåíèñòàíà è ñîñåäíèõ ðåãèîíîâ. Çàìåñòèòåëü ìèíèñòðà îõðàíû ïðèðîäû Òóðêìåíèñòàíà Ä.Ñ. Ñàïàðìóðàäîâ ïðåäëîæèë ñîçäàòü Òóðêìåíñêîå îáùåñòâî îõðàíû ïòèö èìåíè àêàäåìèêà À.Ê. Ðóñòàìîâà. Êîíòàêò (1). VI âñòðå÷à Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé ðàáî÷åé ãðóïïû ïî ìîãèëüíèêó áóäåò ïðîõîäèòü 5–7 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2008 ã. â Òîïîëîâãðàäå (Áîëãàðèÿ). Âñòðå÷à áóäåò îðãàíèçîâàíà â ïðîäîëæåíèå ïÿòè ïðåäûäóùèõ âñòðå÷ ïî îõðàíå âîñòî÷íîãî ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca heliaca), êîòîðûå ïðîõîäèëè â Âåíãðèè â 1990–2003 ãã.

http://kec.org.ru/?q=node/226

Ñîáûòèÿ nature protection organizations for more efficiency, principles and methods of nature protection in modern social-legislative conditions. They also developed corresponding recommendations in the following fields: forests; protected areas and their systems; protection of birds and their habitats, illegal hunting and turnover of biological resources. As a result of two hours’ discussions the votes of the sessions were passed, which were included into the final text of the conference vote. Some aspects of the conference resolution2 are published on ðp. 6–7. The International conference devoted to the 90 anniversary of academician Anver Kejushevich Rustamov (1917–2005) took place in Ashkhabad on December, 6–7th, 2007. Greetings and scientific reports of scientists and authorities of wildlife management of Turkmenistan, Russia, Kazakhstan,

Ãðèô (Aegypius monachus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus). Photo by I. Karyakin

Uzbekistan, UK, Germany, Austria, and Bulgaria were sounded at the conference. Original research of A.K. Rustamov on birds of prey in the region was noted. RSPB has founded the annual premium named in honor of A.K. Rustamov to the young Turkmen ornithologist for the contribution to bird studying. Turkmen ornithologists offered to organize the international projects on research of birds of Turkmenistan and the nearest regions. The Deputy Minister of Wildlife Management of Turkmenistan D.S. Saparmuradov suggested establishing the Turkmen society of bird conservation named in honor of A.K. Rustamov. Contact (1). The 6th Meeting of the International Imperial Eagle Working Group, which will be held between 5–7 September 2008 in Topolovgrad, Bulgaria. The meeting will be organized as a con-

Events

Ñàìêà ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) áëèç ãíåçäà. 14.07.2007. Ñàìàðñêàÿ îáëàñòü, Ðîññèÿ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Female of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) near the nest. 14/07/2007. Samara district, Russia. Photo by I. Karyakin

Contact (2) Stoycho Stoychev Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds/ BSPB/BirdLife Bulgaria Haskovo branch P.O. Box 130 Haskovo 6300 Bulgaria Tel.: + 359 38 62 29 64 Mobile: +359 888 601801 stoychev.s@gmail.com

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Çàïëàíèðîâàíû ñëåäóþùèå îñíîâíûå ñåññèè: 1. Ñòàòóñ è ìîíèòîðèíã ïîïóëÿöèé âîñòî÷íîãî ìîãèëüíèêà 1.1. Ïðåäñòàâëåíèå íîâûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ìîíèòîðèíãà â ñòðàíàõ àðåàëà âîñòî÷íîãî ìîãèëüíèêà 1.2. Ñîçäàíèå îáùåé áàçû äàííûõ ïî ðàñïðåäåëåíèþ è ðàçìåðàì ïîïóëÿöèé âîñòî÷íîãî ìîãèëüíèêà 1.3. Ïðîåêòû ïî ìå÷åíèþ öâåòíûìè êîëüöàìè 2. Áèîëîãèÿ è ýêîëîãèÿ âîñòî÷íîãî ìîãèëüíèêà 3. Îõðàíà âîñòî÷íîãî ìîãèëüíèêà 3.1. Îõðàííûé ñòàòóñ 3.2. Íåëåãàëüíîå óíè÷òîæåíèå ïòèö (îòðàâëåíèå, îòñòðåë, ðàçîðåíèå ãíåçä) Ýêñïåðòû èç ñòðàí àðåàëà âîñòî÷íîãî ìîãèëüíèêà áóäóò ïðèãëàøåíû íà âñòðå÷ó ïðåäñòàâèòü âñåñòîðîííþþ èíôîðìàöèþ îòíîñèòåëüíî ñòàòóñà è ñèòóàöèè ñ îõðàíîé ýòîãî âèäà. Îðãàíèçàòîðû äëÿ ïðèãëàøåííûõ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ ìîãóò ïîêðûòü íåêîòîðûå ðàñõîäû (â ÷àñòíîñòè, ðàñõîäû íà ïðîæèâàíèå è ïèòàíèå), êðîìå çàòðàò íà ïðîåçä. Àâòîðû, ó÷àñòèå êîòîðûõ áóäåò ïîääåðæàíî îðãàíèçàòîðàìè âñòðå÷è, äîëæíû ïîñëàòü ñâîè ðåçþìå äî 30 èþíÿ 2008 ã. Òàêæå, îðãàíèçàòîðû ìîãóò ïîääåðæàòü ôèíàíñàìè ó÷àñòèå åù¸ íåñêîëüêèõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé è ïðèðîäîîõðàííèêîâ, êîòîðûå çàïðîñÿò ïîääåðæêó, åñëè èõ òåçèñû áóäóò ïðèíÿòû. Ëþáûå èññëåäîâàòåëè, çàèíòåðåñîâàííûå ó÷àñòâîâàòü âî âñòðå÷å òàêæå ïðèâåòñòâóþòñÿ, îäíàêî èõ ðàñõîäû íå ìîãóò áûòü ïîêðûòû èç-çà îãðàíè÷åííûõ ñðåäñòâ. Ìàòåðèàëû ìåæäóíàðîäíîé âñòðå÷è áóäóò èçäàíû ïîñëå å¸ çàâåðøåíèÿ. Êîíòàêò (2).

tinuation of the five previous International Meetings on the Conservation of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca heliaca), which were held in Hungary between 1990 and 2003. The main sessions are planned to be the following: 1. Status and monitoring of the Eastern Imperial Eagle populations 1.1. Presentations on recent national monitoring results 1.2. Establishment of common data base on distribution and population size 1.3. Colored ringing schemes 2. Biology and ecology of the Eastern Imperial Eagle 3. Conservation of the Eastern Imperial Eagle 3.1. Favorable reference value 3.2 Bird crime issues (poisoning, shooting, nest robbing) Experts from the range countries will be invited to present comprehensive information on the species’ status and conservation. The organizers can cover the expenses of invited people except travelling costs. The supported authors have to send their abstracts by 30 June to the organizers. A few more researchers and conservationists may be granted under their request provided their abstracts are approved. Other interested persons are also welcomed however their expense can not be covered due to limited resources available. Conference Proceedings will be published after conference. Contact (2).

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca), ïîìå÷åííûé êðûëîìåòêîé â Íàóðçóìñêîì áîðó. 10.04.2007. Êóñòàíàéñêàÿ îáëàñòü, Êàçàõñòàí. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) marked with wing-tag in the Naurzum pine forest. 10/04/2007. Kostanay District, Kazakhstan. Photo by I. Karyakin

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Ñîáûòèÿ

                         Öåëü êîíôåðåíöèè – êîíñîëèäàöèÿ è ïîâûøåíèå ýôôåêòèâíîñòè äåÿòåëüíîñòè ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî äâèæåíèÿ Ðîññèè â îòâåò íà òîòàëüíîå ñàìîóñòðàíåíèå ãîñóäàðñòâà èç âñåõ ñôåð îáåñïå÷åíèÿ êîíñòèòóöèîííûõ ãàðàíòèé êà÷åñòâà îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû äëÿ ãðàæäàí Ðîññèè. Êëþ÷åâûìè ýëåìåíòàìè äåýêîëîãèçàöèè ñèñòåìû ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ ñòàëè, â òîì ÷èñëå: – ðàñôîðìèðîâàíèå åäèíîãî, íåçàâèñèìîãî îò õîçÿéñòâåííûõ ðåøåíèé, ôåäåðàëüíîãî îðãàíà ïî îõðàíå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû è ðàññðåäîòî÷åíèå ôóíêöèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ â ýòîé îáëàñòè ñðåäè 11 ôåäåðàëüíûõ ìèíèñòåðñòâ è âåäîìñòâ, ÷òî ñäåëàëî íåâîçìîæíûì ôîðìèðîâàíèå è îñóùåñòâëåíèå åäèíîé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ïîëèòèêè â ñôåðå îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè; – íåîáîñíîâàííîå ñîêðàùåíèå ñôåðû äåéñòâèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ýêñïåðòèçû; ñîçäàíèå óñëîâèé äëÿ ëèêâèäàöèè îöåíêè âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà îêðóæàþùóþ ñðåäó (ÎÂÎÑ); – óïðàçäíåíèå èíñòèòóòà îáùåñòâåííûõ ñëóøàíèé â ïðîöåäóðå ÎÂÎÑ êàê îäíîãî èç íàèáîëåå ýôôåêòèâíûõ ìåõàíèçìîâ ó÷àñòèÿ íàñåëåíèÿ â ïðèíÿòèè ðåøåíèé, çàòðàãèâàþùèõ åãî èíòåðåñû; – ïðèíÿòèå íîâûõ Ëåñíîãî è Âîäíîãî êîäåêñîâ Ðîññèè, ðàçðóøèâøèõ ðàíåå äåéñòâóþùóþ ñèñòåìó ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ ïðèðîäíûìè ðåñóðñàìè, íî íå îáåñïå÷èâøèõ ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå íîâîé; – ôàêòè÷åñêàÿ ëèêâèäàöèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî êîíòðîëÿ è íåïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü ðåôîðìèðîâàíèÿ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîé ñèñòåìû â ñôåðå îõðàíû è èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðåñóðñîâ æèâîé ïðèðîäû, ðåçêîå îñëàáëåíèå ôóíêöèé ïðàâîîõðàíèòåëüíûõ âåäîìñòâ â ýòîé îáëàñòè, ïðèâåäøåå ê áåñïðåöåäåíòíûì ïî ìàñøòàáàì è ïîñëåäñòâèÿì íàðóøåíèÿì ïðèðîäîîõðàííîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà, èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî âûñîêîìó óðîâíþ êðèìèíàëèçàöèè ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ; – àáñîëþòíî íåäîñòàòî÷íîå ôèíàíñèðîâàíèå ïðèðîäîîõðàííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè. Çàñëóøàâ è îáñóäèâ äîêëàäû è âûñòóïëåíèÿ ó÷àñòíèêîâ, Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ñ÷èòàåò íåîòëîæíî íåîáõîäèìûì: Ïðîñèòü Ïðåçèäåíòà Ðîññèè, â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïðåäîñòàâëåííûìè åìó êîíñòèòóöèîííûìè ïîëíîìî÷èÿìè, ñîçäàòü ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîå ôåäåðàëüíîå âåäîìñòâî ïî îõðàíå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû. Ïðîñèòü Ïðàâèòåëüñòâî Ðîññèè: – çàêëþ÷èòü ñîãëàøåíèå ìåæäó Ðîññèåé è Êèòàåì îá îõðàíå ìèãðèðóþùèõ ïòèö;

The aim of the conference is consolidation and effectiveness rise of Russian environmental movement in response to the total self-elimination of the government from all the spheres of providing constitutional guarantees of the environment for the citizens of Russia. The key elements of elimination of environmental care in the system of government administration are: – breaking-up of federal organ for nature protection, united and independent on economic solutions and dispersal of government management functions in this field among 11 federal ministries and departments, which made it impossible to form and provide the unified government policy in the sphere of environmental safety; – unjustified reduce of incidence of governmental ecological examination, its subjection to the interests of town-development; creation of conditions to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) liquidation; – practical abolition of the institute of public hearing in the EIA procedure as one of the most effective mechanisms of people’s participation in decision making, which damages their direct interests; – adoption of the new Forest and Water codes of Russia and also of other regulations in nature management, which destroyed the old system of government nature management but didn’t provide the new one; – actual liquidation of state control and inconsequence of reforming of administrative system in protection and regulation of wildlife resources use; sharp weakening of law-enforcement departments and judicial authorities in this field, which led to unexampled in scope and consequences violations of nature protection legislation, disastrous growth of illegal hunting and extremely high level of criminalization in nature management; – absolutely insufficient financing of nature protection activity. Having listened and discussed the presentations of the participants, the Conference considers following items necessary: Apply for the President of Russia in accordance with his constitutional powers to create an independent federal department for nature protection. Apply for the Government of Russia: – to complete an agreement between Russia and China on protection of migrating birds; – to address the government of People’s Republic of China via Ministry of Foreign Affairs in order to stop the realization of a dangerous for Russia project of di-

Events – ÷åðåç ÌÈÄ Ðîññèè îáðàòèòüñÿ â ïðàâèòåëüñòâî ÊÍÐ ñ öåëüþ ïðåêðàùåíèÿ ðåàëèçàöèè îïàñíîãî äëÿ ïðèðîäû Ðîññèè ïðîåêòà ïåðåáðîñêè ÷àñòè ñòîêà âåðõîâèé ð. Àðãóíü â îç. Äàëàéíîð; – îáðàçîâàòü ìåæâåäîìñòâåííóþ êîìèññèþ ïî ðàçðàáîòêå Íàöèîíàëüíûõ ïëàíîâ äåéñòâèé ïî îõðàíå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû; – ïðèíÿòü íåîáõîäèìûå ïðàâîâûå àêòû, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèå ðåàëüíîå ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå îáùåñòâåííîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî êîíòðîëÿ; – ïîðó÷èòü ÌÏÐ Ðîññèè: – ðàçðàáîòàòü ñïèñêè è ïàðàìåòðû âûäåëåíèÿ îñîáî çàùèòíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ëåñà ñ öåëüþ ñîõðàíåíèÿ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ, à òàêæå öåííûõ ëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåì (â òîì ÷èñëå óíèêàëüíûõ, ìàëîíàðóøåííûõ è äåâñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ) ñ ó÷åòîì ðåãèîíàëüíûõ îñîáåííîñòåé; – îáåñïå÷èòü ðàçðàáîòêó è ðåàëèçàöèþ ðåãèîíàëüíûõ ïðîãðàìì ïî ðåãóëÿðíîìó îáñëåäîâàíèþ ëåñîâ íà ïðåäìåò âûäåëåíèÿ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ðåäêèõ è èñ÷åçàþùèõ âèäîâ è äðóãèõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, èìåþùèõ êðèòè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ; – ñîäåéñòâîâàòü ñîçäàíèþ íåçàâèñèìîé ñèñòåìû èíôîðìèðîâàíèÿ çàèíòåðåñîâàííûõ ñòîðîí î äåéñòâèÿõ ëåñîïîëüçîâàòåëåé, ïðåïÿòñòâóþùèõ ñîõðàíåíèþ êëþ÷åâûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ, à òàêæå öåííûõ ëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåì â ïðåäåëàõ àðåíäîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ; – îáåñïå÷èòü ðàçðàáîòêó è óòâåðæäåíèå íîâûõ íîðìàòèâíûõ ïðàâîâûõ àêòîâ â ñôåðå ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ; – ïîðó÷èòü ÌÏÐ Ðîññèè, ñîâìåñòíî ñ Ìèíýêîíîìðàçâèòèÿ Ðîññèè è äðóãèìè ìèíèñòåðñòâàìè è âåäîìñòâàìè, ïîäãîòîâèòü ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïî óïðîùåíèþ è óäåøåâëåíèþ ïðîöåäóðû âûäåëåíèÿ âîäîîõðàííûõ çîí, à òàêæå ðàçëè÷íûõ êàòåãîðèé îñîáî çàùèòíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ëåñîâ; – ïîðó÷èòü Ìèíðåãèîíðàçâèòèÿ Ðîññèè, ñîâìåñòíî ñ ÌÏÐ Ðîññèè è äðóãèìè ìèíèñòåðñòâàìè è âåäîìñòâàìè, ðàçðàáîòàòü è âíåäðèòü â 2008–2009 ãã. â ñèñòåìó ïåðñïåêòèâíîãî òåððèòîðèàëüíîãî ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ ïîêàçàòåëè è íîðìàòèâû, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèå óñòîé÷èâîå ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, âêëþ÷àÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèå ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî êàðêàñà. Ïðîñèòü Ôåäåðàëüíîå Ñîáðàíèå Ðîññèè: – îòìåíèòü ïîëîæåíèå ÷àñòè 2 ñòàòüè 11 ÔÇ îò 21.12.04 N 172-ÔÇ «Î ïåðåâîäå çåìåëü èëè çåìåëüíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ èç îäíîé êàòåãîðèè â äðóãóþ» î ïåðåâîäå çåìåëü ëåñíîãî ôîíäà äëÿ ðàçìåùåíèÿ ëèíåéíûõ îáúåêòîâ (ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷, ñâÿçè, äîðîã, òðóáîïðîâîäîâ); ïîðó÷èòü Ïðàâèòåëüñòâó Ðîññèè âíåñòè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå èçìåíåíèÿ â ïðàâîâûå àêòû ïî âîïðîñàì èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ çåìåëü ëåñíîãî ôîíäà; – çàêîíîäàòåëüíî îáåñïå÷èòü âêëþ÷åíèå îòäåëüíîé ñòðîêîé â åæåãîäíûå áþäæåòû Ðîññèè è ñóáúåêòîâ Ôåäåðàöèè çàòðàòû íà ôèíàíñèðîâàíèå è ïðîâåäåíèå èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ìåñò îáèòàíèÿ îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî è ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ìèðà, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíûå êíèãè Ðîññèè è ñóáúåêòîâ Ôåäåðàöèè.

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

version of the part of runoff of the Argun river upper reaches into the lake Dalainor; – to form an interdepartmental commission on elaboration in 2008 of medium-term (up to 2013) and longterm (up to 2028) National plans of actions on nature protection; – to pass the necessary legislation acts, providing a real functioning of public ecological control; – to charge the Ministry for Nature Resources of Russia: – to work out the lists and parameters of separation of specially protected areas of forests and unexploited areas to protect the habitats of definite species and also valuable forest ecosystems (including unique, slightly disturbed and virgin forests) considering regional features; – provide elaboration and realization of regional programmes on regular inspections of protected and exploited forests in order to display habitats of rare and endangered species and other habitats, having critical value for biodiversity conservation; – to promote creation of independent system of informing wild circles of interested parties about actions in forest husbandry, which prevent from conservation the main habitats of selected species and also valuable forest ecosystems inside the rented plots; – provide elaboration and approval of new normative legislative acts in the field of preventing bird electrocution; – to charge the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, together with the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia and other ministries and departments to prepare proposals on sufficient simplification and reduction of prices in the procedure of water protection zones separation, and also the categories of protected forests and specially protected plots of forests; – to charge the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia together with the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia and other ministries and departments elaborate and introduce in 2008–2009 into the system of long-term territorial planning (on federal and regional levels) the characteristics and norms providing sustainable functioning of natural complexes including forming of territory ecological carcass; To apply for the Federal Assembly of Russia: – to reverse the regulation of part 2 of Federal statute asset 11 of 21.12.04 N 172-FS «About transfer of lands and land plots from one category into another» on transfer of forest fund lands for disposal of linear objects (power lines, communications, roads, pipelines); – to charge the Government of Russia to include the corresponding corrections into the legislative acts on the use of forest fund areas; – to provide legislatively including of expenses and inventory of flora and fauna habitats included into the Red Books of Russia and federal subjects as a separate line into the annual budgets of Russia and federal subjects.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè

                                                  Êîíòàêò: Åëåíà Ïîëçèêîâà Íèæåãîðîäñêîå îòäåëåíèå ÑÎÏÐ 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä à/ÿ 631 Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò» òåë.: +7 (831) 434 46 79 sopr@dront.ru Contact: Elena Polzikova The N. Novgorod branch of RBCU Ecocenter «Dront» P.O. Box 631 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 434 46 79 sopr@dront.ru Òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis). Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). Photo by A. Levashkin

Âñåìèðíûå äíè íàáëþäåíèé ïòèö – åæåãîäíàÿ ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ àêöèÿ, ïðîõîäÿùàÿ â ïåðèîä îñåííåãî ïðîë¸òà â ïîñëåäíèå âûõîäíûå ñåíòÿáðÿ – ïåðâûå âûõîäíûå îêòÿáðÿ. Â ýòè äíè ñîòíè òûñÿ÷ ëþäåé âî ìíîãèõ ñòðàíàõ ìèðà ïîäñ÷èòûâàþò âñåõ ïòèö, êîòîðûõ óäà¸òñÿ óâèäåòü çà âðåìÿ íàáëþäåíèé. Ðåçóëüòàòû ýòèõ ïîäñ÷¸òîâ ñîîáùàþòñÿ â íàöèîíàëüíûå êîîðäèíàöèîííûå öåíòðû àêöèè. Ðîññèÿ ïðèíèìàåò ó÷àñòèå â Äíÿõ íàáëþäåíèé ñ 1995 ã., ñ 2002 ã. ïðîâåäåíèå àêöèè â ñòðàíå êîîðäèíèðóåò Íèæåãîðîäñêîå îòäåëåíèå Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè. Â ïîñëåäíèå òðè ãîäà, êîãäà ÷èñëî ðîññèéñêèõ íàáëþäàòåëåé ïòèö ïðåâûñèëî 15 000, ñòàë íàêàïëèâàòüñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíûé ìàññèâ èíôîðìàöèè î âñòðå÷àõ äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Äàííîå ñîîáùåíèå – ïåðâàÿ ïîïûòêà îáðàáîòàòü ìàòåðèàëû îá ýòèõ ïòèöàõ, îöåíèòü âîçìîæíîñòü èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðåçóëüòàòîâ Äíåé íàáëþäåíèé äëÿ àíàëèçà ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòè è õîäà ïðîë¸òà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Â 2007 ã. Âñåìèðíûå äíè íàáëþäåíèé ïòèö (äàëåå Äíè íàáëþäåíèé) ñîñòîÿëèñü 6–7 îêòÿáðÿ. Â íèõ ïðèíÿëî ó÷àñòèå 17 697 æèòåëåé Ðîññèè èç 72 ðåãèîíîâ, êîòîðûå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàëè 1 048 352 îñîáè ïòèö, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê 295 âèäàì. Íàìè áûëà îáðàáîòàíà èíôîðìàöèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ïîëó÷åííàÿ â õîäå Äíåé íàáëþäåíèé 2007 ã. (äàííûå áûëè ïðåäîñòàâëåíû â Íèæåãîðîäñêîì êîîðäèíàöèîííîì öåíòðå àêöèè). Îïðåäåë¸í

World Birdwatch is the annual international action which is taking place during autumn migration of birds at last days off of September – the first days off of October. Russia participates in World Birdwatch since 1995. The number of the Russian birdwatchers has exceeded 15,000 persons last three years. World Birdwatch 2007 was on 6–7 October, 17,697 citizens of Russia from 72 regions which have registered 1,048,352 birds of 295 species have participated in the action. Reports from 59 regions about records of 3,711 birds of prey of 28 species are received. The most numerous species were following: the Buzzard (Buteo buteo) (1,217 individuals), Black Kite (Milvus migrans) (162 ind.), White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) (129 ind.) and Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) (126 ind.). Interesting data have been received about records of the White-tailed Eagle. In total of 129 birds of this species in 13 regions of Russia were registered. The largest number of the species records (90 individuals – 70%) was in the Volgograd district. The number of the White tailed Eagle records was larger than any other birds of prey listed in the Red Data Book of Russia. It confirms the White tailed Eagle population recovering sufficiently successful. The data of World Birdwatch in European Russia have confirmed the «centers» of high number of the White tailed Eagle in following territories (fig. 3): the Novgorod district, the middle and lower Volga river, the Don river basin. The records of birds in those important regions where the species breeds confirmed that autumn migration of Whitetailed Eagles was at the initial stage.

Reviews and Comments

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Òàáë. 1. ×èñëî õèùíûõ ïòèö, îòìå÷åííûõ âî âðåìÿ Âñåìèðíûõ äíåé íàáëþäåíèé â 2007 ã. Table 1. Numbers of raptors recorded during World Birdwatch 2007

Âèä / Species

Îñîáè / Individuals

Ñêîïà Pandion haliaetus

Çìååÿä Circaetus gallicus

Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò Haliaeetus albicilla Ñòåïíîé ëóíü Circus macrourus

Ëóãîâîé ëóíü Circus pygargus

Áîëîòíûé ëóíü Circus aeruginosus Ëóíè Circus sp.

126 4

Òåòåðåâÿòíèê Accipiter gentilis

Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê Accipiter nisus

Åâðîïåéñêèé òþâèê Accipiter brevipes ßñòðåáû Accipiter sp.

2 110

Îñîåä Pernis aprivorus

Çèìíÿê Buteo lagopus

Êóðãàííèê Buteo rufinus

Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê Buteo hemilasius

Êàíþê Buteo buteo

1217

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë Aquila nipalensis

Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê Aquila clanga

Ïîäîðëèêè A. clanga & A. pomarina

Ìîãèëüíèê Aquila heliaca

Áåðêóò Aquila chrysaetos

Îðëû Aquila sp. ×¸ðíûé êîðøóí Milvus migrans

51 162

Ñòåðâÿòíèê Neophron percnopterus

Áîðîäà÷ Gypaetus barbatus

Áàëîáàí Falco cherrug

Ñàïñàí Falco peregrinus

×åãëîê Falco subbuteo Äåðáíèê Falco columbarius Êîá÷èê Falco vespertinus Ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà Falco naumanni

129

34 4 26 6

Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà Falco tinnunculus

Ñîêîëû Falco sp.

Õèùíûå ïòèöû Falconiformes ssp.

1560

Èòîãî / Total:

3711

http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/publicat/raptors/birdwatch2007Rus.pdf

ïîëíûé âèäîâîé ñïèñîê íàáëþäàâøèõñÿ äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ïîäñ÷èòàíî ÷èñëî îñîáåé êàæäîãî òàêñîíà. Îáðàáîòàíà èíôîðìàöèÿ ïî îòäåëüíûì ñóáúåêòàì ôåäåðàöèè: ñîñòàâëåíû ñïèñêè âèäîâ, îïðåäåëåíî îáùåå ÷èñëî âñòðå÷åííûõ îñîáåé, à òàêæå ðàññ÷èòàíî ÷èñëî îñîáåé, ïðèõîäÿùèõñÿ íà îäíîãî íàáëþäàòåëÿ3. Êðîìå òîãî, äëÿ áîëåå äåòàëüíîãî àíàëèçà âûáðàíû 5 òàêñîíîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö – ëèäåðîâ ïî ÷èñëó çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ îñîáåé: îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla), ëóíè (Circus sp.), êàíþê (Buteo buteo), ÷¸ðíûé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans), ÿñòðåáû (Accipiter sp.), äëÿ êîòîðûõ îïðåäåëåíî ÷èñëî îñîáåé, ïðèõîäÿùèõñÿ íà îäíîãî íàáëþäàòåëÿ â êàæäîì ðåãèîíå. Ñóììàðíàÿ âñòðå÷àåìîñòü âñåõ õèùíûõ ïòèö ðàññìîòðåíà â ìàñøòàáå Ðîññèè, à îòäåëüíûå òàêñîíû – òîëüêî â ðåãèîíàõ Åâðîïåéñêîé Ðîññèè, îòêóäà ïîëó÷åíà çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëåå ïîëíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ. Ñ ïîìîùüþ ÃÈÑ ArcView 3.2à ñîñòàâëåíû êàðòû ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö âî âðåìÿ Äíåé íàáëþäåíèé, â êîòîðûõ â êà÷åñòâå îñíîâíîãî ïîêàçàòåëÿ èñïîëüçîâàíî ÷èñëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ îñîáåé, ïðèõîäÿùååñÿ íà îäíîãî íàáëþäàòåëÿ. Èç 59 ðåãèîíîâ Ðîññèè ïîëó÷åíû ñîîáùåíèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ 3 711 îñîáåé õèùíûõ ïòèö, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê 28 âèäàì. Ñàìûå ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå âèäû: êàíþê (1 217 îñîáåé), ÷¸ðíûé êîðøóí (162 îñîáè), îðëàíáåëîõâîñò (129 îñîáåé) è áîëîòíûé ëóíü (Circus aeruginosus) (126 îñîáåé). Áûëè âñòðå÷åíû 15 âèäîâ, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó: ñêîïà (Pandion haliaetus), çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus), îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò, ñòåïíîé ëóíü (Circus macrourus), åâðîïåéñêèé òþâèê (Accipiter brevipes), êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus), ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis), áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga), ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca), áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos), ñòåðâÿòíèê (Neophron percnopterus), áîðîäà÷ (Gypaetus barbatus), áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug), ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) è ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco naumanni). Âïåðâûå â õîäå Äíåé íàáëþäåíèé áûëè îòìå÷åíû: çèìíÿê (Buteo lagopus) è äåðáíèê (Falco columbarius). ×èñëî îñîáåé âñåõ âèäîâ ïðèâåäåíî â òàáë. 1. Ëèäåðîì ïî êîëè÷åñòâó çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö ÿâëÿåòñÿ Äàãåñòàí, ïî îáùåìó êîëè÷åñòâó îñîáåé – Êàëèíèíãðàäñêàÿ îáëàñòü. Àíàëèç ïîëó÷åííûõ íàìè ðåçóëüòàòîâ ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ÷èñëî âèäîâ è îñîáåé õèùíûõ ïòèö çàâèñèò íå ñòîëüêî îò ÷èñëà ó÷àñòíèêîâ, ñêîëüêî îò äîëè ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ îðíèòîëîãîâ, ñïîñîáíûõ îïðåäåëèòü õèùíûõ

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Ðèñ. 1. Îáùåå ÷èñëî õèùíûõ ïòèö, ïðèõîäÿùèõñÿ íà îäíîãî íàáëþäàòåëÿ â ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè â õîäå Äíåé íàáëþäåíèÿ ïòèö 2007 Fig. 1. Total number of recorded raptors per birdwatcher in different regions of Russia during World Birdwatch 2007

ïòèö è âåäóùèõ íàáëþäåíèÿ â ìåñòàõ ïîâûøåííîé êîíöåíòðàöèè îñîáåé è âûñîêîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ âèäîâ. Îáùåå ÷èñëî õèùíûõ ïòèö, ïðèõîäÿùèõñÿ íà îäíîãî íàáëþäàòåëÿ â ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíàõ, ïðèâåäåíî íà ðèñóíêå 1. Áîëüøîå ÷èñëî õèùíûõ ïòèö íàáëþäàëîñü â ðåãèîíàõ Ñèáèðè (Òîìñêîé è Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îá-ëàñòÿõ), ÷òî, âåðîÿòíî, ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î áîëåå âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè õèùíèêîâ, ÷åì â ðåãèîíàõ Åâðîïåéñêîé Ðîññèè. Íà ïðîë¸òíîì ïóòè èç Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè ÷åðåç Þæíûé Óðàë íà Êàñïèéñêîå ìîðå è Áëèæíèé Âîñòîê âûäåëÿþòñÿ òåððèòîðèè ñî çíà÷èòåëüíîé êîíöåíòðàöèåé õèùíûõ ïòèö, î ÷¸ì ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò èõ âûñîêàÿ âñòðå÷àåìîñòü â ×åëÿáèíñêîé, Âîëãîãðàäñêîé, Àñòðàõàíñêîé îáëàñòÿõ è Äàãåñòàíå. Â ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíå è çîíå øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ îòìå÷åíî çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëüøå ïòèö, ÷åì â òàéãå. Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî íàèáîëåå ìàññîâûå âèäû (êàíþêè, êîðøóíû, ëóíè) ê ìîìåíòó ïðîâåäåíèÿ Äíåé íàáëþäåíèé â õîäå ïðîë¸òà óæå ïîêèíóëè òà¸æíóþ çîíó. Âûñîêàÿ âñòðå÷àåìîñòü â Ñìîëåíñêîé îáëàñòè ñâÿçàíà ñ äâèæåíèåì õèùíûõ ïòèö ïî çàïàäíîìó ïðîë¸òíîìó ïóòè ñ ñåâåðà è âîñòîêà Åâðîïåéñêîé Ðîññèè íà þã Çàïàäíîé Åâðîïû. Âñòðå÷àåìîñòü êàíþêîâ â ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíàõ Åâðîïåéñêîé Ðîññèè ïðåäñòàâëåíà íà ðèñóíêå 2–1. Èíôîðìàöèÿ î ïðîë¸òå êàíþêà áûëà ïîëó÷åíà èç 35 ñóáúåêòîâ Ñàìåö ëóãîâîãî ëóíÿ (Circus pygargus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Male of the Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus). Photo by I. Karyakin

Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè ôåäåðàöèè. Ëèäåðîì ïî êîëè÷åñòâó îòìå÷åííûõ ïòèö ÿâëÿåòñÿ Âîëãîãðàäñêàÿ îáëàñòü. Âñòðå÷àåìîñòü êàíþêîâ â ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíå âûøå, ÷åì íà òåððèòîðèè þæíîé òàéãè è õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ, ò.ê. ê ìîìåíòó íàáëþäåíèÿ äàííûé âèä, â îñíîâíîì, ïîêèíóë òà¸æíóþ çîíó, à â ëåñîñòåïè åãî ïðîë¸ò áûë åù¸ â ðàçãàðå. Âûäåëÿþòñÿ ìåñòà íàèáîëüøåé êîíöåíòðàöèè ïòèö: Ñìîëåíñêàÿ îáëàñòü íà çàïàäíîì ïðîë¸òíîì ïóòè, Âîëãîãðàäñêàÿ è Àñòðàõàíñêàÿ îáëàñòè íà þæíîì. Âûñîêàÿ âñòðå÷àåìîñòü äàííîãî âèäà â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, âîçìîæíî, îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ áîëüøåé äîëåé îðíèòîëîãîâ-ïðîôåññèîíàëîâ ñðåäè ó÷àñòíèêîâ Äíåé íàáëþäåíèé. Â õîäå Äíåé íàáëþäåíèé áûëî îòìå÷åíî 145 ëóíåé â 10 ñóáúåêòàõ ôåäåðàöèè (ðèñ. 2–2). Ëèäåðîì ïî êîëè÷åñòâó çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ ïòèö äàííîãî âèäà ÿâëÿåòñÿ Äàãåñòàí (105 îñîáåé). Ê ìîìåíòó íàáëþäåíèé ïðîë¸ò â îñíîâíîì çàâåðøèëñÿ â ëåñíîé çîíå è óæå çàêàí÷èâàëñÿ â ëåñîñòåïè. «Ôðîíò» ïðîë¸òà íàáëþäàëñÿ â ñòåïíîé çîíå, î ÷¸ì ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò âûñîêàÿ âñòðå÷àåìîñòü ëóíåé â Êóðñêîé, Âîðîíåæñêîé è Âîëãîãðàäñêîé îáëàñòÿõ. Â ßðîñëàâñêîé, Íèæåãîðîäñêîé è Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòÿõ, çà ñ÷¸ò âûñîêîãî ÷èñëà íàáëþäàòåëåé, ïðèíÿâøèõ ó÷àñòèå âî Âñåìèðíûõ äíÿõ íàáëþäåíèé, áûëè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû åäèíè÷íûå çàäåðæàâøèåñÿ ëóíè, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî èõ ïðîë¸ò ïðàêòè÷åñêè çàâåðøèëñÿ. Îñîáåííî âûñîêîé áûëà êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ëóíåé íà ïðîë¸òå â ïðèêàñïèéñêèõ ðåãèîíàõ (Äàãåñòàí è Àñòðàõàíñêàÿ îáëàñòü).

Reviews and Comments

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Ðèñ. 2. ×èñëî ðàçíûõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ïðèõîäÿùèõñÿ íà îäíîãî íàáëþäàòåëÿ â ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè â õîäå Äíåé íàáëþäåíèÿ ïòèö 2007: êàíþê (Buteo buteo) – 1, ëóíè (Circus sp.) – 2, êîðøóí (Milvus migrans) – 3, ÿñòðåáû (Accipiter sp.) – 4 Fig. 2. Numbers of recorded different raptor species per birdwatcher in different regions of Russia during World Birdwatch 2007.: Buzzard (Buteo buteo) – 1, Harriers (Circus sp.) – 2, Black Kite (Milvus migrans) – 3, Hawks (Accipiter sp.) – 4

Â ñðåäíåé òàéãå ê ìîìåíòó ïðîâåäåíèÿ àêöèè çàâåðøèëñÿ ïðîë¸ò êîðøóíà (ðèñ. 2–3), âåðîÿòíî, çàêàí÷èâàëñÿ îí è íà òåððèòîðèè þæíîé òàéãè è õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ. Îñíîâíîé «ôðîíò», ïî-âèäèìîìó, ïðîõîäèò íà óðîâíå þæíîãî Ïðåäóðàëüÿ (Áàøêîðòîñòàí), Ñðåäíåé Âîëãè (Óëüÿíîâñêàÿ îáëàñòü) è Öåíòðàëüíîãî ×åðíîçåìüÿ (Òàìáîâñêàÿ è Êóðñêàÿ îáëàñòè). Íàáëþäàåòñÿ âûñîêàÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ïðîë¸òíûõ êîðøóíîâ â Êðàñíîäàðñêîì êðàå è Ñåâåðíîé Îñåòèè. ×¸ðíûé êîðøóí íàáëþäàëñÿ â 14 ðåãèîíàõ ñòðàíû. Ìàêñèìàëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî â Ñåâåðíîé Îñåòèè. Èíôîðìàöèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ 203 ÿñòðåáîâ áûëà ïîëó÷åíà èç 39 ñóáúåêòîâ ôåäåðàöèè. Íàèáîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî îñîáåé áûëî Êîðøóí (Milvus migrans). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Black Kite (Milvus migrans). Photo by I. Karyakin

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Ðèñ. 3. ×èñëî îðëàíîâ (Haliaeetus albicilla), ïðèõîäÿùèõñÿ íà îäíîãî íàáëþäàòåëÿ â ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè â õîäå Äíåé íàáëþäåíèÿ ïòèö 2007 Fig. 3. Number of recorded White tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla), per birdwatcher in different regions of Russia during World Birdwatch 2007

îòìå÷åíî â Êèðîâñêîé è Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòÿõ (20 è 19 îñîáåé ñîîòâåòñòâåííî). Îòíîñèòåëüíî ðàâíîìåðíî ÿñòðåáû âñòðå÷àþòñÿ íà òåððèòîðèè îò ñåâåðíîé òàéãè äî îïóñòûíåííûõ ñòåïåé (ðèñ. 2–4). Âûñîêàÿ âñòðå÷àåìîñòü äàííîãî âèäà â íåêîòîðûõ ñóáúåêòàõ ÐÔ, âîçìîæíî, îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ áîëüøîé äîëåé îðíèòîëîãîâïðîôåññèîíàëîâ. Èíòåðåñíûå äàííûå áûëè ïîëó÷åíû î âñòðå÷àõ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà. Âñåãî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî 129 îñîáåé ýòîãî âèäà â 13 ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè. Ëèäåðîì ïî êîëè÷åñòâó çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ îðëàíîâ (90 îñîáåé – 70%), ÿâëÿåòñÿ Âîëãîãðàäñêàÿ îáëàñòü. Íàäî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî âñòðå÷ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëüøå, ÷åì ëþáûõ äðóãèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè. Ýòî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò îá îòíîñèòåëüíîì áëàãîïîëó÷èè è óñïåøíîì âîññòàíîâëåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà. Â Åâðîïåéñêîé Ðîññèè äàííûå Äíåé íàáëþäåíèé ïîäòâåðäèëè «î÷àãè» îòíîñèòåëüíî âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà íà ñëåäóþùèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ (ðèñ. 3): Íîâãîðîäñêàÿ îáëàñòü, ñðåäíÿÿ è íèæíÿÿ Âîëãà, áàññåéí Äîíà. Ïðèñóòñòâèå ïòèö â ýòèõ âàæíåéøèõ ðàéîíàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î òîì, ÷òî åãî îñåííÿÿ ìèãðàöèÿ íàõîäèòñÿ íà íà÷àëüíîì ýòàïå. Íàèáîëåå

Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè âûñîêàÿ âñòðå÷àåìîñòü íàáëþäàåòñÿ â Àñòðàõàíñêîé îáëàñòè, ìíîãî îðëàíîâ è â Äàãåñòàíå, ÷òî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î íà÷àëå ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ çèìîâî÷íîãî ñêîïëåíèÿ ýòèõ ïòèö â ïðèêàñïèéñêèõ ðåãèîíàõ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â õîäå Âñåìèðíûõ äíåé íàáëþäåíèé ïîëó÷åíà èíôîðìàöèÿ, ïîçâîëÿþùàÿ îöåíèòü ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå è ôåíîëîãèþ ïðîë¸òà õèùíûõ ïòèö âî ìíîãèõ ðåãèîíàõ íàøåé ñòðàíû. Äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ áîëåå òî÷íûõ äàííûõ, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, íåîáõîäèìî ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå ìåòîäèêè îáðàáîòêè è àíàëèçà ðåçóëüòàòîâ, ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, óâåëè÷åíèå ñðåäè ó÷àñòíèêîâ àêöèè ÷èñëà ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ îðíèòîëîãîâ, à òàêæå ïîâûøåíèå êâàëèôèêàöèè îðíèòîëîãîâëþáèòåëåé. Áîëåå ïîäðîáíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î êîëè÷åñòâå õèùíûõ ïòèö, âñòðå÷åííûõ â êàæäîì ðåãèîíå, ïðèâåäåíà â òàáëèöàõ, ðàçìåù¸ííûõ íà ñàéòå «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Ðîññèè» (ñì. ññûëêó íà ñòð. 9) Âûðàæàåì áëàãîäàðíîñòü íàó÷íîìó ðóêîâîäèòåëþ – äîöåíòó ÍÃÏÓ Í.Þ. Êèñåë¸âîé è ñîòðóäíèêàì ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî áèîñôåðíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Êåðæåíñêèé» Ñ.Â. Áàêêå è È.Â. Êàðÿêèíó çà êîíñóëüòàöèè â õîäå îáðàáîòêè ìàòåðèàëà. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) è ñåðàÿ âîðîíà (Corvus cornix). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix). Photo by I. Karyakin

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

                                                                   Êîíòàêò: Àíäðåé Êóçíåöîâ Äàðâèíñêèé çàïîâåäíèê 162723 Ðîññèÿ Âîëîãîäñêàÿ îáë. ×åðåïîâåöêèé ð-í ï. Áîðîê òåë./ôàêñ: +7 (8202) 666970 +7 (8202) 599135 dgpbz@rambler.ru Ìèðîñëàâ Áàáóøêèí ÌÏÃÓ 129278 Ðîññèÿ Ìîñêâà óë. Êèáàëü÷è÷à, 6á–5 òåë./ôàêñ: +7 (495) 2831634 babushkin02@mail.ru Contact: Andrey Kuznetsov Darwin State Nature Reserve v. Borok, Cherepovets area Vologda region Russia 162723 tel./fax: +7 (8202) 666970 +7 (8202) 599135 dgpbz@rambler.ru Miroslav Babushkin Moscow Pedagogical State University Kibalchicha Str., 6, b. 5 Moscow 129278 Russia tel./fax: +7 (495) 2831634 babushkin02@mail.ru

Íàøè èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü ñ 1988 ã. ïî 2007 ã. íà îáøèðíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå, ðàñïîëîæåííîì ìåæäó Âîëãîé ñ ãîðîäàìè Ðûáèíñê, ßðîñëàâëü è Êîñòðîìà íà þãå, Îíåæñêèì îçåðîì, Âîäëîçåðîì è âåðõíèì òå÷åíèåì Îíåãè íà ñåâåðå. Ýòà òåððèòîðèÿ íàõîäèòñÿ â ïîäçîíå þæíîé è ñðåäíåé òàéãè, ïîêðûòà ãóñòîé ðå÷íîé ñåòüþ, çäåñü ñîñðåäîòî÷åíî ìíîæåñòâî îç¸ð, íàèáîëåå êðóïíûå èç êîòîðûõ – Îíåæñêîå, Áåëîå, Âîæå, Ëà÷à, Âîäëîçåðî, Êóáåíñêîå, Êåíîçåðî, Ëåêøìîçåðî, Êîâæñêîå è ðÿä äðóãèõ. Êðîìå òîãî, íà Âîëãî-Áàëòèéñêîé âîäíîé ñèñòåìå ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ äâà êðóïíûõ âîäîõðàíèëèùà – Ðûáèíñêîå è Øåêñíèíñêîå. Íà ñàìîì þãî-âîñòîêå,

Our research of the White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) was carried out since 1988 to 2007 and covered large territory between the Volga river with Rybinsk, Yaroslavl and Kostroma cities, Onezhskoe Lake, Vodlozero Lake and the Onega river upper reaches in the north. As a result of our research we revealed the White-tailed Eagle congregating to breed with high density near banks of large lakes and water reservoirs. The largest concentration of breeding White-tailed Eagles was recorded near the Rybinskoe water reservoir in the Darwin State Nature Reserve and in its zone of protection, where near 35 pairs of eagles breed (fig. 1, table.1).

Ãíåçäî îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) â Äàðâèíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå. Ôîòî Ì. Áàáóøêèíà Nest of the White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in the Darwin Nature Reserve Photo by M. Babushkin

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ The number of White-tailed Eagles has significantly increased for 60 years of the Nature Reserve functioning (fig. 2). Several factors have determined the process. Monitoring 179 nests of the White-tailed Eagle in the Nature Reserve we found that breeding success of the species per breeding pair ranged from 0.54 to 0.82 chicks in different years, an average of 0.75 chick per pair for 20 years. Thus there are near 20 juveniles per 25 living nests in the Nature Reserve every year, and from 1.22 to 2.00 chicks per successful pair, an average of 1.51 chicks. Such sufficiently high breeding success confirms favorable conditions for the White-tailed Eagle population survive on the Rybinskoe water reservoir. The main peculiarity of that population is preference of eagles to breed closely on banks of large water bodies (lakes and water reservoirs) in a forest zone. A total of 100 pairs are estimated to breed in such habitats. Forming the largest breeding group about a third of the population inhabit the Darwin State Nature Reserve on the Rybinskoe water reservoir (30–35 pairs). It seems that from that group birds moved to breed on other large reservoirs of the region in 1980–90s. The second on number is the breeding group on the Vodlozero Lake (20–25 pairs). Near 10–12 pairs are estimated to breed on the Sheksninskoe water reservoir, 10–13 pairs – on the Vozhe Lake, 6–8 pairs – in the western side of the Beloe Lake, 5–6 pairs – on the Lacha Lake and 2–3 pairs – the Kostroma part of the Gorkovskiy water reservoir. Also per 1–2 pairs were found on the Kovzhskoe Lake, on Lekshmozero Lake and several other lakes of the region (table. 1). Ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãíåçäà îðëàíà íà áåð¸çå â çîíå âðåìåííîãî çàòîïëåíèÿ âîäîõðàíèëèùà. Ôîòî Ì. Áàáóøêèíà

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) â Âîëîãîäñêîì ïîîçåðüå è þãî-âîñòî÷íîì Ïðèîíåæüå (ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ýêñïåäèöèé Äàðâèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà 1999–2002 ãã.) Fig. 1. Distribution of the White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in the Voilogodskoe Poozerie and Southeast Prionezhie regions (following results of surveys of the Darwin Nature Reserve in 1999–2002)

óæå â ïðåäåëàõ ßðîñëàâñêîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ, ðàñïîëîæåí åù¸ îäèí èñêóññòâåííûé âîäî¸ì – Êîñòðîìñêîé ðàçëèâ Ãîðüêîâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ýòîé òåððèòîðèè îòíîñèòñÿ ê Âîëîãîäñêîìó Ïîîçåðüþ – îç¸ðíîìó êðàþ, çàíèìàþùåìó ñàìûé çàïàä Âîëîãîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Ñåâåðíàÿ ÷àñòü òåððèòîðèè ñîñòàâëÿåò þæíîå è âîñòî÷íîå Ïðèîíåæüå, âêëþ÷àþùåå Ïðèîíåæñêóþ íèçìåííîñòü ñ îç¸ðàìè Ìåãðñêîé ãðóïïû, Âîäëîçåðüå, Êåíîçåðüå è ÂîæåËà÷ñêóþ íèçìåííîñòü (ðèñ. 1). Ñåâåðíåå ëèíèè ×åðåïîâåö-

Location of the White-tailed Eagle’s nest in the zone of the water reservoir temporary flooding. Photo by M. Babushkin

Raptors Research

Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla). Ôîòî À. Êóçíåöîâà White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). Photo by A. Kusnetsov

Ðèñ. 2. Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â Äàðâèíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå, 1953– 2005 ãã. (ñðåäíèå äàííûå çà 5 ëåò) Fig. 2. Changing of the White-tailed Eagle numbers in the Darwin Nature Reserve, 1953–2005 (average data for 5 years)

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Âîëîãäà îáøèðíûå ïëîùàäè çàíèìàþò êðóïíûå ìàññèâû ëåñîâ è áîëîò, ïðè ýòîì ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ ê ñåâåðó ñóùåñòâåííî óìåíüøàåòñÿ, ñîñòàâëÿÿ íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå ýòîé òåððèòîðèè ìåíåå 2–3 ÷åëîâåê/êì2. Âñå ýòî ñîçäàåò èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî áëàãîïðèÿòíûå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ çäåñü ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö, â òîì ÷èñëå è ñàìîãî êðóïíîãî ïåðíàòîãî õèùíèêà ëåñíîé çîíû åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè – îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla). Ó÷¸òû ïòèö â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä ïðîâîäèëèñü âî âðåìÿ ýêñïåäèöèîííûõ îáñëåäîâàíèé ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ë¸ãêèõ ìîòîðíûõ ëîäîê, áàéäàðîê, âåçäåõîäà (áîëîòîõîäà), êîòîðûå ïåðåâîçèëèñü îò âîäî¸ìà ê âîäî¸ìó íà àâòîìîáèëå ïîâûøåííîé ïðîõîäèìîñòè. Â çèìíèé ïåðèîä íà ýòîì æå àâòîìîáèëå ïåðåâîçèëñÿ ñíåãîõîä «Áóðàí», ñ êîòîðîãî îáñëåäîâàëèñü îáøèðíûå, òðóäíîäîñòóïíûå â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä, ïðèáðåæíûå ëåñà è áîëîòà ñ öåëüþ ïîèñêà ãí¸çä îðëàíîâ. Êðîìå òîãî, íåñêîëüêî ðàç ïðîâîäèëèñü àâèàöèîííûå

îáñëåäîâàíèÿ Âîëîãîäñêîãî Ïîîçåðüÿ ñ âåðòîë¸òà. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå òåõíè÷åñêèõ ñðåäñòâ ïîçâîëèëî ñóùåñòâåííî óâåëè÷èòü ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ýêñïåäèöèîííûõ ðàáîò, îõâàòèòü îáøèðíûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà è â òå÷åíèå êîðîòêîãî âðåìåíè íàéòè äåñÿòêè ãí¸çä. Â ïåðèîä ñ 1999 ïî 2002 ãã. áûëî ïðîâåäåíî âîñåìü ýêñïåäèöèé, îõâàòèâøèõ òåððèòîðèþ îò Êîñòðîìû è ßðîñëàâëÿ íà þãå äî Âîäëîçåðüÿ è Êåíîçåðüÿ íà ñåâåðå. Â 1999 ã. áûëè ïðîâåäåíû ëåòíÿÿ è çèìíÿÿ ýêñïåäèöèè íà Øåêñíèíñêîå âîäîõðàíèëèùå è àâèàîáñëåäîâàíèå Âîëîãîäñêîãî Ïîîçåðüÿ îò Ðûáèíñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà äî þæíîãî Ïðèîíåæüÿ. Â 2000 ã. èçó÷åíû ßðîñëàâñêîå Ïîâîëæüå, Êîñòðîìñêàÿ íèçìåííîñòü è îçåðî Âîæå. Â 2001 ã. ïðîâåäåíû ëåòíÿÿ è çèìíÿÿ ýêñïåäèöèè íà îçåðî Âîæå, à òàêæå èññëåäîâàíèå Þæíîãî Ïðèîíåæüÿ è Âîäëîçåðà. Â 2002 ã. ïðîâåäåíî àâèàîáñëåäîâàíèå Ðûáèíñêîãî è Øåêñíèíñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèù è ýêñïåäèöèÿ íà îçåðî Ëà÷à è â Êåíîçåðüå, â õîäå êîòîðîé áûëà èçó÷åíà òåððèòîðèÿ îò Áåëîãî îçåðà äî Êåíîçåðà (ðèñ. 1). Êðîìå ýêñïåäèöèîííûõ îáñëåäîâàíèé òåððèòîðèè Âîëîãîäñêîãî Ïîîçåðüÿ è ïðèëåãàþùèõ ðàéîíîâ, íàìè ïðîâîäèëèñü ñòàöèîíàðíûå íàáëþäåíèÿ â þãî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè îáëàñòè – â Äàðâèíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå è â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ãîðîäà ×åðåïîâöà. 1. Äàðâèíñêèé çàïîâåäíèê îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 1126 êì2 (ñòàöèîíàð «Çàïîâåäíèê») ðàñïîëîæåí íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè, íà âåðõíåé Âîëãå, â ñåâåðîçàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ðûáèíñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà. Çàïîâåäíèê çàíèìàåò þãî-âîñòî÷íóþ îêîíå÷íîñòü íèçìåííîãî ïîëóîñòðîâà, îñòàâøåãîñÿ îò âîäîðàçäåëà Ìîëîãè è Øåêñíû. Çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ïîëóîñòðîâà çàíÿòà âåðõîâûìè áîëîòàìè, ÷åðåäóþùèìèñÿ ñ ãðèâàìè ñîñíîâîãî è ñìåøàííîãî ëå-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Òàáë. 1. ×èñëåííîñòü îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) íà êðóïíûõ âîäî¸ìàõ Âîëîãîäñêîãî Ïîîçåðüÿ (ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ñòàöèîíàðíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 1999– 2007 ãã. è ýêñïåäèöèé Äàðâèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà 1999– 2002 ãã.) Table 1. Number of the White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) on large water bodies of the Voilogodskoe Poozerie region (following results of stationary observations in 1999–2007 and surveys of the Darwin Nature Reserve 1999–2002)

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ×èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð Number of breeding pairs

Òåððèòîðèÿ / Territory Ðûáèíñêîå âîäîõðàíèëèùå / Rybinskoe Reservoir

30–35

îç. Âîäëîçåðî / Vodlozero Lake

20–25

Øåêñíèíñêîå âîäîõðàíèëèùå / Sheksninskoe Reservoir

11–14

îç. Âîæå / Vozhe Lake

10–13

îç. Áåëîå / Beloe Lake

6–8

îç. Ëà÷à / Lacha Lake

5–6

Êîñòðîìñêîé ðàçëèâ Ãîðüêîâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà Kostromskoi Gulf of the Gorkovskoe Reservoir

2–3

îç. Êîâæñêîå, Ëåêøìîçåðî è äð. / Kovzhskoe Lake, Lekshmozero Lake and other neighbor lakes

1–2

ñà. Äëÿ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè çàïîâåäíèêà õàðàêòåðíî ïðåîáëàäàíèå îëèãîòðîôíûõ áîëîò (60–65%) è çàáîëî÷åííûõ ñîñíîâûõ ëåñîâ. Íåçíà÷èòåëüíûå ïëîùàäè çàíÿòû åëîâûìè è ñìåøàííî-åëîâûìè ëåñàìè, ëóãàìè è íèçèííûìè áîëîòàìè (Èñàêîâ, 1949; Èñàêîâ, 1953; Ëåîíòüåâ, 1957). 2. ×åðåïîâåöêèé ñòàöèîíàð (125 êì2), íà êîòîðîì èçó÷åíèå ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ ïðîâîäèëîñü ñ 1999 ïî 2005 ãîäû, íàõîäèòñÿ â áëèæàéøèõ îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. ×åðåïîâöà, íà ëåâîì (þãî-âîñòî÷íîì) áåðåãó Øåêñíèíñêîãî îòðîãà Ðûáèíñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà. Îòíîñèòåëüíî çàïîâåäíèêà ñòàöèîíàð ðàñïîëîæåí íà ñåâåðîâîñòîêå, â 15 êì îò åãî ãðàíèöû (Áàáóøêèí, 2003; Áàáóøêèí, 2006). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, çà êîðîòêîå âðåìÿ íàìè ïðîâåäåíî îáñëåäîâàíèå ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñåõ êðóïíûõ è ñðåäíèõ îç¸ð íà îáøèðíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå ñåâåðà ëåñíîé çîíû, â ðåçóëüòàòå êîòîðîãî íàéäåíû äåñÿòêè ãí¸çä è ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëàíà. Â õîäå ïðîâåä¸ííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé íàìè âûÿâëåíî î÷àãîâîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà, ñ íàèáîëüøåé ïëîòíîñòüþ íàñåëÿþùåãî ïîáåðåæüÿ êðóïíûõ îç¸ð è âîäîõðàíèëèù. Ñàìûé çíà÷èòåëüíûé î÷àã âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà ðàñïîëîæåí íà Ðûáèíñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå â Äàðâèíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå è â åãî îõðàííîé çîíå, ãäå îáèòàåò îêîëî 35 ïàð îðëàíîâ (ðèñ. 1, òàáë.1). Çà 60 ëåò ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ çàïîâåäíèêà çäåñü ïðîèçîøëî çíà÷èòåëüíîå óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (ðèñ. 2). Îïðåäåëÿþùåå âëèÿíèå íà ýòîò ïðîöåññ èìåëè íåñêîëüêî ôàêòîðîâ. Ïåðâûì ñðåäè íèõ ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü íàëè÷èå êðóïíîãî, áîãàòîãî ðûáîé âîäî¸ìà, êàêîâûì ñòàëî Ðûáèíñêîå âîäîõðàíèëèùå ñ ïåðâûõ ëåò ñâîåãî ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ. Ñëåäóþùèì ôàêòîðîì ÿâèëîñü íàëè÷èå óäîáíûõ ìåñò äëÿ

ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è îõîòû. Äëÿ îðëàíà áûëî âàæíî íàëè÷èå â ïðèáðåæíîé çîíå ó÷àñòêîâ ñòàðûõ âûñîêîñòâîëüíûõ ëåñîâ, ê êîòîðûì, â îñíîâíîì, è ïðèóðî÷åíû åãî ãí¸çäà (Kuznetsov, 1998; Kuznetsov, 1999; Kuznetsov, Romanov, 2001; Êóçíåöîâ, Ðåéô, 1998). Îñîáîå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïîïóëÿöèè îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà èìåë ðåæèì çàïîâåäíîñòè. Åñëè ñî÷åòàíèå äâóõ ïåðâûõ ôàêòîðîâ îïðåäåëÿëî âîçìîæíîñòü ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ýòîãî âèäà â Ìîëîãî-Øåêñíèíñêîì ìåæäóðå÷üå, òî îòñóòñòâèå ôàêòîðà áåñïîêîéñòâà ïîçâîëèëî åìó äîñòè÷ü íàèâûñøåé â äàííûõ óñëîâèÿõ ÷èñëåííîñòè (Êóçíåöîâ, Íåìöåâ, 1998; Êóçíåöîâ, Íåìöåâ, 2000). Ïîäú¸ì íà ãíåçäî îðëàíà. Ôîòî Î. Êóëèêîâîé Raising to the White-tailed Eagle’s nest. Photo by O. Kulikova

Raptors Research

Ðèñ. 3. Óñïåøíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â Äàðâèíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå (1986– 2007 ãã.). Êîëè÷åñòâî âûëåòåâøèõ ïòåíöîâ íà îäíó óñïåøíî ãíåçäÿùóþñÿ ïàðó Fig. 3. Breeding success of the White-tailed Eagle in the Darwin Nature Reserve (1986– 2007). Number of juveniles per successful breeding pair

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13 Êðîìå òîãî, îðëàíîâ Äàðâèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà îòëè÷àþò íåêîòîðûå îñîáåííîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, îáúåäèíÿþùèå èõ ñ ïòèöà-ìè, ãíåçäÿùèìèñÿ íà Øåêñíèíñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå, íà îçåðå Âîæå, îçåðå Ëà÷à è íà Âîäëîçåðå: 1) Ñïîñîáíîñòü ñ âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ çàñåëÿòü ïðèãîäíûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, êîãäà ãí¸çäà ñîñåäíèõ ïàð ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ äðóã îò äðóãà íà ðàññòîÿíèè 2–3 êì (à èíîãäà è íå áîëåå 1 êì). Õàðàêòåðíî îòñóòñòâèå ñêîïëåíèé ãí¸çä îðëàíîâ íà îáñëåäîâàííûõ íàìè þæíîì è çàïàäíîì ïîáåðåæüÿõ Îíåæñêîãî îçåðà, ãäå èìåþòñÿ ëèøü îòäåëüíûå, äàëåêî îòñòîÿùèå äðóã îò äðóãà, æèëûå ãí¸çäà. È ýòî ïðè òîì, ÷òî Ïðèîíåæñêàÿ íèçìåííîñòü èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî áëàãîïðèÿòíà äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà. Ïî âñåé âåðîÿòíîñòè, îñíîâó íàñåëåíèÿ îðëàíîâ Ïðèîíåæüÿ ñîñòàâëÿþò ìåñòíûå ïòèöû, íå ñïîñîáíûå îáðàçîâûâàòü óïëîòí¸ííûå ïîïóëÿöèè. Íà âñ¸ì îáñëåäîâàííîì íàìè ïîáåðåæüå Îíåæñêîãî îçåðà, îò Ñâèðè äî Ìóðîìñêîãî îçåðà, îáíàðóæåíî ëèøü 4 ïàðû îðëàíîâ. 2) Ìíîãîëåòíÿÿ ïðèâåðæåííîñòü ê îäíîìó ãíåçäó ïðè ïîëíîì îòñóòñòâèè òàê íàçûâàåìûõ ñìåííûõ èëè ðåçåðâíûõ ãí¸çä. Òàê, â çàïîâåäíèêå èìåþòñÿ ãí¸çäà, çàíèìàåìûå îðëàíàìè ïî 10–15 è áîëåå ëåò ïîäðÿä. 3) Ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãí¸çä ìàêñèìàëüíî áëèçêî ê áåðåãó âîäî¸ìà, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ãí¸çä âèäíà ñ âîäû. Ýòè æå îñîáåííîñòè îòëè÷àþò îðëàíîâ Øåêñíèíñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà, îçåðà Âîæå è Âîäëîçåðà. Îðëàíû, íàñåëÿþùèå ýòè âîäî¸ìû, ïî-âèäèìîìó, îáðàçóþò åäèíóþ ïîïóëÿöèþ, ïî ðÿäó îñîáåííîñòåé îòëè÷àþùóþñÿ îò ïîïóëÿöèé, íàñåëÿþùèõ

Ñòàðîå ãíåçäî îðëàíà. Äàðâèíñêèé çàïîâåäíèê. Ôîòî Ì. Áàáóøêèíà Old nest of the White-tailed Eagle. Darwin Nature Reserve. Photo by M. Babushkin

ïîáåðåæüÿ ìîðåé è òàêèõ êðóïíûõ îç¸ð, êàê Ëàäîæñêîå è Îíåæñêîå. Ê ñåðåäèíå 80-õ – íà÷àëó 90-õ ãã. XX âåêà ÷èñëåííîñòü èññëåäóåìîãî âèäà â çàïîâåäíèêå äîñòèãëà òàêîãî óðîâíÿ (ðèñ. 2), ÷òî èç ýòîãî î÷àãà âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòè íà÷àëîñü èíòåíñèâíîå ðàññåëåíèå ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, êîòîðûå ñòàëè îñâàèâàòü ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, ñõîäíûå ñ òåìè, êîòîðûå ñôîðìèðîâàëèñü â çàïîâåäíèêå. Çíàÿ äàííûå ïî óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, ìû îöåíèëè ðàçìåðû ðàññåëåíèÿ îðëàíà. Ïîêàçàòåëü óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ðàññ÷èòûâàëñÿ íà îáùåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïàð ñ èçâåñòíûìè ðåçóëüòàòàìè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ è íà óñïåøíî ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ ïàðû. Ðàñ÷¸òû, ïîëó÷åííûå ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ïðîâåðêè 179 ãí¸çä îðëàíà â çàïîâåäíèêå, ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî óñïåøíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ýòîãî âèäà, â ðàñ÷¸òå íà îäíó ãíåçäÿùóþñÿ ïàðó, èçìåíÿëàñü ïî ãîäàì îò 0,54 äî 0,82 ïòåíöà, â ñðåäíåì çà äâàäöàòèëåòíèé ïåðèîä – 0,75 ïòåíöà íà îäíó ïàðó. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, åæåãîäíî èç 25 æèëûõ ãí¸çä îðëàíà â çàïîâåäíèêå âûëåòàåò îêîëî 20 ìîëîäûõ ïòèö. Íà îäíó óñïåøíî ãíåçäÿùóþñÿ ïàðó îðëàíîâ ïðèõîäèëîñü îò 1,22 äî 2,00 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì – 1,51 ïòåíöà. Ýòè äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêèå ñòàáèëüíûå ðåçóëüòàòû ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò îá îòíîñè-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Ïòåíåö îðëàíà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî Ì. Áàáóøêèíà Chick of the Whitetailed Eagle. Photo by M. Babushkin

Ïòåíöû îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà çà íåäåëþ äî âûëåòà èç ãíåçäà (Äàðâèíñêèé çàïîâåäíèê). Ôîòî Ì. Áàáóøêèíà Chicks of the Whitetailed Eagle a week before leaving the nest. (Darwin Nature Reserve) Photo by M. Babushkin

òåëüíîì áëàãîïîëó÷èè ïîïóëÿöèé áåëîõâîñòà íà Ðûáèíñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå. Ïîêàçàòåëü óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà, âûðàæàþùèéñÿ â êîëè÷åñòâå ïòåíöîâ íà îäíó óñïåøíî ðàçìíîæàþùóþñÿ ïàðó, ñ 1986 ïî 2005 ãîä îñòàâàëñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ñòàáèëüíûì (ðèñ. 3). Â 80–90-å ãã. XX âåêà ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíà äîñòèãëà òàêîãî óðîâíÿ, ÷òî èç ýòîãî î÷àãà âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòè íà÷àëîñü èíòåíñèâíîå ðàññåëåíèå ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, êîòîðûå ñòàëè îñâàèâàòü íàèáîëåå ïðèãîäíûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, âî ìíîãîì ñõîäíûå ñ òåìè, êîòîðûå ñôîðìèðîâàëèñü â çàïîâåäíèêå. Ñàìûå ïîëíûå äàííûå ïî äèíàìèêå ðàññåëåíèÿ îðëàíà ïîëó÷åíû â 80–90-õ ãîäàõ íà Øåêñíèíñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå. Àâèàîáñëåäîâàíèå Øåêñíèíñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà ïðîâîäèëîñü â 1988, 1993 è

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ 1999 ãã. Òàê, â 1988 ã. (Áåëêî, 1990) áûëè îáíàðóæåíû 3 ãíåçäà îðëàíîâ. Â 1993 ã. íà ïîáåðåæüå âîäîõðàíèëèùà ãíåçäèëîñü óæå 6 ïàð îðëàíîâ, â 1999 ã. çäåñü áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 11 ãí¸çä îðëàíîâ (ðèñ. 1). Âûáîðî÷íûå ó÷¸òû ïîñëåäóþùèõ ëåò ïîäòâåðäèëè, ÷òî ÷èñëåííîñòü ýòîãî âèäà íà Øåêñíèíñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå íå òîëüêî íå óìåíüøèëàñü, íî, ñêîðåå âñåãî, íåñêîëüêî âîçðîñëà. Ñõîäíûå ïðîöåññû óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè, âåðîÿòíåå âñåãî ñâÿçàííûå ñ ðàññåëåíèåì èç î÷àãà âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòè â Äàðâèíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå, øëè è íà äðóãèõ êðóïíûõ âîäî¸ìàõ ýòîãî ðåãèîíà. Â 80-å ãîäû ñòàëè ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ íîâûå ó÷àñòêè îáèòàíèÿ îðëàíîâ íà Âîäëîçåðå è íà Áåëîì îçåðå. Â êîíöå 80-õ ãîäîâ ÷èñëåííîñòü Âîäëîçåðñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè îðëàíà îöåíèâàëàñü â 10 ïàð (Ñàçîíîâ, 1995), â íà÷àëå 90-õ ãîäîâ – â 12–15 ïàð (Çèìèí, 1995), â 1995 ã. – 15–16, à â 1998–1999 ãã. – 23 ïàðû (Ñàçîíîâ è äð., 2001). Ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà íà îçåðå Âîæå òàêæå íà÷àëñÿ â êîíöå 80-õ ãîäîâ. Ïîáåðåæüå îçåðà Âîæå îáñëåäîâàëîñü íàìè ñ âåðòîë¸òà â 1993 è 1999 ãã. Ýòè ðåêîãíîñöèðîâî÷íûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ âûÿâèëè ïðèñóòñòâèå çäåñü äîâîëüíî áîëüøîãî ÷èñëà ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, ïîýòîìó ëåòîì 2000 ã. áûëà îðãàíèçîâàíà ñïåöèàëüíàÿ ýêñïåäèöèÿ ïî îáñëåäîâàíèþ îçåðà Âîæå è ïðèëåãàþùèõ ê íåìó îç¸ð è áîëîò. Ïðè èçó÷åíèè ïîáåðåæèé îçåðà Âîæå ñ âåðòîë¸òà â 1988 ã. áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 3 ãíåçäà îðëàíà (Áåëêî, 1990). Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ýêñïåäèöèè 2000 ã. íà îçåðå è â åãî îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îòìå÷åíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 11 ïàð îðëàíà (ðèñ. 1) (Áàáóøêèí, Êóçíåöîâ, Êóðàæêîâñêèé, 2000). Ïîáåðåæüå Áåëîãî îçåðà îáñëåäîâàëîñü ñ âåðòîë¸òà â 1988 ã., â ðåçóëüòàòå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 1 ãíåçäî îðëàíà (Áåëêî, 1990). Â 1993 ã. ìû ñìîãëè îáñëåäîâàòü òîëüêî çàïàäíûé áåðåã îçåðà è îáíàðóæèëè 6 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ âäîëü ïîáåðåæüÿ Áåëîãî îçåðà ãíåçäèòñÿ 6–8 ïàð îðëàíîâ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íà Øåêñíèíñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå, íà îç¸ðàõ Âîæå è Áåëîì â òå÷åíèå 90-õ ãîäîâ áûëî îòìå÷åíî ñóùåñòâåííîå óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (â ñðåäíåì â 4 ðàçà). Â ìàå–èþíå 2001 ã. áûëà ïðîâåäåíà ýêñïåäèöèÿ ïî Þæíîìó è Âîñòî÷íîìó Ïðèîíåæüþ. Íàìè îáñëåäîâàíà ðåêà Ìåãðà íà ó÷àñòêå îò Ìåãðñêîãî ïîãîñòà äî Îíåæñêîãî êàíàëà, Îíåæñêèé îáâîäíîé

Raptors Research

Âåçäåõîä-áîëîòîõîä ïîçâîëÿåò îáñëåäîâàòü áîëüøèå ïëîùàäè âåðõîâûõ áîëîò. Ôîòî Ì. Áàáóøêèíà The all-terrain vehicle helps to survey large areas of bogs. Photo by M. Babushkin

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13 êàíàë îò Óðìîçåðà äî Æàáèíñêîãî îçåðà, à òàêæå îç¸ðà Ïðîåçäíîå, Êèðãîçåðî, Óðìîçåðî, ×àãîçåðî, Êîáûëüå, Ìåãðñêîå, Êåäðèíñêîå, Âîäëèöêîå, Èãóìíîâî, Êàðàñåâî, Æàáèíñêîå, Âåõêîçåðî, Ìóðîìñêîå, Âîäëîçåðî è íèçîâüÿ ðåêè Èëåêñû. Íà ïîáåðåæüå Îíåæñêîãî îçåðà îò ðåêè Îøòû äî Ìóðîìñêîãî îçåðà, â ïîëîñå øèðèíîé îò 8 äî 15 êì, îõâàòûâàþùåé ïðèáðåæíûå íèçèíû è öåëûå ñèñòåìû îñòàòî÷íûõ îç¸ð, îáèòàåò íå áîëåå 4–5 ïàð îðëàíîâ. Íàèáîëüøàÿ ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà îòìå÷åíà íà Âîäëîçåðå, ãäå ñ ïîìîùüþ ðàáîòíèêîâ Âîäëîçåðñêîãî íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà, íàì óäàëîñü îñìîòðåòü 13 ãí¸çä ýòîãî âèäà, òîëüêî 4 èç êîòîðûõ îêàçàëèñü æèëûìè. Ó÷èòûâàÿ äàííûå ïðåäûäóùèõ èññëåäîâàíèé (Ñàçîíîâ, 1995; Çèìèí, 1995; Õ¸ãìàíäåð, Ïîóòòó, Ãóñòàôññîí, 2001; Ñàçîíîâ è äð., 2001) è ñâåäåíèÿ, ñîîáùåííûå ñîòðóäíèêàìè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà, íà ïîáåðåæüå Âîäëîçåðà ãíåçäèòñÿ íå ìåíåå 20–25 ïàð îðëàíîâ (ðèñ. 1). Âîäëîçåðñêàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà îðëàíîâ õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ íàñåëåíèÿ ñ ìèíèìàëüíûìè ðàññòîÿíèÿìè ìåæäó æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè â 3–3,5 êì. Ýòî ñáëèæàåò îðëàíîâ Âîäëîçåðüÿ ñ îðëàíàìè, íàñåëÿþùèìè äðóãèå âíóòðåííèå âîäî¸ìû Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäà (Áåëîå îçåðî, îçåðî Âîæå, Øåêñíèíñêîå è Ðûáèíñêîå âîäîõðàíèëèùà). Â 2002 ã. áûëà ïðîâåäåíà ýêñïåäèöèÿ íà îçåðî Ëà÷à è â Êåíîçåðñêèé íàöèîíàëüíûé

Ïòåíåö îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà. Ôîòî Ì. Áàáóøêèíà Chick of the White-tailed Eagle Photo by M. Babushkin

ïàðê. Â ðåçóëüòàòå áûëè îáñëåäîâàíû òàêèå îç¸ðà ðåãèîíà, êàê Äðóæèííîå, Êîâæñêîå, Ëà÷à, Ëåêøìîçåðî è Êåíîçåðî. Íà îáñëåäîâàííûõ îç¸ðàõ íàìè îòìå÷åíû ëèøü åäèíè÷íûå ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ îðëàíû. Ñàìàÿ áîëüøàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà ýòîãî âèäà (5 ãíåçäîâûõ ïàð) èìååòñÿ íà îçåðå Ëà÷à, íà Ëåêøìîçåðå è Êîâæñêîì îçåðå ìû çàðåãèñòðèðîâàëè ïî 2 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàðû îðëàíîâ (ðèñ. 1). Îðëàí íå ãíåçäèòñÿ íà íåáîëüøèõ è äàæå ñðåäíèõ ïî ðàçìåðàì îç¸ðàõ, ÿâíî òÿãîòåÿ â óñëîâèÿõ îáñëåäîâàííîãî ðåãèîíà ê íàèáîëåå êðóïíûì âîäî¸ìàì, ÷òî ñóùåñòâåííî îáëåã÷àåò ó÷¸òû åãî ÷èñëåííîñòè. Ñôîðìèðîâàâøèåñÿ â Âîëîãîäñêîì Ïîîçåðüå è þãî-âîñòî÷íîì Ïðèîíåæüå âíóòðèêîíòèíåíòàëüíûå ïîïóëÿöèè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà èìåþò áîëüøîå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ âñåãî Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäà Ðîññèè êàê î÷àã âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ýòîãî âèäà, èç êîòîðîãî èä¸ò ïîñòîÿííîå ðàññåëåíèå ìîëîäûõ ïòèö. Îñíîâíîé îñîáåííîñòüþ ïîïóëÿöèè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñêëîííîñòü ê îáðàçîâàíèþ óïëîòí¸ííûõ ïîñåëåíèé íà ïîáåðåæüÿõ êðóïíûõ âíóòðåííèõ âîäî¸ìîâ (îç¸ð è âîäîõðàíèëèù) ëåñíîé çîíû. Å¸ ñóììàðíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 100 ïàð. Ïðèìåðíî òðåòü ýòîé ïîïóëÿöèè îáèòàåò â Äàðâèíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå íà Ðûáèíñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå (30–35 ïàð), îáðàçóÿ ñàìûé çíà÷èòåëüíûé î÷àã, èç êîòîðîãî, ïî âñåé âèäèìîñòè, è ïðîèñõîäèëî ðàññåëåíèå ïòèö íà äðóãèå êðóïíûå âîäî¸ìû ýòîãî ðåãèîíà â 80–90-å ãã. Âòîðûì ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè ÿâëÿåòñÿ î÷àã â Âîäëîçåðüå, íàñ÷èòûâàþùèé 20–25 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Íà

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Ýêñïåäèöèîííûé àâòîìîáèëü ÓÀÇ, ïðèñïîñîáëåííûé äëÿ ïåðåâîçêè âåçäåõîäàáîëîòîõîäà. Ôîòî Ì. Áàáóøêèíà The forwarding car adapted for transportation of the all-terrain vehicle. Photo by M. Babushkin

Øåêñíèíñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå ãíåçäèòñÿ 10–12 ïàð, íà îçåðå Âîæå 10–13 ïàð, íà çàïàäíîì ïîáåðåæüå Áåëîãî îçåðà 6–8 ïàð, íà îçåðå Ëà÷à 5–6 ïàð, íà Êîñòðîìñêîì ðàçëèâå Ãîðüêîâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà 2–3 ïàðû. Ïî 1–2 ïàðû îáíàðóæåíî íà Êîâæñêîì îçåðå, íà Ëåêøìîçåðå è ðÿäå äðóãèõ âîäî¸ìîâ ýòîãî ðåãèîíà (òàáë. 1). Ëèòåðàòóðà Áàáóøêèí Ì.Â. Õèùíûå ïòèöû îêðåñòíîñòåé ã. ×åðåïîâöà. – Ìàòåðèàëû IV êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ïåíçà, 2003. Ñ. 129–132. Áàáóøêèí Ì.Â. Íàñåëåíèå è èçìåíåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè õèùíûõ ïòèö â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. ×åðåïîâöà. – Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Òåçèñû XII Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. – Ñòàâðîïîëü: Èçä-âî ÑÃÓ, 2006. Ñ. 56–57. Áàáóøêèí Ì.Â., Êóçíåöîâ À.Â., Êóðàæêîâñêèé Ñ.À. Ðåäêèå âèäû õèùíûõ ïòèö îçåðà Âîææå. – Ðåäêèå âèäû õèùíûõ ïòèö ñåâåðà ëåñíîé çîíû åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè: ïåðñïåêòèâû èçó÷åíèÿ è ïóòè îõðàíû. Ìàòåðèàëû ðàáî÷åãî ñîâåùàíèÿ. ×åðåïîâåö, 2000. Ñ. 46–48. Áåëêî Í.Ã. Àâèàó÷åòû êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö â ëåñíîé çîíå. – Ìåòîäû èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ìîñêâà,1990. Ñ. 16–21. Çèìèí Â.Á. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò. – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Êàðåëèè. Ïåòðîçàâîäñê, 1995. Ñ. 166–167. Èñàêîâ Þ.À. Êðàòêèé î÷åðê ôàóíû ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ è ïòèö Ìîëîãî-Øåêñíèíñêîãî ìåæäóðå÷üÿ äî îáðàçîâàíèÿ Ðûáèíñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà. – Òðóäû Äàðâèíñêîãî ãîñ. çàïîâ. Âûï. 1. Ì., 1949. Ñ. 137–171.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Èñàêîâ Þ.À. Îáùèé î÷åðê ðàéîíà Ðûáèíñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà. – Ðûáèíñêîå âîäîõðàíèëèùå. Ì., 1953. Ñ. 83–94. Êóçíåöîâ À.Â., Ðåéô Â.È. Îñîáåííîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà íà Ðûáèíñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå. – «Ðåäêèå ïòèöû öåíòðà åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè». Ìàòåðèàëû ñîâåùàíèÿ. Ìîñêâà, 1998. Ñ. 231–232. Êóçíåöîâ À.Â., Íåìöåâ Â.Â. Èñòîðèÿ è ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé ñêîïû è îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà íà Ðûáèíñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå. – Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö Íå÷åðíîçåìíîãî öåíòðà Ðîññèè. Ìîñêâà, 1998. Ñ. 228–230. Êóçíåöîâ À.Â., Íåìöåâ Â.Â. Èñòîðèÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ è ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèè ñêîïû è îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà íà Ðûáèíñêîì è Øåêñíèíñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùàõ. – Ðåäêèå âèäû õèùíûõ ïòèö ñåâåðà ëåñíîé çîíû åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè: ïåðñïåêòèâû èçó÷åíèÿ è ïóòè îõðàíû. Ìàòåðèàëû ðàáî÷åãî ñîâåùàíèÿ. ×åðåïîâåö, 2000. Ñ. 33–35. Ëåîíòüåâ À.Ì. Îá èçìåíåíèÿõ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè ïîä âëèÿíèåì ïåðâûõ ëåò çàòîïëåíèÿ è ïîäòîïëåíèÿ Ðûáèíñêèì âîäîõðàíèëèùåì. – Òð. Äàðâèíñêîãî ãîñ. çàïîâ. Âûï. 3, Âîëîãäà, 1956. Ñ. 27–90. Ñàçîíîâ Ñ.Â. Îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà îðíèòîôàóíû íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Âîäëîçåðñêèé». – Ïðèðîäíîå è êóëüòóðíîå íàñëåäèå Âîäëîçåðñêîãî íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà. Ïåòðîçàâîäñê, 1995. Ñ. 163–174. Ñàçîíîâ Ñ.Â., Çèìèí Â.Á., Õ¸ãìàíäåð É., Ëàììè Ý., Õåéñêàíåí È. Íîâûå è ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö â ñîñòàâå îðíèòîôàóíû íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Âîäëîçåðñêèé». – Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Âîäëîçåðñêèé». Ïåòðîçàâîäñê, 2001. Ñ. 194–210. Õ¸ãìàíäåð É., Ïîóòòó Ï., Ãóñòàôññîí Ý. Ïîïóëÿöèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â Êàðåëüñêîé ÷àñòè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Âîäëîçåðñêèé» (1995– 1997 ãã.). – Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Âîäëîçåðñêèé». Ïåòðîçàâîäñê, 2001. Ñ. 211–219. Kuznetsov A.V. Radical Changes in Raptor Diversity after 50 years Protection of the Darwin Nature Reserve, Upper Volga River, Russia. – Abstracts of presentation 5-th World Conference on Birds of prey and Owls. – Midrand, Johannesburg, Soth Africa, 4–11 August 1998. P. 27–28. Kuznetsov A.V., Romanov M.S. Nesting Populations of Osprey and White-Taild Sea Eagl in Darwin Reserve, North-West Russia. – Abstracts of the 4-th Eurasian Congress on Raptors. Seville. Spain, 25–29 September 2001. P. 104–105.

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

                                                  Êîíòàêò: Ñåðãåé Áàêêà Íàäåæäà Êèñåë¸âà Íèæåãîðîäñêîå îòäåëåíèå ÑÎÏÐ 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä à/ÿ 631 Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò» òåë.: +7 (831) 434 46 79 sopr@dront.ru Contact: Sergey Bakka Nadezhda Kiseleva The N. Novgorod branch of RBCU ecocenter «Dront» P.O. Box 631 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 434 46 79 sopr@dront.ru

Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla L.) â êîíöå ÕÕ âåêà ñ÷èòàëñÿ ãëîáàëüíî ðåäêèì âèäîì, áûë çàíåñ¸í â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÌÑÎÏ. Â Çàïàäíîé Åâðîïå è íåêîòîðûõ ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè â 1980-õ ãã. ïàäåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïðåêðàòèëîñü è íà÷àëîñü å¸ âîññòàíîâëåíèå. Â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè ïîëîæèòåëüíûõ òåíäåíöèé äèíàìèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè íå áûëî îòìå÷åíî, âèä çàíåñ¸í â îáëàñòíóþ Êðàñíóþ êíèãó (êàòåãîðèÿ À – âèä, íàõîäÿùèéñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ). Ôàêòû ðåãèñòðàöèè âçðîñëûõ è ìîëîäûõ îñîáåé, íàõîäêè íîâûõ ãí¸çä â 2006–2007 ãã. ïîçâîëèëè ïðåäïîëîæèòü çàìåòíûé ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè ýòîãî âèäà. Ýòî ïîáóäèëî íàñ îáîáùèòü âñå ñîáðàííûå äàííûå îá îðëàíå â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, îáðàáîòàòü èõ ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì ÃÈÑ-òåõíîëîãèé. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðåäñòàâëåíû â äàííîé ñòàòüå. Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäèêà Ñáîð èíôîðìàöèè î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè è ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà âåä¸òñÿ íàìè ñ íà÷àëà 1980-õ ãã. Â íà÷àëå ðàáîòû áûëè ïðîâåäåíû îïðîñû ðàáîòíèêîâ ëåñ-

The White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla L.) was listed in the Red Data Book IUCN at the end of XX century. The number of the species was stopped to decrease and began to restore in Western Europe and several regions of Russia in 1980-s. The positive trend of the species number in the N. Novgorod district has not been noted recently. However registrations of adults and young birds, finds of new nests in 2006–2007 have caused to project number of species appreciably increasing. It has induced us to generalize all the collected data on the Whitetailed Eagle in the N. Novgorod district. For processing data we used GIS-software. As a result we created the database including 57 breeding territories which were divided into 5 categories: confirmed – confirmed breeding; possible – records of adults in the breeding season or juveniles; probable – records of birds during breeding season following data of the local people questionnaire and are not checked up; single birds were registered or the White-tailed Eagle records were up to 1990; potential – suitable site for breeding in the zone continuously inhabited by eagle c suitable habitats; vanished – a site where the nest destruction and loss of conditions for breeding are confirmed. Probably no less than 80–100 pair of White-tailed Eagles bred in the N.Novgorod district at the beginning of XX century, that estimations were some greater than modern number. Birds inhabited riparian forests in the Volga, Oka, Sura, Vetluga river valleys. The species number was not decreased up to 1940–50-s and regularly noted on all islands and shallows of the Oka and Volga rivers that time (Puzanov et al., 1955). According to E.M. Vorontsov (1967), Whitetailed Eagles were noted more often, than Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos). All inÎðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla). Ôîòî Ñ. Áàêêè The White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). Photo by S. Bakka

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè Fig. 1. Distribution of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in the N. Novgorod district

íîãî è îõîòíè÷üåãî õîçÿéñòâà â áîëüøèíñòâå ðàéîíîâ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, îáñëåäîâàíû ïîòåíöèàëüíûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ â Ëûñêîâñêîì, Âîðîòûíñêîì, Ãîðîäåöêîì ðàéîíàõ. Â ïåðèîä 1981–94 ãã. âñÿ ïîëó÷åííàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ îãðàíè÷èâàëàñü ñâåäåíèÿìè î òð¸õ ãí¸çäàõ, ñðóáëåííûõ ïðè ðàñ÷èñòêå ëîæà ×åáîêñàðñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà è îäíîì æèëîì ãíåçäå, êîòîðîå âïîñëåäñòâèè óïàëî âìåñòå ñ äåðåâîì. Áûëè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû åäèíè÷íûå âñòðå÷è âçðîñëûõ ïòèö. Ïðè öåëåíàïðàâëåííîì ïîèñêå ðåäêèõ âèäîâ â õîäå ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ ÎÎÏÒ â 1993–96 ãã. áûëî íàéäåíî åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî â Ñîêîëüñêîì ðàéîíå â 1995 ã. Âî âðåìÿ ó÷¸òà êîëîíèàëüíûõ îêîëîâîäíûõ ïòèö â 1997 ã. áûëè îáñëåäîâàíû êðóïíûå ðåêè Âîëãà, Îêà, Ñóðà, Âåòëóãà íà âñ¸ì ïðîòÿæåíèè â ïðåäåëàõ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Êðîìå èçâåñòíîãî ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà â Ñîêîëüñêîì ðàéîíå, îðëàíû áûëè îòìå÷åíû åù¸ â ÷åòûð¸õ ìåñòàõ

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

formation about the species breeding were exhausted findings of 3 nests which have been cut down during the clearing of the Cheboksarskiy water reservoir bed and one living nest which subsequently has fallen down together with the tree in 1981–94. Following data of modern surveys under conditions of obvious increasing the number of the White-tailed Eagle we can not speak about regular records of the species«on all islands and shallows of the Oka and Volga rivers», however more than 10 nests have already known. Probably there was the sharp decreasing the number of the White-tailed Eagle since 1950-s to the middle of 1980-s. In the middle of 1990th A total of 4–7 pairs were estimated to breed in the district (Bakka, Bakka, 1997). Later the positive trend was noted. And following information in the Red Data Book of the N. Novgorod district (2003) a total of 7–9 pairs bred in the district. Analyzing data of the White-tailed Eagle records

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13 Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò íà ïðèñàäå áëèç ãíåçäà. Ôîòî Ñ. Áàêêè The White-Tailed Eagle on perch near the nest. Photo by S. Bakka

(íà Ãîðüêîâñêîì è ×åáîêñàðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùàõ). Â õîäå ïðîâåäåíèÿ áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé äëÿ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö â 1998–2005 ãã. óäàëîñü ïðèâëå÷ü îðëàíîâ íà ïëàòôîðìû íà ãíåçäîâàíèå, îáíàðóæèòü 2 åñòåñòâåííûõ ãíåçäà, à òàêæå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàòü åù¸ íåñêîëüêî ó÷àñòêîâ ïðåáûâàíèÿ áåëîõâîñòîâ. Â 2006–07 ãã. ïðè ó÷¸òàõ êîëîíèàëüíûõ îêîëîâîäíûõ ïòèö áûëè íàéäåíû òðè íîâûõ æèëûõ ãíåçäà è çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî ïðåáûâàíèå îðëàíîâ åù¸ íå ìåíåå ÷åì â äåñÿòè ìåñòàõ îáèòàíèÿ. Â Ñîêîëüñêîì ðàéîíå íà Óíæåíñêîì îòðîãå Ãîðüêîâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè ñîñòàâèëî îêîëî 3,5 êì. Ïðèìåðíî

and using GIS-software (table 1.) we can give new estimations of number and distribution of the species in the district. Now a total of 40–60 pairs are projected to breed in the N.Novgorod district. Modern parameters of the White-tailed Eagle distribution in different habitats are presented in the table 2. The minimal distance between neighbors was 3 km. The distance between neighbors was 3–4 km in optimal habitats in the Unzha spur of the Gorki water reservoir and in the left side of the Cheboksarskiy water reservoir opposite to the Sura river. We observed 10 nests of the White-tailed Eagle. They located on trees of three species: pine (7 nests), poplar (2) and oak (1). The height of nest locations ranged from 15 up to 20 m, an average of 16.8 m. All nests found on banks of the Gorki water reservoir were built on pines. Nests found on banks of thr Cheboksarskiy water reservoir were on deciduous trees. We only twice registered White-tailed Eagles nesting on platforms installed on pines. In contrast to Golden Eagles and Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus), it seems that White-tailed Eagles have not yet preferred artificial nests. The average brood size was 1.33±0.5 fledglings (n=9; range 1–2). We twice registered White-tailed Eagles wintering near nonfreezing sites of the Volga river.

Òàáë. 1. ×èñëî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè Table 1. Number of nesting territories of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in the N. Novgorod district

Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè / Nesting territories ð. Âîëãà Volga river

ð. Ñóðà Sura river

ð. Îêà Oka river

ð. Âåòëóãà Vetluga river

Âíå ðå÷íûõ äîëèí Out of river valleys

Âñåãî Total

Ðåàëüíûé / Confirmed

Âåðîÿòíûé / Possible

25–40

8–10

2–3

1–2

5–10

40–60

Òèï ó÷àñòêà Type of nesting territories

Âîçìîæíûé / Probable Ïîòåíöèàëüíûé / Potential Èñ÷åçíóâøèé / Vanished Èòîãî / Total Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè / Estimated number

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Ãíåçäî îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà íà îñîêîðå â êîëîíèè ñåðûõ öàïåëü. Ôîòî Ñ. Áàêêè The nest of the WhiteTailed Eagle on a poplar in nesting colony of Grey Heron. Photo by S. Bakka

íà òàêîì æå ðàññòîÿíèè îò ýòèõ ãí¸çä îòñòîÿëè òðè ñîñåäíèõ ìåñòà ðåãóëÿðíûõ ðåãèñòðàöèé â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä âçðîñëûõ îñîáåé è ñë¸òêîâ îðëàíà. Ýòî ïîçâîëèëî íàì ïðèíÿòü, ÷òî äèàìåòð ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà ïàðû áåëîõâîñòîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 3 êì. Íåîáõîäèìîå óñëîâèå ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – ìàññèâ ñòàðîãî ëåñà, îòñòîÿùèé îò áåðåãà âîäîõðàíèëèùà íà ðàññòîÿíèè íå áîëåå 1 êì. Àíàëèç ðàçìåùåíèÿ ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áûë ñäåëàí ñ ïîìîùüþ ArcView 3.2à. Èñõîäÿ èç ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ î ñïëîøíîì çàñåëåíèè îðëàíîì ïðèãîäíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ïî áåðåãàì Ãîðüêîâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà è âûÿâèâ ïóò¸ì àíàëèçà êîñìè÷åñêîãî ñíèìêà ïðèãîäíûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, ìû ñîñòàâèëè ñõåìó ðàçìåùåíèÿ òàêèõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Òàêæå áûëà ñîñòàâëåíà ñõåìà ðàçìåùåíèÿ âñåõ çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ â ðàçíûå ãîäû âñòðå÷ îðëàíîâ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ïî áåðåãàì Ãîðüêîâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà áûëè âûäåëåíû 24 ó÷àñòêà. Íà 12 èç íèõ èçâåñòíû ëèáî ãí¸çäà, ëèáî ïðåáûâàíèå ïòèö â ãíåçäîâîå âðåìÿ. Îñòàâøèåñÿ ó÷àñòêè îêàçàëèñü íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, êîòîðûå íàìè â ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò íè ðàçó íå ïîñåùàëèñü. Àíàëèç ìåñò âñòðå÷ äà¸ò âîçìîæíîñòü ïðåäïîëàãàòü ñïëîøíîå çàñåëåíèå ïðèãîäíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé åù¸ è íà ó÷àñòêå ×åáîêñàðñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà íèæå óñòüÿ ð. Êåðæåíåö. Çäåñü áûëè âûäåëåíû 15 ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà 10 èç êîòîðûõ îêàçàëèñü çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû âñòðå÷è îðëàíîâ, à 5 ó÷àñòêîâ íàìè íå îáñëåäîâàëèñü.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Äëÿ îñòàëüíîé òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè ìû ïîëó÷èëè íåäîñòàòî÷íî èíôîðìàöèè äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ çàêîíîìåðíîñòè è ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ïîýòîìó îíè âûäåëåíû òîëüêî â ìåñòàõ ðåãèñòðàöèè ïòèö. Â ðåçóëüòàòå â áàçó äàííûõ âêëþ÷åíî 57 ó÷àñòêîâ, îòíåñ¸ííûõ ê 5 êàòåãîðèÿì: ðåàëüíûå – äîñòîâåðíî óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëàíà â 1997–2007 ãã.; âåðîÿòíûå – çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû âñòðå÷è âçðîñëûõ ïòèö â ãíåçäîâîå âðåìÿ èëè ñë¸òêîâ; âîçìîæíûå – èíôîðìàöèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ ïòèö â ãíåçäîâîå âðåìÿ ïîëó÷åíà îò íåñïåöèàëèñòîâ è íå ïðîâåðåíà, çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû âñòðå÷è ïòèö âî âíåãíåçäîâîå âðåìÿ ëèáî äàííûå î âñòðå÷àõ îðëàíîâ îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ïåðèîäó äî 1990 ã. è â ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå íè ðàçó íå áûëè ïðîâåðåíû; ïîòåíöèàëüíûå – ïîäõîäÿùèå äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ó÷àñòêè â çîíå âåðîÿòíî ñïëîøíîãî çàñåëåíèÿ â ïðèãîäíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ, äëÿ êîòîðûõ íåò äàííûõ î ïðèñóòñòâèè îðëàíà. Ê èñ÷åçíóâøèì îòíåñåíû ó÷àñòêè, íà êîòîðûõ ãèáåëü ãí¸çä è óòðàòà óñëîâèé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äîñòîâåðíî óñòàíîâëåíû. ×èñëåííîñòü è òåíäåíöèè å¸ èçìåíåíèÿ Èíôîðìàöèÿ ôàóíèñòè÷åñêèõ ñâîäîê ðàçíûõ ëåò íå ñîäåðæèò îöåíîê ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà. Èìåþòñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ îá îòäåëüíûõ âñòðå÷àõ ïòèö è ñëó÷àÿõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Á.Ä. Êèðïè÷íèêîâ (1915), èññëåäîâàâøèé îðíèòîôàóíó Êîñòðîìñêîé ãóáåðíèè, íàáëþäàë îðëàíà òîëüêî îäèí ðàç íà ð. Óíæå (ñîâðåìåííûé Ñîêîëüñêèé ðàéîí èëè ñîïðåäåëüíàÿ ñ íèì òåððèòîðèÿ). Ïî ñâåäåíèÿì, ñîáðàííûì Ï.Â. Ñåðåáðîâñêèì (1918), îðëàí ãíåçäèëñÿ â äóáðàâå â ëåâîáåðåæíîé ïîéìå ð. Âîëãè (â Áîðñêîì ðàéîíå íàïðîòèâ ñ. Áåçâîäíîå Êñòîâñêîãî ðàéîíà). Ãíåçäîâàíèå (áåç óêàçàíèÿ ãî-äà íàáëþäåíèé) îòìå÷åíî íà ñòàðûõ äó-áàõ ó ñ. Ñåëüñêàÿ Ìàçà â Ëûñêîâñêîì ðàéîíå (Ïóçàíîâ è äð., 1955). Îðëàíà â ðàçíûå ãîäû íàáëþäàëè íà Âîëãå âîçëå ï. Âàñèëüñóðñê (Ñåðåáðîâñêèé, 1918; Ïóçàíîâ è äð., 1955). Å.Ì. Âîðîíöîâ (1967) ñîîáùàåò î äâóõ ýêçåìïëÿðàõ, äîáûòûõ â Ñåì¸íîâñêîì ðàéîíå 18 àâãóñòà 1924 ã. è â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ æåëåçíîäîðîæíîé ñòàíöèè Ñåéìà (ñîâðåìåííûé Âîëîäàðñêèé ðàéîí) 1 ìàÿ 1927 ã. Â êîëëåêöèè çîîìóçåÿ ÍÍÃÓ õðàíèòñÿ ýêçåìïëÿð, äîáûòûé â àïðåëå 1941 ã. â Êîâåðíèíñêîì ðàéîíå ó ä. Êëþêèíî. Âñå èññëåäîâàòåëè îòìå÷àþò ïðèâÿçàííîñòü îðëàíà ê äîëèíàì áîëüøèõ ðåê, ãäå

Raptors Research

Ãíåçäî îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà íà óñûõàþùåé ñîñíå. Ôîòî Ñ. Áàêêè The nest of the WhiteTailed Eagle on a drying out pine. Photo by S. Bakka

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

îí, ïî-âèäèìîìó, íå ïðåäñòàâëÿë ðåäêîñòè. Äî 1950-õ ãîäîâ ýòîò õèùíèê ðåãóëÿðíî âñòðå÷àëñÿ ïî âñåì îñòðîâàì è îòìåëÿì Îêè è Âîëãè, õîòÿ ñâåäåíèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè ñêóäíû (Ïóçàíîâ è äð., 1955). Ïî îöåíêå Å.Ì. Âîðîíöîâà (1967), îðëàí âñòðå÷àëñÿ ÷àùå, ÷åì áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos). Ïî íàøèì îöåíêàì, âåðîÿòíîñòü íàõîäêè ãíåçäà îðëàíà áåç öåëåíàïðàâëåííûõ ñïåöèàëüíûõ ïîèñêîâ êðàéíå íåâåëèêà. Èìåííî ýòèì, à íå íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ âèäà, îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ ñêóäíîñòü èíôîðìàöèè î ãíåçäîâàíèè. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò, â óñëîâèÿõ ÿâíîãî ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà, íå ïîçâîëÿþò ãîâîðèòü î åãî ðåãóëÿðíûõ âñòðå÷àõ «ïî âñåì îñòðîâàì è îòìåëÿì Îêè è Âîëãè», îäíàêî óæå èçâåñòíî áîëåå 10 ãí¸çä. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, ñ 1950-õ äî ñåðåäèíû

1980-õ ãã. ïðîèñõîäèò êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêîå ïàäåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà. Ðàñ÷èñòêà ëîæà ×åáîêñàðñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà â 1979-80 ãã. îêàçàëàñü ãóáèòåëüíîé äëÿ ñîõðàíèâøåéñÿ ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè. Íàìè ñîáðàíà èíôîðìàöèÿ îá óíè÷òîæåíèè óñëîâèé ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà, ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå, íà òð¸õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ è âûðóáêå, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, òð¸õ äåðåâüåâ ñ æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè. Â 1980-å ãã. íå óäàëîñü íàéòè íè îäíîãî ãíåçäà, çàôèêñèðîâàíà åäèíñòâåííàÿ âñòðå÷à âçðîñëîé ïòèöû â àâãóñòå 1988 ã. â Âîðîòûíñêîì ðàéîíå (Áàêêà, Áàêêà, 1990). Â ñåðåäèíå 1990-õ ãã. ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà â îáëàñòè áûëà îöåíåíà â 4–7 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð (Áàêêà, Áàêêà, 1997). Ïîçäíåå îòìå÷åíà å¸ ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ äèíàìèêà. Â Êðàñíîé êíèãå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (2003) ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíà îöåíèâàåòñÿ óæå â 7–9 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Ïðîâåä¸ííûé àíàëèç ïåðâè÷íîé èíôîðìàöèè î íàõîäêàõ îðëàíîâ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ÃÈÑ-òåõíîëîãèé ïîçâîëèë ïî-íîâîìó îöåíèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå âèäà â ðåãèîíå (òàáë. 1). Çàêëþ÷åíèå Ïî-âèäèìîìó, íà Ãîðüêîâñêîì è ×åáîêñàðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùàõ îðëàíû óæå çàñåëèëè áîëüøèíñòâî ïðèãîäíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé. Âûÿâëåííûå çàêîíîìåðíîñòè ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ íà ýòèõ âîäî¸ìàõ ïîçâîëèëè ñäåëàòü êîððåêòíóþ ýêñòðàïîëÿöèþ. Íà ð. Ñóðå âûøå ñ. ßçûêîâî Ïèëüíèíñêîãî ðàéîíà (â îñíîâíîì çà àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûìè ãðàíèöàìè Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè) íà 30 êì äîëèíû ïðèõîäèòñÿ 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà îðëàíà, â òîì ÷èñëå îäèí, èçâåñòíûé íàì â ïðåäåëàõ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (È.Â.

Òàáë. 2. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â 2007 ã. Table 2. Distance between nesting territories of the White-Tailed Eagle in the N. Novgorod district in 2007

Òåððèòîðèÿ Region

Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ó÷àñòêàìè (êì) Distance between nesting territories (km) (n) M±SD (lim)

Ãîðüêîâñêîå âîäîõðàíèëèùå / Gorkovskoe Reservoir

(n=23) 5.3±3.4 (3.0 – 14.6)

×åáîêñàðñêîå âîäîõðàíèëèùå / Cheboksarskoe Reservoir

(n=16) 6.3±4.2 (3.0 – 18.5)

Íåçàðåãóëèðîâàííûé ó÷àñòîê ð.Âîëãè / Intact Volga river valley

(n=3) 43.3±33.6 (13.7 – 79.8)

Çàâîëæüå è Âîëæñêî-Îêñêîå ìåæäóðå÷üå âíå ðå÷íûõ äîëèí / Zavolzhie and Watershed of Volga and Oka river

(n=7) 28.6±11.5 (12.9 – 45.7)

Äîëèíà ð. Îêè / Oka river valley

(n=1) 38.5

Äîëèíà ð. Âåòëóãè / Vetluga river valley

(n=1) 40.5

Äîëèíà ð. Ñóðû / Sura river valley

(n=2) ~10

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Ãíåçäî îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà íà ñîñíå. Ôîòî Ñ. Áàêêè The nest of the WhiteTailed Eagle on a pine. Photo by S. Bakka

Êàðÿêèí, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Äëèíà äîëèíû Ñóðû îò ßçûêîâà äî óñòüÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 100 êì. Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü îáèòàíèå çäåñü îêîëî 10 ïàð îðëàíîâ, îñîáåííî åñëè ó÷åñòü, ÷òî íà ïðèóñòüåâîì ó÷àñòêå Ñóðû, íàõîäÿùåìñÿ â çîíå ïîäòîïëåíèÿ ×åáîêñàðñêîé ÃÝÑ, ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíîâ äîëæíà óâåëè÷èâàòüñÿ. Íàõîäêè îäíîãî–äâóõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ íà Îêå è Âåòëóãå íå ïîçâîëÿþò âûÿâèòü çàêîíîìåðíîñòè ðàçìåùåíèÿ âèäà â äîëèíàõ ýòèõ ðåê è ïðîýêñòðàïîëèðîâàòü èìåþùèåñÿ äàííûå. Ïîýòîìó ïðè ýêñïåðòíîé îöåíêå ÷èñëåííîñòè ìû èñõîäèëè èç äîñòîâåðíîãî ìèíèìóìà. Âíå ðå÷íûõ äîëèí îðëàíû îòìå÷åíû âáëèçè êðóïíûõ ïðóäîâ è íà ñèñòåìàõ âîäî¸ìîâ âûðàáîòàííûõ òîðôÿíûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ðàçíîîáðàçèå óñëîâèé îáèòàíèÿ îðëàíîâ âíå ðå÷íûõ äîëèí, ìû ñ÷èòàåì ñîáðàííûå äàííûå íåäîñòàòî÷íûìè äëÿ êîððåêòíîé ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè è ïðè ýêñïåðòíîé îöåíêå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïðèíèìàëè âî âíèìàíèå êîëè÷åñòâî âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îáèòàåò 40–60 ïàð áåëîõâîñòîâ. Çíà÷èòåëüíûé ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà â 1997–2007 ãã. – äîñòîâåðíûé ôàêò, ñâèäåòåëüñòâîì êîòîðîãî ñëóæèò ïîÿâëåíèå ýòèõ õèùíèêîâ è èõ ãí¸çä íà õîðîøî îáñëåäîâàííûõ ðàíåå òåððèòîðèÿõ, ãäå îíè ïðåæäå îòñóòñòâîâàëè. Ïðè ñïëîøíîì èçó÷åíèè ðåê Âîëãè, Îêè, Ñóðû, Âåòëóãè â ïðåäåëàõ îáëàñòè â 1997 ã. (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì ìîíèòîðèíãà èçâåñòíîãî ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà) áûëè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû âñòðå÷è 3 îñîáåé. Â 2007 ã. òîëüêî íà Îêå è Âîëãå íèæå Ãîðüêîâñêîé ÃÝÑ îòìå÷åíû 6 îñîáåé è îáíàðóæåíî îäíî ãíåçäî, ïîÿâèâøååñÿ â êîëîíèè öàïåëü íå ðàíåå 2006 ã. Ìû

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ïðåäïîëàãàåì, ÷òî â òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäíèõ äåñÿòè ëåò ïðîèçîøåë òð¸õ–ïÿòèêðàòíûé ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â ðåãèîíå. Äåëàÿ ðåòðîñïåêòèâíûé àíàëèç âèäîâîãî òðåíäà, ìîæíî óòî÷íèòü ïðîèçâåä¸ííûå ðàíåå îöåíêè. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â íà÷àëå ÕÕ âåêà áûëà íåñêîëüêî âûøå ñîâðåìåííîé, ñîñòàâëÿÿ íå ìåíåå 80–100 ïàð, áîëåå-ìåíåå ðàâíîìåðíî ðàçìåùàâøèõñÿ â ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ äîëèí Âîëãè, Îêè, Ñóðû, Âåòëóãè. Âèä îñòàâàëñÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî áëàãîïîëó÷íûì äî 1940– 50-õ ãã. Îäíîâðåìåííîå âîçäåéñòâèå ðóáîê ëåñà â ïåðèîä ïîñëåâîåííîãî âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâà, íàðóøàâøèõ óñëîâèÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà, ðàçâåðíóâøåéñÿ â 1950–60-å ãã. êàìïàíèè ïî èñòðåáëåíèþ äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö, äåãðàäàöèè ðå÷íûõ äîëèí â ïðîöåññå ñîçäàíèÿ Ãîðüêîâñêîãî è ×åáîêñàðñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèù ïðèâåëè âèä íà ãðàíü èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ. Ìèíèìóì ÷èñëåííîñòè ïðèø¸ëñÿ íà ïåðâóþ ïîëîâèíó 1980-õ ãã., êîãäà â îáëàñòè ðåàëüíî ãíåçäèëîñü 4–7 ïàð. Â Ïîâîëæüå ñîõðàíÿëèñü ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè îðëàíà íà Ðûáèíñêîì è Êóéáûøåâñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùàõ. Â íèõ óæå â 1980-å ãã. íàáëþäàëñÿ ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè (Êóçíåöîâ, Íåìöåâ, 1998; Âîäîëàæñêàÿ, 1990, 1995). Äî Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, íàõîäÿùåéñÿ ïîñåðåäèíå ìåæäó ýòèìè äâóìÿ ðåôóãèóìàìè âèäà, äàííûé ïðîöåññ äîø¸ë òîëüêî ê êîíöó 1990-õ ãã. Â ýòîò ïåðèîä â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè áûëè ñîçäàíû óñëîâèÿ äëÿ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ âèäà – îðãàíèçîâàíû ÎÎÏÒ, ñîõðàíÿþùèå ïîòåíöèàëüíûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, óñòàíîâëåíû ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû äëÿ êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ìíîãîëåòíåé ðàçúÿñíèòåëüíîé ðàáîòû ñ íàñåëåíèåì çíà÷èòåëüíî ñíèçèëñÿ áðàêîíüåðñêèé îòñòðåë õèùíûõ ïòèö. Íà ðóáåæå âåêîâ ðåàëüíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíà, ïîâèäèìîìó, ñîñòàâëÿëà 10–20 ïàð. Íàøà îöåíêà â Êðàñíîé êíèãå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (2003) òåìïîâ íà÷àâøåãîñÿ ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà áûëà ñëèøêîì îñòîðîæíîé. ×ðåçâû÷àéíî ëþáîïûòíûì îêàçàëñÿ òîò ôàêò, ÷òî îðëàíû â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü íà÷àëè çàíèìàòü òå ó÷àñòêè, ãäå îòìå÷àëèñü ýòè ïòèöû â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ÕÕ âåêà. Ñîâðåìåííûå ïîêàçàòåëè ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ðàçíûõ ìåñòàõ îáèòàíèÿ ïðèâåäåíû â òàáë. 2. Ìèíèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 3 êì. Â îïòèìàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ íà Óíæåíñêîì

Raptors Research

Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò íà ïðèñàäå. Ôîòî Ñ. Áàêêè The White-Tailed Eagle on perch. Photo by S. Bakka

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13 îòðîãå Ãîðüêîâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà è â ëåâîáåðåæüå ×åáîêñàðñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà íàïðîòèâ óñòüÿ ð. Ñóðà ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ïðèìûêàþò äðóã ê äðóãó, ðàñïîëàãàÿñü ÷åðåç êàæäûå 3–4 êì. Çäåñü îïòèìàëüíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü, ïî-âèäèìîìó, óæå äîñòèãíóòà, íà äðóãèõ ó÷àñòêàõ äîëèí áîëüøèõ ðåê åñòü âîçìîæíîñòè äëÿ ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè. Íàìè îáñëåäîâàíû 10 åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çä îðëàíà. Îíè ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà äåðåâüÿõ òð¸õ âèäîâ: ñîñíà (7 ãí¸çä), îñîêîðü (2), äóá (1). Âûñîòà ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñîñòàâëÿëà îò 15 äî 20 ì, â ñðåäíåì – 16,8 ì. Íà áåðåãàõ Ãîðüêîâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà âñå îáíàðóæåííûå ãí¸çäà ïîñòðîåíû íà ñîñíàõ. Íà ×åáîêñàðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå îðëàí ñåëèòñÿ íà ëèñòâåííûõ äåðåâüÿõ. Íà Ëàìíåíñêîì ïðóäó, íàõîäÿùåìñÿ â áàññåéíå ×åáîêñàðñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà, ãíåçäî áûëî ïîñòðîåíî íà ñîñíå. Íà ñîñíàõ ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â îñíîâàíèè âåòâåé èëè â ðàçâèëêå ñòâîëà â ñðåäíåé è âåðõíåé ÷àñòÿõ êðîíû, èíîãäà – â îñíîâàíèè ñóõîé âåðøèíû. Íà îñîêîðÿõ îòìå÷åíî ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãí¸çä â ðàçâèëêå êðóïíûõ âåòâåé â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû. Äâàæäû çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëàíîâ íà ïëàòôîðìàõ, óñòàíîâëåííûõ íà ñîñíàõ íà áåðåãó Àðäèíñêîãî ïðóäà è ×åáîêñàðñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà. Äëÿ îðëàíà, â îòëè÷èè îò áåðêóòà è ñêîïû (Pandion haliaetus), èñêóññòâåííûå ñîîðóæåíèÿ ïîêà íå ñòàëè ïðåäïî÷èòàåìûì è îñíîâíûì ìåñòîì ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Óñïåõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà ìû îöåíèâàåì ïî äåâÿòè ôàêòàì: øåñòü ðåãèñòðàöèé ñë¸òêîâ â ãíåçäå ïåðåä âûëåòîì è òðè ðåãèñòðàöèè âûâîäêîâ íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå. Â ñðåäíåì ÷èñëî ñë¸òêîâ íà îäíó ãíåçäÿùóþñÿ ïàðó ñîñòàâèëî 1,33±0,5. Çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû äâà ñëó÷àÿ çèìîâêè îðëàíîâ âîçëå íåçàìåðçàþùèõ ó÷àñòêîâ íà ð. Âîëãå: â 2004 ã., ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì îõîòîâåäà Ï.Í. Ñèçîâà, äâà îðëàíà äåðæàëèñü íà ×åáîêñàðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå ó Âàñèëü-

ñóðñêà, â 2005 ã. ìîëîäîé îðëàí áûë îòìå÷åí íèæå ïëîòèíû Ãîðüêîâñêîé ÃÝÑ ìåæäó ãîðîäàìè Çàâîëæüå è Ãîðîäåö. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò áûñòðî âîññòàíàâëèâàåò áûëóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü. Îäíàêî, îí åù¸ íå çàíÿë âñå ïîäõîäÿùèå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, ïëîòíîñòü äîñòèãëà îïòèìàëüíîãî óðîâíÿ òîëüêî íà îòäåëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, íî íå â îáëàñòè â öåëîì. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî óãðîçà áûñòðîãî èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âèäà îêàçàëàñü ïðåîäîëåíà, êðóïíûé õèùíèê, êîòîðûé â ðåãèîíå èñ÷èñëÿåòñÿ äåñÿòêàìè ïàð, îñòàåòñÿ óÿçâèìûì. Ëèòåðàòóðà Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Áàêêà À.È. Ïòèöû Êðàñíîé êíèãè ÑÑÑÐ â Ãîðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö öåíòðà Íå÷åðíîçåìüÿ. Ìàòåðèàëû ñîâåùàíèÿ. Ì., 1990. Ñ. 58–62. Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Áàêêà À.È. Ñîñòîÿíèå è îõðàíà íåêîòîðûõ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ôàóíà, ýêîëîãèÿ è îõðàíà ðåäêèõ ïòèö Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ìàòåð. Âñåðîñ. íàó÷íî-ïðàêò. êîíô. Ðåäêèå ïòèöû Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ. Ñàðàíñê, 1997. Ñ. 13–16. Âîðîíöîâ Å.Ì. Ïòèöû Ãîðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ãîðüêèé, 1967. 166 ñ. Âîäîëàæñêàÿ Ò.È. Ðåçóëüòàòû àíòðîïîãåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ôàóíó ïòèö Ñàðàëîâñêîãî ó÷àñòêà Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. – Çàïîâåäíèêè ÑÑÑÐ - èõ íàñòîÿùåå è áóäóùåå: Òåç. äîêë. Âñåñ. êîíô. ×. 3. Íîâãîðîä. ãîñ. ïåä. èí-ò. Íîâãîðîä. 1990, ñ. 208–209. Âîäîëàæñêàÿ Ò.È. Ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà. – Ýêîë. è îõðàíà îêðóæ. ñðåäû: Òåç. äîêë. 2 Ìåæäóíàð. íàó÷.-ïðàêò. êîíô., Ïåðìü, 12–15 ñåíò. 1995. ×. 4. Ïåðìü. 1995, ñ. 85. Êèðïè÷íèêîâ Á.Ä. Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ïòèö Êîñòðîìñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìàòåð. ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèéñêîé Èìïåðèè. Îòä. çîîëîãè÷åñêèé. Ì., 1915. Âûï. 14. Ñ. 380–435. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Òîì 1. Æèâîòíûå. Í.Íîâãîðîä, 2003. 380 ñ. Êóçíåöîâ À.Â., Íåìöåâ Â.Â. Èñòîðèÿ è ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé ñêîïû è îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà íà Ðûáèíñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå. – Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö Íå÷åðíîçåìíîãî öåíòðà Ðîññèè: Ìàòåðèàëû ñîâåùàíèÿ «Ðåäêèå ïòèöû öåíòðà Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè», Ìîñêâà, 25–26 ÿíâàðÿ 1995. Ì., 1998. Ñ. 228–230. Ïóçàíîâ È.È., Êîçëîâ Â.È., Êèïàðèñîâ Ã.Ï. Æèâîòíûé ìèð Ãîðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè: (Ïîçâîíî÷íûå). 2-å äîï. èçä. Ãîðüêèé: êí. èçä-âî, 1955. 432 ñ. Ñåðåáðîâñêèé Ï.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ê èçó÷åíèþ îðíèòîôàóíû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìàòåð. ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèè. Îòä. çîîë. Ì., 1918. Âûï. 15. Ñ. 23–134.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

                                      Êîíòàêò: Ãåííàäèé Èñàêîâ Êàôåäðà çîîëîãèè è ýêîëîãèè ×óâàøñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïåäàãîãè÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà 428015 ×åáîêñàðû óë. Ïèðîãîâà, 25 òåë.: +7 (927) 8528753 sopr21@yandex.ru Contact: Gennady Isakov Dep. of Zoology and Ecology Chuvashian State Pedagogical University Pirogova str., 25 Cheboksary Russia 428015 tel.: +7 (927) 8528753 sopr21@yandex.ru

Â õîäå èçó÷åíèÿ îðíèòîôàóíû ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè â 1998–2008 ãã. íàìè ñîáðàí ìàòåðèàë ïî íåêîòîðûì àñïåêòàì áèîëîãèè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla). Âñÿ íàêîïëåííàÿ äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè èíôîðìàöèÿ (ëèòåðàòóðíûå èñòî÷íèêè, ñîáñòâåííûå äàííûå) ïðåäñòàâëåíà â íàñòîÿùåì ñîîáùåíèè. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò ÿâëÿåòñÿ â ×óâàøèè î÷åíü ðåäêèì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ, ïðîë¸òíûì (ðåäêèì âåñíîé è ìàëî÷èñëåííûì îñåíüþ) è î÷åíü ðåäêèì çèìóþùèì âèäîì. Âñÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè âõîäèò â ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà, îäíàêî åãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå íåðàâíîìåðíî. Ñâÿçàíî ýòî ñ ìàëûì êîëè÷åñòâîì ïîäõîäÿùèõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ó÷àñòêîâ â êóïå ñ êîðìîâûìè ðåñóðñàìè. Íà òåððèòîðèè ðåñïóáëèêè ïîòåíöèàëüíî ïðèãîäíû äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ òîëüêî ïîéìà ð. Ñóðà è ïðèáðåæíàÿ çîíà ×åáîêñàðñêîãî è Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèù. Îäíàêî, èç-çà ìàëîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ïîäõîäÿùèõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äåðåâüåâ è âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòè íàñåëåíèÿ â ðåñïóáëèêå (ïîâûøåííûé ôàêòîð áåñïîêîéñòâà ïòèö ñî ñòîðîíû ÷åëîâåêà) ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíà îñòà¸òñÿ íèçêîé.

Surveying birds in the Republic of Chuvashia since 1998 we have collected some data on the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) presented in this short report. In the Republic we observed the Whitetailed Eagle during breeding season and migrations on the Cheboksarskoe and Kuybyshevskoe water reservoirs and their vicinities (within 15 km from reservoirs), also eagles were regularly noted in the Sura river valley (fig. 1). We know only breeding territory of the White-tailed Eagle in Chuvashia – Knyazhskiy Yar on the Sura river. That pair is known to nest in the territory since 2003. (2 juveniles were found at the beginning of August). The nest was found in 2005 (Kalashnikova, 2005). It was a nest originally built by the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), which bred in Knyazhskiy Yar till 2002. A total of 2–4 pairs are estimated to breed in the territory of the Republic of Chuvashia. Following records in 1998–2007 51 individuals were recorded in the territory of the Republic of Chuvashia during spring migration, 82 birds were recorded during summer–autumn period. A total of 30–150 individuals are estimated to migrate in the spring and 100–300 individuals – in the autumn through the territory of Chuvashia. The species has already noted in the winter last 5 years. Single birds were observed on the Cheboksarskoe water reservoir on 07/12/2003, near Sinyaly village – on 19/12/2004, on the Kuybyshevskoe water reservoir – on 14/01/2006, near Chandrovo village – on 20/02/2008. The main reason of rarity of the Whitetailed Eagleà in Chuvashia is small area of habitats of the species. We have recommended the White-tailed Eagleà to list in the category 1 in the Red Data Book of the Republic of Chuvashia. Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) â ðåñïóáëèêå ×óâàøèÿ Fig. 1. Distribution of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in the Republic of Chunashia

Raptors Research

Ðèñ. 2. Êîëè÷åñòâî îòìå÷åííûõ íà òåððèòîðèè ×óâàøèè îðëàíîâ-áåëîõâîñòîâ â ïåðèîä ìèãðàöèé (ïî äàííûì 1998–2007 ãã.) Fig. 1. Number of migrating White-Tailed Eagles in the Republic of Chunashia in 1998–2007

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13 Íà òåððèòîðèè ðåñïóáëèêè îðëàí çàðåãèñòðèðîâàí â ãíåçäîâîé è ìèãðàöèîííûé ïåðèîä íà ×åáîêñàðñêîì, Êóéáûøåâñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùàõ è áëèæàéøèõ îêðåñòíîñòÿõ (äî 15 êì), ðåãóëÿðíî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â ïîéìå ð. Ñóðà (ðèñ. 1). Âíå ïîéì Âîëãè è Ñóðû çà ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå âñòðå÷åí âñåãî îäèí ðàç: 3 ïòèöû, ëåòÿùèå â çàïàäíîì íàïðàâëåíèè, îòìå÷åíû â ïîéìå ð. Áåçäíà (Øåìóðøèíñêèé ðàéîí, îêðåñòíîñòè äåð. Àñàíîâî) â àïðåëå 2005 ã. (Êîñòðþêîâà, ßêîâëåâ, 2005). Èìåþùèåñÿ äàííûå î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè âèäà íà òåððèòîðèè ×óâàøèè â ïåðèîä ìèãðàöèé ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î ñëåäóþùåì: ìèãðàöèÿ âèäà èä¸ò ëîêàëèçîâàííûì ôðîíòîì â îñíîâíîì ïî ðóñëó ð. Âîëãà. ×èñëî ïòèö, ìèãðèðóþùèõ ïî ïîéìå ð. Ñóðà, íåâåëèêî: â ïåðèîä âåñåííåé ìèãðàöèè (7–10 äíåé â ñåðåäèíå àïðåëÿ 2000–2001, 2005 ãã.) âñòðå÷åíî òîëüêî ïî 1– 2 ïòèöû (ßêîâëåâ è äð., 2003; Èñàêîâ, Ãóñåâ, 2005); â îñåííèé ïåðèîä ëèøü â íîÿáðå 2006 ã. íà ðûáõîçå «Ñóðà» âñòðå÷åíî 15 îñîáåé; â 2004–2005 ãã. íà ýòîì æå ïðóäó áåëîõâîñòà ìû íå âñòðå÷àëè. Íå ïðèäåðæèâàÿñü ïîéì Ñóðû è Âîëãè, âèäèìî, ëåòÿò åäèíè÷íûå ïòèöû. Âñòðå÷åííûå â àïðåëå 2005 ã. â ïîéìå ð. Áåçäíà áåëîõâîñòû ëåòåëè â çàïàäíîì íàïðàâëåíèè, ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî ñ Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà íà Ñóðó (Êîñòðþêîâà, ßêîâëåâ, 2005). Âîçìîæíî, ÷òî ïðîë¸òíûé êîðèäîð ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â áàññåéíå Ñóðû îðëàíîâ ñëåäóþùèé: ñ þãà ïòèöû ïîäíèìàþòñÿ ïî ðóñëó ð. Âîëãà, à íà çàïàä, â íàïðàâëåíèè ïîéìû Ñóðû, ïîâîðà÷èâàþò ïîñëå ã. Óëüÿíîâñê. Ñ òåððèòîðèè ×óâàøèè èçâåñòíî îá îäíîì ìåñòå ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà – Êíÿæñêèé ßð íà ð. Ñóðà (ãðàíèöà Àëàòûðñêîãî è Ïîðåöêîãî àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ðàéîíîâ). Ïàðà íà äàííîì ìåñòå íà÷àëà ãíåçäèòüñÿ â 2003 ã. (â íà÷àëå àâãóñòà îáíàðóæåíî 2 íåóâåðåííî ëåòàþùèõ ïòåíöà). Â 2005 ã. îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî (Êàëàøíèêîâà, 2005). Çäåñü îðëàíû çàíÿëè ãíåçäîâóþ ïîñòðîéêó ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca), ÷üÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ áûëà èçâåñòíà íà Êíÿæñêîì ßðó âïëîòü äî 2002 ã. Â ýòîì ìåñòå ïàðà áåëîõâîñòîâ ãíåçäèëàñü â òå÷åíèå ÷åòûð¸õ

ëåò, à â 2007 ã. – íå âñòðå÷åíà. Â ïîéìå Ñóðû â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä âèä îòìå÷àëñÿ äî 2002 ã. ñåâåðíåå Êíÿæñêîãî ßðà (â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Ïîðåöêîå), ãäå, âèäèìî, ðàíåå ðàñïîëàãàëàñü åãî ãíåçäîâàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ. Íà ïîáåðåæüå ×åáîêñàðñêîãî è Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèù â ïðåäåëàõ ×óâàøèè ãí¸çä îðëàíà íå îáíàðóæåíî. Â òå÷åíèå ãíåçäîâîãî ïåðèîäà îðëàíû íà àêâàòîðèè âîäîõðàíèëèù âñòðå÷àþòñÿ íà êîðìîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ âî âðåìÿ îõîòû; ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî, ãíåçäîâûå òåððèòîðèè äàííûõ ïàð ðàñïîëîæåíû íà òåððèòîðèè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìàðèé Ýë â 1–2 êì îò ãðàíèöû ×óâàøèè. Òàê, îäíà èç ïàð äëÿ êîðìåæêè èñïîëüçóåò àêâàòîðèþ ìåæäó ìûñîì Êðèóøè è óñòüåì ð. Ïàðàò (×åáîêñàðñêîå âîäîõðàíèëèùå), åù¸ îäíà ïàðà äî 2002 ã. åæåãîäíî îòìå÷àëàñü â Ñèäåëüíèêîâñêèõ çàòîíàõ íàïðîòèâ ã. Íîâî÷åáîêñàðñê (Êóéáûøåâñêîå âîäîõðàíèëèùå). Âîçìîæíî, ÷òî â ïîéìå ð. Âîëãà â ïðåäåëàõ ×óâàøèè ãíåçäèòñÿ 1–2 ïàðû îðëàíà. Ñóììàðíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà íà òåððèòîðèè ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè ñîñòàâëÿåò 2–4 ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ ïàðû. Â òå÷åíèå ãíåçäîâîãî è ìèãðàöèîííîãî ñåçîíà âèä ïðèäåðæèâàåòñÿ ïîéì êðóïíûõ, ðåæå ñðåäíèõ ðåê. Çà÷àñòóþ îðëàíîâ ìîæíî íàáëþäàòü íà ðûáîðàçâîäíûõ õîçÿéñòâàõ. Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ â êà÷åñòâå ïðèñàä îðëàí èñïîëüçóåò êðóïíûå äåðåâüÿ, ðàñòóùèå ðÿäîì ñ áåðåãîì. Òàê, îäíà èç ïòèö ïàðû ñ Êíÿæñêîãî ßðà ïîñòîÿííî ðåãèñòðèðîâàëàñü íà çàñîõøåì äåðåâå íà áåðåãó Ñóðû, ïðèìåðíî â 400 ì îò ãíåçäà. Íà Êíÿæñêîì ßðó ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà ñîñíå â 300 ì îò ðóñëà ð. Ñóðà (ó÷àñòîê ñïåëîãî ñìåøàííîãî ëåñà). Â ïåðèîä âåñåííåé ìèãðàöèè êîëè÷åñòâî ðåãèñòðàöèé è êîëè÷åñòâî îñîáåé îðëàíîâ ìåíüøå, ÷åì â ëåòíå-îñåííèé ïåðèîä. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå âñòðå÷ âèäà â òå÷åíèå ãîäà íà òåððèòîðèè ×óâàøèè (ñóììàðíûå äàííûå çà 1998–2007 ãã.) ïðåäñòàâëåíû íà ðèñ. 2. Êîëè÷åñòâî îðëàíîâ, îòìå÷åííûõ â 1998–2007 ãã. íà òåððèòîðèè ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè â ïåðèîä âåñåííåé ìèãðàöèè, ñîñòàâëÿåò 51 îñ.; â ëåòíå-îñåííèé ïåðèîä ó÷òåíû 82 ïòèöû. Ïî íàøèì îöåíêàì, ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíîâ, ïðîëåòàþùèõ ÷åðåç òåððèòîðèþ ×óâàøèè â ïåðèîä âåñåííåé ìèãðàöèè, ñîñòàâëÿåò 30–150 îñ., â ïåðèîä îñåííåé ìèãðàöèè – 100–300 îñ. Âåñíîé ïîÿâëåíèå îðëàíà íà òåððèòîðèè ×óâàøèè ðàñòÿíóòî (çàâèñèò îò ïîãîäíûõ óñëîâèé). ×àùå âñåãî ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ïåðâûõ ïòèö ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà âòîðóþ ïîëîâèíó ìàðòà – I ïåíòàäó àïðåëÿ (18.03.2001 ã., 30.03.2003 ã.,

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13 31.03.2004 ã., 02.04.2000 ã., 05.04.1998 ã.). Åñòü è áîëåå ðàííèå íàáëþäåíèÿ: â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. ×åáîêñàðû îäíà ïòèöà îòìå÷åíà 4 ìàðòà 2007 ã. (Ñ.Â. Âàñþêîâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) è 8 ìàðòà 1999 ã. Ñðåäíÿÿ äàòà íà÷àëà ìèãðàöèè (n=7) íà ñåâåðå ×óâàøèè ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà 26 ìàðòà (04.03.2007–05.04.1998 ãã.) (Èñàêîâ è äð., 2008). Îòìå÷àþòñÿ îðëàíû âåñíîé ÷àùå ïîîäèíî÷êå, ðåæå ïàðàìè. Ëèøü åäèíîæäû îòìå÷åíî åäèíîâðåìåííî 4 ïòèöû (04.04.2007 ã. íà ×åáîêñàðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå íàïðîòèâ ã. ×åáîêñàðû). Ìèãðèðóþùèå ïòèöû îòìå÷àþòñÿ äî êîíöà àïðåëÿ – íà÷àëà ìàÿ. Ñðåäíÿÿ äàòà îêîí÷àíèÿ ìèãðàöèè (n=6) ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà 1 ìàÿ (23.04.2000–03.05.2001, 2006 ãã.). Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ìèãðàöèè â ðàçíûå ãîäû ñîñòàâëÿåò 21 (2000 ã.) – 46 äíåé (2001 ã.), â ñðåäíåì 31 äåíü. Â ñåðåäèíå ìàÿ – èþíå íàáëþäàþòñÿ òîëüêî òåððèòîðèàëüíûå îðëàíû, à ëåòóþùèå îñîáè íè ðàçó íå îòìå÷åíû. Ïîÿâëåíèå ïåðâûõ ìèãðèðóþùèõ (íåïîëîâîçðåëûõ) ïòèö îòìå÷åíî â êîíöå èþëÿ. Â ñåðåäèíå àâãóñòà ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ íà ïðîë¸òå âçðîñëûå ïòèöû (17.08.2001 ã. â óñòüå ð. Öèâèëü). Â àâãóñòå – îêòÿáðå îòìå÷àþòñÿ â îñíîâíîì îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû. Òîëüêî 30.09.2001 ã. çà 3 ÷àñà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. ×åáîêñàðû ó÷òåíî 6 ïòèö. Ñðàâíèòåëüíî êðóïíûå ñêîïëåíèÿ íàìè îòìå÷åíû â íà÷àëå íîÿáðÿ. Íà ñïóùåííûõ ïðóäàõ ðûáõîçà «Ñóðà» è â áëèæàéøèõ îêðåñòíîñòÿõ (Àëàòûðñêèé ð-í, îêðåñòíîñòè ï. Àëòûøåâî-Ëþëüñêîå) 4 íîÿáðÿ 2006 ã. îòìå÷åíî 15 îñîáåé. Çà 3 ÷àñà íàáëþäåíèé íà ×åáîêñàðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå (îêðåñòíîñòè ã. ×åáîêñàðû) 6 íîÿáðÿ 2002 ã. ó÷òåíî 6 îñîáåé, 7 íîÿáðÿ 2001 ã. – 8 ïòèö, 9 íîÿáðÿ 1998 ã. – 10 ïòèö (ßêîâëåâ, Èñàêîâ, 2004). Êîíåö ìèãðàöèè ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà âòîðóþ ïîëîâèíó íîÿáðÿ. Íåêîòîðûå îðëàíû äåðæàòñÿ âïëîòü äî ëåäîñòàâà. Â çèìíèé ïåðèîä âèä íà÷àë âñòðå÷àòüñÿ â ïîñëåäíèå 5 ëåò. Îäèíî÷íûå îñîáè îòìå÷åíû 07 äåêàáðÿ 2003 ã. íà ×åáîêñàðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå (îêðåñòíîñòè ã. ×åáîêñàðû) (À.À. ßêîâëåâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå), 19 äåêàáðÿ 2004 ã. â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Ñèíüÿëû ×åáîêñàðñêîãî ðàéîíà, 14 ÿíâàðÿ 2006 ã. íà Êóéáûøåâñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå (íèæíèé áüåô ×åáîêñàðñêîé ÃÝÑ), 20 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 ã. â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ äåð. ×àíäðîâî (÷åð-òà ã. ×åáîêñàðû) (Ñ.Â. Âàñþêîâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Êðîìå ýòîãî èìåþòñÿ äàííûå î çèìíèõ âñòðå÷àõ îðëàíîâ îò ðûáàêîâ è îõîòíèêîâ. Ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ âèäà íà òåððèòîðèè ×óâàøèè íå èçó÷åíà. Â 2003 ã. íåóâåðåííî ëåòàþùèå ïòåíöû, ïîêèíóâøèå ãíåçäî

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íà Êíÿæñêîì ßðó, îòìå÷åíû 4 àâãóñòà. Â êîíöå àâãóñòà 2000 ã. óìåðøèé ñë¸òîê îáíàðóæåí íà ï-îâå Ìóêøóì (çàâîëæñêàÿ ÷àñòü ×óâàøèè). Ãíåçäî, îáíàðóæåííîå íà Êíÿæñêîì ßðó, èìåëî äèàìåòð 1,8–2,0 ì, ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà âåðøèíå ñîñíû íà âûñîòå 20–25 ì (Êàëàøíèêîâà, 2005). Íà Êóéáûøåâñêîì è ×åáîêñàðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùàõ, íà ð. Ñóðà íàìè îòìå÷åíà óñïåøíàÿ îõîòà îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà íà ðûá: ëåù (Abramis brama), ùóêà (Esox lucius). Â çèìíåå âðåìÿ îòìå÷åíî ïîåäàíèå ðûáû, îñòàâëåííîé ðûáàêàìè. Î.Â. Ãëóøåíêîâ (2008) îòìå÷àåò, ÷òî â êîëîíèÿõ ñåðûõ öàïåëü (Ardea cinerea) íà ×åáîêñàðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå îðëàíû ïîåäàþò ïòåíöîâ öàïåëü (â Èëüèíñêîé êîëîíèè â 1984 ã. ðàçîðåíû 23 ãíåçäà èç 120). Îñíîâíûì ëèìèòèðóþùèì ôàêòîðîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìàëîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïîäõîäÿùèõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ òåððèòîðèé. Íàìè ïðåäëîæåíî âíåñåíèå âèäà â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè ïîä êàòåãîðèåé 1. Èçâåñòíû ñëó÷àè ïðÿìîãî èñòðåáëåíèÿ îðëàíîâ: ïòèöà, ïîïàâøàÿ â êàïêàí ñ ïðèìàíêîé íà âîëêà, áûëà óáèòà çèìîé 2002 ã. íà Ëèïøèíñêèõ òîðôîðàçðàáîòêàõ (çàâîëæñêàÿ ÷àñòü ×óâàøèè). Ëèòåðàòóðà Ãëóøåíêîâ Î.Â. Ñåðàÿ öàïëÿ â ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêå. – Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê. ¹ 1. ×åáîêñàðû, 2008. Ñ. 92–101. Èñàêîâ Ã.Í., Ãóñåâ Ï.Â. Íåêîòîðûå ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèÿ ÊÎÒÐ «Ïîéìà ðåêè Àëãàøêà». – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè. 2005. ¹ 51. Ñ. 46–49. Èñàêîâ Ã.Í., ßêîâëåâ Â.À., ßêîâëåâ À.À. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö ïî ìèãðàöèîííûì âîëíàì (ïî ìàòåðèàëàì èçó÷åíèÿ âåñåííåé ìèãðàöèè íà òåððèòîðèè ×óâàøèè). – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà ïòèö Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû V Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Èâàíîâî, 2008. Ñ. 237–239. Êàëàøíèêîâà Î.À. Î ãíåçäîâàíèè îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà â ×óâàøèè. – Îðíèòîëîãèÿ. 2005. ¹ 32. Ñ. 144. Êîñòðþêîâà Ì.Â., ßêîâëåâ À.À. Ðåäêèå ïòèöû íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «×àâàø Âàðìàíå». – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè. 2005. ¹ 51. Ñ. 57–61. ßêîâëåâ À.À., Èñàêîâ Ã.Í. Èíòåðåñíûå âñòðå÷è ïòèö â ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêå. – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè. 2004. ¹ 44. Ñ. 27–29. ßêîâëåâ À.À., ßêîâëåâ Â.À., Èñàêîâ Ã.Í. Îñîáåííîñòè âåñåííåé ìèãðàöèè ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Ïðèñóðñêèé». – Áóòóðëèíñêèé ñáîðíèê. Ìàòåðèàëû I Âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè, ïîñâÿùåííîé ïàìÿòè Ñ.À. Áóòóðëèíà. Óëüÿíîâñê, 2003. Ñ. 245–251.

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

                                                  Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 òåë.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Àëåêñåé Ïàæåíêîâ Öåíòð ñîäåéñòâèÿ «Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè» Ðîññèÿ 443045 Ñàìàðà, à/ÿ 8001 f_lynx@hotbox.ru http:// econet.universite.ru Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Aleksey Pazhenkov The Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance Centre P.O. Box 8001 Samara Russia 443045 f_lynx@hotbox.ru http:// econet.universite.ru

Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). Photo by I. Karyakin

Ââåäåíèå Ïðèêàçîì Ìèíèñòåðñòâà ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ è îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (ïðèêàç ¹ 4 îò 31 àâãóñòà 2005 ã.) óòâåðæä¸í «Ïåðå÷åíü âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ…, ðåêîìåíäîâàííûõ äëÿ âêëþ÷åíèÿ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè». Â «Ïåðå÷åíü…», íàðÿäó ñ 43 âèäàìè ïòèö, âêëþ÷¸í îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) êàê ðåäêèé âèä ñî ñòàáèëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ (êàòåãîðèÿ 4/Ã). Åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü â îáëàñòè îöåíåíà â 20 ïàð (Ëåáåäåâà è äð., 2007), ïðè ýòîì äàííàÿ îöåíêà ñîâåðøåííî íå ó÷èòûâàåò ïóáëèêàöèé ðàçíûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé ðåãèîíà, âûøåäøèõ â ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëüêî ëåò. Ìàòåðèàë, ñîáðàííûé àâòîðàìè ïî äàííîìó âèäó, ïîçâîëÿåò èíòåðïðåòèðîâàòü ñèòóàöèþ ñ îðëàíîì â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ïî èíîìó, ÷åì ýòî ïðåäñòàâëåíî â «Ìàòåðèàëàõ ê Êðàñíîé êíèãå îáëàñòè». Ïðèðîäíûå îñîáåííîñòè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè Ñàìàðñêàÿ îáëàñòü ðàñïîëîæåíà íà þãî-âîñòîêå Ðóññêîé ðàâíèíû íà ãðàíèöå 2-õ ïðèðîäíûõ çîí – ñòåïè è ëåñîñòåïè (Ìèëüêîâ, 1977). Ïëîùàäü îáëàñòè 53 565 êì2. Ëåñîïîêðûòûå òåððèòîðèè çàíèìàþò 6556 êì2 (12,24% îò òåððèòî-

Data on modern status of the White Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) population in the Samara district were collected in 1995– 2007. Following satellite images Landsat ETM+ the total length of water reservoir and the Volga river banks in Samara district is 1018.1 km, the total length of forested banks – 817.4 km (80.29%). Authors had surveyed 817 km of banks, 515.3 km of which were forested, to the end of 2007. Now 85 breeding territories of the White Tailed Eagle are known in the Samara district, 82 from which locates in the Volga river valley and water reservoirs of the Volga river (fig. 1). Nests were found in 42 breeding territories (49.4%). The total number of found nests was 57 including old nests. Nests was not found in 12 territories (14.1%), however broods were registered, and pairs of birds (mainly birds uttering mating-calls in spring) were observed in 21 territories (24.7%), and single birds with alarm behavior during breeding season – in 10 territories (11.8%). At all we registered 52 breeding events, and breeding were noted during several years in the territory of the fish farm «Suskan» and Samara Luka. The average distance between nests and centers of neighbor breeding territories is 4.02±2.39 km (n=80; range 1–13 km, Åõ=2,55) (table 1).Usually a pair of eagles build their own nests at the distance 3–5 km from another (fig. 2). The density of eagles in the Volga river valley including data of counts in islands is 1 pair/10 km of banks or 1.59 pairs/10 km of forested part of banks. A total of 110–140 pairs of the White Tailed Eagle are estimated to breed in the Samara district. The number of White-Tailed Eagles in the Samara district increased in 1.5 times for last 5 years. We observed 169 adults during counts in breeding season (157 birds – in breeding territories) and 67 subadults (without juveniles). The number of subadults was 28.39% of the total number of registered birds, that actually is the third part of population.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ðèè îáëàñòè) áåç ó÷¸òà ëåñîïîëîñ. Íà äîëþ óñëîâíî ñòåïíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (ïàñòáèùà íà ñ.-õ. çåìëÿõ è çåìëÿõ ãîñ. çàïàñà, íåóäîáüÿ íà ñ.-õ. è ëåñíûõ óãîäüÿõ) ïðèõîäèòñÿ 10 020 êì2 (18,71%). Îáëàñòü ðàñïîëîæåíà â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ðåêè Âîëãè, êîòîðàÿ äåëèò å¸ íà äâå íåðàâíûå ÷àñòè. Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ð. Âîëãè ïî îáëàñòè ñîñòàâëÿåò 340 êì. Å¸ îñíîâíûå ïðèòîêè – påêè Ñàìàðà, Ñîê, Ñûçðàíêà, Óñà. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü 157 ðåê îáëàñòè ñîñòàâëÿåò 2700 êì. Â ïðåäåëàõ îáëàñòè Âîëæñêîå ðóñëî çàðåãóëèðîâàíî è îáðàçóåò Êóéáûøåâñêîå (ïëîùàäü 85,8 òûñ. ãà) è Ñàðàòîâñêîå (ïëîùàäü 95 òûñ. ãà) âîäîõðàíèëèùà. Êðîìå òîãî, â îáëàñòè èìåþòñÿ Ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà â Æèãóëÿõ (ââåðõó) è â ïîéìå Âîëãè âîäîõðàíèëèùà, ðàñïîëî(âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà æåííûå íà ìàëûõ ðåêàõ (îáInhabitant places of the White-Tailed Eagle in the Zhiguli upland (upùàÿ ïëîùàäü 183 òûñ. ãà), à per) and flood forest of the Volga river (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin òàêæå 2000 ïðóäîâ è 189 The main region of winter concentration îç¸ð (îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü 6,7 òûñ. ãà). Ëåâîáåðåæüå ïî õàðàêòåðó ðåëüåôà of eagles is the territory 400 êì2 in area in äåëèòñÿ íà Íèçìåííîå, Âûñîêîå è vicinity of Zhigulevsk. We registered from Ñûðòîâîå Çàâîëæüå. Íèçìåííîå Çàâîë- 30 to 110 birds in different years. A half of registered pairs of eagles nests æüå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé äðåâíèå âîëæñêèå òåððàñû, âûòÿíóòûå âäîëü ðóñëà ñî- at the distance of 100 m from the water, âðåìåííîé ðåêè Âîëãè. Âûñîêîå Çàâîëæüå 34.9% – at the distance of 100–500 m from ñ âîëíèñòûì è ñèëüíî ðàññå÷¸ííûì ðåëü- the water and 11.6% – 500–1000 m from åôîì âûñîòîé îò 250 äî 300 ì çàíèìàåò the water (fig. 3). Hardly more than a half of breeding terriñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íóþ ÷àñòü îáëàñòè. Íà þãî-âîñòîêå îáëàñòè íàõîäèòñÿ Ñûðòîâîå tories of eagles was found on slopes of waÇàâîëæüå, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùåå ñîáîé ðàâ- ter reservoirs (52%) and hardly less than a íèíó ñ ïëîñêîâûïóêëûìè óâàëàìè – ñûð- half (46%) – in flood-lands (fig. 4). Now 59% of known nests in the district òàìè. Ïðàâîáåðåæüå ðàñïîëîæåíî íà Ïðèâîëæñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè. Íàèáîëåå (n=57) located on poplars and 35% – on âûñîêîé å¸ ÷àñòüþ ÿâëÿåòñÿ Ñàìàðñêàÿ pines (fig. 5). The most part of eagle nests Ëóêà ñ å¸ óíèêàëüíûìè ëàíäøàôòàìè, located in the forks of trunks in the upper ñåâåðíàÿ ÷àñòü êîòîðûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíà part of the trees (72%); on the tops and in Æèãóë¸âñêèìè ãîðàìè (371 ì íàä óðîâíåì the forks of large – 14% of nests for each ìîðÿ è 354 ì íàä óðîâíåì Âîëãè ó (fig. 6), and all nests with such locations óñòüÿ ð. Ñàìàðà), ñèëüíî ðàññå÷¸ííûìè were built on pines. The average brood size is 1.69±0.62 ãëóáîêèìè îâðàãàìè è èìåþùèìè âèä chicks (n=26; range 1–3). ãîðíîé ñòðàíû. Comparing with data of 1930–40-s the Íà ñåâåðå âîäîðàçäåëû ïîêðûòû âòîðè÷íûìè ìåëêîëèñòâåííûìè è øè- number of eagles in the Samara district has ðîêî-ëèñòâåííûìè ëåñàìè, íà ìåñòå increased in 4 times. Now the main threats õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ. Ïîñëåäíèå for eagles are poaching and lead poisonñîõðàíèëèñü â âèäå ôðàãìåíòîâ ïî ing. A half of White-Tailed Eagle population in êðóòîñêëîíàì ðå÷íûõ äîëèí, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Âîëãè. the Samara district inhabits IBAs, however a Íà àëëþâèàëüíûõ òåððàñàõ, êàê â ëåâî- half of IBAs don’t have any legislative proáåðåæüå Âîëãè, òàê è â ïðàâîáåðåæüå, tection.

Raptors Research

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè Fig. 1. Distribution of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in the Samara district

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

èìåþòñÿ îñòàòêè ñèëüíî ôðàãìåíòèðîâàííûõ áîðîâ. Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäèêà Äàííûå ïî ñîâðåìåííîìó ñîñòîÿíèþ ïîïóëÿöèè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ñîáðàíû â 1995–2007 ãã. Îñíîâíûå ýêñïåäèöèîííûå ðàáîòû îñóùåñòâëÿëèñü â 1997–2000 ãã. Èìåííî â ýòîò ïåðèîä áûëî âûÿâëåíî áîëüøèíñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëàíîâ è îïðåäåëåíà èõ ÷èñëåííîñòü íà òîò ïåðèîä. Â 2005–2006 ãã. ïðîâîäèëñÿ ìîíèòîðèíã íåêîòîðûõ èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, à â ïîñëåäíèé ãîä áûëè âíîâü îáñëåäîâàíû òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòîðûõ îðëàíû ó÷èòûâàëèñü â 1997–2000 ãã. Âûÿâëåíèå îðëàíîâ îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü ïî ñòàíäàðòíîé ìåòîäèêå, îñíîâàííîé íà ìàðøðóòàõ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî âîäíûõ, ÷åðåç ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå áèîòîïû, íà êîòîðûõ ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü âçðîñëûå ïòèöû íà ïðèñàäàõ èëè ëåòÿùèå ñ äîáû÷åé âíóòðü ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ, è îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ïîèñê ãí¸çä, îðèåíòèðîâàííûé íà òèïè÷íûå ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Ó÷àñòêè, ïîäõîäÿùèå äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà (âûñîêîñòâîëüíûé ëåñ áëèç âîäî¸ìîâ), îñìàòðèâàëèñü â îïòèêó ñ âîçâûøåííîñòåé èëè îòêðûòîé âîäû íà ïðåäìåò îáíàðóæåíèÿ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö èëè èõ ãí¸çä. Åñëè ãí¸çäà íå îáíàðóæèâàëèñü ñðàçó, íî áûëè âñòðå÷åíû ÿâíî òåððèòîðèàëüíûå ïòèöû, òîãäà îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ïîèñê ãí¸çä â òå÷åíèå 1–1,5 ÷àñîâ ïóò¸ì ïðî÷¸ñûâàíèÿ ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà â çîíå áåñïîêîéñòâà ïòèö. Ïîáåðåæüå Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà îáñëåäîâàëîñü ñ ìàëîìåðíûõ ñóäîâ ñ ïîäâåñíûìè ìîòîðàìè, ðûáõîçû è ïðîòîêè â îáëàñòè ïîäòîïëåíèÿ Ñà-

ðàòîâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà ïðîéäåíû íà áàéäàðêàõ, îñòðîâíûå ëåñà áëèç îç¸ð è ïðóäîâ îñìàòðèâàëèñü â õîäå àâòîìàðøðóòîâ. Äàííûå ïî ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì âíîñèëèñü â ñðåäó ÃÈÑ (ArcView 3.2a), ãäå è îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü èõ îáðàáîòêà. Ê ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì ìû îòíîñèì òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà, âñòðå÷åíû âûâîäêè, ïàðû ïòèö ñ òîêîâûì ïîâåäåíèåì ëèáî áåñïîêîÿùèåñÿ ïòèöû. Ïðîòÿæåííîñòü ïîáåðåæèé âîäîõðàíèëèù è íåçàðåãóëèðîâàííîé ÷àñòè ðóñëà Âîëãè â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, îïðåäåë¸ííàÿ ïî êîñìîñíèìêàì Landsat ETM+ ñîñòàâëÿåò 1018,1 êì, ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáëåñ¸ííûõ ïîáåðåæèé – 817,4 êì (80,29%). Ê êîíöó 2007 ã. àâòîðàìè îáñëåäîâàíî 817 êì ïîáåðåæèé, èç êîòîðûõ 515,3 êì ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà èõ îáëåñ¸ííóþ ÷àñòü, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 80,25% îò îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè ïîáåðåæèé âîäîõðàíèëèù è 63,04% – îò ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè îáëåñ¸ííûõ ïîáåðåæèé. Îñòàëèñü íå îñìîòðåííûìè íà ïðåäìåò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà îñòðîâà è âîñòî÷íîå ïîáåðåæüå Ñàðàòîâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà íà ó÷àñòêå îò ñ. Îáøàðîâêà äî óñòüÿ ð. ×àãðà è òåððàñíûå áîðû, ïðèëåãàþùèå íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ê Âîëãå íà ó÷àñòêå îò ã. Òîëüÿòòè äî óñòüÿ ð. Ñîê. Ôðàãìåíòàðíî îñìîòðåíà ÷àñòü ïîáåðåæüÿ îò ñ. Êàíóåâêà äî ñ. Îáøàðîâêà. Ðåçóëüòàòû Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü Ïåðâûå ñâèäåòåëüñòâà îáèòàíèÿ îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà â Ñðåäíåì Ïîâîëæüå îòíîñÿòñÿ ê êîíöó XVIII – íà÷àëó XIX âåêîâ. Ï.Ñ. Ïàëëàñ (1809) âî âðåìÿ ñâîåãî ïóòåøåñòâèÿ ïî Ðîññèè îòìå÷àë íà Âîëãå, îñîáåííî â ðàéîíå Æèãóë¸âñêèõ ãîð, áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî «áåëîõâîñòûõ îðëîâ». Ïî÷òè 100 ëåò ñïóñòÿ Ì.Í. Áîãäàíîâ (1871), ïîäòâåðæäàåò äàííûå Ï.Ñ. Ïàëëàñà – îðëàíáåëîõâîñò ïî-ïðåæíåìó ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ñàìûì îáû÷íûì èç îðëîâ â Ïîâîëæüå è îòìå÷àåòñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ïî âñåé äîëèíå Âîëãè è â âîäîðàçäåëüíûõ ëåñàõ, ïðè ýòîì â ýêîëîãèè è ïîâåäåíèè «âîëæñêèõ» è «ëåñíûõ» ïòèö àâòîðîì îòìå÷àåòñÿ áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ðàçëè÷èé, â òîì ÷èñëå â ñðîêàõ íà÷àëà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ è õàðàêòåðå ìèãðàöèé. Íà îáû÷íîñòü îðëàíà â âîäîðàçäåëüíûõ ëåñàõ âîëæñêîãî ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ óêàçûâàåò è Ì.À. Ðàäèùåâ (1899), íàáëþäàâøèé åãî â ìàññå â Õâàëûíñêèõ ãîðàõ (ñîâðåìåííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ñåâåðà Ñàðàòîâñêîé îáëàñòè).

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13 Â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ âèä ïðîäîëæàåò îñòàâàòüñÿ îáû÷íûì íà Ñðåäíåé Âîëãå. Ïî äàííûì Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî îòäåëåíèÿ ÂÍÈÈÎÇ â 20–30-õ ãã. â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ, ïðîâåä¸ííûõ Í.Ä. Ãðèãîðüåâûì è Â.À. Ïîïîâûì, â ïîéìåííûõ áèîòîïàõ áûëî âñòðå÷åíî 32 îðëàíà, ÷òî ñîñòàâèëî (n=957) 3,3% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà âñòðå÷åííûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (Ãðèãîðüåâ è äð., 1977). Â 60-õ ãã., ïîñëå îáðàçîâàíèÿ Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà, âñòðå÷àåìîñòü îðëàíà ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äðóãèìè õèùíèêàìè âîçðîñëà è, ïî äàííûì ëàáîðàòîðèè çîîëîãèè ÊÈÁ ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ (äàííûå Â.À. Ïîïîâà ñ ñîàâòîðàìè), ñîñòàâèëà (n=348) 5,7% (Ãðèãîðüåâ è äð., 1977). Òåì íå ìåíåå, â 40-õ ãã. íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè àðåàëà îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà íà÷àëñÿ ïðîöåññ ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè è, âèäèìî, íå îáîø¸ë ýòîò ïðîöåññ ñòîðîíîé è Ïîâîëæüå, êàê îòìå÷àåò Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951). Ê 60ì ãîäàì â Ðîññèè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëàíà ñòàíîâèòñÿ ñïîðàäè÷íûì; àðåàë ïðèíÿë ôîðìó ëåíò, âûòÿíóòûõ âäîëü áàññåéíîâ êðóïíûõ ðåê, ñ ðåäêèìè îòäåëüíûìè ãíåçäîâüÿìè â èçîëèðîâàííûõ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâàõ (Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1985). Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ìíîãèå èññëåäîâàòåëè êîíñòàòèðîâàëè ôàêò ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè àðåàëà âèäà â åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè, ñâåäåíèé î òîòàëüíîì ñîêðàùåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íåò. Èìåþòñÿ äàííûå ðåãóëÿðíûõ íàáëþäåíèé çà îðëàíàìè ñ 30-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ íà òåððèòîðèè Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà, îäíàêî îíè íå ïîçâîëÿþò ñäåëàòü âûâîä î òîòàëüíîì ñîêðàùåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà êàê ìèíèìóì äëÿ ó÷àñòêà íåçàðåãóëèðîâàííîé ÷àñòè Âîëãè â ðàéîíå Æèãóëåé. À.Ò. Ëåïèí (1940) âûñêàçûâàë ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî â Æèãóë¸âñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå â Æèãóëÿõ ãíåçäÿòñÿ äâå ïàðû îðëàíîâ (îäíà â Ñîëÿíîì îâðàãå, äðóãàÿ – â ðàéîíå Ñòðåëüíîé ãîðû) è îäíà ïàðà – íà îñòðîâå Ñåðåäûø. Â.È. Çÿáðåâ (1944) îòìå÷àåò îðëàíà êàê íåìíîãî÷èñëåííóþ ãíåçäÿùóþñÿ ïòèöó ïîéìû ð. Âîëãè â ðàéîíå Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Îí ïîñòîÿííî íàáëþäàë îõîòó îðëàíîâ íà îñòðîâå Ñåðåäûø. Â 1970 ã. È.Ñ. è Â.Í. Áåëÿíèíû (1981) îáíàðóæèëè äâà ãíåçäà îðëàíà íà ñåâåðíîé ñòîðîíå îñòðîâà Ñåðåäûø. Íà ýòîì æå îñòðîâå â 1970 ã. Ã.Ï. Ðîìàíþê (1985) îáíàðóæèëà ãíåçäî îðëàíîâ, êîòîðîå åæåãîäíî çàñåëÿëîñü âïëîòü äî 80-õ ãã. Ïî å¸ æå äàííûì âèä ïåðåñòàë ãíåçäèòüñÿ â Æèãóëÿõ â Ñîëÿíîì îâðàãå è â ðàéîíå Ñòðåëüíîé ãîðû, ãäå

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ðàíåå íàáëþäàëñÿ À.Ò. Ëåïèíûì, ïî ïðè÷èíå çàñòðîéêè ïîáåðåæüÿ. Â 1997–98 ãã. îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò îêàçàëñÿ îäíèì èç ñàìûõ îáû÷íûõ êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè. Çäåñü, â Çàïàäíûõ Æèãóëÿõ íà ó÷àñòêå ßáëîíåâûé Îâðàã – Ìîëîäåöêèé Êóðãàí, îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà 2-õ ïàð â 1,5 êì äðóã îò äðóãà è 1 ïàðà âñòðå÷åíà áëèç Ìîëîäåöêîãî Êóðãàíà; âûâîäêè 2-õ ïàð âñòðå÷åíû ó ã. Øèøêà è ã. Ìîãóòîâîé; â öåíòðàëüíûõ Æèãóëÿõ óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 3-õ ïàð çàïàäíåå ï. Áàõèëîâà Ïîëÿíà, âîñòî÷íåå ï/ë «Àðòåê» è áëèç Ñòðåëüíîé, à òàêæå ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü ãíåçäîâàíèå 1 ïàðû âîñòî÷íåå Ñîëíå÷íîé Ïîëÿíû; ãí¸çäà 2-õ ïàð îáíàðóæåíû íà îâå Ñåðåäûø; ãíåçäî ïàðû îðëàíîâ íàéäåíî íà ñêëîíå ãîðû þæíåå ä. Êðåñòîâàÿ Ïîëÿíà, îðëàíû òàêæå íàáëþäàëèñü â ðàéîíå Øèðÿåâñêîé äîëèíû (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999; 2000). Äëÿ Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà íà êîíåö 90-õ ãã. êàðòèíà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ îðëàíà îêàçàëàñü ïîõîæåé íà òó, ÷òî îïèñàíà À.Ò. Ëåïèíûì (1940), ñ íåêîòîðûì óâåëè÷åíèåì êîëè÷åñòâà ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð â Æèãóëÿõ. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, ïîäòâåðæäåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëàíà íà Ñåðåäûøå è áëèç Ñòðåëüíîé, à òàêæå âñòðå÷åíà ïàðà ó Ñîëíå÷íîé Ïîëÿíû áëèç Ñîëÿíîãî îâðàãà, ãäå îðëàíû ñ âûñîêîé äîëåé âåðîÿòíîñòè ãíåçäèëèñü è ïðîäîëæàþò ãíåçäèòüñÿ. Â òî æå âðåìÿ, óäàëîñü îáíàðóæèòü ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ ïàðû îðëàíîâ ó Áàõèëîâîé Ïîëÿíû, î êîòîðûõ íå óïîìèíàþò ïðåæíèå èññëåäîâàòåëè çàïîâåäíèêà. Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà êîíåö 90-õ ãã. ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà äëÿ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè îöåíåíà â 14–15 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999; 2000), îäíàêî, ó÷èòûâàÿ âñòðå÷è ïòèö â þæíîé ÷àñòè Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè áëèç Çìåèíîãî çàòîíà è Áîëüøîãî Øåëåõìåòñêîãî îçåðà (Ïàâëîâ, 1999), îíà áûëà óæå íà òîò ïåðèîä çàíèæåíà. Â ðåçóëüòàòå àíêåòèðîâàíèÿ ìåñòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ, ïðîâåä¸ííîãî â 1983–1991 ãã. Æèãóë¸âñêèì çàïîâåäíèêîì ñîâìåñòíî ñ ÂÎÎÏ, íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè áûëî âûÿâëåíî 18 ãí¸çä îðëàíà, à òàêæå åù¸ îäíî ãíåçäî, íåâåðíî îïðåäåë¸ííîå àâòîðîì êàê ãíåçäî áåðêóòà, ò.å., âñåãî 19 ãíåçä, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü èç êîòîðûõ ðàñïîëàãàëàñü â ×àïàåâñêèõ ëèìàíàõ (Ëåáåäåâà, 1998). Ó÷èòûâàÿ äàííûå àíêåòèðîâàíèÿ è ìàòåðèàëû èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîâ, â 1997–98 ãã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ãðóïïèðîâêè îðëàíà â ×àïàåâñêèõ ëèìàíàõ îöåíåíà â 10 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999; 2000). Äàëüíåéøèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ

Raptors Research

Òàáë. 1. Ïàðàìåòðû ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãí¸çä îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè Table 1. Parameters of distribution of nests of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in the Samara district

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13 òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè â 1999–2000 ãã. ïîçâîëèëè âûÿâèòü 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëàíîâ â ïîéìå Âîëãè âûøå Îáøàðîâêè è êðóïíóþ ãíåçäîâóþ ãðóïïèðîâêó îðëàíà íà ðûáõîçå «Ñóñêàí», ÷èñëåííîñòü êîòîðîé íà òîò ïåðèîä îöåíåíà â 5 ïàð. Â 2000 ã. Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèíûì áûëè îáíàðóæåíû 2 ãíåçäà îðëàíîâ è âûÿâëåíû 3 ó÷àñòêà â þæíîé ÷àñòè ðûáõîçà «Ñóñêàí», ÷òî óâåëè÷èëî ÷èñëåííîñòü ïðåäïîëàãàåìîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè äî 7 ïàð. Ê 2004 ã. â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè áûëî èçâåñòíî 42 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà îðëàíîâ, à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü â îáëàñòè îöåíèâàëàñü â 69– 75 ïàð ñ íåóêëîííîé òåíäåíöèåé ê ðîñòó. Èìåííî ýòè äàííûå ïîñëóæèëè îñíîâîé äëÿ îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïòèö â Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïå (Ìèùåíêî è äð., 2004), õîòÿ, êàê ïîêàçàëî äàëüíåéøåå èññëåäîâàíèå òåððèòîðèè, îíè áûëè íåñêîëüêî çàíèæåíû. Â 2005 ã. â õîäå öåëåâûõ ðàáîò ïî ó÷¸òó îðëàíîâ ñîáðàíà èíôîðìàöèÿ ïî 22 ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì, èç êîòîðûõ 19 âûÿâëåíî â õîäå âîäíîãî ìàðøðóòà è 3 – â õîäå àâòîìîáèëüíîãî ìàðøðóòà: â þæíîé ÷àñòè ðûáõîçà «Ñóñêàí» îáíàðóæåíî 2 íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà îðëàíîâ ñ ãí¸çäàìè, ïîäòâåðæäåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 2-õ ïàð îðëàíîâ áëèç ï/ë «Àðòåê» è íà îñòðîâå Ñåðåäûø â Æèãóë¸âñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå è 3-õ ïàð áëèç Æèãóë¸âñêà, îáñëåäîâàíû âåðõíÿÿ ÷àñòü Óñèíñêîãî çàëèâà, Âàñèëüåâñêèå îñòðîâà è ñåâåðíàÿ ÷àñòü ×àïàåâñêèõ ëèìàíîâ, ïðèëåãàþùàÿ ê ðóñëó Âîëãè, ãäå âûÿâëåíî (ñ ó÷¸òîì èçâåñòíûõ) 14 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Êîðæåâ, 2006). Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2006 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíîâ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â

Ðàéîí Region Ñóñêàí / Suskan Êóéáûøåâñêîå âîäîõðàíèëèùå Kuybyshev reservoir Æèãóëè / Zhiguli upland ×àïàåâñêèå ëèìàíû Chapaevskie Limans Âàñèëüåâñêèå î-âà Vasilievskie islands Ïîéìà Âîëãè âûøå Îáøàðîâêè Volga river flood-plain Âñåãî / Total

Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè îöåíåíà â 74–84 ïàðû, èç êîòîðûõ 85% (62–67 ïàð) ñîñðåäîòî÷åíû â äîëèíå ð. Âîëãè, à åù¸ 15% (12–17 ïàð) äèñïåðñíî ðàñïðåäåëåíû ïî îñòàëüíîé òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè (Êîðæåâ, 2006). Â 2007 ã. áûëè ïðîâåäåíû ó÷¸òû îðëàíîâ íà Êóéáûøåâñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå, â õîäå êîòîðûõ âûÿâëåíî 24 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà îò ãðàíèöû ñ Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòüþ äî Óñèíñêîãî çàëèâà è 2 ïàðû â Ìóðàíñêîì áîðó. Â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèé 2007 ã. ïî îáëàñòè óäàëîñü òàêæå îáíàðóæèòü 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà, óäàëåííûõ îò Âîëãè – íà Êóòóëóêñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå è áëèç Òàøëèíñêîãî ïðóäà, ïðè÷¸ì, â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå îðëàíû çàíÿëè ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ìîãèëüíèêîâ, êîòîðûé çàíèìàëñÿ îðëàíàìè åù¸ â 2006 ã. Áåç ó÷¸òà äàííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 2005 ã. â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè â 2007 ã. ñòàëî èçâåñòíî 72 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà îðëàíîâ, à ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíåíà â 90–100 ïàð ñ ïðîäîëæàþùåéñÿ òåíäåíöèåé ðîñòà è âûñåëåíèåì îòäåëüíûõ ïàð íà èñêóññòâåííûå âîäî¸ìû, çíà÷èòåëüíî óäàë¸ííûå îò Âîëãè (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2008). Â èòîãå, òîëüêî íà ðûáõîçå «Ñóñêàí» â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îáíàðóæåíî 10 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëàíîâ, ÷òî ïðåâûøàåò ïðåæíþþ îöåíêó ÷èñëåííîñòè. Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå è â ×àïàåâñêèõ ëèìàíàõ, ãäå óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 16 è 15 ïàð îðëàíîâ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Íàèáîëåå ïîëíûå ñîâðåìåííûå äàííûå, ñêîððåêòèðîâàííûå â ÃÈÑ, ïîçâîëÿþò ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè èçâåñòíî 85 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà, 82 èç êî-

Ðàññòîÿíèå îò ãíåçäà äî îòêðûòîé Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè âîäû (ì) ñîñåäÿìè (êì) Distances of nests from water (m) Distance between the nearest (n) M±SD (Lim) Ex neighbors (km) (n) M±SD (Lim) Ex (n=15) 370,7±403,0 (50-1550) Ex=4,7

(n=12) 3,75 2,12 (1,07-8,92) Ex=2,26

(n=31) 367,7±1212,1 (20-6870) Ex=30,4

(n=25) 2,91 1,96 (1,1-10,16) Ex=7,50

(n=12) 535,8±325,4 (200-1260) Ex=0,7

(n=15) 4,58 2,66 (1,01-10,09) Ex=0,13

(n=15) 48,1±78,3 (1-300) Ex=8,3

(n=16) 4,09 1,42 (2,05-6,72) Ex=-0,72

(n=7) 51,4±31,8 (10-100) Ex=-0,8

(n=6) 4,46 2,05 (2,66-8,12) Ex=1,58

(n=6) 398,3±337,2 (90-690) Ex=-0,9

(n=6) 7,16 3,56 (3,92-13,28) Ex=0,76

(n=86) 312,35±770,69 (1-6870) Ex=63,21

(n=80) 4,02 2,39 (1,07-13,28) Ex=2,55

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Ðèñ. 2. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäñòâóþùèìè ïàðàìè áåëîõâîñòîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè Fig. 2. Distance between the nearest neighbors of the WhiteTailed Eagle in the Samara district

Ðèñ. 3. Óäàë¸ííîñòü ãí¸çä îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà îò âîäû Fig. 3. Distances of nests of the WhiteTailed Eagle from water

òîðûõ ïðèóðî÷åíû ê äîëèíå Âîëãè è Âîëæñêèì âîäîõðàíèëèùàì (ðèñ. 1). Íà 42 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (49,4%) íàéäåíû ãí¸çäà. Îáùåå êîëè÷åñòâî îáíàðóæåííûõ ãí¸çä ñîñòàâèëî 57, âêëþ÷àÿ ñòàðûå. Íà 12 ó÷àñòêàõ (14,1%) ãí¸çäà îáíàðóæåíû íå áûëè, õîòÿ âñòðå÷åíû íåðàñïàâøèåñÿ âûâîäêè, íà 21 ó÷àñòêå (24,7%) îáíàðóæåíû ïàðû ïòèö, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî òîêóþùèå ïòèöû â âåñåííèé ïåðèîä è íà 10 ó÷àñòêàõ (11,8%) âñòðå÷åíû áåñïîêîÿùèåñÿ îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä. Â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè ïðîñëåæåíî 52 ñëó÷àÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, ïðè÷¸ì íà íåêîòîðûõ ãí¸çäàõ íà ðûáõîçå «Ñóñêàí» è Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå â òå÷åíèå ðÿäà ëåò. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè è öåíòðàìè ñîñåäíèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëàíîâ âàðüèðóåò îò 1 äî 13 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåä-íåì (n=80) 4,02±2,39 êì (Åõ=2,55) (òàáë. 1). Íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî îðëàíû ãíåçäÿòñÿ â óäàëåíèè äðóã îò äðóãà íà 3–5 êì (ðèñ. 2). Äèñòàíöèÿ ñèëüíî çàâèñèò îò îáëåñ¸ííîñòè ïîáåðåæüÿ è ñòåïåíè ôðàãìåíòèðîâàííîñòè ëåñà. Â ñïëîøíûõ ëåñàõ ïî áåðåãàì Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà îðëàíû ñòàðàþòñÿ ãíåçäèòñÿ â 1,5–3,5 êì ïàðà îò ïàðû, ÷òî âûçâàíî óïëîòíåíèåì ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê çà

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ñ÷¸ò íåáîëüøîãî ÷èñëà êðóïíûõ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ íà âîäîõðàíèëèùå, â òî æå âðåìÿ íà êðóïíûõ ïîéìåííûõ êîìïëåêñàõ ñî ñëîæíîé ìîçàèêîé ïðîòîê è çàâîäåé îðëàí ðàñïðåäåëÿåòñÿ áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ðàâíîìåðíî ïî òåððèòîðèè, ñòðåìÿñü äèñòàíöèðîâàòüñÿ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 4 êì. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ïàðàìè îðëàíîâ áîëåå ÷åì íà 6 êì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñëåäñòâèåì îòñóòñòâèÿ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ, ëèáî ïðîïóñêà ïòèö. Ïëîòíîñòü îðëàíîâ â äîëèíå Âîëãè, âêëþ÷àÿ ó÷¸òíûå äàííûå ïî îñòðîâàì, ñîñòàâëÿåò 1 ïàðà/10 êì ïîáåðåæüÿ èëè 1,59 ïàð/10 êì îáëåñ¸ííîé ÷àñòè ïîáåðåæüÿ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòè ïîêàçàòåëè ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè â äîëèíå Âîëãè è ïî áåðåãàì âîëæñêèõ âîäîõðàíèëèù ãíåçäèòñÿ îò 100 äî 130 ïàð îðëàíîâ. Íå áîëüøå 10 ïàð ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà êðóïíûõ âîäî¸ìàõ, óäàë¸ííûõ îò Âîëãè. Â ñâåòå ýòîãî ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 110–140 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Ïðè äàëüíåéøèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ ýòà îöåíêà áóäåò ñêîððåêòèðîâàíà, íî, âèäèìî, ïðèíöèïèàëüíî óæå íå èçìåíèòñÿ. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ íà òåððèòîðèè ðûáõîçà «Ñóñêàí», â Æèãóëÿõ è íà ×àïàåâñêèõ ëèìàíàõ ïîêàçûâàþò óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà çà ïðîøåäøèé 10-ëåòíèé ïåðèîä. Òàê, â ×àïàåâñêèõ ëèìàíàõ â 1997–99 ãã. ëèøü 1 ïàðà ãíåçäèëàñü â çîíå, ïðèëåãàþùåé ê ðóñëó Âîëãè, à â 2005 ã. çäåñü áûëî ó÷òåíî óæå 4 ïàðû (Êîðæåâ, 2005). Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ íà Âàñèëüåâñêèõ îñòðîâàõ, ãäå îòìå÷åíî óâåëè÷åíèå ñ 3 äî 5 ïàð. Åù¸ 1 íîâîå ãíåçäî îðëàíîâ îáíàðóæåíî â 2007 ã. ïðè îñìîòðå ñêëîíà Æèãóëåé âûøå Áàõèëîâîé Ïîëÿíû, ÷òî óâåëè÷èâàåò ïëîòíîñòü è Æèãóë¸âñêîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñîâðåìåííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïðåâûøàåò òàêîâóþ ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2004 ã. â 2 ðàçà è, âèäèìî, îêîëî ïîëîâèíû ðàçíèöû â ýòèõ öèôðàõ ñëåäóåò îòíîñèòü íà ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà, à îñòàëüíóþ ïîëîâèíó – ê èíòåíñèôèêàöèè èññëåäîâàíèé. Â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä âñòðå÷åíî 169 âçðîñëûõ îðëàíîâ (157 íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ) è 67 ìîëîäûõ ïðîøëûõ ëåò (áåç ó÷¸òà ñë¸òêîâ òåêóùåãî ãîäà). ×èñëåííîñòü ìîëîäûõ ïòèö ñîñòàâèëà 28,39% îò ÷èñëåííîñòè âñåõ âñòðå÷åííûõ îñîáåé, ò.å., ôàêòè÷åñêè, òðåòü ïîïóëÿöèè. Áîëüøèíñòâî áîëòàþùèõñÿ ìîëîäûõ äåðæàëèñü â áóôåðíûõ çîíàõ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè ñòàðûõ ïòèö, ÷àñ-

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Ðèñ. 4. Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû îðëàíà Fig. 4. Nesting biotopes of the White-Tailed Eagle

Ðèñ. 5. Ãíåçäîâûå äåðåâüÿ îðëàíà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè Fig. 5. Nesting trees of the White-Tailed Eagle in the Samara district

òî îáðàçóÿ ñêîïëåíèÿ äî 2–3-õ ïòèö, íî èíîãäà óäàâàëîñü íàáëþäàòü, êàê îíè çàëåòàþò íà ó÷àñòêè è ïîäâåðãàþòñÿ àòàêå âçðîñëûõ ïòèö (12 ðåãèñòðàöèé èç 62-õ âñòðå÷). Â çèìíèé ïåðèîä îðëàí ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ íàìè â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ñ ñàìîãî íà÷àëà å¸ èññëåäîâàíèÿ â 90-õ ãã. Åù¸ Â.È. Çÿáðåâ (1944) âûñêàçûâàë ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î âîçìîæíûõ çèìîâêàõ ïòèö â îòäåëüíûå ãîäû. Íî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ðå÷ü èä¸ò î ðåãóëÿðíîé çèìîâêå îðëàíîâ êàê íà ñâîèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ëèø¸ííûõ îòêðûòîé âîäû (ðûáõîç «Ñóñêàí»), òàê è ó îòêðûòîé âîäû (ïëîòèíà Ãí¸çäà îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà: 1 – íà òîïîëå, 2 – íà ñîñíå, 3 – íà ëèïå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nests of the WhiteTailed Eagle: 1 – on poplar, 2 – on pine, 3 – on linden. Photos by I. Karyakin

Êóéáûøåâñêîé ÃÝÑ). Îñíîâíûì ðàéîíîì çèìíåé êîíöåíòðàöèè îðëàíîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ òåððèòîðèÿ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Æèãóë¸âñêà, ïëîùàäüþ îêîëî 400 êì2, âêëþ÷àþùàÿ Òîëüÿòòèíñêóþ ïòèöåôàáðèêó è å¸ ñâàëêó, ÃÝÑ è ñâàëêó áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ Æèãóë¸âñêà. Çäåñü â ðàçíûå ãîäû çèìóåò îò 30 äî 110 îñîáåé, ÷àñòü èç êîòîðûõ ïðèäåðæèâàåòñÿ ñâàëêè ÏÒÔ, ÷àñòü – ñêëîíîâ Æèãóëåé â ðàéîíå ïëîòèíû, ÷àñòü – ñâàëêè áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ, à íåêîòîðûå ïòèöû ðåãóëÿðíî ïåðåìåùàþòñÿ ìåæäó ïëîòèíîé è ñâàëêàìè, ÷àñòî ïðîëåòàÿ íàä ã. Æèãóë¸âñê. Â ìàðòå 1998 ã., êîãäà áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ìåñòíûõ ïòèö óæå òîêîâàëà íà ñâîèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, íà ñâàëêå Òîëüÿòòèíñêîé ÏÒÔ ïðîäîëæàëè äåðæàòüñÿ 18 îñîáåé, èç êîòîðûõ 17 áûëè ñòàðûìè è 1 – 3–4-ëåòíåãî âîçðàñòà (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999). Ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî â óäàëåíèè îò ÃÝÑ çèìóþò òîëüêî âçðîñëûå ïòèöû, êîòîðûå, âèäèìî, îñòàþòñÿ çèìîâàòü íà ñâîèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ è èõ òîêîâîå ïîâåäåíèå è àãðåññèÿ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ìîëîäûì ïòèöàì ìîãóò íàáëþäàòüñÿ â òå÷åíèå âñåé çèìû. Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû, ãí¸çäà, îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò òåñíî ñâÿçàí ñ êðóïíûìè âîäîåìàìè, ïîýòîìó áîëüøèíñòâî åãî ãí¸çä âûÿâëåíî â ëåñîíàñàæäåíèÿõ â 500ìåòðîâîé ïîëîñå îò îòêðûòîé âîäû. Äàëåå 1 êì îò âîäû óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå ëèøü 3-õ ïàð èç 86, ïðè÷¸ì, îäíà ïàðà ãíåçäèòñÿ â 6,9 êì îò Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà (íà ñåâåðíîé îêðàèíå Ìóðàíñêîãî áîðà), ðåãóëÿðíî ëåòàÿ çà äîáû÷åé íà âîäîõðàíèëèùå. Ïîëîâèíà âñåõ âûÿâëåííûõ ïàð îðëàíîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Ðèñ. 6. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä îðëàíà íà ðàçíûõ âèäàõ äåðåâüåâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè Fig. 6. Distribution of the White-Tailed Eagle’s nests building on different species of trees in the Samara district

Ðèñ. 7. Õàðàêòåð ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä îðëàíà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè Fig. 7. Character of the White-Tailed Eagle’s nest location on different species of trees in the Samara district

â óäàëåíèè äî 100 ì îò âîäû, 34,9% – â óäàëåíèè îò 100 äî 500 ì îò âîäû è 11,6% – â 500–1000 ì îò âîäû (ðèñ. 3). Áîëüøèíñòâî ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â 100–500-õ ì îò âîäû ïðèóðî÷åíî ê ñêëîíàì ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Âîëãè, ïðè÷¸ì, äèñòàíöèÿ îò âîäû òåì äàëüøå, ÷åì âûøå ôàêòîð áåñïîêîéñòâà è îñâîåííîñòü ïîáåðåæüÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî óäàëåíèå îðëàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè äàëåå 500 ì îò âîäîåìà – ýòî êðàéíèé âàðèàíò àäàïòàöèè ê ñóáîïòèìàëüíûì óñëîâèÿì îáèòàíèÿ, âûçâàííûé, â îñíîâíîì, àíòðîïîãåííîé íàðóøåííîñòüþ òåððèòîðèè. ×óòü áîëåå ïîëîâèíû ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëàíîâ âûÿâëåíû íà êðóòîñêëîíàõ Âîëæñêèõ âîäîõðàíèëèù (52%) è ÷óòü ìåíåå ïîëîâèíû (46%) – â ïîéìå (ðèñ. 4). Êàê è âî âðåìåíà Ì.Í. Áîãäàíîâà (1871), â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîæíî âûäåëèòü äâå ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ãðóïïû îðëàíîâ: 1 – îðëàíû, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ â ëåñàõ íà ñêëîíàõ Âîëãè è 2 – îðëàíû, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ â ïîéìå. Åñëè ïåðâûå ïðåäïî÷èòàþò ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ñîñíàõ, óñòðàèâàÿ ãíåçäà ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïðåäâåðøèííûõ ðàçâèëêàõ íà äåðåâüÿõ, ðàñòóùèõ â ñðåäíåé è âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ñêëîíîâ âîçâûøåííîñòåé, îáðàù¸ííûõ ê Âîëãå, òî âòîðûå ãíåçäÿòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà òîïîëÿõ ïî áåðåãàì

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ïðîòîê, íà îñòðîâàõ è â çàòîíàõ. Â ñâÿçè ñ äåôèöèòîì ñîñåí îðëàíû âûíóæäåíû àäàïòèðîâàòüñÿ ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ âî âòîðè÷íûõ øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ, ÷åì è âûçâàíî ðàçíîîáðàçèå âûáîðà ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, ïðîéäåííûõ ðóáêàìè. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â îáëàñòè (n=57) 59% èçâåñòíûõ ãí¸çä ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà òîïîëÿõ è 35% – íà ñîñíàõ (ðèñ. 5, 6). Íåñîìíåííî, äîëÿ ãíåçä, êîòîðûå ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà ëèïàõ, âûøå, îäíàêî èõ òðóäíåå èñêàòü â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä è ó÷àñòêè, ãäå îðëàíû ãíåçäÿòñÿ âî âòîðè÷íûõ ëèïíÿêàõ, âûÿâëÿþòñÿ, êàê ïðàâèëî, óæå ïî âûâîäêàì. Åñëè æå ñóäèòü ïî ñîîòíîøåíèþ ó÷àñòêîâ, âûÿâëåííûõ â ëåñàõ íà êðóòîñêëîíàõ è â ïîéìå (ðèñ. 4), òî ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî ïðèìåðíî ïî 40% ïàð óñòðàèâàåò ãí¸çäà íà òîïîëÿõ â ïîéìå è ñîñíàõ íà êðóòîñêëîíàõ, à îñòàëüíûå 20% ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà ëèñòâåííûõ äåðåâüÿõ, óñòðîåííûõ íà ñêëîíàõ, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ, ñóäÿ ïî áèîòîïàì, äîëæíà äîìèíèðîâàòü â êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäîâîãî äåðåâà ëèïà. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ãíåçä, óñòðîåííûõ îðëàíàìè, ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ â ðàçâèëêàõ â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà (72%). Íà âåðøèíàõ è â îñíîâàíèè âåòâåé â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ ïî 14% ãí¸çä (ðèñ. 7), ïðè÷¸ì, âñå ãí¸çäà, èìåþùèå òàêîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå, óñòðîåíû íà ñîñíàõ. Â âûâîäêàõ îðëàíà îò 1 äî 3-õ ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=26) 1,69±0,62 ïòåíöà. Òðè ïòåíöà â âûâîäêå – ýòî ðåäêîñòü (7,69%), â íîðìå íàáëþäàåòñÿ 2 ïòåíöà â âûâîäêå (53,85%). Êîëè÷åñòâî âûâîäêîâ èç 1 ïòåíöà ñîñòàâëÿåò 38,46%, íî, òàê êàê áîëüøèíñòâî âûâîäêîâ èç 1 ïòåíöà íàáëþäàëîñü óæå âíå ãí¸çä, íåò óâåðåííîñòè, ÷òî âòîðîé ïòåíåö ïðîñòî íå áûë ïðîïóùåí. Âî âñåõ îñìîòðåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ íàáëþäàëèñü ïî 2 ïòåíöà, âêëþ÷àÿ ãí¸çäà, îñìîòðåííûå çà íåñêîëüêî äíåé äî ñë¸òà ïòåíöîâ. Áîëüøèíñòâî ïòåíöîâ îðëàíîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè âñòà¸ò íà êðûëî â ïåðâóþ äåêàäó èþëÿ. Ïîñëå 15 èþëÿ íåë¸òíûå ïòåíöû â ãí¸çäàõ íàì óæå íå ïîïàäàëèñü, à âîò ðàííèå ñðîêè âûëåòà âñòðå÷àþòñÿ íå òàê óæ è ðåäêî. Äâàæäû âñòðå÷àëèñü ñë¸òêè ñ îñòàòêàìè ïóõà íà ãîëîâå 11 è 15 èþíÿ, à 2 ìàÿ 2000 ã. íà ðûáõîçå «Ñóñêàí» Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí íàáëþäàë â ãíåçäå îðëàíà ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ îïåð¸ííîãî ïòåíöà, êîòîðûé âûëåòåë íèêàê íå ïîçæå 20-õ ÷èñåë ìàÿ. Ïîñëåäíèé ñëó÷àé, êîíå÷íî æå, ÿâëÿåòñÿ àíîìàëüíûì, òåì íå ìåíåå ó íåêîòîðûõ çèìóþùèõ ïàð îðëàíîâ ñìåùåíèå ñðîêîâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íà ìåñÿö ðàíüøå îáû÷íûõ ìîæåò áûòü íîðìîé.

Raptors Research

Ãíåçäî îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà íà îäèíî÷íîì òîïîëå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nest of the White-Tailed Eagle on poplar. Photo by I. Karyakin

Ñë¸òêè îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Fledglings of the WhiteTailed Eagle in nest. Photo by I. Karyakin

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Çàêëþ÷åíèå Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàèáîëåå îáû÷íûì èç êðóïíûõ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ õèùíèêîâ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Ñðåäíåâîëæñêàÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿ âèäà ïåðåæèëà äåïðåññèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè â 40– 60-õ ãã. áåç îñîáûõ ïîòåðü è â 80-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ äàëà òîë÷îê ê ðàññåëåíèþ âèäà ïî Êàìå, Áåëîé è ââåðõ è âíèç ïî Âîëãå. Àíàëèç ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíà â ðàéîíå Æèãóëåé â 40–60-õ ãã. íå ïàäàëà è òîò ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè, êîòîðûé ìû ñåé÷àñ íàáëþäàåì, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ÿâëåíèå íîâîå äëÿ ïîïóëÿöèè. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî äî îáðàçîâàíèÿ âîäîõðàíèëèù â ïîéìå Âîëãè ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíà áûëà íèæå ñîâðåìåííîé. Òðóäíî ñåáå ïðåäñòàâèòü,

÷òî âñå èññëåäîâàòåëè Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà ìîãëè ïðîïóñêàòü îðëàíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ñêëîíàõ Æèãóëåé âîêðóã Áàõèëîâîé Ïîëÿíû. Òîëüêî ïî àíàëèçó äàííûõ ñ òåððèòîðèè Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î 4-õ êðàòíîì ðîñòå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 30–40-ìè ãîäàìè ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ. Ïðè ýòîì ñëåäóåò ó÷èòûâàòü, ÷òî äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ áûëà ìàêñèìàëüíî îñâîåíà, ïîáåðåæüå çàñòðîåíî ïîñ¸ëêàìè, ÷òî êðàéíå íåáëàãîïðèÿòíî äëÿ îðëàíîâ. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, íåñìîòðÿ íà ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîå ïëîòíîå çàñåëåíèå îðëàíàìè ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ ïî áåðåãàì âîëæñêèõ âîäîõðàíèëèù è â çîíå çàòîïëåíèÿ, èìååòñÿ åñòåñòâåííàÿ âîçìîæíîñòü ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè è ðàññåëåíèÿ îðëàíà ïî ëåñîïîëîñàì è âòîðè÷íûì ìåëêîëèñòâåííûì ëåñàì, íåñêîëüêî óäàë¸ííûì îò ïîáåðåæüÿ. Óæå èìåþòñÿ ïðèìåðû óñïåøíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ 2-õ ïàð îðëàíîâ â îäíîðÿäíûõ ëåñîïîëîñàõ èç ñðåäíåâîçðàñòíûõ òîïîëåé áëèç ðûáõîçà «Ñóñêàí», ïðè÷¸ì, â îäíîì ñëó÷àå ãíåçäî íàõîäèòñÿ íàä ðåãóëÿðíî èñïîëüçóåìîé ðûáàêàìè äîðîãîé è îñòàâàëîñü íåçàìå÷åííûì îðíèòîëîãàìè äîëãèå ãîäû. Îðãàíèçàöèÿ èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé, îñîáåííî â ìàññèâàõ îäíîâîçðàñòíîãî ìåëêîëèñòâåííîãî ëåñà, ìîæåò ñóùåñòâåííî óñêîðèòü ïðîöåññ çàñåëåíèÿ îðëàíîì âñåõ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ îáëàñòè. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ðàçðàáîòàíà ïðîãðàììà è îïðåäåë¸ííûå ðàáîòû â ýòîì íàïðàâëåíèè âåäóòñÿ (Ïàæåíêîâ, Êàðÿêèí, 2007). Îñíîâíàÿ óãðîçà îðëàíó â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èñõîäèò îò áðàêîíüåðîâ, îòñòðåëèâàþùèõ ïòèö äëÿ èçãîòîâëåíèÿ ÷ó÷åë. Âîçìîæíî îòðàâëåíèå ïòèö ñâèíöîì, îñîáåííî íà òåððèòîðèÿõ îõîòíè÷üèõ õîçÿéñòâ, ñïåöèàëèçèðóþùèõñÿ íà îõîòå íà óòêó, îäíàêî ýòà ïðîáëåìà äî ñèõ ïîð îñòà¸òñÿ íå èçó÷åííîé. Â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè âûäåëåíû êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ «Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà», «×àïàåâñêèå ëèìàíû» è «Ñóñêàíñêèé çàêàçíèê», íà êîòîðûõ ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ êðóïíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà (îêîëî ïîëîâèíû îáëàñòíîé ïîïóëÿöèè). Åñëè òåððèòîðèÿ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè çàðåçåðâèðîâàíà îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûìè òåððèòîðèÿìè ôåäåðàëüíîãî ðàíãà, òàêèìè êàê Æèãóë¸âñêèé çàïîâåäíèê è íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà», òî äâå ïîñëåäíèõ òåððèòîðèè òðåáóþò íåçàìåäëèòåëüíîé òåððèòîðèàëüíîé îõðàíû, îñîáåííî Ñóñêàíñêèé çàêàçíèê, äàâíî

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13 óæå ïîòåðÿâøèé ñâîé ïðèðîäîîõðàííûé ñòàòóñ. Ïðèñóòñòâèå ëþäåé íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îðëàíà â ïåðèîä âåñåííåé îõîòû è áðàêîíüåðñòâî ÿâëÿþòñÿ âàæíûì ëèìèòèðóþùèì ôàêòîðîì èìåííî íà òåððèòîðèè ðûáõîçà «Ñóñêàí» è ×àïàåâñêèõ ëèìàíîâ è íåéòðàëèçàöèÿ ýòèõ ôàêòîðîâ ïîçâîëèò ïîâûñèòü ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü äàííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê îðëàíà. Ëèòåðàòóðà Áåëÿíèíà È.Ñ., Áåëÿíèí Â.Í. Ïòèöû Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. – Ýêîëîãî-ôàóíèñòè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â çàïîâåäíèêå. Ì., 1981. Ñ. 103–119. Áîãäàíîâ Ì.Í. Ïòèöû è çâåðè ÷åðíîç¸ìíîé ïîëîñû Ïîâîëæüÿ è äîëèíû Ñðåäíåé è Íèæíåé Âîëãè. – Òðóäû îáùåñòâà åñòåñòâîèñïûòàòåëåé ïðè Èìïåð. Êàçàí. óíòå. Ò. 1. Îòä. 1. Êàçàíü, 1871. 226 ñ. Ãðèãîðüåâ Í.Ä., Ïîïîâ Â.À., Ïîïîâ Þ.Ê. Îòðÿä Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (äíåâíûå õèùíûå ïòèöû) Falconiformes. – Ïòèöû ÂîëæñêîÊàìñêîãî êðàÿ: Íåâîðîáüèíûå. Ì.: Íàóêà. 1977. Ñ. 109–110. Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà. Ì.: Ñîâåòñêàÿ íàóêà, 1951. Ò.1. Ñ. 70–341. Çÿáðåâ Ì.È. Ìàòåðèàëû ê îðíèòîôàóíå ïîéìû ðåêè Âîëãè â ðàéîíå Æèãóë¸âñêèõ ãîð. Ãîñ. àðõèâ ã. Òîëüÿòòè. Ôîíä Ð-307, îïèñü 1, äåëî 65. 1944. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãî-ðîä: Èçä-âî «Ïîâîëæüå». 2004. 351 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Íåêîòîðûå àñïåêòû ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ôàóíû êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ è ÷åòâåðîíîãèõ õèùíèêîâ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè. – Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà íà ïîðîãå òðåòüåãî òûñÿ÷åëåòèÿ (Ìàòåðèàëû ê äîêëàäó «Ñîñòîÿíèå ïðèðîäíîãî è êóëüòóðíîãî íàñëåäèÿ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè»). Òîëüÿòòè: ÈÝÂÁ ÐÀÍ, ÎÑÍÏ «Ïàðêâåé», 1999. Ñ. 214–219. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Ñèòóàöèÿ ñ êðóïíûìè ïåðíàòûìè õèùíèêàìè íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå. – Ðåäêèå, èñ÷åçàþùèå è ìàëîèçó÷åííûå ïòèöû Ðîññèè. Ì., 2000. Ñ. 103–107. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2007. ¹ 10. Ñ. 14–16. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ðåäêèõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè çà ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò. – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû V ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè, Èâàíîâî, 4–7 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 ã. Èâàíîâî: Èâàí. ãîñ. óí-ò, 2008. Ñ. 246–249.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Êîðæåâ Ä.À. Îöåíêà ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïîïóëÿöèè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Êâàëèôèêàöèîííàÿ ðàáîòà. Ñïåöèàëüíîñòü: 020201 – Áèîëîãèÿ. Ñïåöèàëèçàöèÿ: Çîîëîãèÿ. Ñàìàðà: ÑÃÓ, 2006. 56 ñ. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà ÐÑÔÑÐ. Æèâîòíûå. Ì., 1985. 449 ñ. Ëåáåäåâà Ã.Ï. Ðåäêèå õèùíûå ïòèöû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. – 3 êîíô. ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Âîñò. Åâðîïû è Ñåâ. Àçèè: Ìàò-ëû êîíô. ×.1. Ñòàâðîïîëü. 1998. Ñ. 72–73. Ëåáåäåâà Ã.Ï., Ïàíòåëååâ È.Â., Ïàâëîâ Ñ.È., Øàïîøíèêîâ Â.Ì., Äóáðîâñêèé Å.Í., ßñþê Â.Ï., Ìàãäååâ Ä.Â., Ñèìàê Ñ.Â., Áûêîâ Å.Â., Äþæàåâà È.Â., Âèíîãðàäîâ À.Â., Òàðàíîâà À.Ì., Ãóðèíåíêî À. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè. Âûï. 57. Ìàòåðèàëû âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Èçó÷åíèå ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ». 24–26 ìàðòà 2007 ã., ã. ×åáîêñàðû ×óâàøñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè. ×åáîêñàðû. 2007. Ñ. 48–53. Ëåïèí À.Ò. Ïòèöû Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Ãîñ. àðõèâ ã. Òîëüÿòòè. Ôîíä Ð-307, îïèñü 1, äåëî 41. 1940. Ìèëüêîâ Ô.Í. Ïðèðîäíûå çîíû ÑÑÑÐ. Ì. 1977. 293 ñ. Ìèùåíêî À.Ë., Áåëèê Â.Ï., Ðàâêèí Þ.Ñ., Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ñàðû÷åâ Â.Ñ., Ãàëóøèí Â.Ì., Êðàñíîâ Þ.Â., Ñóõàíîâà Î.Â., Ëåáåäåâà Å.À., Ìåæíåâ À.Ï., Âîëêîâ Ñ.Â., Àíòîí÷èêîâ À.Í., Áîãîìîëîâ Ä.Â., Âèíîãðàäîâ Â.Ã., Ãàðàíèí Â.È., Èâàíîâ À.Ï., Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîñåíêî Ñ.Ì., Êîñòèí À.Á., Êðèâåíêî Â.Ã., Ëåîíîâ À.Ï., Ìóðàâüåâ È.Â., Ïèñêóíîâ Â.Â., Ðàõèìîâ È.È., Ñìèðíîâà Ñ.Ë., Òîìêîâè÷ Ï.Ñ., Ôðîëîâ Â.Â., Øàðèêîâ À.Â. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè è å¸ äèíàìèêè äëÿ ïòèö åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè (Ïòèöû Åâðîïû – II). /Ïîä ðåä. À. Ë. Ìèùåíêî. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, 2004. 44 ñ. Ïàâëîâ Ñ.È. Ñîñòîÿíèå ôàóíû ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ ïòèö íà Íîâèíêèíñêî-Øåëåõìåòñêîì ó÷àñòêå Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè. – Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà íà ïîðîãå òðåòüåãî òûñÿ÷åëåòèÿ (Ìàòåðèàëû ê äîêëàäó «Ñîñòîÿíèå ïðèðîäíîãî è êóëüòóðíîãî íàñëåäèÿ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè»). Òîëüÿòòè: ÈÝÂÁ ÐÀÍ, ÎÑÍÏ «Ïàðêâåé», 1999. Ñ. 211–212. Ïàëëàñ Ï.Ñ. Ïóòåøåñòâèÿ ïî ðàçíûì ïðîâèíöèÿì Ðîññèéñêîé èìïåðèè. ×.1. Ñïá., Èìïåð. Àêàä. Íàóê, 1809. 568 ñ. Ðàäèùåâ Ì.À. Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ îðíèòîôàóíû Ñàðàòîâñêîé ãóáåðíèè. Õâàëûíñêèé óåçä. – Òðóäû Ñàðàòîâñêîãî îáùåñòâà åñòåñòâîèñïûòàòåëåé è ëþáèòåëåé åñòåñòâîçíàíèÿ. 1899. Ò. 1, âûï. 1. Ñ. 43–79. Ðîìàíþê Ã.Ï. Õèùíûå ïòèöû Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. – Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû â çàïîâåäíèêàõ ÐÑÔÑÐ. Òðóäû ÖÍÈË Ãëàâîõîòû. Ì. 1985. Ñ. 70–79.

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

                                  Êîíòàêò: Ðèíóð Áåêìàíñóðîâ Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà» 423600 Ðîññèÿ Òàòàðñòàí ã. Åëàáóãà ïð. Íåôòÿíèêîâ, 175 òåë.: +7 (85557) 4 33 56 rinur@yandex.ru Contact: Rinur Bekmansurov National Park «Nizhnyaya Kama» Neftyanikov str., 175 Elabuga Republic of Tatarstan 423600 Russia tel.: +7 (85557) 4 33 56 rinur@yandex.ru

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö â ÍÏ «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà» Fig. 1. Distribution of birds of prey in the NP «Nizhnyaya Kama»

Äàííàÿ ñòàòüÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòîì ðàáîòû ïî èçó÷åíèþ îðíèòîôàóíû íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà». Â ðàìêàõ ýòîé ðàáîòû ïðîâîäèòñÿ èçó÷åíèå âèäîâîãî ñîñòàâà, ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ õèùíèêîâ è ôàêòîðîâ, âëèÿþùèõ íà èõ ãíåçäîâàíèå. ÍÏ «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà» ðàñïîëîæåí íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè ðåêè Êàìû. ×àñòü ðóñëà ðåêè âûøå ã. Íàáåðåæíûå ×åëíû çàðåãóëèðîâàíà Íèæíåêàìñêèì âîäîõðàíèëèùåì. Òåððèòîðèÿ íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà çàíèìàåò îáà áåðåãà ðåêè Êàìû è Íèæíåêàìñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà. Ïëîùàäü íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà 26,6 òûñ. ãà. ×åòûðå îáîñîáëåííûõ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâà ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì ñîñíÿêîâ çàíèìàþò êîðåííûå áåðåãà è òåððàñû ðåêè Êàìû. Óíèêàëüíûé ïîéìåííî-äîëèííûé êîìïëåêñ â ïðåäåëàõ íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà – 8063 ãà. Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ çíà÷èìîñòü ýòîé îñîáî îõðàíÿåìîé ïðèðîäíîé òåððèòîðèè, íà íàø âçãëÿä, çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â àäàïòàöèè ðÿäà ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö ê ñóùåñòâîâàíèþ â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè ñ ïðîìûøëåííûìè ãîðîäàìè Íàáåðåæíûå ×åëíû, Åëàáóãà, Íèæíåêàìñê, Ìåíäåëååâñê, ãäå íàáëþäàåòñÿ óñòîé÷èâàÿ òåíäåíöèÿ ê äàëüíåéøåìó ðàçâèòèþ ïðîìûøëåííîñòè, óâåëè÷åíèþ êîëè÷åñòâà íàñåëåíèÿ è åãî ðåêðåàöèîííûõ ïîòðåáíîñòåé. Õèùíûå ïòèöû ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü âî

This report is the result of bird surveys in the territory of the NP «Nizhnyaya Kama» (NP). We researched ornithofauna, spatial distribution and breeding biology of birds of prey in the territory of NP since 2004 to 2007. NP is located in the north-east of the Republic Tatarstan in the low reaches of the Kama River. The area of the NP is more than 26 thousands hectares. Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting in the territory of NP was not recorded for the period of research. The migrating Ospreys were observed by us twice: on April, 22nd 2006 and on April, 13th, 2007 from a permanent place of observation on the Kama River bank. The absence of Osprey nesting might be caused by competition with the White-Tailed Eagle and human disturbance. Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus) was observed in the Big Pine Forest during the breeding season several times. Considering locations and other parameters Two nests that we found in January 2007 seemed to be built by the Honey Buzzard. However the more reliable facts of the Honey Buzzard nesting were not revealed. Black Kite (Milvus migrans) is a common species in the territory of NP. Nests of Black Kites were found in all large forests and in flood-lands. Nesting sites are located in the Kama River valley. 18 nests of Black Kites were

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Îñîåä (Pernis apivorus). Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus). Photo by R. Bekmansurov

âðåìÿ ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòîâ, îáúåçäîâ òåððèòîðèè ÍÏ è â õîäå öåëåíàïðàâëåííîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Òàêæå îòìå÷àëèñü ñëó÷àéíûå âñòðå÷è è ïðîâåðÿëèñü äàííûå, ïîëó÷åííûå îò ñîòðóäíèêîâ íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà. Â ðàáîòå ïðåäñòàâëåíû ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé ñ 2004 ïî 2007 ãã. Çà äàííûé ïåðèîä çàôèêñèðîâàíî 14 âèäîâ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ, èç êîòîðûõ 10 âèäîâ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ãíåçäÿùèìèñÿ, 3 âèäà íàáëþäàëèñü âî âðåìÿ ìèãðàöèé, õàðàêòåð îáèòàíèÿ 1 âèäà îñòà¸òñÿ íåâûÿñíåííûì. Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå ðàçìåùåíèå ãí¸çä õèùíèêîâ ñâÿçàíî, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì, ñ ëåñàìè ïðèáðåæíîé çîíû íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà, ïîéìîé ð. Êàìà, à òàêæå ñ âíåøíèìè îïóøêàìè è ëåñíûìè äîðîãàìè, è â ìåíüøåé ñòåïåíè – ñ öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòüþ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ. Ñêîïà (Pandion haliaetus) Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé ãíåçäîâàíèå ñêîïû íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà íå íàáëþäàëîñü, õîòÿ åñòü èíôîðìàöèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè îäíîé ïàðû íà ïîáåðåæüå Íèæíåêàìñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà áëèç ïîñ. Áåëîóñ â íà÷àëå 1990-õ ãîäîâ (Î.Â. Àñüêååâ, È.Â. Àñüêååâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Íà óêàçàííîì ó÷àñòêå â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ðàñïîëîæåí ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà. Íàìè ñêîïà íàáëþäàëàñü äâàæäû íà ïðîë¸òå 22 àïðåëÿ 2006 ã. è 13 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã. ñ ïîñòîÿííîé òî÷êè íàáëþäåíèé íà áåðåãó ð. Êàìà. Íàïðàâëåíèå ïîë¸òà – ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîå, âäîëü ðóñëà ðåêè Êàìà. Íà îòñóòñòâèå ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñêîïû íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà, âåðîÿòíî, âëèÿåò êîíêóðåíöèÿ ñ îðëàíîìáåëîõâîñòîì è áåñïîêîéñòâî ñî ñòîðîíû ÷åëîâåêà. Îáûêíîâåííûé îñîåä (Pernis apivorus) Â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä áûëè îòìå÷åíû ñëó÷àéíûå âñòðå÷è îáûêíîâåííîãî îñîåäà â Áîëüøîì áîðó. Â ýòîì æå êëàñòåðå â ÿíâàðå 2007 ã. áûëè îáíàðóæåíû 2 ãíåçäà, ïî âñåì ïðèçíàêàì îòâå÷àþùèõ ãíåçäîâûì ñòåðåîòèïàì îñîåäà. Òåì íå ìåíåå, äîñòîâåðíûõ ôàêòîâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îñîåäà ïîêà íå óñòàíîâëåíî. ×¸ðíûé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans) Îáû÷íûé âèä. Ïðèë¸ò íàáëþäàåòñÿ ñ

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ found since 2004 to 2007 (fig. 1, points 1, 4, 8, 9, 17, 21, 30, 55, 56, 59, 60, 64, 66–68, 71–73). As a rule the nests were located at the edge of forests close to flood-lands at the distance of 0,1–0,2 km from the Kama River side. Usually nests contained dusters and polyethylene packages. We recorded Black Kites to breed only in found 7 nests in 2006. Also we registered Black Kites nesting in a nest, which earlier has been used by the White-Tailed Eagle (fig. 1, point 62) and also on the artificial nest installed for the White-Tailed Eagle (fig. 1, point 74). The distance between two nearest nesting pairs is 0.5 km. Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus) is observed quite often in the territory of NP and on fields and meadows around. Nests have not been found yet in the territory of NP. The nearest to the park nest was observed on the distance of about 3 km from its borders in 2007 (fig. 1, point 19). Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) is regularly observed on count routes in the Kama River flood-lands with frequency of 2 individuals per 10 km. We regularly noted fledglings and can project this species to breed in the territory of NP where there are many suitable places for nesting. Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis): 33 nests of Goshawk were found in 16 breeding territories for the period of 2004–2007 (fig. 1, points 5–7, 11–13, 15, 16, 20, 24, 25, 28, 29, 34–39, 42–54, 63, 75). A total of 20 pairs are estimated to breed in the territory of NP. We noted from 1 to 4 nests per breeding territory. The minimal distance between two breeding pairs was 1,6 km. The maximal density of breeding pairs was registered in the Tanajsky forest and was 3 pairs per 10 km2. The average brood size is 3 chicks. Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) is very seldom registered during count routes. Despite the fact of rare registrations a nest of the Sparrowhawk was found in the Big Pine Forest during detail surveys of dense pine forest fragment (about 1 hectare) aged 30 years (fig. 1, point 40). The remains of a fledgling were found under the nest. Another fledgling was observed near the nest. At the distance of 10 m from the nest we found an old dilapidated nest in the pine that confirmed the fact of long usage of the breeding territory. The similar nest was found in a similar site after the breeding season (fig. 1, point 41). The found breeding territories of the Sparrowhawk are located inside large forests. Rough-Legged Buzzard (Buteo lagopus) is noted during migrations. So 2 adults were observed on May, 2006 in the Tan-

Raptors Research

Ïòåíöû êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans) â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà Chicks of the Black Kite (Milvus migrans) in the nest. Photo by R. Bekmansurov

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

ïåðâûõ ÷èñåë àïðåëÿ. Â ðàéîíå ã. Åëàáóãà 10 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã. áûëà çàôèêñèðîâàíà ñòàÿ â 22 îñîáè. Â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä êîðøóíû âñòðå÷àþòñÿ íà ìàðøðóòàõ ïîâñåìåñòíî, êàê íà òåððèòîðèè ïàðêà, òàê è çà åãî ïðåäåëàìè. Âî âðåìÿ ñåíîêîñîâ íà ïîéìåííûõ ëóãàõ â èþíå – èþëå íàáëþäàþòñÿ ñêîïëåíèÿ êîðøóíîâ äî 20 îñîáåé íà êîðìåæêå, ñîâìåñòíî ñ êàíþêàìè è âðàíîâûìè. Ãí¸çäà ÷¸ðíûõ êîðøóíîâ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû âî âñåõ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâàõ è â ïîéìå. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ïðèóðî÷åíû ê äîëèíå ðåêè Êàìà. Ñ 2004 ïî 2007 ãã. îáíàðóæåíî 18 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê êîðøóíà (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êè ¹¹ 1, 4, 8, 9, 17, 21, 30, 55, 56, 59, 60, 64, 66–68, 71–73). Êàê ïðàâèëî, óäàë¸ííîñòü ãí¸çä îò áåðåãà ð. Êàìà èëè îïóøêè, âûõîäÿùåé â ïîéìó – 0,1– 0,2 êì. Ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè îáíàðóæåíû íà ñîñíàõ, ëèïàõ, äóáå è òîïîëå. Âûáîð ïîðîäû äåðåâà çàâèñèò â îñíîâíîì îò òîãî, êàêîãî òèïà ëåñ ïðîèçðàñòàåò â áåðåãîâîé çîíå. Íà òð¸õ ó÷àñòêàõ èìåþòñÿ ïî 2 ãíåçäà, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ íà ðàññòîÿíèè 30–50 ì äðóã îò äðóãà. Â êàæäîé ãíåçäîâîé ïîñòðîéêå èñïîëüçîâàí àíòðîïîãåííûé ìàòåðèàë: òðÿïêè, ïîëèýòèëåíîâûå ïàêåòû. Â 2006 ã. ïðè îñìîòðå 15 ãí¸çä êîðøóíà íà 7 áûëî çàôèêñèðîâàíî ãíåçäîâàíèå. Êðîìå òîãî, îäèí ôàêò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íàáëþäàëñÿ íà áûâøåì ãíåçäå îðëàíà (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êà ¹ 62), à òàêæå íà èñêóññòâåííîé ãíåçäîâîé ïëàòôîðìå, óñòàíîâëåííîé äëÿ îðëàíà (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êà ¹ 74). Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó äâóìÿ áëèæàéøèìè ãíåçäÿùèìèñÿ ïàðàìè – 0,5 êì. Ñðåäè ïèùåâûõ îñòàòêîâ ïîä ãí¸çäàìè êîðøóíîâ – â îñíîâíîì êîñòè ðûá. Ðûáà, äîáûâàåìàÿ êîðøóíàìè, çàðàæåíà ëèãóëåçîì. Ïëåðîöåðêîèäû áûëè îáíàðóæåíû êàê ïîä ãí¸çäàìè, òàê è â ñàìèõ

aisky meadows. We noted a bird feeding in a field close to the Tanaisky meadows on August, 2005. Buzzard (Buteo buteo) is a common breeding species registered in all around the territory of NP. Two nests of the Buzzard were found on birches located at the edge of pine forest boarding with a field (fig. 1, points 23, 26) in 2006. Also an active nest was found in a dense pine forest aged about 50 years (fig. 1, point 10) near of the Tanajskiy forest on May 2007. Two chicks were noted in the nest in June 2007. The third chick was found under the nest, it was lost probably because of the insufficient feeding. Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) was recorded to nest in the Big Pine forest in 2005 (Nikolenko E.G., Bekmansurov R.H., 2006). However that nest has been abandoned because the death of one partner, remains of which was found near the nest. White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is a breeding species, some birds are wintering. The monitoring of the White-tailedEagle nesting is carried out in NP. We found 6 or 8 breeding territories, where the perennial nests are known now (fig. 1, points 2, 14, 22, 31–32, 62, 69). The average distance between the centers of the nearest breeding territories is about 4 km. Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). Only individuals were observed exactly in the territory of NP on April and May, 2007. The facts of nesting are not confirmed. Hobby (Falco subbuteo) is a breeding species. Noting fledglings and adults with alarmed behavior during count routes we registered 4 breeding territories in points 27, 57, 65, 70. Three of them were located in the coastal zone of woods in NP, one – at the edge of forest boarded with a field. A total of 4–10 pairs are projected to breed in the territory of NP. Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) is a breeding species that generally occupy old nests of the Hooded Crow. Two nests of the Kestrel were found in 2005. Besides one nest was found in the Big pine forest (fig. 1, point 58) and another – in the Tanajsky forest (fig. 1, point 18). Both nests were located on pines on a forested precipice of the Kama River right side. Two another nests were found in 2006. One of them was located on the elm on the slope of the Kama River terrace (fig. 1, point 3), another – on a single elm in the central part of the Kama River flood-lands (fig. 1, point 33). We registered 2 clutches in the last nest during last breeding. The nesting was observed in only one breeding territory in 2007 (fig. 1, point 3).

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13 ãí¸çäàõ. Íàõîäÿñü âáëèçè ñ ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè äðóãèõ õèùíèêîâ, íàïðèìåð îðëàíà è òåòåðåâÿòíèêà, êîðøóíû ïîäáèðàþò îñòàíêè èõ æåðòâ.

Òîêóþùèå áîëîòíûå ëóíè (Circus aeruginosus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Adults of the Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus). Photo by I. Karyakin

Ïîëåâîé ëóíü (Circus cyaneus) Äàííûé âèä íåðåäêî îòìå÷àåòñÿ êàê íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà, òàê è â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò íåãî íà ïîëÿõ è ëóãàõ. Ãí¸çäà íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà ïîêà íå íàéäåíû. Ñàìîå áëèçêîå ê ïàðêó ãíåçäî îáíàðóæåíî â 2007 ã. íà ðàññòîÿíèè îêîëî 3 êì îò åãî ãðàíèö (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êà ¹ 19). Ãíåçäî, ñêðûòîå âûñîêîé òðàâîé, ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà çåìëå â øèðîêîé ìåæå ìåæäó íåáîëüøèìè êàðòîôåëüíûìè ó÷àñòêàìè. Ðàññòîÿíèå îò òðàññû Ìîñêâà – Óôà îêîëî 100 ì. Ãíåçäî îñìàòðèâàëîñü óæå ïîñëå âûëåòà ñë¸òêîâ. Íà ñîïðåäåëüíîé òåððèòîðèè ó ñåëà Êîñòåíååâî ïîäîáíûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê âáëèçè ýòîé æå òðàññû, íî óæå íà îïóøêå ñîñíîâîãî ëåñà, áûë îáíàðóæåí â 2006 ã. Ý. Íèêîëåíêî (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Áîëîòíûé ëóíü (Circus aeruginosus) Ðåãóëÿðíî îòìå÷àåòñÿ íà ìàðøðóòàõ â ïîéìå ð. Êàìà, ñ îáèëèåì 2 îñîáè/10 êì. Ïî íàáëþäàåìûì ñë¸òêàì ìîæíî ñóäèòü î ãíåçäîâàíèè äàííîãî âèäà íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà, ãäå èìååòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ìåñò äëÿ ýòîãî. Îòìå÷åí èíòåðåñíûé ôàêò: 22 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã. â Òàíàéñêèõ ëóãàõ íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà ñàìêà áîëîòíîãî ëóíÿ áûëà âñïóãíóòà âî âðåìÿ êîðìåæêè. Ïðè ïðîâåðêå æåðòâîé îêàçàëñÿ çàÿö-ðóñàê (Lepus europaeus). Áûë ëè çàÿö äîáûò ñàìêîé áîëîòíîãî ëóíÿ, îñòàëîñü íåâûÿñíåííûì. Òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis) Çà ïåðèîä 2004–2007 ãã. âûÿâëåíî 33 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîéêè òåòåðåâÿòíèêà íà 16 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êè ¹¹ 5–7, 11–13, 15, 16, 20, 24, 25, 28, 29, 34–39, 42–54, 63, 75). Íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà, ïî íàøåé îöåíêå, ãíåçäèòñÿ äî 20 ïàð òåòåðåâÿòíèêîâ. Íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíî îò 1 äî 4 ãí¸çä. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè â ïðåäåëàõ ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà – îò 60 äî 200 ì. Âñå âûÿâëåííûå ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëîæåíû íà ñîñíàõ âîçðàñòîì îò 70 äî 120 ëåò, íà âûñîòàõ îò 9 äî 15 ì. Ãí¸çäà, êàê

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ïðàâèëî, âèäíû ñ ìåæêâàðòàëüíûõ ïðîñåê, ïðîåçæèõ ëåñíûõ äîðîã è óäàëåíû îò íèõ íà ðàññòîÿíèå 50–150 ì. Òðè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ðàñïîëîæåíû ðÿäîì ñ àñôàëüòèðîâàííûìè àâòîäîðîãàìè, 6 ó÷àñòêîâ – â ìåñòàõ ÷àñòîãî ïîÿâëåíèÿ ëþäåé. Ìèíèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó äâóìÿ ãíåçäÿùèìèñÿ ïàðàìè – 1,6 êì. Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð íàáëþäàëàñü â Òàíàéñêîì ëåñó: 3 ïàðû íà 10 êì2 ëåñà. Ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêå – 3. Îäíàêî, ïòåíöîâ íàáëþäàëè ñ çåìëè, ïîýòîìó íåò òî÷íîé óâåðåííîñòè, ÷òî óäàëîñü çàôèêñèðîâàòü âñåõ ïòåíöîâ â íàáëþäàåìûõ ãí¸çäàõ. Áîëüøèíñòâî âûÿâëåííûõ ãí¸çä – ìíîãîëåòíèå, ÷àñòü èõ ðàçðóøàåòñÿ ïîñëå âûëåòà ñë¸òêîâ. Òåòåðåâÿòíèê ðåãóëÿðíî íàáëþäàëñÿ íàìè â òå÷åíèå ãîäà íà ìàðøðóòàõ, êàê â ëåñíûõ áèîòîïàõ, òàê è â ãîðîäàõ Åëàáóãà è Íàáåðåæíûå ×åëíû. Â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ â çèìíèé ïåðèîä â 2006 è 2007 ãã. íà ïîñòîÿííîì ìàðøðóòå â ã. Åëàáóãà ðåãóëÿðíî íàáëþäàëèñü 1–2 îñîáè íà êàæäûå 7 êì ìàðøðóòà. Êàê â çèìíèé, òàê è â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä îõîòíè÷üè ó÷àñòêè òåòåðåâÿòíèêîâ ïðèâÿçàíû ê ãîðîäñêîé òåððèòîðèè. Íàìè îïðåäåëåíû íàïðàâëåíèÿ ïîë¸òîâ îò óñëîâíûõ öåíòðîâ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è îáðàòíî ñ äîáû÷åé: Òàíàéñêèé ëåñ – ã. Åëàáóãà, Òàíàéñêèé ëåñ – ñåëî Òàíàéêà, Ìàëûé áîð – ã. Åëàáóãà, Áîëüøîé áîð – ã. Íàáåðåæíûå ×åëíû ÷åðåç ðåêó Êàìà, Êçûë-Òàó (Áîðîâåöêèé ëåñ) – ã. Íàáåðåæíûå ×åëíû. Ðàöèîí ïèòàíèÿ ìåñòíîé ãðóïïèðîâêè òåòåðåâÿòíèêà ñîñòàâëÿåò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñèçûé ãîëóáü (Columba livia) (Áåêìàíñóðîâ, 2008). Òàê, ïðè èçó÷åíèè 30 îñòàíêîâ æåðòâ íà ó÷àñòêå ñîìêíóòîãî ñîñíÿêà 150õ150 ì, 28 îñòàíêîâ ïðèíàäëåæàëè ñèçîìó ãîëóáþ, 1 – ñîéêå (Garrulus glandarius), 1 – ñåðîé âîðîíå (Corvus cornix). Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus) Ýòîò ÿñòðåá âñòðå÷àåòñÿ íà ìàðøðóòàõ î÷åíü ðåäêî. Òàê, â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä 2006 ã. îäèí ðàç áûë âñòðå÷åí íà îêðàèíå Òàíàéñêîãî ëåñà è îäèí ðàç – â ÊçûëÒàó (Áîðîâåöêèé ëåñ). Â çèìíåå âðåìÿ îòìå÷åí â ã. Åëàáóãà è â Òàíàéñêèõ ëóãàõ. Ñàìêà ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà áûëà îòëîâëåíà â ïîäúåçäå äåâÿòèýòàæíîãî äîìà ã. Íàáåðåæíûå ×åëíû 26 ìàðòà 2006 ã., êóäà îíà ïîïàëà ÷åðåç îêíî, âåðîÿòíî, âî âðåìÿ îõîòû. Òðóï ñàìöà îáíàðóæåí 5 ìàÿ 2006 ã. íà òåððèòîðèè Òàíàéñêîãî ëåñà. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ðåäêèå âñòðå÷è, ïðè ïðîáíîì ïðî÷¸ñûâàíèè ó÷àñòêà (îêîëî 1 ãà) ãóñòîãî

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13 ñîñíÿêà âîçðàñòîì îêîëî 30 ëåò â ãëóáèíå êëàñòåðà Áîëüøîé áîð áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êà ¹ 40). Ïîä ãíåçäîì áûëè íàéäåíû îñòàíêè ïîãèáøåãî ñë¸òêà. Ðÿäîì ñ ãíåçäîì ëåòàë åù¸ îäèí ñë¸òîê. Â 10 ì, òàêæå íà ñîñíå, áûëî íàéäåíî ñòàðîå ïîëóðàçðóøåííîå ãíåçäî, ÷òî ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàëî î äëèòåëüíîì èñïîëüçîâàíèè ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà. Íà ïîäîáíîì ó÷àñòêå, óæå ïîñëå îêîí÷àíèÿ ãíåçäîâîãî ñåçîíà, áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ïîõîæåå ãíåçäî (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êà ¹ 41). Âûÿâëåííûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà íàõîäÿòñÿ â ãëóáèíå ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ. Çèìíÿê (Buteo lagopus) Çèìíÿê îòìå÷åí íà ïðîë¸òå. Òàê, 2 îñîáè íàáëþäàëèñü 6 ìàÿ 2006 ã. â Òàíàéñêèõ ëóãàõ. Êðîìå òîãî, çèìíÿê îòìå÷åí â àâãóñòå 2005 ã. íà êîðìåæêå â ïîëå, ïðèìûêàþùåì ê Òàíàéñêèì ëóãàì.

Ïòåíöû êàíþêà (Buteo buteo) â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà Chicks of the Buzzard (Buteo buteo) in the nest. Photo by R. Bekmansurov

Îáûêíîâåííûé êàíþê (Buteo buteo) Êàíþê ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáû÷íûì âèäîì, âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ïîâñåìåñòíî íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ïîèñê è îáíàðóæåíèå ãí¸çä êàíþêà òðåáóåò îïðåäåë¸ííîãî îïûòà. Äâà ãíåçäà êàíþêà, îáíàðóæåííûå â 2006 ã., ïðèóðî÷åíû ê îïóøêå ñîñíîâîãî ëåñà, ãðàíè÷àùåãî ñ ïîëåì. Îáà ãíåçäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà áåð¸çàõ. Ïåðâîå ãíåçäî áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 10 ìàÿ 2006 ã. âî âðåìÿ òóøåíèÿ íèçîâîãî ïîæàðà â êâ. 99 (Ìàëûé áîð), êîòîðûé ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ôðàãìåíòèðîâàííóþ ñîñíîâóþ ëåñîïîñàäêó, îêðóæ¸ííóþ ïîëåì (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êà ¹ 23). Ãíåçäî óñòðîåíî íà áåð¸çå, ïðîèçðàñòàþùåé â ëîæå îâðàãà, ðàñïîëîæåíî â ïðèñòâîëüíîé ðàçâèëêå íà âûñîòå 10–12 ì

(2/3 âûñîòû äåðåâà). Ãíåçäî ìíîãîëåòíåå, äèàìåòðîì 70 ñì, âûñîòîé 70 ñì. Ëîòîê íå ãëóáîêèé, âûñòëàí ñâåæèìè ñîñíîâûìè âåòêàìè. Â äåíü îáíàðóæåíèÿ â ãíåçäå íàõîäèëîñü 4 ÿéöà. Ëåñíàÿ ïîäñòèëêà ïîä ãíåçäîâûì äåðåâîì âûãîðåëà. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ñòðåññ, ïîëó÷åííûé ïòèöàìè, êëàäêà íå áûëà áðîøåíà. Ãíåçäî îñìàòðèâàëîñü åù¸ 4 ðàçà. 10 èþíÿ â ãíåçäå íàáëþäàëèñü 4 ïóõîâè÷êà. Êàæäûé ðàç âî âðåìÿ îñìîòðà â ãíåçäå íàõîäèëèñü 2–3 òóøêè ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ, ÷òî ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàëî îá óñïåøíîé îõîòå âçðîñëûõ ïòèö è õîðîøåé êîðìîâîé áàçå. Êðîìå íàøåãî ìíîãîêðàòíîãî ïîñåùåíèÿ ãíåçäà è íèçîâîãî ïîæàðà áûëî îòìå÷åíî è äðóãîå áåñïîêîéñòâî ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ ïàðû: ðÿäîì ñ ãíåçäîì îòäûõàëà ãðóïïà ëþäåé, à çàòåì â 10 ì îò ãíåçäà áûë âûâàëåí áûòîâîé ìóñîð, ïðèâåç¸ííûé èç ãîðîäà. Òåì íå ìåíåå, 7 èþëÿ âñå 4 ïòåíöà íàõîäèëèñü â ãíåçäå, è îäèí èç íèõ ñîâåðøèë ïðîáíûé ïîë¸ò. Âòîðîå ãíåçäî êàíþêà áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 26 îêòÿáðÿ 2006 ã. â 2-õ êì îò ïåðâîãî, â áåð¸çîâîé ëåñîïîëîñå íà êðàþ ñîñíîâîãî ëåñà (Ìàëûé áîð), ãðàíè÷àùåãî ñ ïîëåì (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êà ¹ 26). Ãíåçäî óñòðîåíî íà áåð¸çå, íà âûñîòå 10 ì â ïðèñòâîëüíîé ðàçâèëêå. Äèàìåòð ãíåçäà – 50 ñì, âûñîòà – 30 ñì. Ëîòîê âûñòëàí ñîñíîâûìè âåòêàìè ñ óæå ïîæåëòåâøåé õâîåé. Ïîä ãíåçäîì íàéäåíû ïåðî âçðîñëîãî êàíþêà è ïåðüÿ ïòåíöà ñ òðóáêàìè, ÷òî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î ãíåçäîâàíèè â ãîä îáíàðóæåíèÿ. Ïîäîáíûå ãí¸çäà â íåãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä áûëè îáíàðóæåíû è â äðóãèõ ìåñòàõ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ îïóøêîé ëåñà, íî ïðèçíàêîâ äëÿ èäåíòèôèêàöèè ýòèõ ãí¸çä îêàçàëîñü íåäîñòàòî÷íî. Â ìàå 2007 ã. æèëîå ãíåçäî áûëî îáíàðóæåíî íà îêðàèíå Òàíàéñêîãî ëåñà â ãóñòîì ñîñíÿêå âîçðàñòîì îêîëî 50 ëåò (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êà ¹ 10). Ãíåçäî ðàñïîëîæåíî íà ñîñíå, ðàñòóùåé íà äíå áàëêè, âûõîäÿùåé íà îïóøêó ëåñà è óñòðîåíî íà áîêîâîé âåòâè íà ðàññòîÿíèè îêîëî 2 ì îò ñòâîëà, íà âûñîòå îêîëî 7 ì. Ðàññòîÿíèå îò îïóøêè – îêîëî 15–20 ì. Ãíåçäî ïðîâåðÿëîñü â èþíå 2007 ã. Â ãíåçäå íàõîäèëèñü äâà ïòåíöà. Ïîä ãíåçäîì áûë íàéäåí òðóï òðåòüåãî ïòåíöà, ïîãèáøåãî, âåðîÿòíî, ïî ïðè÷èíå íåäîêîðìà, ò.ê., â ñðàâíåíèè ñ ãíåçäîì ¹ 23, â ýòîì ãíåçäå òóøêè ãðûçóíîâ íå íàáëþäàëèñü. Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) Èçâåñòåí îäèí ôàêò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îð-ëàêàðëèêà â Áîëüøîì áîðó â 2005 ã. (Íèêîëåíêî, Áåêìàíñóðîâ, 2006) (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êà ¹ 61). Ãíåçäîâàíèå íà ýòîì ó÷àñòêå

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Ãí¸çäà îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla): òî÷êà ¹ 68 (ââåðõó) è òî÷êà ¹ 2 (âíèçó). Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà Nests of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla): point 68 (upper) and point 2 (bottom). Photos by R. Bekmansurov

Ñë¸òêè îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà Fledglings of the White-Tailed Eagle in the nest. Photo by R. Bekmansurov

ïðåêðàòèëîñü, òàê êàê ïàðà ðàñïàëàñü ïî ïðè÷èíå ãèáåëè îäíîãî ïàðòí¸ðà, îñòàíêè êîòîðîãî áûëè íàéäåíû âáëèçè ãíåçäà. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) Ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä, îòäåëüíûå îñîáè çèìóþò. Íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â ïðåäåëàõ íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà âåäóòñÿ ìîíèòîðèí-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ãîâûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî ãíåçäîâàíèþ îðëàíà. Ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè íà 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, èç 8 ëîêàëèçîâàííûõ, èçâåñòíû ìíîãîëåòíèå ãí¸çäà (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êè ¹¹ 2, 14, 22, 31, 32, 62, 69). Ãí¸çäà îðëàíà ðàñïîëîæåíû ïî-ðàçíîìó. Îäíî ãíåçäî ðàñïîëîæåíî â ïðèáðåæíîé çîíå ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà Êçûë-Òàó (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êà ¹ 69), äâà ãíåçäà íà îäíîì è òîì æå ó÷àñòêå (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êè ¹¹ 31, 32) ðàñïîëîæåíû â îïóøå÷íîé ÷àñòè êëàñòåðà Áîëüøîé áîð, äâà ãíåçäà íà îñòðîâàõ ð. Êàìà (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êè ¹¹ 2, 22), äâà ãíåçäà – â ãëóáèíå ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ: Òàíàéñêèé ëåñ (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êà ¹ 14), Áîëüøîé áîð (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êà ¹ 62). Ñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó óñëîâíûìè öåíòðàìè áëèæàéøèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ – îêîëî 4 êì. Ãíåçäîâàíèå ïàð íåðåãóëÿðíîå. Òàê, íà ãíåçäàõ ¹ 2 è ¹ 22, ãäå óñïåøíî ïðîøëî ãíåçäîâàíèå â 2005 ã., â 2006 ã. ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íå îòìå÷åíî, õîòÿ ïàðû ïòèö íàáëþäàëèñü âåñíîé è ëåòîì íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ó ñâîèõ ãí¸çä. Íà ãíåçäå ¹ 68 â ãîä îáíàðóæåíèÿ ãíåçäà (2005 ã.), à òàêæå â 2006 ã., áûëî ãíåçäîâàíèå, à â 2007 ã. ãíåçäîâàíèå îòñóòñòâîâàëî. Íà ãíåçäå ¹ 14 óñïåøíî ïðîøëî ãíåçäîâàíèå â 2006 ã., ïîñëå ÷åãî ãíåçäî ðàçðóøèëîñü. Â ñåíòÿáðå íà ìåñòå ãíåçäà áûëà ñîîðóæåíà èñêóññòâåííàÿ ïëàòôîðìà, íà êîòîðîé óæå â 2007 ã. âíîâü óñïåøíî ïðîøëî ãíåçäîâàíèå. Íà íåçàíÿòîì â 2006 ã. ãíåçäå ¹ 62 íàáëþäàëîñü ãíåçäîâàíèå ÷¸ðíîãî êîðøóíà. Âî âñåõ îáñëåäîâàííûõ ãí¸çäàõ âûâîäêè ñîñòîÿëè èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ. Â ïèòàíèè îðëàíà â ãíåçäîâîé ñåçîí ïðåîáëàäàåò ðûáà, â îñíîâíîì ïîðàæ¸ííàÿ ëèãóëåçîì. Ïîä ãíåçäîì ¹ 14 áûëè íàéäåíû îñòàíêè ëåùåé (Abramis brama) – 6, ùóêè (Esox lu-

Raptors Research

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2-õ êì íèæå Íèæíåêàìñêîé ÃÝÑ 14 ôåâðàëÿ 2007 ã. íàáëþäàëè îðëàíà, êîðìÿùåãîñÿ èñïîð÷åííîé ðûáîé, âûòàùåííîé ñåòüþ è îñòàâëåííîé ðûáàêàìè íà ëüäó, 2 ÿíâàðÿ 2008 ã. íàáëþäàëè îðëàíà, ëåòÿùåãî â íàïðàâëåíèè ïîëèãîíà áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ. Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) Íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà íàáëþäàëèñü îäèíî÷íûå îñîáè â àïðåëå è ìàå 2007 ã. Ôàêòîâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íå âûÿâëåíî. ×åãëîê (Falco subbuteo) Ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä. Ïî îòìå÷åííûì ñë¸òêàì, à òàêæå ïî áåñïîêîéíîìó ïîâåäåíèþ ïðè âñòðå÷àõ íà ìàðøðóòå, áûëî ëîêàëèçîâàíî 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êè ¹ 27, 57, 65, 70). Òðè èç íèõ ðàñïîëîæåíû â ïðèáðåæíîé çîíå ëåñîâ íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà, îäèí â îïóøå÷íîé ÷àñòè, ãðàíè÷àùåé ñ ïîëåì. Ïðåäïîëàãàåìîå êîëè÷åñòâî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð îò 4 äî 10.

Êëàäêà è âûâîäîê ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus) â ãíåçäå ¹ 33. Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà Clutch and brood of the Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in the nest 33. Photos by R. Bekmansurov

cius) – 1, ñîìà (Silurus glanis) – 1. Êðîìå ðûá, áûëè íàéäåíû îñòàíêè ñèçîé ÷àéêè (Larus canus) – 1, îíäàòðû (Ondatra zibethica) – 1. Ïðèìå÷àòåëüíî, ÷òî ïðè áëèçêîì ñîñåäñòâå ñ ãíåçäîì ÷¸ðíîãî êîðøóíà, ïîä ãíåçäîì îðëàíà ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå îñòà¸òñÿ ïèùåâûõ îñòàòêîâ, ÷òî íàáëþäàëîñü íà ïðèìåðå ãíåçäà ¹ 68 (ðèñ. 1). Ñðåäè çèìóþùèõ ïòèö âñòðå÷åíû òîëüêî âçðîñëûå îñîáè. Ïèòàíèå îðëàíà â çèìíèé ïåðèîä äî êîíöà íå èçó÷åíî. Åäèíè÷íûå îñîáè âñòðå÷åíû íà îêðàèíå ã. Åëàáóãà, âáëèçè ìåñò êîíöåíòðàöèé âðàíîâûõ è ãîëóáåé, íà ð. Êàìà è Íèæíåêàìñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå. Â

Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) Ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä. Äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ èñïîëüçóåò â îñíîâíîì ñòàðûå ãí¸çäà ñåðîé âîðîíû. Â 2005 ã. îáíàðóæåíî 2 ãíåçäà ïóñòåëüãè. Îäíî ãíåçäî â Áîëüøîì áîðó (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êà ¹ 58), äðóãîå â Òàíàéñêîì ëåñó (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êà ¹ 18). Îáà ãíåçäà íà ñîñíàõ, ïðèóðî÷åíû ê îáðûâó çàëåñåííîãî âûñîêîãî ïðàâîãî áåðåãà ð. Êàìà. Â 2006 ã. áûëè îáíàðóæåíû åù¸ äâà ãíåçäà: íà âÿçå íà ñêëîíå êîðåííîãî áåðåãà, ñïóñêàþùåãîñÿ â ïîéìó ð. Êàìà (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êà ¹ 3) è íà îäèíî÷íî ñòîÿùåì âÿçå â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ïîéìû ð. Êàìà (ðèñ. 1, òî÷êà ¹ 33). Íà ïîñëåäíåì ãíåçäå îòìå÷åíû äâå êëàäêè çà ãíåçäîâîé ñåçîí. Â 2007 ã. èç èçâåñòíûõ ãí¸çä ãíåçäîâàíèå íàáëþäàëîñü òîëüêî íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå – òî÷êà ¹ 3. Ëèòåðàòóðà Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Íîâûå íàõîäêè îðëà-êàðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Òàòàðñòàíå. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 6. Ñ. 65–66. Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Òåòåðåâÿòíèê íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà». – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû V ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Èâàíîâî: Èâàíîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò, 2008. Ñ. 179–180.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

                                                                              Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 òåë.: (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Òèìîôåé Áàðàáàøèí timbar@bk.ru Àíäðåé Êîâàëåíêî akoval@nursat.kz Ìèõàèë Êîðåïîâ korepov@list.ru Contact: Igor Karyakin Center for Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Tim Barabashin timbar@bk.ru Andrey Kovalenko akoval@nursat.kz Mikhail Korepov korepov@list.ru

Ìåòîäèêà Â ðàìêàõ ðÿäà ïðîåêòîâ ïî èçó÷åíèþ è îõðàíå ñîêîëà-áàëîáàíà è âûÿâëåíèþ êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Êàçàõñòàíà Öåíòðîì ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 22 àïðåëÿ – 7 ìàÿ 2005 ã. è 12 àïðåëÿ – 15 ìàÿ 2007 ã. ïîñåùàëàñü òåððèòîðèÿ áàññåéíà ð. Ñàðûñó. Îñíîâíûå ðàéîíû ðàáîò ïîêàçàíû íà ðèñ. 1 – ýòî ñåâåðîçàïàäíàÿ îêîíå÷íîñòü Êàðàòàó, Çàïàäíàÿ Áåòïàê-Äàëà, ïåñêè â ëåâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó, íèæíåå è ñðåäíåå òå÷åíèå Ñàðûñó, ÷èíêè ïðàâîáåðåæíûõ ïëàòî Ñàðûñó, ó÷àñòêè Êàçàõñêîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà: Óëóòàó, ÀÿêÁåñòàó, ãðàíèòíûå ìàññèâû âåðõîâèé Àòàñó è Ñàðûñó (Àêòàó, Êîñøîíû, Êûçûëòàñ, Êûçûëòàó, Îðòàó). Ãðóïïà ïåðåäâèãàëàñü íà àâòîìîáèëå ÓÀÇ-31519. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ýêñïåäèöèîííûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà 3477 êì. Ñêàëû è îáðûâû îñìàòðèâàëèñü â îïòèêó (áèíîêëè 8õ30, 12õ50) ñ öåëüþ îáíàðóæåíèÿ íèø, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ è ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê. Îáíàðóæåííûå íèøè è ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè ñ ïðèçíàêàìè èõ çàñåëåíèÿ õèùíèêàìè, íåäîñòóïíûå äëÿ áûñòðîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ áåç àëüïèíèñòñêîãî ñíàðÿæåíèÿ, ïîäðîáíî îñìàòðèâàëèñü â òðóáó 30–60õ60, äëÿ âûÿñíåíèÿ èõ çàíÿòîñòè. Â ñâÿçè ñî ñëîæíîñòüþ ðåëüåôà îñíîâíûõ ñêàëüíûõ ìàññèâîâ ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà è ÷èíêîâ, îíè îáñëåäîâàëèñü íà ïðåäìåò ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö â õîäå ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòîâ. Ïîä ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè ìû ïîäðàçóìåâàåì òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà õèùíûõ ïòèö (ëèáî æèëûå, ëèáî ïóñòóþùèå, íî àáîíèðóåìûå ïòèöàìè), âñòðå÷åíû âçðîñëûå ïòèöû, íåîäíîêðàòíî ïðîÿâëÿâøèå ïðèçíàêè áåñïîêîéñòâà êàê ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ÷åëîâåêó, òàê è ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê äðóãèì õèùíûì ïòèöàì. Ê âîçìîæíûì ãíåçäîâûì

Methods The territory of the Sarysu river basin was surveyed in 22 April – 7 May, 2005 and 12 April – 15 May, 2007. Found breeding territories of raptors were mapped with using GIS software (ArcView 3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA) for subsequent calculation of density for every species (Karyakin, 2004). We set 14 study plots for calculation of raptor numbers (fig. 2, table 1) with total area of 2057.52 km2. The total length of count routes was 232.61 km. The total area of the Sarysu river basin including north-western part of the Karatau Mountains is 300 000 km2, while largest mountains are 19 000 km2 in area or 6.33% of surveyed territory (Karatau Mountains – 7500 km2, hills in the upper reaches of the Sarysu and the Atasu rivers – 7500, Ulutau – 4000 km2). Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) Migrant. We observed 2 birds in 2005 and 2 birds in 2007. Short-toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) Rare breeding and migrating species in the territory. We observed birds in 3 breeding territories in the Karatau Mountains. The density was 0.61 pair/100 km2 (28.04 pairs/10 km2 of forested territory). The Sorttoed Eagle seemed to be common breeding species in the Kazakh Upland. Three breeding territories were found in the Ulutau Mountains in 2005. Also 15 breeding territories were found in a hilly region in the upper reaches of the Sarysu and the Atasu rivers since 28 April to 13 May 2007. All nesting sites of the Sort-toed Eagle were located with elevation 672–874 m (an average of 763.4±60.22 m) while the most part of birds (86.7%) prefer granite moun-

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Ëàíäøàôòû áàññåéíà Ñàðûñó: 1 – Êàðàòàó, 2 – Óëóòàó, 3 – ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê Àÿê-Áåñòàó, 4 – ãðàíèòíûé ìàññèâ Êûçûëòàñ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Landscapes of the Sarysu river basin: 1 – Karatau Mountains, 2 – Ulutau Mountains, 3 – Ayak-Bestau Upland, 4 – Kyzyltas Mountains. Photos by I. Karyakin

ó÷àñòêàì ìû ïðèðàâíèâàåì âñòðå÷è âçðîñëûõ ïòèö ñ äîáû÷åé, íåîäíîêðàòíî ðåãèñòðèðîâàâøèåñÿ íà îäíîé è òîé æå òåððèòîðèè. Âûÿâëÿåìûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ êàðòèðîâàëèñü, äàííûå âíîñèëèñü â ñðåäó ÃÈÑ (ArcView 3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA), ãäå è ïðîèçâîäèëñÿ ðàñ÷¸ò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè êàæäîãî âèäà â îòäåëüíîñòè (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Äëÿ ó÷¸òà è ðàñ÷¸òà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ áûëè çàëîæåíû 14 ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê (ðèñ. 2, òàáë. 1) îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 2057,52 êì2. Ïëîùàäêè âêëþ÷àëè 4 òèïà ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé, õàðàêòåðíûõ äëÿ èññëåäóåìîé òåððèòîðèè (ñêàëüíûå âûõîäû íà âåðøèíàõ ãðÿä, ñêàëüíûå îáíàæåíèÿ ñêëîíîâ ñîïîê, âûâåòðåííûå ãðàíèòû è ïðèðå÷íûå ñêàëüíûå îáíàæåíèÿ), 2 òèïà ÷èíêîâ (ãëèíèñòûå è ðàêóøå÷íèêîâûå), áàéðà÷íûå è ïîéìåííûå ëåñà, à òàêæå ëåñà íà ãðàíèòàõ, ÷àñòè÷íî îáëåñ¸ííûå ïåñêè è ïîëóïóñòûííûå ñàêñàóëüíèêè. Òàêæå ïðîéäåíî 4 îñíîâíûõ ó÷¸òíûõ ìàðøðóòà ïî ÷èíêó Áåòïàê-Äàëû, âäîëü ïåñêîâ Êàðàêîéûí è âäîëü ìàãèñòðàëüíîé âûñîêîâîëüòíîé ËÝÏ, ïðîòÿíóâøåéñÿ ÷åðåç ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê. Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îñíîâíûõ ó÷¸òíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà 232,61 êì. Íà îñíîâå ðàñòðîâûõ êàðò Ì 1:500000 è êîñìîñíèìêîâ Landsat-7 áûëè ïîäãîòîâëåíû âåêòîðíûå òåìàòè÷åñêèå ñëîè ïî âûøåóêàçàííûì áèîòîïàì, êîòîðûå è ïîñëóæèëè îñíîâîé äëÿ ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ. Â öåëîì áûëè

tains to nest. We found 9 breeding territories with active nests of the Sort-toed Eagle, 3 of which were checked and one of them was with the clutch containing 1 egg. Three territories were with empty nests and pairs were registered in 2 breeding territories. At all we found 15 nests, 14 out of which were located on aspens and only an old nest was on a cliff ledge. 57.14% nests of Sort-toed Eagles in that breeding population (n=14) was placed in the upper fork of aspens and 42.86% – in upper forks of large branches in several meters from the trunk in the upper part of tree. The average height of nest locations was 7.5±4.51 m (n=15; range 3–20 m). The distance between neighbors in the upper reaches of the Sarysu and the Atasu rivers ranged from 0.88 to 34 km. The distance between mountains with nests was from 21.1 to 34 km (an average of 27.49±5.7 km), but the distance between nests in large mountains was from 0.88 to 7.6 km (an average of 4.91±2.21 km). The density of the Sort-toed Eagle in hills in the upper reaches in the upper reaches of the Sarysu and the Atasu rivers was 1.07 – 3.36 pairs/100 km2, an average of 2.52 pairs/100 km2 (3.22–12.54 pair/10 km2 of forested territory, an average of 8.37 pairs/10 km2 of forested territory). A total of 189 pairs (166–212 pairs) are estimated to breed in hills of the upper reaches of the Sarysu and the Atasu rivers. No more than 5–6 pairs breed in hills in the middle part of the Sarysu river basin. A total of 5–10

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ëàíäøàôòû áàññåéíà Ñàðûñó: 1–2 – ïåñêè Æàðêóì, 3–4 – ÷èíê Áåòïàê-Äàëû, 5 – äîëèíà Ñàðûñó, 6 – ñîð Òóçêîëü. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Landscapes of the Sarysu river basin: 1–2 – Jarkum sands, 3–4 – Cliff-faces of the Betpak-Dala, 5 – Sarysu river valley, 6 – Tuzkol soil. Photos by I. Karyakin

èñïîëüçîâàíû òå æå ïðèíöèïû ó÷¸òà è ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè, êîòîðûå îïèñàíû ðàíåå â ñòàòüå, ïîäãîòîâëåííîé ïî ìàòåðèàëàì èññëåäîâàíèé 2005 ã. ïî ðÿäó âèäîâ â Óëóòàó (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006à). Ðèñ. 1. Êàðòà ðàéîíà èññëåäîâàíèé: ó÷àñòêè Êàçàõñêîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà: Óëóòàó – 1, ãðàíèòíûå ìàññèâû âåðõîâèé Àòàñó è Ñàðûñó – 2, çàïàäíàÿ Áåòïàê-Äàëà – 3, ÷èíêè ïðàâîáåðåæíûõ ïëàòî Ñàðûñó – 4, ïåñêè â ëåâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó: Êàðàêîéûí, Æåòèêîíûð – 5, Æàéðåì – 6, ñåâåðî-çàïàäíàÿ îêîíå÷íîñòü Êàðàòàó – 7 Fig. 1. Map of the surveyed areas: Ulutau mountains – 1, granite mountains in the upper reaches of the Atasu and Sarysu rivers – 2, Western Betpak-Dala desert – 3, cliff-faces of plateaus in the right side of the Sarysu river – 4, sands in the left side of the Sarysu river: Karakoyin and Jetikonyr sands – 5, Zhayrem sands – 6, north-western part of the Karatau mountains – 7

pairs are estimated to breed in the Ulutau Mountains and no more than 5 pairs – in saxaul forests in foots of southern cliff-faces of the Betpak-Dala desert. The second large breeding group of the Short-Toed Eagles is located in the Karatau Mountains; where near 46 pairs (23–69 pairs) are projected to breed in the north-western part. A total of 200–300 pairs are estimated to breed in the all region. Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus) Vagrant. Single birds were observed 2 twice in 2005 and twice in 2007. Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) Extremely rare breeding species. An old nest of the Griffon Vulture was found in the central part of the Karatau Mountains on 23 April 2005 It was located in a niche in the upper part of a cliff. White-tailed Eagle (Haliaaetus albicilla) Migrant. Surveying a power line potentially lethal to birds along the oil-pipe «Pavlodar Shymkent» we found 2 carcasses of birds 2–3 years old under electric poles located along the Jetikonyr and Karakoyyn sands on 15 and 16 April 2007. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) Rare breeding species. 28 breeding territories were found during the all period

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Ðèñ. 2. Ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè (ñåâåðî-çàïàäíàÿ îêîíå÷íîñòü Êàðàòàó – 1, ñåâåðíûé – 3 è çàïàäíûé – 4 ÷èíêè Áåòïàê-Äàëû, ÷èíêè ïðàâîáåðåæíûõ ïëàòî Ñàðûñó – 5, 6, ïåñêè Æàðêóì – 8, ïîëóïóñòûííîå ïëàòî â ëåâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó ìåæäó ñîëîí÷àêàìè Òóçêîëü è Êóòàíñîð – 9, ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêè Óëóòàó – 10, 11, Àÿê-Áåñòàó – 13, ãðàíèòíûå ìàññèâû âåðõîâèé Àòàñó è Ñàðûñó – Êîñøîíû è Êûçûëòàñ – 14, Àêòàó – 15, Êûçûëòàó – 16, Îðòàó – 17 è ïåðèôåðèÿ ñîïîê â âåðõîâüÿõ Êàéðàêòû – 18) è ìàðøðóòû (ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê Áåòïàê-Äàëû – 2, çàïàäíûé êðàé ïåñêîâ Êàðàêîéûí – 7 è øëåéô ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà â ïðàâîáåðåæüå – 12 è ëåâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó – 19) Fig. 2. Study plots (north-western part of the Karatau Mountains – 1, cliff-faces of the Betpak-Dala desert: northern cliff-faces – 3 and western cliff-faces – 4, cliff-faces of plateaus in the right side of the Sarysu river – 5, 6, Zharkum sands – 8, semi-desert plateau in the left side of the Sarysu river between Tuzkol and Kutansor soils – 9, Ulutau Mountains – 10, 11, Ayak-Bestau Upland – 13, granite mountains in the upper reaches of the Atasu and Sarysu rivers – Kosshony and Kyzyltas mountains – 14, Aktau mountains – 15, Kyzyltau mountains – 16, Ortau mountains – 17 and hills in the upper reaches of the Kayrakty river – 18) and routes (northern cliff-faces of the Betpak-Dala desert – 2, western edge of the Karakoyin sands – 7 and hills of the right side of the Sarysu river – 12 and left side of the Sarysu river – 19)

Îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü áàññåéíà Ñàðûñó, âêëþ÷àÿ ñåâåðî-çàïàäíóþ ÷àñòü Êàðàòàó, ñîñòàâëÿåò 300 òûñ. êì2, ïðè ýòîì íàèáîëåå êðóïíûå ãîðíûå ãðóïïû çàíèìàþò 19000 êì2 èëè 6,33% òåððèòîðèè (Êàðàòàó – 7500 êì2, ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê â âåðõîâüÿõ Àòàñó è Ñàðûñó – 7500 êì2, Óëóòàó – 4000 êì2). Ïëîùàäü Çàïàäíîé ÁåòïàêÄàëû – 21000 êì2, à ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ÷èíêîâ Áåòïàê-Äàëû – 490,1 êì. Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ÷èíêîâ ïðàâîáåðåæíûõ ïëàòî Ñàðûñó ñîñòàâëÿåò 353,2 êì. Ïëîùàäü ïîëóïóñòûííîé òåððèòîðèè, çàíÿòîé ðåäêîñòîéíûìè ñàêñàóëüíèêàìè, ñîñòàâëÿåò 4700 êì2, 2600 êì2 èç êîòîðûõ ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà ñàêñàóëüíèêè â ëåâîáåðåæüå è ïðàâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó è 2100 êì2 – íà ñàêñàóëüíèêè ìåæäó Áåòïàê-Äàëîé è Ìîéûíêóìàìè. Ïëîùàäü ïåñêîâ â ëåâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó – 5169 êì2, èç íèõ ëèøü 6,7% ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà îáëåñ¸ííóþ ÷àñòü ïåñêîâ (348,5 êì2).

of surveys. Sufficiently common breeding species was only in the Karatau Mountains and in granite mountains of the Kazakh Upland (upper reaches of the Sarysu river). 12 breeding territories were found in the Karatau Mountains during 4 days since 22 to 25 April 2005; 4 breeding territories were revealed in the Ulutau Mountains in 2005; 11 – in the upper reaches of the Sarysu and the Atasu rivers on 29 April – 13 May 2007. The average distance between neighbors in the Karatau Mountains was 4.35±1.52 km (n=9; range 2.1–6.7 km). The density was 2.03 pairs/100 km2, and a total of 140–164 pairs (an average of 152 pairs) are estimated to breed in Karatau. The density of the Golden Eagle in the Ulutau Mountains was 0.68–1.23 pairs/100 km2 (an average of 0.97 pairs/100 km2), a total of 10–18 pairs (an average of 14 pairs) are estimated to breed in the Ulutau Mountains. The average distance between breeding territories in the upper reaches of the Sarysu and the Atasu rivers 6.85±1.89 km (n=8; range 4.45–10.5 km). The Golden Eagle distribution in granite mountains was sufficiently even with distance of 5–8 km between nearest pairs and the distance increasing are depend on increasing the distance between mountain groups. The density in different groups ranged from 1.87 to 2.14 pairs/100 km2, an average of 1.93 pairs/100 km2. A total number was 135–155 pairs, an average of 145 pairs. A total number in the surveyed region are estimated as 290–340 pairs. We found 53 nests of Golden Eagles in the region, 52 were described in detail. The average elevation of nest locations was 642.17±210.98 m (n=48; range 244–955 m). Golden Eagles prefer to nest generally rocks and cliffs especially canyons (n=53; 67.9%), rarely cliff-faces (26.4%), and most rarely small river cliffs (3,8%) and clayey precipices (1,9%). The average height of nest location was 8.44±4.07 m (n=52; range 3–20 m). We surveyed from 1 to 6 nests per breeding territory, which eagles regularly used to breed. We found 48 nests (active and old) in 22 breeding territories, which were surveyed in detail. At average 2.18±1.6 nests were located in the breeding territories, with the distance of 0.06–2.25 km between them, an average of (n=26) 0.82±0.72 km. Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) Non common breeding migrating species. We found 60 breeding territories in the

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 1. Ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè è ìàðøðóòû. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê è ìàðøðóòîâ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 2 Table 1. Study plots and routes. Numbers of plots and routes are similar with the numbers of ones in the fig. 2

Ïëîùàäêè Plots

Ïëîùàäü (êì2) Area (km2)

Ñåâåðî-çàïàäíàÿ îêîíå÷íîñòü Êàðà-Òàó / Kara-Tau mountains

Ëåñ (êì2) ×èíêè (êì) Forest (km2) Cliff-faces (km)

491.96

1.07

7.62

Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê Áåòïàê-Äàëû / Northern cliff-faces of the BetpakDala desert

10.98

4.95

Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê Áåòïàê-Äàëû / Western cliff-faces of the BetpakDala desert

28.86

8.08

×èíê Ñàðûñó (þæíûé ó÷àñòîê) / Sarysu cliff-faces (southern part)

95.72

34.70

×èíê Ñàðûñó (ñåâåðíûé ó÷àñòîê) / Sarysu cliff-faces (northern part)

67.02

9.89

Ïåñêè Æàðêóì / Zharkum sands

138.03

1.27

Òóçêîëü è Êóòàíñîð / Plateau between Tuzkol and Kutansor lakes

211.47

Óëóòàó (þæíûé ó÷àñòîê) / Ulutau mountains (southern part)

147.49

1.39

Óëóòàó (ñåâåðíûé ó÷àñòîê) / Ulutau mountains (northern part)

163.14

3.31

Àÿê-Áåñòàó / Ayak-Bestau hills

169.43

Êîñøîíû è Êûçûëòàñ / Kosshony and Kyzyltas mountains

267.67

7.18

Àêòàó / Aktau mountains

103.33

3.98

Êûçûëòàó / Kyzyltau mountains

52.29

1.26

Îðòàó / Ortau mountains

93.6

3.11

Ïåðèôåðèÿ ñîïîê â âåðõîâüÿõ Êàéðàêòû / Kayrakty hills

16.53

2057.52

22.57

110.88

Âñåãî / Total Ìàðøðóòû Routes

Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü (êì) Length (km)

Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê Áåòïàê-Äàëû / Northern cliff-faces of the BetpakDala desert

33.57

Çàïàäíûé êðàé ïåñêîâ Êàðàêîéûí / Western edge Karakoyin sands

89.31

Ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó / Hills of the right Sarysu river side

74.94

Ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê â ëåâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó / Hills of the left Sarysu river side

34.79

Âñåãî / Total

232.61

Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé

Ñêîïà (Pandion haliaetus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Osprey (Pandion haliaetus). Photo by I. Karyakin

Ñêîïà (Pandion haliaetus) Ïðîë¸òíûé âèä. Â 2005 ã. îäíà ïòèöà íàáëþäàëàñü 21 àïðåëÿ â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè õð. Êàðàòàó (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006á); 29 àïðåëÿ òàêæå îäèíî÷êà âñòðå÷åíà áëèç óñòüÿ ð. Êàðàêåíãèð (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006à). Â 2007 ã. îäèíî÷íûå ñêîïû íà èññëåäóåìîé òåððèòîðèè îòìå÷àëèñü äâàæäû: 17 àïðåëÿ – â ÁåòïàêÄàëå è 10 ìàÿ – íà ðó÷üå, âïàäàþùåì â ð. Òàëäû-Ìàíàêà, ïîä ã. Ñåâ. Êûçûëòàó; 23 àïðåëÿ òð¸õ ñêîï óäàëîñü íàáëþäàòü â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó íà ìàðøðóòå ìåæäó Æåçêàçãàíîì è Êûçûëæàðîì.

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus). Photo by I. Karyakin

Çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus) Ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ ïåðåë¸òíûé âèä èññëåäóåìîé òåððèòîðèè. Â 2005 ã. ïåðâûå ïòèöû â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè ñòàëè âñòðå÷àòüñÿ ñ 11 àïðåëÿ, â 2007 ã. – ñ 19 àïðåëÿ (ðèñ. 3). Â ãîðàõ Êàðàòàó 21–22 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. ÿâíî òåððèòîðèàëüíûå çìååÿäû íàáëþäàëèñü â 2-õ òî÷êàõ; òðè çìååÿäà â îäíîé òî÷êå íàáëþäàëèñü 24 àïðåëÿ â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Êàðàòàó è îäíà âåðîÿòíî òåððèòîðèàëüíàÿ ïàðà – áëèç îàçèñà íà ñåâåðíîì ìàêðîñêëîíå Êàðàòàó; æèëîå ãíåçäî, àêòèâíî ïîäíîâëÿåìîå çìååÿäàìè, è èõ ñòàðàÿ ïîñòðîéêà îáíàðóæåíû 24 àïðåëÿ â ïîñàäêå âÿçîâ â 3 êì ñåâåðíåå ïåðåäîâûõ ñêëàäîê Êàðàòàó (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006á). Ïî òð¸ì âñòðå÷àì â ïðåäåëàõ ïëîùàäêè, êîòîðûå ìû ïðèðàâíèâàåì ê ïàðàì, ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 0,61 ïàð/100 êì2 (28,04 ïàð/10 êì2 ëåñà). Íåñêîëüêî ãí¸çä, âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ çìååÿäàì, ìû îáíàðóæèëè íà âåðøèíàõ ñàêñàóëîâ â ïåñêàõ Ìîéûíêóì, îäíàêî ïîñòðîéêè áûëè ïóñòûìè. Íà ìàðøðóòå ÷åðåç ïåñêè ìû íàáëþäàëè ëèøü îäíîãî çìååÿäà (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006á). Â Áåòïàê-Äàëå ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü ñïîðàäè÷íîå ãíåçäîâàíèå çìååÿäà íà ñàêñàóëàõ, ðàñòóùèõ ïî ñåâåðíûì è çàïàäíûì ÷èíêàì ïëàòî, îäíàêî íàìè çäåñü çìååÿä äàæå íå âñòðå÷åí. Â òî æå âðåìÿ ÷åðåç Áåòïàê-Äàëó â 20-õ ÷èñëàõ àïðåëÿ îïðåäåë¸ííî èä¸ò àêòèâíûé ïðîë¸ò çìååÿäîâ, ò.ê. íà 35,5-êì ó÷àñòêå ïòèöåîïàñíîé ËÝÏ áëèç ñ. Ñòåïíîé áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ñâåæèå òðóïû 7 çìååÿäîâ, ïîãèáøèõ îò óäàðà ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Êîëè÷åñòâî ïîãèáøèõ çìååÿäîâ íà îáñëåäîâàííîì ó÷àñòêå óñòóïàëî ëèøü êóð-ãàííèêó è ñòåïíîìó îðëó (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2005). Â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè Ñàðûñó çìååÿäà íàáëþäàëè 20 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã. íàä äîëèíîé,

region since 2005 to 2007, however nests were found only in 10 territories. The Imperial Eagle was not registered only in the Karatau Mountains. The density in the Ulutau Mountains was 1.3 pairs/10 km2 (0.64 pair/100 km2 of a total area), the least distance between nests of different pairs – 5 km. Distances between 3 nests of Imperial Eagles in the watershed of the Tamda and the Kara-Kengir rivers – 9.8 and 5.6 km accordingly, following data of count routes the density – 0.35–0.53 pairs/100 km2. The total number of Imperial Eagles in that territory was 74–102 pairs. The density in the upper reaches of the Sarysu and the Atasu rivers was 0.19 pairs/100 km2 (0–1.07 pairs/100 km2), and total number was estimated as 5–9 pairs. The average distance between pairs in surveyed territories in the lower reaches of the Sarysu river was 12.2±6.16 km (n=6; range 3.07–21.37 km), the density – 2.33–5.48 pairs/100 km2. A total of 26–62 pairs (an average of 37 pairs) are estimated to breed in the territory. The density of Imperial Eagles in semidesert saxaul forests between the Tuzkol and the Kutansor soils was 2.84 pairs/100 km2, the average distance between nests of different pairs was 3.54±0.9 km. (n=6; range 2.36–4.87 km). We project 70–75 pairs to breed in semi-desert saxaul forests in the left and right sides of the Sarysu river (2600 km2). The distance between neighbor pairs nesting on saxauls on northern cliff-faces of the Betpak-Dala desert was 16.59 km, on electric poles in the center of the plateau – 17.96 and 17.82 km. The density of eagles in the northern cliff-faces during survey routes was 5.96 pairs/100 km or 2.98 pairs/100 km2; in the center of the plateau – 4.04 pair /100 km or 2.88 pair/100 km2. The number was 45–57 pairs, 25–33 pairs out of which breed in the cliff-faces of Betpak-Dala. Imperial Eagles inhabit sands on forested territories covered generally saxauls (Haloxylon sp.), silverberries and Russian olives (Elaegnus argentea and E. angstifolium) with sufficiently high density, The highest density was noted in the western edge of the Karakoyyn sands – 12.6 pairs/100 km2 of total area (11.25 pairs/100 km2 of forested area). The Imperial Eagle inhabits the Jarkum sands with density of 5.07 pairss/100 km2 of total area (5.51 pairs/100 km2 of forested area). A total of 20–40 pairs are estimated to breed in sands.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Ðèñ. 3. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå çìååÿäà (Circaetus gallicus) Fig. 3. Distribution of the Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus)

ãäå îí âîçìîæíî ãíåçäèòñÿ, îäíàêî ïðÿìûå äîêàçàòåëüñòâà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ òàê è íå áûëè ïîëó÷åíû. Õàðàêòåðíûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ õèùíèêîì çìååÿä îêàçàëñÿ â Êàçàõñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå. Â ãîðàõ Óëóòàó â 2005 ã. óäàëîñü ëîêàëèçîâàòü 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà çìååÿäîâ: â äîëèíå ð. Áîçäàêñàé (ÁàëàÆåëäû), â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Òàìäû è íà çàïàäíîì ñêëîíå ã. Äîíäûã; ïîìèìî ýòîãî îäíà ïòèöà, ïðîëåòàâøàÿ íà áîëüøîé âûñîòå, áûëà âñòðå÷åíà ïîä ãîðîé Óëóòàó (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006à). Â áåçëåñíîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå Àÿê-Áåñòàó â ëåâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó 27 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã. îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî çìååÿäà, åù¸ íå çàíÿòîå ïòèöàìè, ðàñïîëàãàâøååñÿ íà ïðèðå÷íîé ñêàëå ïðàâîãî áåðåãà ð. Êåíæåáàéñàé. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî âèä â àíàëîãè÷íûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ ñïîðàäè÷íî ãíåçäèòñÿ ïî ñêàëüíûì îáíàæåíèÿì íà âñåé òåððèòîðèè ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà â ëåâîáåðåæüå, íî â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè áûëî îáíàðóæåíî òîëüêî ýòî ãíåçäî. Âåðîÿòíî, ïëîòíîñòü çìååÿäà çäåñü ñóùåñòâåííî ìåíüøå åãî ïëîòíîñòè â àíàëîãè÷íûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ Ìóãîäæàð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2007). Â òî æå âðåìÿ âèä íàéäåí äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷íûì â ñîïêàõ âåðõîâèé ðåê Ñàðûñó è Àòàñó, ãäå èìåþòñÿ îñòðîâíûå îñèíîâûå ëåñà ïî óùåëüÿì. Çäåñü ñ 28 àïðåëÿ ïî 13 ìàÿ 2007 ã. âûÿâëåíî 15 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, îäèí èç êîòîðûõ áûë îïðåäåë¸ííî ïîêèíóò ïòèöàìè èç-çà ïîæàðà, óíè÷òîæèâøåãî ëåñ (ãíåçäî íàõîäèëîñü íà îáóãëåííîé îñèíå ñðåäè óñîõøåãî êîëêà). Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè çìååÿäà çäåñü ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ãîðíûì ãðóïïàì ñ âûñîòàìè 672–874 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ (â ñðåäíåì 763,4±60,22 ì) ïðè÷¸ì áîëüøèíñòâî (86,7%) ãíåçäèòñÿ â ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâàõ. Íà 9 ãíåçäîâûõ

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Following estimations of main breeding group numbers a total of 222–324 pairs are projected to breed in the region. The trend of population number is positive. While the number of eagles in sands has decreased in two times in sands where infrastructure of farms and sheep-folds were destroyed, the number of eagles in BetpakDala and semi-deserts in the Sarysu left riverside has increased in 3 times. We found 75 nests in 50 breeding territories during surveys. The most part of nests were located on silverberries and Russian olives – 52% and saxauls – 20% (fig. 6). Mostly nests located on trees (n=65) were placed in forks in the upper part of tree (56.9%), 36.9% – placed on the top of tree and 6.15% – on large branches in the upper part of tree besides trunk. The average height of nest location was 4.94±2.55 m (range 1.5–12 m), the least height was noted for nests located on saxauls (n=15; 1.5–2.5 m, an average of 1.86±0.29 m), and largest – for nests on silver berries (n=38; 2–12 m, an average of 5.78±2.21 m) and aspens (n=4; 6–11 m, an average of 8.25±2.06 m). We noted during surveys 2 pairs moving to nest from saxauls to electric poles and a pair – from electric pole to saxaul caused the nest destroying by engineering specialists. We surveyed 3 nests with clutches in 2005 and 2007, all clutches contained 2 eggs each other. Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) Non common breeding migrating species widely spreading in the surveyed territory. Migrating birds were noted in the all

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Ãíåçäîâîé áèîòîï çìååÿäà â Êàçàõñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå (ââåðõó) è âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ åãî ãí¸çä íà îñèíàõ (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nesting biotopes of the Short-Toed Eagle in the Kazakh Upland (upper) and his nests on aspens (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin

ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà çìååÿäà, 3 èç êîòîðûõ áûëè îñìîòðåíû è ñîäåðæàëè êëàäêè èç 1 ÿéöà. Íà 3-õ ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ïóñòóþùèå ãí¸çäà è íà 2-õ – âñòðå÷åíû ïàðû ïòèö. Èíòåðåñíî òî, ÷òî æèëûå ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â äèàïàçîíå âûñîò 672–809 ì (â ñðåäíåì 733,8±43,75 ì), à ïóñòóþùèå – â äèàïàçîíå âûñîò 843–874 ì (â ñðåäíåì 859,3±15,57 ì), è ýòî íàïðÿìóþ ñâÿçàíî ñ êëèìàòè÷åñêèìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè. Âûøå 820 ì â êîíöå àïðåëÿ – íà÷àëå ìàÿ â óùåëüÿõ åù¸ ëåæàë ñíåã, à âåãåòàöèÿ íå íà÷àëàñü. Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, ìîæíî ñ âûñîêîé äîëåé âåðîÿòíîñòè ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ñ ñåðåäèíû ìàÿ è ýòè ãí¸çäà áóäóò èñïîëüçîâàíû çìååÿäàìè äëÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Èç 15 íàéäåííûõ ãí¸çä 14 ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà îñèíàõ è ëèøü îäíî ñòàðîå ãíåçäî áûëî óñòðîåíî íà ñêàëüíîé ïîëêå óùåëüÿ (â íèæíåé òðåòè ñêàëû íà óðîâíå êðîí äåðåâüåâ, ðàñòóùèõ íà äíå óùåëüÿ), ïðè÷¸ì â 80-òè ì îò ãíåçäà, óñòðîåííîãî íà îñèíå. ×óòü áîëüøå ïîëîâèíû ãí¸çä (57,14%, n=14) çìååÿäîâ äàííîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè

territory of the Sarysu river basin in April, however generally Steppe Eagles nest in steppe zone to the north of N 47.300. We not registered the species breeding in Large mountains in the Kazakh Upland and in the Karatau Mountains, between the Karatau Mountains and Betpak-Dala, in salt plains in the lower reaches of the Sarysu river, in clay semi-deserts of the Sarysu river basin and in sands, including the Jayrem sands. Probably Steppe Eagles bred in Betpak-Dala 20 years ago, however now the breeding was not registered. We noted eagles on cliff-faces along the Sarysu right river side with density of 9.36 ind./100 km of auto route. The average density was 4.49 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces (range 0–20.2 pairs per 100 km of cliff-faces) or 1.23 pairs/100 km2. The number was estimated as A total of ×èñëåííîñòü îöåíåíà â 10–20 pairs, an average of 16 pairs The Steppe Eagle inhabit hilly steppe of the Kazakh Upland with high density. The average distance between neighbors (n=8) was 2.0±0.73 km (range 1.24–3.27 km) in

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãí¸çäà çìååÿäà ñ êëàäêàìè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nests of the Short-Toed Eagle with clutches. Photos by I. Karyakin

áûëî óñòðîåíî â ïðåäâåðøèííûõ ðàçâèëêàõ îñèí è íåñêîëüêèì ìåíåå ïîëîâèíû (42,86%) – íà êîíöàõ áîêîâûõ âåòâåé â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû â íåñêîëüêèõ ìåòðàõ îò ñòâîëà. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñèëüíî âàðüèðóåò â çàâèñèìîñòè îò âûñîòû äåðåâüåâ â êîëêàõ (n=15) 3–20 ì, (â ñðåäíåì 7,5±4,51 ì). Íàèáîëåå íèçêî íàõîäÿùèåñÿ ãí¸çäà (3–5 ì, 40% â âûáîðêå) ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â êðèâîëåñíûõ îñèííèêàõ íà ãðàíèòàõ, íàèáîëåå âûñîêî ðàñïîëîæåííûå – â âûñîêîñòâîëüíûõ êîëêàõ â óùåëüÿõ (6–20 ì, 60%). Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè çìååÿäà â ãîðíûõ ãðóïïàõ âåðõîâèé Ñàðûñó è Àòàñó âàðüèðóåò îò 0,88 äî 34 êì. Âûäåëÿåòñÿ äèàïàçîí äèñòàíöèé îò 21,1 äî 34 êì (â ñðåäíåì 27,49±5,7 êì), êîòîðûé îïðåäåëÿåò ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãðàíèòíûìè ìàññèâàìè è äèàïàçîí îò 0,88 äî 7,6 êì (â ñðåäíåì 4,91±2,21 êì), ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ðàññòîÿíèþ ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè â ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâàõ. Ïîñëåäíèé ïîêàçàòåëü ñóùåñòâåííî çàâèñèò îò íàëè÷èÿ èëè îòñóòñòâèÿ äðåâåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè ïî óùåëüÿì: ïðè íàëè÷èè ëîêàëüíûõ íåâûãîðåâøèõ ó÷àñòêîâ îñèíîâûõ êðèâîëåñèé â íåáîëüøèõ ïî ïëîùàäè ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâàõ,

the Ulutau Mountains. The density was 0.84 pairs/100 km2. The density in the Ayak-Bestau Upland was 5.9 pairs/100 km2. We found 10 breeding territories with nests here. The average distance between neighbors in hilly areas was 1.95±0.94 km (range 0.9– 3.25 km), and average distance between hilly areas with nests – 12.8±7.96 km (range 4.85–25.38 km). A total of 1740–2105 pairs are estimated to breed in the Sarysu river basin. We found 37 nests in 30 breeding territories: 15 living nests, 5 building nests, 8 empty, but occupied nests and 9 old nests. The most part of nests (48.65%) was on hills (fig. 8), 18.92% – on cliff-faces of the plateau and 16.2% – on river cliffs and as much again in valleys between hills. We registered 50% of nests on hills (n=18) located on tops or slopes of hills; most part of nests on cliff-faces (n=7) was in the upper part of cliffs (71.43%) and only small part – on tops (28.57%). Also amongst nests in valleys between hills (n=6) 50% of nests were located on metal electric poles, another part – on the flat ground. The average elevation of all found nests of Steppe Eagles was 479.26±85.57 m (range 253–609 m).

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13 ïàðû ìîãóò ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ðàññòîÿíèè ìåíå êèëîìåòðà äðóã îò äðóãà, â êðóïíûõ æå ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâàõ, ñ äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíûì ðàñïðåäåëåíèåì êîëêîâ ïî óùåëüÿì, çìååÿä ãíåçäèòñÿ â 3–6 êì ïàðà îò ïàðû. Ïëîòíîñòü çìååÿäà â ãîðíûõ ãðóïïàõ âåðõîâèé Ñàðûñó è Àòàñó ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,07–3,36 ïàð/100 êì 2 , â ñðåäíåì 2,52 ïàð/100 êì 2 (3,22–12,54 ïàð/10 êì2 ëåñà, â ñðåäíåì 8,37 ïàð/10 êì2 ëåñà). Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü îòìå÷åíà íà ïëîùàäêå, îõâàòûâàþùåé ãîðû Êîñøîíû è Êûçûëòàñ, êîòîðàÿ áûëà äåòàëüíî îáñëåäîâàíà. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî äàííûå ïî äðóãèì ïëîùàäêàì çàíèæåíû èç-çà ïðîïóñêà ïòèö â ðåçóëüòàòå ìåíåå òùàòåëüíîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ïëîùàäîê. ×èñëåííîñòü çìååÿäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè äëÿ ãîðíûõ ãðóïï â âåðõîâüÿõ Ñàðûñó è Àòàñó îöåíåíà â 189 ïàð (166–212 ïàð) – ýòî êðóïíåéøàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà âèäà â ðåãèîíå. Íå áîëåå 5–6 ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè áàññåéíà Ñàðûñó. ×èñëåííîñòü çìååÿäà â Óëóòàó îöåíåíà â 5–10 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006à) è, âèäèìî, íå áîëåå 5 ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ â ñàêñàóëüíèêàõ ïîä þæíûìè ÷èíêàìè Áåòïàê-Äàëû. Âòîðàÿ ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè ãðóïïèðîâêà çìååÿäà ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â Êàðàòàó, ãäå â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè, ïî íàøèì îöåíêàì, ãíåçäèòñÿ îêîëî 46 ïàð (23–69 ïàð). Â öåëîì íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè ÷èñëåííîñòü çìååÿäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â 200– 300 ïàð. Ãðèô ÷¸ðíûé (Aegypius monachus) Çàë¸òíûé âèä. Îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû, ïðîëåòàâøèå íà áîëüøîé âûñîòå, íàáëþäàëèñü 23 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. â Êàðàòàó, 29 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. – â ïåñêàõ áëèç ï. Ìûéáóëàê (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006á), 1 è 5 ìàÿ 2005 ã. – â ãîðàõ Óëóòàó (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006à), 7 ìàÿ 2007 ã. – â ãðàíèòíîì ìàññèâå Êîñøîíû â âåðõîâüÿõ Àòàñó. Äâå îñîáè âñòðå÷åíû 14 ìàÿ 2007 ã. íà âîñòî÷íîì ñêëîíå ãðàíèòíîãî ìàññèâà â âåðõîâüÿõ Óíðåêà. Ñèï áåëîãîëîâûé (Gyps fulvus) Êðàéíå ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä. Ñòàðîå ãíåçäî ñèïà, âèäîâàÿ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü êîòîðîãî îïðåäåëåíà ïî ïåðüÿì, áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 23 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Êàðàòàó. Îíî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â íèøå ñêàëüíîãî îáíàæåíèÿ âåðøèíû õðåáòà (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006á). Îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà, ïðîëåòàâøàÿ íà áîëüøîé âûñîòå, íàáëþäàëàñü 14 ìàÿ 2007 ã. íà âîñòî÷íîì

We found clutches with 2–3 eggs in 6 nests; the average clutch size was 2.33±0.52 eggs. Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) Migrant. We observed 2 adults on the Telikol Lake during 1.5 hours on 19 April 2007. Also 2 birds were surveyed in the Sarysu river valley during 2.5 hours on 22 April 2007. Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) Non common breeding migrating species with sufficiently local distribution in surveyed territory. The largest breeding population of the Booted Eagle in Central Kazakhstan was recorded in hills in the upper reaches of the Sarysu and the Atasu rivers during expedition in 2007. We found 19 breeding territories of the Booted Eagle since 28 April to 9 May, nests were found in 17 territories. The density ranged from 1.91 to 5.6 pairs/100 km2, an average of 4.06 pairs/100 km2. A total of 310–420 pairs (an average of 365 pairs) are estimated to breed in the upper reaches of the Sarysu and the Atasu rivers. Perhaps the number of Booted Eagles was near 1000 pairs 30 years ago, however the area of forests due to logging and fires has decreased in 70–80%. 35.3% out of 17 pairs nested in drying aspen forests, which are illegally logged by local people as firewood. As a result the number of species is decreasing and we project the number declining in 30% next 5–6 years. The average distance between nests was 1.95±0.69 km (n=14; range 0.85–2.96 km). Elevation of nest locations was ranged 619–827 m, an average of 692.57±59.78 m. Almost all nests were placed on aspens, except an empty nest in the niche in the central part of cliff with height of 7 m. There was forest fire in that territory caused a pair of Booted Eagles moving to nest on a cliff, where bred only year. The most part of nests on trees (n=20) was in forks – 90%. 77.8% out of which (n=18) was located in the upper part of tree and in the middle and in the lower part of tree – 11.1% per each. Others – besides trunk in the upper part of tree. The clutch size was 2 eggs. Black Kite (Milvus migrans) Common migrant and rare breeding species. Only empty nest occupied in 2006 was found in aspen forest in granite mountains in the upper reaches of the Unrek river on 14 May 2007.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13 ñêëîíå ãðàíèòíîãî ìàññèâà â âåðõîâüÿõ Óíðåêà. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaaetus albicilla) Ïðîë¸òíûé âèä. Âèçóàëüíî íå íàáëþäàëñÿ. Ïðè îáñëåäîâàíèè ïòèöåîïàñíîé ËÝÏ íåôòåïðîâîäà «Ïàâëîäàð-Øûìêåíò» 15 è 16 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã., íà ó÷àñòêå âäîëü ïåñêîâ Æåòèêîíûð è Êàðàêîéûí, îáíàðóæåíû äâà òðóïà ïòèö 2–3-ëåòíåãî âîçðàñòà. Ïî äàííûì À.Ï. Ãèñöîâà è À.Ì. Ñåìà (1983) îðëàí, âåðîÿòíî, çèìóåò â íèçîâüÿõ Ñàðûñó â íåáîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå, óëåòàÿ îòñþäà ê ïåðâûì ÷èñëàì àïðåëÿ: çà ïåðèîä íàáëþäåíèé ñ 6 ìàðòà ïî 22 àïðåëÿ 1982 ã. îðëàíû íàáëþäàëèñü çäåñü äî 1 àïðåëÿ (áûëî âñòðå÷åíî 8 îäèíî÷íûõ ïòèö è 3 ïàðû).

Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Photo by I. Karyakin

Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos) Ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä èññëåäóåìîé òåððèòîðèè. Çà ïåðèîä ðàáîòû âûÿâëåíî 28 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ýòîãî îðëà. Äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷íûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ õèùíèêîì áåðêóò îêàçàëñÿ ëèøü â Êàðòàó è â ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâàõ Êàçàõñêîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà â âåðõîâüÿõ Ñàðûñó (ðèñ. 4). Â Êàðàòàó â òå÷åíèå 4-õ äíåé ñ 22 ïî 25 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. áûëî âûÿâëåíî 12 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006á). Â 5 êì ê ñåâåðó îò Êàðàòàó 25 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. îáíàðóæåí åäèíñòâåííûé íà ïîäãîðíîé ðàâíèíå ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê áåðêóòîâ. ×èíêè Áåòïàê-Äàëû, íåñìîòðÿ íà íàëè÷èå ïîäõîäÿùèõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áåðêóòà îáðûâîâ, íå çàñåëåíû ýòèì õèùíèêîì. Íà ìàðøðóòå ÷åðåç Áåòïàê-Äàëó â 2005 ã., êîòîðûé ïðîõîäèë âäîëü ïòèöåîïàñíîé ËÝÏ íåôòåïðîâîäà «Ïàâëîäàð-Øûìêåíò», áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 6 ïîãèáøèõ áåðêóòîâ, íî íå âñòðå÷åíî íè îäíîãî æèâîãî (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2005). Ìîëîäûå áåðêóòû âñòðå÷åíû 20 è 22 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã. â äîëèíå Ñàðûñó, à â ïåñêàõ Æåòèêîíûð 16 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã. áûë îáíàðóæåí óòèëèçèðîâàííûé òðóï áåðêóòà ïîä ïòèöåîïàñíîé ËÝÏ. Âåðîÿòíî, ìåæäó Êàðàòàó è Êàçàõñêèì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêîì èìååòñÿ êðóïíûé ðàçðûâ â ãíåçäîâîì àðåàëå áåðêóòà, è çäåñü ìîãóò ãíåçäèòüñÿ ëèøü åäèíè÷íûå ïàðû, ïðè ýòîì äàæå âñòðå÷è êî÷óþùèõ ïòèö êðàéíå ðåäêè. Â Êàçàõñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå âèä ãíåçäèòñÿ âî âñåõ êðóïíûõ ãîðíûõ ãðóïïàõ, äîñòèãàÿ âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòè

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) Non common breeding migrating species in surveyed territory. The average distance between neighbors in a semi-desert along the north-western edge of the Moyynkumy sands was 2.47±0.8 km (n=5; range 1.58–3.73 km); density – 4.96 pair/100 km2. We found 9 breeding territories of the Long-legged Buzzard between the Tuzkol and the Kutansor soils on 14–15 April 2007 with average distance between neighbors 2.84±1.04 km (n=8; range 1.84–4.64 km), density – 4.26 pairs/100 km2 of a total area. A total of 200–233 pairs are estimated to breed in semi-desert saxaul forests in the Sarysu river basin. We surveyed the northern cliff-faces of Betpak-Dala (total length of survey route was 33.57 km) at the end of April 2005. That period was characterized the depression of Gerbils and Large-toothed Souslik numbers. During surveys we found 6 nests of Long-legged Buzzards located on saxauls in 4 breeding territories and 20 nests – on cliff-faces in 9 breeding territories; however adults were recorded only in 4 territories. The density was 38.73 breeding territories/100 km of cliff-faces and 11.92 active nests/100 km of cliff-faces. We found 3 breeding territories per each plots in the northern and western cliff-faces of Betpak-Dala in 2007; the average density was 46.05 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces (range 37.1–60.6 pairs /100 km of cliff-faces). A total of 190–226 pairs are estimated to breed in cliff-faces of Betpak-Dala in years with high numbers of species-preys and 58–68 pairs – in years when the numbers of preys were the least. The Long-legged Buzzard was proved to be sufficiently common breeding raptor in the Karatau Mountains. We found 9 breeding territories, living nests were found in 7 territories on 23–25 April 2005. The density was 3.45 pairs/100 km2 for foothills of the northern slope of the Karatau Mountains and 1.63 pairs/100 km2 including the central part of the Mountains, where the Long-legged Buzzard breeding has not proved. A total of 110–146 pairs are estimated to breed in the north-western Karatau Mountains. The Long-legged Buzzard breeds almost everywhere in the Kazakh Upland, however the breeding is diffuse. We found 6 breeding territories in the Ulutau Mountains in 2005; the density was 2 pairs/100 km2. Also in the Ayak-Bestau Upland we surveyed 3 pairs in the plot, 2 – during the route through the Kezhebaysay river valley, 6 pair – on electric pole of the power line pass-

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Ãí¸çäà áåðêóòà â Êàðàòàó (1, 2), Îðòàó (3) è íà îáðûâàõ ìåæäó Êàðàòàó è Áåòïàê-Äàëîé (4). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nests of the Golden Eagle in the Karatau Mountains (1, 2), Ortau Mountains (3) and cliffs between Karatau mountains and the BetpakDala desert (4). Photos by I. Karyakin

â ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâàõ. Â ãîðàõ Óëóòàó â 2005 ã. áûëî âûÿâëåíî 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà, ïðèóðî÷åííûõ ê êðóïíûì ñêàëüíûì îñòàíöàì ïëîùàäüþ áîëüøå 10 êì2 (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006à). Â âåðõîâüÿõ Ñàðûñó è Àòàñó 29 àïðåëÿ – 13 ìàÿ 2007 ã. âûÿâëåíî 11 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Â Êàðàòàó â ïðåäåëàõ ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêè, ãäå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû, âåðîÿòíî, âñå òåððèòîðèàëüíûå ïàðû áåðêóòîâ, ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè îðëîâ ñîñòàâèëî (n=9) 2,1–6,7 êì, â ñðåäíåì 4,35±1,52 êì. Ïëîòíîñòü îïðåäåëåíà â 2,03 ïàðû/100 êì2, à ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíåíà â 140–164, â ñðåäíåì 152 ïàðû. Â Óëóòàó â ïðåäåëàõ ãîðíûõ ãðóïï ïëîòíîñòü áåðêóòà ñîñòàâèëà 3 ïàðû/100 êì2, îäíàêî èç-çà ìàëîé ïëîùàäè ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâîâ ïëîòíîñòü íà îáùåé ïëîùàäè îêàçàëàñü êðàéíå íèçêîé – 0,68–1,23 ïàðû/100 êì2, â ñðåäíåì 0,97 ïàðû/100 êì2. ×èñëåííîñòü áåðêóòà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ãîðíûõ ãðóïïàõ Óëóòàó îöåíåíà â 1018 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 14 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006à). Â ãîðíûõ ãðóïïàõ âåðõîâèé Ñàðûñó è Àòàñó ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè áåðêóòà ñîñòàâèëî (n=8) 4,45–10,5 êì, â ñðåäíåì 6,85±1,89 êì. Â ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâàõ áåðêóò ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í â öåëîì äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíî â 5–8 êì ïàðà îò ïàðû, è óâåëè÷åíèå ðàññòîÿíèé ìåæäó ïàðàìè îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ óâåëè÷åíèåì ðàññòîÿíèé ìåæäó îñòàíöàìè. Ïëîòíîñòü âàðüèðóåò â ðàçíûõ ãîðíûõ ãðóïïàõ îò 1,87 äî 2,14 ïàðû/100 êì2, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì

ing through the watershed of the Bair and the Karasay rivers. The density on electric poles was 17.24 pairs/100 km, the density in the plot – 1.77 pairs/100 km2. We found 20 living nests on electric poles between Jezkazgan and Kyzylzhar in the Sarysu right riverside, 19 out of which were found during survey route (25.35 pairs/100 km). The average distance between neighbors was 23.83±5.24 km (n=4; range 17.87–28.30 km); on electric poles: in the right riverside – 3.92±2.51 km (n=18; range 1.29–10.75 km), in the left riverside – 5.91±5.16 km (n=5; 2.18–14.74 km). A total of 400–484 pairs are estimated to breed in hills of the middle part of the Sarysu river basin (25000 km2) without pairs nesting on electric poles, also about 40–50 pairs breed on electric poles of 2 power lines. The species seemed to be rare in hills of the upper reaches of the Atasu and the Sarysu rivers. We found only 3 occupied breeding territories, while living nest was in only one territory. The density was 0.19 pair/100 km2. A total of 10–18 pairs are estimated to breed in the region. The Long-legged Buzzard seemed to be more rare species in the Sarysu river basin sands. Only occupied but without clutch nest was found at the edge of the Jarkum sands in the Sarysu right riverside on 19 April 2007. Also 2 nests (one was living, another nest was being built by birds at the moment of survey), were found at the edge of the Zhayrem sands. However surveying a power line 24.61 km in length, in a sandy

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ steppe to the south-east of Kyzylzhar we did not found any nests of the Long-legged Buzzardà. The number is estimated as 5–10 pairs. A total of 961–1177 pairs are estimated to breed in the Sarysu river basin. We found 145 nests in 100 breeding territories in the Sarysu river basin: 57 nests were living, 25 – occupied and 63 nests were old. 51 breeding territories were with only 1 nest, 34 – with 2, 9 – with 3, 5–4 and 1 – with 5 nests. Long-legged Buzzards prefer to nest following places (fig. 12): trees (31.72%), electric poles (27.59%), cliffs, rocks and precipices (38.62%). Tree-nesting birds (n=46) prefer generally saxaul (84.78%) and only little part of birds nest on silverberries, Russian olives and smooth-leaved elms (6.52%). We found 40 nests on electric poles: a half of them was on concrete poles, another half – on metal poles. Cliff nests (n=32) are located on mountain cliffs (59.38%) and river cliffs (40.63%). Cliff-nesting birds prefer to occupy ledges (90.63%), and only 9.38% nests were in niches. Most part of birds nesting on clay precipices (n=24) also prefer ledges (79.17%), others nest in niches. We surveyed 13 clutches, 3 of them contained 1 egg and seemed to be unfinished, and others were with 2–4 eggs, an average of 2.6±0.7 eggs. Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) Possible sporadic breeding in the Karatau Mountains species, which moved there last ten years, that caused by hybridization with the Long-legged Buzzard. A pair was observed in the central part of the north-western Karatau Mountains on 24 April 2005.

Ðèñ. 4. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) Fig. 4. Distribution of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)

Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) Rare migrating and breeding species. The species seemed to inhabit only large mountains (Karatau Mountains, Kazakh Upland). Little number of falcons breeds on electric poles in the north (Kazakh Upland) and the south (Betpak-Dala) of region. We found 3 breeding territories in the Karatau Mountains in 2005, the distances between which were 13.29 and 24.12 km. Following data of analysis of distances between breeding territories a total of 15–16 pairs are projected to breed in the all northern part of the Mountains. Surveying Western Betpak-Dala we observed Sakers in 2 breeding territories. The first breeding territory was between Zhuantobe and Stepnoy villages with the

Raptors Research

Âûâîäîê áåðêóòà. Ôîòî Ì. Êîðåïîâà Brood of the Golden Eagle. Photos by M. Korepov

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

1,93 ïàðû/100 êì2. ×èñëåííîñòü îöåíåíà â 135–155 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 145 ïàð. Âíå î÷åð÷åííûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê âîçìîæíî ãíåçäîâàíèå åäèíè÷íûõ ïàð è, âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî êðàéíå íåðåãóëÿðíî. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áåðêóòà íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 290– 340 ïàð. Â ðåãèîíå îáíàðóæåíî 53 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîéêè áåðêóòîâ, äëÿ 52-õ èç êîòîðûõ ñäåëàíû îïèñàíèÿ. Âûÿâëåííûå ïîñòðîéêè ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà âûñîòàõ îò 244 äî 955 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ, â ñðåäíåì (n=48) 642,17±210,98 ì. Çàìåòíà ðàçíèöà â âûñîòíîì ðàñïðåäåëåíèè áåðêóòà â Êàðàòó (n=17; 244–709 ì, â ñðåäíåì 379,4±104,72 ì) è ãîðíûõ ãðóïïàõ âåðõîâèé Àòàñó è Ñàðàñó (n=31; 696–955 ì, â ñðåäíåì 786,26±57,51 ì). Â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå áåðêóò ÿâíî ïðåäïî÷èòàåò äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íàèáîëüøèå ïî âûñîòå òî÷êè ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâîâ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîì Êàðàòàó, íàîáîðîò, áîëåå íèçêèå âûñîòû (ñðåäíèå è íèæíèå ÷àñòè óùåëèé, ïåðåäîâûå ñêëàäêè ãîð). Ýòîò îð¸ë â ðåãèîíå ãíåçäèòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà ñêàëàõ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïî ñòåíêàì óùåëèé (n=53; 67,9%), ðåæå íà ñòåíêàõ, îòêðûâàþùèõñÿ â äîëèíû (26,4%), åù¸ ðåæå íà íåáîëüøèõ ïðèðå÷íûõ ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ (3,8%) è ãëèíèñòûõ îáðûâàõ (1,9%). Ñîáñòâåííî íà ãëèíÿíîì îáðûâå îáíàðóæåíî åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî (25 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã.) – îíî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â íèøå íà âûñîòå 3,5 ì â 0,5 ì îò âåðøèíû îáðûâà. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä âàðüèðóåò (n=52) îò 3 äî 20 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 8,44±4,07 ì. Êàðàòàóññêèå áåðêóòû ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà íåñêîëüêî ìåíüøèõ ïî âûñîòå ñòåíêàõ (n=18; 3,5–12 ì, â ñðåäíåì

living nest made by Imperial Eagle on the concrete electric pole. The second territory, where we observed single bird, was located in the northern cliff-faces of Betpak-Dala. Now only 3–5 pairs are projected to breed in the all Western Betpak-Dala. The Saker Falcon was not found breeding in the central part of the Sarysu river basin and in the belt with 200 km in width between Betpak-Dala and the Kazakh Upland. The Saker Falcon prefers to inhabit high mountains with high rocks in the Kazakh Upland. Several pairs nest on electric poles of power lines with high voltage passing through hilly steppe habitats. The Saker Falcon is proved to breed only in the central part of the Ulutau Mountains. We found 7 breeding territories. The distance between neighbors was 7.72±1.63 km (n=5; range 6.62–9.86 km), density – 0.07 pair/km2 of rocks. A total of 28–38 pairs are estimated to breed in the Ulutau Mountains. The Saker Falcon is proved to inhabit only granite mountains in the upper reaches of the Sarysu and the Atasu rivers. We found 9 breeding territories, nests were found in 7 territories, including 6 living. The average distance between neighbors was 4.81±0.19 km (n=5; range 4.54–4.99 km) in granite mountains. Following data of counts in study plots the density was 1.74 pairs/100 km2 of total area (range 0–3.82 pair/100 km2) or 2.18 pair/100 km2 of granite mountains. A total of 35–45 pairs are estimated to breed in granite mountains in the upper reaches of the Sarysu and the Atasu rivers (1875 km2). The Saker Falcon is proved to breed only electric poles of power lines with high voltage in hilly territories: the density was 8.01 pairs/100 km in steppe hills in the Sarysu right riverside and 5.75 pairs/100 km – in steppe hills in the Sarysu left riverside. The average distance between neighbors was 13.01±7.91 km (n=6; range 5.7–28.5 km). We project 12– 23 pairs breeding on electric poles. A total of 93–127 pairs are estimated to breed in the Sarysu river basin. We found 33 nests of the Saker Falcon in the Sarysu river basin: 14 living, 6 empty, but occupied and 13 old, which falcons occupied earlier. We registered from 1 to 4 nests per breeding territory of the Saker. The distance between nests occupied by pair different years in the breeding territory was 0.01–1.34 km, an average of 0.28±0.38 km. The most part of nests was located on cliffs (78.8%) and only 21.2% of nests – on electric poles. Sakers occupy mainly nests

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13 7,19±2,64 ì), ÷åì îðëû èç ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà (n=34; 3–20 ì, â ñðåäíåì 9,1±4,55 ì), õîòÿ ðàçíèöà è ñëàáî çàìåòíà. Íà îòêðûòûõ ïîëêàõ óñòðàèâàþò ãí¸çäà 48,1% îðëîâ, íà ïîëêàõ ïîä íàâåñîì – 19,2% è 32,7% îðëîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ â çàêðûòûõ íèøàõ. Â Êàðàòàó ãí¸çäà áåðêóòà íà îòêðûòûõ ïîëêàõ äîìèíèðóþò (n=18; 61,1%) ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ òàêèì ðàñïîëîæåíèåì ãí¸çä â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå (n=34; 41,2%), â òî âðåìÿ êàê äîëÿ ãí¸çä â íèøàõ ïðàêòè÷åñêè îäèíàêîâà (33,3% è 32,4% ñîîòâåòñòâåííî). Â ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâàõ ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà ãîðàçäî áîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî ãí¸çä áåðêóòà, ÷åì â Êàðàòàó, óñòðîåíî íà ïîëêàõ ïîä íàâåñàìè è êîçûðüêàìè (26,5% ïðîòèâ 5,6%), ÷òî ëåãêî îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ ñòðóêòóðîé ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé – â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå áåðêóò ãíåçäèòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ãðàíèòàõ ñ õîðîøî ðàçâèòîé âåòðîâîé ýðîçèåé. Íà ó÷àñòêàõ áåðêóòà íàáëþäàåòñÿ îò 1 äî 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê, êîòîðûå îðëû ïåðèîäè÷åñêè èñïîëüçóþò äëÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Íà 22 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, êîòîðûå áûëè äåòàëüíî îáñëåäîâàíû, îáíàðóæåíî 48 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê (èñïîëüçóåìûõ è ñòàðûõ). Â ñðåäíåì íà ó÷àñòêå íàõîäèòñÿ 2,18±1,6 ïîñòðîåê, óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 0,06–2,25 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=26) 0,82±0,72 êì. Â Êàðàòàó íà ó÷àñòîê áåðêóòà ïðèõîäèòñÿ ãîðàçäî ìåíüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïîñòðîåê (n=18/11; 1–4, â ñðåäíåì 1,64±0,95), ÷åì â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå (n=30/11; 1–6, â ñðåäíåì 2,73±1,4), è ïðè ýòîì îíè ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ áîëåå êîìïàêòíî (n=7; 0,09–1,44 êì, â ñðåäíåì 0,58±0,47 êì), ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêîì (n=19; 0,06–2,25 êì, â ñðåäíåì 0,92±0,78 êì). Ïîñëåäíåå, âèäèìî, ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî â Êàðàòàó áåðêóò ãíåçäèòñÿ ïëîòíåå, ÷åì â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå, è ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè çäåñü â 1,5 ðàçà ìåíüøå. Óñïåøíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áåðêóòà íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè îòíîñèòåëüíî íèçêàÿ, à ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áîëåå ïîçäíèå, ÷åì â öåëîì â ñåâåðíîé ïîëîâèíå Ñðåäíåé Àçèè. Â 2005 ã. â Êàðàòàó â êîíöå àïðåëÿ íà 8 èç 10 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (80%) íàáëþäàëàñü àêòèâíîñòü ïòèö, ïðè ýòîì 2 äðóãèõ ó÷àñòêà òàêæå áûëè çàíÿòû ïòèöà-ìè, îäíàêî ãí¸çäà âûãëÿäåëè êðàéíå ñëàáî ïîäíîâë¸ííûìè. Èç 8 çàíÿòûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ëèøü íà òð¸õ ñàìêè íàñèæèâàëè êëàäêè (37,5%), à íà 5 ó÷àñòêàõ îðëû èíòåíñèâíî òîêîâàëè è ïîäíîâëÿëè ãí¸çäà. Ñåçîí 2007 ã. â ãîðíûõ ãðóïïàõ âåðõîâèé Ñàðûñó è Àòàñó, âèäèìî, îêàçàëñÿ äëÿ áåðêóòà íå ñîâñåì

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ built by Long-legged Buzzards (57.6%) (fig. 14), also by the Golden Eagle (24.2%). Cliff-nesting Sakers (n=26) prefer to nest in niches (57.7%), on ledges (38.5%) and in cliff clefts (3.8%). Only 4 nests were visited. Clutches with 4 and 5 eggs were found in 2 nests, and broods with 5 chicks – in another 2 nests. Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) Migrant. Only bird was observed in the Kishutau Mountains on 3 May 2005. Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) Non common breeding resident species in surveyed territory. The highest breeding density was noted in the Sarysu river and right cliff-faces of the Sarysu and Betpak-Dala plateaus, however the species is rare to breed in plateaus themselves. We found 23 breeding territories in those areas. The average distance between neighbors was 2.63±1.82 km (n=13; range 1–7 km), the density was – 32.97 pair/100 km of cliff-faces (24.75–60.61 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces). A total of 100–155 pairs are estimated to breed in the Sarysu river valley, and near 130–195 pairs – on cliff-faces of Betpak-Dala. We found 3 breeding territories of the Eagle owl in the Karatau Mountains on 23– 25 April 2005. Thus the density was 0.61 pairs/100 km2 or 26.25 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces. A total of 40–50 pairs are projected to breed in the north-western part of the Karatau Mountains. We found the Eagle Owl is sufficiently common breeding species in hilly steppes of the Kazakh Upland. The average distance between neighbors in the Ulutau Mountains was 7.0±4.15 km (n=4; range 1.2–10.26 km), density – 0.16 pair/km2 of cliff-faces. A total of 83–93 pairs are estimated to breed in the central part of the Ulutau Mountains. We found 7 breeding territories in the the Ayak-Bestau Upland in 2007. The average distance between neighbors 6.82±5.8 km (n=5; range 2.4–16.7 km), density – 4.13 pairs/100 km2. A total of 500–740 pairs are estimated to breed in the mountain middle part of the Sarysu river including right riverside and hilly steppes close to the Ulutau Mountains. Also we found 9 breeding territories in mountains of the upper reaches of the Atasu and Sarysu rivers on 1–13 May 2007, the average distance between neighbors was 16.22±8.7 km (n=7; range 2.44–30.45 km),

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13 óäà÷íûì, ò.ê. ëèøü íà äâóõ ó÷àñòêàõ èç 12òè (16,67%) óäàëîñü îáíàðóæèòü æèëûå ãí¸çäà è åù¸ íà 5 ó÷àñòêàõ ïîäòâåðäèòü ïðèñóòñòâèå ïòèö. Ò.å., 41,7% ó÷àñòêîâ â ñåçîí 2007 ã. îêàçàëèñü íå çàíÿòûìè îðëàìè. Â îñìîòðåííûõ æèëûõ ãí¸çäàõ íàõîäèëèñü êëàäêè èç 1 è 2 ÿèö è âûâîäîê èç 2-õ ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöîâ. Ïèòàíèå áåðêóòà â ðåãèîíå íå èçó÷àëîñü, îäíàêî, ñóäÿ ïî îñòàòêàì ïèùè ïîä ãí¸çäàìè è â íèõ, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî â îñíîâå ðàöèîíà îðëîâ íà Êàðàòàó ëåæàò êåêëèê (Alectoris chukar), çàÿö-òîëàé (Lepus tolai) è ñðåäíåàçèàòñêàÿ ÷åðåïàõà (Agrionemys horsfieldii), â Óëóòàó – çàÿöðóñàê (Lepus europaeus), òåòåðåâ (Tetrao tetrix) è æ¸ëòûé ñóñëèê (Spermophilus fulvus), à â âåðõîâüÿõ Ñàðûñó – çàÿö-ðóñàê, òåòåðåâ è ñåðàÿ êóðîïàòêà (Perdix perdix). Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) Íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ ïåðåë¸òíûé âèä, ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûé ïî èññëåäóåìîé òåððèòîðèè çíà÷èòåëüíî øèðå áåðêóòà. Çà ïåðèîä ðàáîòû â 2005 è 2007 ãã. â ðåãèîíå âûÿâëåíî 60 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, è òîëüêî íà 10 èç íèõ íå îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà îðëîâ (ðèñ. 5). Íå íàáëþäàëñÿ ëèøü â Êàðàòàó, ïëîòíî íàñåë¸ííîì áåðêóòîì. Â ïåñêàõ Ìîéûíêóì áûëî îáíàðóæåíî êðóïíîå ãíåçäî îðëà, âåðîÿòíî, ìîãèëüíèêà, óñòðîåííîå íà âåðøèíå ñàêñàóëà, íî îíî îêàçàëîñü ñòàðûì, ïîýòîìó äîñòîâåðíî îïðåäåëèòü âèä õîçÿèíà ãíåçäà áûëî íå âîçìîæíî. Ìîãèëüíèê îïðåäåë¸ííî ãíåçäèòñÿ íà ËÝÏ, èäóùåé ÷åðåç Ìîéûíêóì, òàê êàê â òðóáó íà íåé ïðîñìàòðèâàëèñü ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè îðëîâ, êîòîðûå íàìè íå áûëè îáñëåäîâàíû. Íî íà ýòîé æå ËÝÏ, íà ó÷àñòêå ìåæäó Ìîéûíêóìàìè è ÁåòïàêÄàëîé, ïàðà âçðîñëûõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ íàáëþäàëàñü 26 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. áëèç ñ. Æóàíòîáå. Âîçìîæíî, èõ ãíåçäî, ðàñïîëàãàâøååñÿ íà îäíîé èç îïîð, áûëî ðàçðóøåíî ýëåêòðèêàìè, êîòîðûå àêòèâíî ðàáîòàëè â äàííîì ðàéîíå. Â 20 êì îò ýòîãî ó÷àñòêà, óæå â Áåòïàê-Äàëå, æèëîå ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêîâ îáíàðóæåíî íà àíàëîãè÷íîé áåòîííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî â 2005 ã. íàìè áûë îñìîòðåí ó÷àñòîê ËÝÏ áëèç ñ. Ñòåïíîé, íî ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà íà í¸ì â òîò ãîä ìû íå íàøëè, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì îäíîé ïîñòðîéêè, âåðîÿòíî ðàíåå ïðèíàäëåæàâøåé ïðåäûäóùåé ïàðå, è â ãîä íàáëþäåíèÿ çàíÿòîé áàëîáàíàìè Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). Photo by I. Karyakin

the density was 1,16 pairs/100 km2 (0.75– 3.82 pairs/100 km2). A total of 55–120 pairs are estimated to breed in mountains of the upper reaches of the Atasu and Sarysu rivers. Thus we project 910–1360 pairs breeding in the Sarysu river basin. Following our surveys 74% of Eagle Owls breeding in the Sarysu river basin inhabit different cliffs and rocks thus that population of the species seems to be cliff-nesting mainly. While only 51.5% out of found nests were on cliffs, that connected with difficulty to find Eagle Owl’s nests in mountain regions especially in the Kazakh Upland. Cliff-nesting birds (fig. 16) seem to prefer river cliffs (18%) and stone hill slopes (19%). Nests on clifffaces are located on gentle bushy slopes of cliff-faces (22%) and clay ravines (20%). All nests found on slopes of hills (n=13) were located in foots of rocks, generally no more than 2 m in height. Cliff nests (n=21) were located mainly in niches and only 9.52% – on ledges. 28.6% of nests were in the upper and lower parts of cliffs, 23.8%, – in foots of cliffs and 19% – in the middle part of cliffs. The average height of cliff nest location was 5.4±5.9 m, ranged 0–20 m. All nests on gentle bushy slopes of ravines (n=15) were located in the upper part of the slope in foot of bushes. Nests on slopes of ravines (n=17) were located in niches in the upper and lower parts of slopes (23.5% per each other) and in niches in foot and in the middle part of slope (17.65% per each other) and on tops of slopes in foot of bushes. The average height of nest location was 3.0±3.3 m, ranged from 0 to 12 m. We found 11 nests with clutches (including 2 nests with perished clutches) and 3 nests with chicks. The average clutch size was 3.0±1.12 eggs (n=9; range 1–4 eggs). The average brood size was 2.67±0,58 chicks (range 2–3 chicks).

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà â Óëóòàó (1), Îðòàó (2) è äîëèíå ð. Ñàðûñó (3). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nests of the Imperial Eagle in the Ulutau Mountains (1), Ortau Mountains (2) and the Sarysu river valley (3). Photos by I. Karyakin

(Falco cherrug). Îäíàêî óæå â 2007 ã., ïðè îáñëåäîâàíèè ëèøü ïîëîâèíû ýòîãî æå ó÷àñòêà ËÝÏ, 17 àïðåëÿ áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 3 æèëûõ ãíåçäà îðëîâ, óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 17,60 è 17,64 êì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Â îäíîì ñëó÷àå îðëû ïåðåìåñòèëèñü íà ËÝÏ íà 2,2 êì, à èõ ñòàðîå ìíîãîëåòíåå ãíåçäî áûëî óñòðîåíî íà ñàêñàóëå. Äâà ïóñòóþùèõ ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ, óñòðîåííûå íà ñàêñàóëàõ, ðàñòóùèõ íà âåðøèíå îáðûâîâ ñåâåðíîãî ÷èíêà Áåòïàê-Äàëû, îñìîòðåíû 28 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. Â îäíîì èç íèõ äîñòîâåðíî ïîãèáëà êëàäêà, äðóãîå ãíåçäî, ïî âñåì ïðèçíàêàì, òàêæå áûëî áðîøåíî ïòèöàìè íà ðàííåé ñòàäèè íàñèæèâàíèÿ, íî â í¸ì îñòàòêè ÿèö íå áûëè íàéäåíû. Íà ó÷àñòêàõ ÷èíêà ñ ðåäêèìè ñàêñàóëüíèêàìè, îáñëåäîâàííûõ â 2007 ã., ìîãèëüíèê íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íå áûë îáíàðóæåí. Òåì íå ìåíåå, 16 àïðåëÿ áûëî íàéäåíî ãíåçäî íà îïîðå ËÝÏ â ãëèíèñòîé ïîëóïóñòûíå ïîä ÷èíêîì Áåòïàê-Äàëû. Îáû÷íûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âèäîì ìîãèëüíèê îêàçàëñÿ âäîëü çàïàäíîãî êðàÿ ïåñêîâ ñåâåðíåå îç. Êàðàêîéûí. Çäåñü 29 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. îáíàðóæåíî 7 ãí¸çä íà 9 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Â 2007 ã. çäåñü áûëî ïðîâåðåíî 3 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ ó÷àñòêà ñ ãí¸çäàìè è âûÿâëåí åù¸ îäèí, íà ïåñ÷àíîì áóãðå Ñàñûêøåíãåëü. Îïðåäåë¸ííî ìî-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ãèëüíèê ãíåçäèòñÿ â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè ïåñêîâ Æåòèêîíûð, íî îíà òàê è îñòàëàñü íåîáñëåäîâàííîé íàìè. Åù¸ ñåâåðíåå, â ïåñêàõ Æàéðåì, ëèø¸ííûõ äðåâåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè, ýòîò îð¸ë íå ãíåçäèòñÿ. Äîâîëüíî êðóïíàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ áûëà ðàíåå â ïåñêàõ Æàðêóì, â ïðàâîáåðåæüå íèæíåãî òå÷åíèÿ Ñàðûñó: çäåñü 19–20 àïðåëÿ áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè 20 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê, îäíàêî 13 èç íèõ (65%) îêàçàëèñü ñòàðûìè. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ïîñòðîéêè îðëîâ áûëè òåñíî ñâÿçàíû ñ ëåòíèìè ëàãåðÿìè ñêîòà, êîòîðûå óæå áîëåå äåñÿòêà ëåò çàáðîøåíû. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, ýòî è ÿâèëîñü ïðè÷èíîé ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ è ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè. Ó÷èòûâàÿ êëàñòåðíîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå ïîñòðîåê (íà îñíîâå ðàññòîÿíèÿ ìåæäó íèìè) ñ íåêîòîðîé äîëåé âåðîÿòíîñòè ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî ðàíåå çäåñü ãíåçäèëîñü íå ìåíåå 12 ïàð. Îäíàêî â 2007 ã. óäàëîñü âûÿâèòü ëèøü 7 çàíÿòûõ ãí¸çä, ïðè÷¸ì òîëüêî íà 3-õ èç íèõ îðëû ñèäåëè íà êëàäêàõ, íà îäíîì ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè, íî êëàäêè, ïî âñåé âèäèìîñòè, íå áûëî, è íà 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ ãíåçäîâàíèå áûëî íåóäà÷íûì èëè íå íà÷àëîñü, õîòÿ ïòèöû ÿâíî ïîñåùàëè ïîñòðîéêè (ñóäÿ ïî ïóõó è ïîì¸òó), à áëèç îäíîãî íàáëþäàëàñü âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà. Â äîëèíå ð. Ñàðûñó â 2005, 2007 ãã. âíå ïåñêîâ âûÿâëåíî 10 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ: 2 – ïîä çàïàäíûì ÷èíêîì Áåòïàê-Äàëû è 8 – ê ñåâåðó îò ïåñêîâ Æàðêóì äî óñòüÿ ð. Êàðà-Êåíãèð. Çäåñü îðëû íàñèæèâàëè êëàäêè â 6 ãí¸çäàõ, íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå îðëû ïîäíîâëÿëè ãíåçäî è ê êëàäêå åù¸ íå ïðèñòóïèëè, íà äðóãîì ó÷àñòêå êëàäêà ïîãèáëà èç-çà áåñïîêîéñòâà ïòèö ïàñòóõàìè, åù¸ â îäíîì ñëó÷àå ãíåçäà íàéòè íå óäàëîñü, ò.ê. ïòèöû íàáëþäàëèñü ñ ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîãî áåðåãà, è îäèí ó÷àñòîê ñ äâóìÿ ãí¸çäàìè îêàçàëñÿ ÿâíî ïîêèíóòûì îðëàìè íà ïðîòÿæåíèè íåñêîëüêèõ ëåò. Ïîìèìî ïåñêîâ è äîëèíû Ñàðûñó ìîãèëüíèê äîâîëüíî øèðîêî ãíåçäèòñÿ â ãëèíèñòûõ ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ âåçäå, ãäå åñòü ó÷àñòêè ñàêñàóëüíèêîâ. Â 2007 ã. íåáîëüøàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà áûëà îáíàðóæåíà â ëåâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó ìåæäó ñîðàìè Êóòàíñîð è Òóçêîëü. Çäåñü 14–15 àïðåëÿ, â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè, âûÿâëåíî 7 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà äâóõ èç êîòîðûõ îðëû íàñèæèâàëè êëàäêè, 2 áûëè çàíÿòû ïòèöàìè, íî êëàäîê â ãíåçäàõ íå áûëî, åù¸ 2 áûëè îïðåäåë¸íî çàíÿòû, íî ãí¸çäà íå îñìàòðèâàëèñü, è îäèí ó÷àñòîê ñ îäíèì ñòàðûì ãíåçäîì áûë ïîêèíóò ïòèöàìè â

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Ðèñ. 5. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) Fig. 5. Distribution of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca)

òå÷åíèå ðÿäà ëåò, ëèáî íàì ïðîñòî íå óäàëîñü íàéòè àêòèâíîãî ãíåçäà. Åù¸ îäíî ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà (ïóñòóþùåå), òàêæå óñòðîåííîå íà ñàêñàóëå, áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 19 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã. â 8 êì ê ñåâåðî-çàïàäó îò îç. Òåëèêîëü, à â 7,3 êì îò íåãî – åù¸ îäíî çàíÿòîå ãíåçäî, óñòðîåííîå íà ëîõå. Ñóäÿ ïî ñíèìêàì, ñàêñàóëüíèêè äîñòàòî÷íî øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû âäîëü ñîðîâ â íèçîâüÿõ Ñàðûñó, íà óñòóïå íåáîëüøîãî ïëàòî, îáðàìëÿþùåãî ñ ñåâåðà ðàâíèíó Äàðüÿëûêòàêûð, ïîýòîìó çäåñü ìîæíî îæèäàòü áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ðàâíîìåðíîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè. Â íåáîëüøèõ ñîïêàõ ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Ñàðûñó ìîãèëüíèê íå îáíàðóæåí. Ëèøü ó Æåçäèíñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà â 2005 ã. íàéäåíî åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî, ïðè÷¸ì åäèíñòâåííîå íà 40-êèëîìåòðîâîì ó÷àñòêå äîëèíû Æåçäû. Íå îáíàðóæåí ìîãèëüíèê è â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå Àÿê-Áåñòàó, à òàêæå ïî âñåìó çàïàäíîìó øëåéôó ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâîâ â âåðõîâüÿõ Àòàñó. Ëèøü â âåðõîâüÿõ Ñóëóìàíàêà è Àëàáàñêè (âîñòî÷íûé ñêëîí ãîð Àëàáàñ) 11 ìàÿ 2007 ã.

áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà, áðîøåííîå ïî ïðè÷èíå ïîæàðà â òåêóùåì ãîäó, à 13 ìàÿ ÿâíî òåððèòîðèàëüíûé ìîãèëüíèê íàáëþäàëñÿ íàä ïàñòáèùåì è êðóïíîé ôåðìîé â ðàñïàäêå âîñòî÷íîãî ñêëîíà ãðàíèòíîãî ìàññèâà Îðòàó. Ýòèìè äâóìÿ íàõîäêàìè îãðàíè÷èâàþòñÿ âñå âñòðå÷è ìîãèëüíèêà âî âñåé ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè áàññåéíà ð. Ñàðûñó. Èíûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ìîãèëüíèêîì â Óëóòàó, ãäå, â îòëè÷èå îò âåðõîâèé Ñàðûñó, â ìàññå âñòðå÷àåòñÿ æ¸ëòûé ñóñëèê. Êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ìîãèëüíèê â Óëóòàó îòíîñèòåëüíî îáû÷åí. Íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â Óëóòàó íà ìàðøðóòàõ âäîëü îñåâîé ÷àñòè ñîïîê â 2005 ã. îáíàðóæåíî 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ïðè÷¸ì íà âñåõ òð¸õ íàéäåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà. Â 2007 ã. áëèç ï. Óëóòàó âûÿâëåí åù¸ îäèí, ðàíåå íå èçâåñòíûé, ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ìîãèëüíèêîâ, òàêæå ñ æèëûì ãíåçäîì. Íà âîäîðàçäåëå ðåê Òàìäû è Êàðà-Êåíãèð â 2005 ã. áûëè âûÿâëåíû 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ ñ æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè. Ïëîòíîñòü, ñ êîòîðîé ìîãèëüíèê ãíåçäèòñÿ â ëåñîíàñàæäåíèÿõ âäîëü îñòàíöîâûõ ãîð

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà ÷èíêå Áåòïàê-Äàëû (1), â öåíòðå Áåòïàê-Äàëû (2), â ïîëóïóñòûíå ëåâîáåðåæüÿ Ñàðûñó (3), ïåñêàõ Æàðêóì è Êàðàêîéûí (4–6), áëèç îç. Òåëèêîëü (7). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nests of the Imperial Eagle on cliff-faces of the Betpak-Dala desert (1), in the central part of the Betpak-Dala desert (2), in the semi-desert of the Sarysu river (3), Zharkum and Karakoyin Sands (4–6) and near the Telikol Lake (7). Photos by I. Karyakin

Óëóòàó, ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,3 ïàð/10 êì2 (0,64 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè), ìèíèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð – 5 êì. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü â Óëóòàó, èñêëþ÷àÿ ãðàíèòíûå ìàññèâû, îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 18–20 ïàð. Áëèçêóþ îöåíêó (20 ïàð) äà¸ò ðàñ÷¸ò ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà íà îáùóþ ïëîùàäü îñåâîé ÷àñòè Óëóòàó (4 òûñ. êì2) ïî ïëîòíîñòè (0,51 ïàð/100 êì2), ïîëó÷åííîé íà àâòîìàðøðóòàõ âäîëü îñòàíöîâûõ ãðÿä. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ìîãèëüíèêà íà âîäîðàçäåëå ðåê Òàìäû è Êàðà-Êåíãèð – 9,8 è 5,6 êì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ïëîòíîñòü ïî ó÷¸òó íà ìàðøðóòàõ – 0,35–0,53 ïàð/100 êì2 (â ñðåäíåì 0,44 ïàð/100 êì2). Â 2005 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòûõ ñòåïÿõ, ïðèëåãàþùèõ ê îñòàíöîâûì ãðÿäàì Óëóòàó (16 òûñ. êì2), áûëà îöåíåíà â 56–82 ïàðû (â ñðåäíåì 71 ïàðà) (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006à), îêîëî ïîëîâèíû èç êîòîðûõ ãíåçäèòñÿ â

áàññåéíå ð. Ñàðûñó. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 46–61 ïàðó. Â âåðõîâüÿõ Àòàñó è Ñàðûñó ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,19 ïàð/ 100 êì 2 (0–1,07 ïàð/100 êì2), à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíåíà â 5–9 ïàð. Â äîëèíå íèæíåãî òå÷åíèÿ Ñàðûñó ìîãèëüíèê ãíåçäèòñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ 2,5êèëîìåòðîâîé ïîëîñû îò ðóñëà. Ïðè ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè ðåêè â 453 êì, ïëîùàäü îáëàñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà ñîñòàâëÿåò 1132,5 êì2. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà ïî äîëèíå êðàéíå íåðàâíîìåðíî èç-çà ëèìèòà ìåñò äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè íà îñìîòðåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ äîëèíû ñîñòàâëÿåò â ñðåäíåì (n=6) 12,2±6,16 êì (3,07– 21,37 êì), ïëîòíîñòü – 3,27 ïàð/100 êì2 (2,33–5,48 ïàð/100 êì2). ×èñëåííîñòü îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 26–62, â ñðåäíåì 37 ïàð.

Raptors Research

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nests of the Imperial Eagle on electric poles. Photos by I. Karyakin

Ðèñ. 6. Ìåñòà óñòðîéñòâà ãíåçä ìîãèëüíèêà Fig. 6. Nesting preferences of the Imperial Eagle

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Â ïîëóïóñòûííûõ ñàêñàóëüíèêàõ, ìåæäó ñîðàìè Òóçêîëü è Êóòàíñîð, ïëîòíîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà ñîñòàâëÿåò 2,84 ïàð/100 êì2, ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð – (n=6) 2,36–4,87 êì, â ñðåäíåì 3,54±0,9 êì. Äëÿ ïëîùàäè ïîëóïóñòûííûõ ñàêñàóëüíèêîâ â ëåâîáåðåæüå è ïðàâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó (2600 êì2) ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â 70–75 ïàð. Â Áåòïàê-Äàëå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè äâóõ ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ñàêñàóëàõ íà ñåâåðíîì ÷èíêå, ñîñòàâèëî 16,59 êì, íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â öåíòðå ïëàòî – 17,96 è 17,82 êì. Â õîäå ó÷¸òà íà ìàðøðóòàõ íà ñåâåðíîì ÷èíêå îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 5,96 ïàð/100 êì, ïëîòíîñòü – 2,98 ïàð/100 êì2; â öåíòðå ïëàòî – 4,04 ïàð/100 êì, ïëîòíîñòü – 2,88

ïàð/100 êì2. Ïî ó÷¸òó íà ïëîùàäêàõ â çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Áåòïàê-Äàëû ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 2,8 ïàð/100 êì2. Íà âñþ òåððèòîðèþ Çàïàäíîé Áåòïàê-Äàëû âðÿä ëè ïðàâîìî÷íî ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàòü äàííûå ó÷¸òîâ, òàê êàê îáñëåäîâàëèñü òåððèòîðèè, èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà. Ôèëüòðàöèÿ â ÃÈÑ ïëîùàäåé, óäàë¸ííûõ îò ËÝÏ è áåäíûõ ñàêñàóëàìè, ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëîæèòü ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà â Áåòïàê-Äàëå íà ïëîùàäè 1804 êì2 â êîëè÷åñòâå 45–57 ïàð, 25–33 ïàðû èç êîòîðûõ ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ÷èíêó Áåòïàê-Äàëû. Â ïåñêàõ ìîãèëüíèê ãíåçäèòñÿ ñ äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ íà ó÷àñòêàõ ñ äðåâåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ, êîòîðàÿ çäåñü ïðåäñòàâëåíà ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ëîõîì è ñàêñàóëîì íà ëîêàëüíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ. Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü îòìå÷åíà íà çàïàäíîé ïåðèôåðèè ïåñêîâ Êàðàêîéûí – 12,6 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè (11,25 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñà). Â ïåñêàõ Æàðêóì, ïðîòÿíóâøèõñÿ óçêîé ïîëîñîé ïî ïðàâîìó áåðåãó ð. Ñàðûñó, ìîãèëüíèê ãíåçäèòñÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 5,07 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè (5,51 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñà), õîòÿ â íåäàâíåì ïðîøëîì çäåñü ïëîòíîñòü áûëà âûøå è ñîñòàâëÿëà, êàê ìèíèìóì, 8,69 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè (9,45 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñà). Ó÷èòûâàÿ ïîëíîå îòñóòñòâèå ëåñà â ïåñêàõ Æàéðåì è ëîêàëüíîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ïåñ÷àíûõ ìàññèâîâ, ñîâðåìåííóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà äëÿ ïåñêîâ â ëåâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó ìîæíî îöåíèòü â 20–40 ïàð. Äî 10–20 ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ ìåæäó Áåòïàê-Äàëîé è ïåñêàìè Ìîéûíêóìû, à òàêæå â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè ïåñêîâ. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà â ðåãèîíå, îñíîâàííàÿ íà ñóììèðîâàíèè îöåíîê ïî îñíîâíûì ãíåçäîâûì ãðóïïèðîâêàì, îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 222–324 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàðû. Òåíäåíöèè äèíàìèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè â öåëîì ïîëîæèòåëüíûå. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè äâóêðàòíîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè íà ëîêàëüíîé ïëîùàäè â ïåñêàõ, ãäå ðàçðóøåíà èíôðàñòðóêòóðà ëåòíèõ ëàãåðåé ñêîòà è ÷àáàíñêèõ ñòîÿíîê, ïðè òð¸õêðàòíîì ðîñòå ÷èñëåííîñòè â Áåòïàê-Äàëå è ïîëóïóñòûíå ëåâîáåðåæüÿ Ñàðûñó. Ïëîùàäü òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòîðîé ïðîèñõîäèò ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà, â 15 ðàç ïðåâûøàåò ïëîùàäü òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòîðîé íàáëþäàþòñÿ íåãàòèâíûå òåíäåíöèè. Â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèé îáíàðóæåíî 75 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê ìîãèëüíèêà íà 50

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Êëàäêè ìîãèëüíèêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Clutches of the Imperial Eagle. Photos by I. Karyakin

ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Â îñåâîé ÷àñòè Óëóòàó äâà ãíåçäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà âåðøèíàõ îñèí â íåáîëüøèõ êîëêàõ â âåðøèíàõ óùåëèé ñêàëüíûõ îñòàíöåâ, è îäíî ãíåçäî – íà âåðøèíå èâû â êîëêå â âåðõîâüÿõ ðó÷üÿ ñðåäè óâàëèñòîé ñòåïè. Íà âîäîðàçäåëå ðåê Òàìäû è ÊàðàÊåíãèð âñå èçâåñòíûå ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ óñòðîåíû íà ãîðèçîíòàëüíûõ òðàâåðñàõ áåòîííûõ îïîð ËÝÏ. Ãíåçäî, îáíàðóæåííîå â Îðòàó, ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà îñèíå. Âñå ãí¸çäà âäîëü êðàÿ ïåñêîâ Êàðàêîéûí è â äîëèíå Ñàðûñó ðàçìåùàëèñü íà ëîõàõ. Â ãëèíèñòûõ ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ ëåâîáåðåæüÿ Ñàðûñó è â Áåòïàê-Äàëå ìîãèëüíèê óñòðàèâàåò ãí¸çäà ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ñàêñàóëàõ – 70,6%, ðåæå ãíåçäèòñÿ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ – 23,5% (ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíî íà áåòîííûõ). Â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó ñðåäè îáíàðóæåííûõ ãí¸çä äîìèíèðóþò óñòðîåííûå íà ëîõàõ (Elagnus sp.) – 52% è ñàêñàóëàõ (Haloxilon sp.) – 20% (ðèñ. 6). Îäíàêî, ó÷èòûâàÿ òî, ÷òî â çîíå àáñîëþòíîãî äîìèíèðîâàíèÿ ñàêñàóëà â áàññåéíå

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Ñàðûñó ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå 50,7% ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà, òî äîëÿ ãí¸çä, îáíàðóæåííûõ íà ñàêñàóëàõ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, êàê ìèíèìóì â 2 ðàçà ìåíüøå ðåàëüíîé. Ñâÿçàíî ýòî ñ òåì, ÷òî ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà, óñòðîåííûå íà äðóãèõ ïîðîäàõ äåðåâüåâ è îïîðàõ, ëåã÷å âûÿâëÿþòñÿ, òàê êàê ïðèâÿçàíû ê ëèíåéíûì ñòðóêòóðàì, ÷¸òêî âèäèìûì êàê íà ñíèìêå, òàê è íà ìåñòíîñòè (ËÝÏ, êðàé ïåñêîâ, äîëèíà ðåêè è ò.ï.). Èç ãí¸çä íà äåðåâüÿõ (n=65) 56,9% óñòðîåíî â ðàçâèëêàõ â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû, 36,9% – íà âåðøèíàõ è 6,15% - íà áîêîâûõ âåòâÿõ â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû, â íåêîòîðîì óäàëåíèè îò ñòâîëà. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä âàðüèðóåò îò 1,5 äî 12 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 4,94±2,55 ì è ìèíèìàëüíà ó ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà ñàêñàóëàõ (n=15; 1,5–2,5 ì, â ñðåäíåì 1,86±0,29 ì), à ìàêñèìàëüíà ó ãí¸çä, ðàçìåù¸ííûõ íà ëîõàõ (n=38; 2–12 ì, â ñðåäíåì 5,78±2,21 ì) è îñèíàõ (n=4; 6–11 ì, â ñðåäíåì 8,25±2,06 ì). Çà âðåìÿ èññëåäîâàíèé áûëî îòìå÷åíî ïåðåìåùåíèå 2-õ ïàð ñ ñàêñàóëîâ íà îïîðû ËÝÏ è îäíîé ïàðû ñ îïîðû ËÝÏ íà ëîõ (â ðåçóëüòàòå ðàçðóøåíèÿ ãíåçäà ýíåðãåòèêàìè). Äèñòàíöèÿ ïåðåìåùåíèÿ ñîñòàâèëà 1,34–2,31 êì è âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñòàðîå è íîâîå ãí¸çäà íàõîäèëèñü â ïðåäåëàõ ïðÿìîé âèäèìîñòè îäíî îò äðóãîãî â áèíîêëü. Íàñèæèâàþùèõ ïòèö ñòàðàëèñü íå áåñïîêîèòü, òåì íå ìåíåå, 3 ãíåçäà ñ êëàäêàìè áûëè îñìîòðåíû â 2005 è 2007 ãã. è ñîäåðæàëè ïî 2 ÿéöà. Ñóäÿ ïî ñáîðó îñòàòêîâ ïèùè è ïîãàäîê ïîä ãí¸çäàìè, â ïèòàíèè ìîãèëüíèêà â ðåãèîíå äîìèíèðóåò æ¸ëòûé ñóñëèê. Îð¸ë ñòåïíîé (Aquila nipalensis) Íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ ïåðåë¸òíûé âèä, øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûé ïî èññëåäóåìîé òåððèòîðèè. Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis). Photo by I. Karyakin

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13 Ïðîë¸òíûå îñîáè íàáëþäàþòñÿ ïî âñåé òåððèòîðèè áàññåéíà Ñàðûñó â òå÷åíèå àïðåëÿ, îäíàêî â íîðìå ãíåçäèòüñÿ ñòåïíîé îð¸ë íà÷èíàåò ëèøü ñåâåðíåå 47,30° ñ.ø. – â ñòåïíîé çîíå. Íå îáíàðóæåí íàìè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â êðóïíûõ ñêàëüíûõ ìàññèâàõ Êàçàõñêîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà è Êàðàòàó, ìåæäó Êàðàòàó è Áåòïàê-Äàëîé, íà ñîðîâûõ ðàâíèíàõ â íèçîâüÿõ Ñàðûñó, â ãëèíèñòûõ ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ áàññåéíà Ñàðûñó è â ïåñêàõ, âêëþ÷àÿ áåçëåñíûå ïåñêè Æàéðåì. Ïðè ýòîì â 80-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ âèä îïðåäåë¸ííî ãíåçäèëñÿ ìåæäó Êàðàòàó è Áåòïàê-Äàëîé

Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Êàçàõñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Types of the Steppe Eagle’s nest location in the Kazakh Upland. Photos by I. Karyakin

âäîëü þæíîé êðîìêè Ïðèñàðûñóéñêèõ Ìóþíêóìîâ â ïîëóïóñòûíå ñ îäèíî÷íûìè ñàêñàóëàìè. Çäåñü 24–26 ìàÿ 1984 ã. íà àâòîìàðøðóòå ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 475 êì áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 2 çàíÿòûõ ãíåçäà ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (îäíî ïóñòîå, äðóãîå – ñ ïîãèáøèì ÿéöîì) è âñòðå÷åíû ïòèöû â 2-õ òî÷êàõ (Ãóáèí, Ëåâèí, 1986). Âåðîÿòíî, ñòåïíîé îðåë ðàíåå ãíåçäèëñÿ è â ñàêñàóëüíèêàõ ïîëóïóñòûíü ëåâîáåðåæüÿ è ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Ñàðûñó, îäíàêî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïîëíîñòüþ âûòåñíåí îòñþäà ìîãèëüíèêîì. Â Áåòïàê-Äàëå åù¸ 20 ëåò íàçàä ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, âåðîÿòíî, óñïåøíî ãíåçäèëñÿ, òàê êàê íà ÷èíêàõ Áåòïàê-Äàëû áûëè îáíàðóæåíû 4 î÷åíü ñòàðûå ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè è 2 áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ñâåæèå, îäíà èç êîòîðûõ, ñóäÿ ïî ïóõó, ïîñåùàëàñü ïòèöåé â 2005 ã. Ñëó÷àåâ óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Áåòïàê-Äàëå íå óñòàíîâëåíî. Îáèëèå ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëà (ïî 2-ì áîëåå èëè ìåíåå íîðìàëüíî ñîõðàíèâøèìñÿ ïîñòðîéêàì) ñîñòàâèëî 4,29 ãí¸çä/100 êì îáðûâîâ (0–12,4 ãí¸çä/100 êì îáðûâîâ), à ïëîòíîñòü äëÿ ÷èíêîâîé çîíû – 1,87 ãí¸çä/100 êì2. Ïîíÿòíî, ÷òî ýòè ïîêàçàòåëè íà äàííûé ìîìåíò õàðàêòåðèçóþò óæå òî, ÷òî áûëî ñî ñòåïíûì îðëîì â Áåòïàê-Äàëå íåñêîëüêî ëåò íàçàä. Òàêèì îáÃí¸çäà ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà âåðøèíå ñîïêè (ââåðõó) è íà ðàçðóøåííîé áåòîííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ â ïîíèæåíèè ìåæäó ñîïîê (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nests of the Steppe Eagle on the top of hill (upper) and on the destroyed concrete electric pole in the flat ground between hills (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Ðèñ. 7. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) Fig. 7. Distribution of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis)

ðàçîì, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü êàê ìèíèìóì î òð¸õêðàòíîì ñîêðàùåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ÷èíêàõ Çàïàäíîé Áåòïàê-Äàëû çà ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå, ïðàêòè÷åñêè äî ïîëíîãî âûïàäåíèÿ âèäà èç ãíåçäîâîé ôàóíû. Ïî ó÷¸òàì íà àâòîìîáèëüíûõ ìàðøðóòàõ

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â Çàïàäíîé Áåòïàê-Äàëå 20 ìàÿ – 28 èþ-íÿ 1983 ã. íà 1035 êì ìàðøðóòîâ áûëî âñòðå÷åíî 146 ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ â 63 òî÷êàõ: 58 ðàç – îäèíî÷êè, 4 ðàçà – ïàðû è òðèæäû – ñêîïëåíèÿ (Êîâøàðü è äð., 1986). Íàìè 26–29 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. è 16– 17 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã., ïðè îáùåì ïðîáåãå ïî Çàïàäíîé Áåòïàê-Äàëå 531 êì, âñòðå÷åí ëèøü 1 ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, è òðóïû 8 ïòèö îáíàðóæåíû ïîä îïîðàìè ËÝÏ íà 9-êì ó÷àñòêå íåôòåïðîâîäà «Ïàâëîäàð-Øûìêåíò». Ó÷èòûâàÿ âñ¸ âûøåñêàçàííîå ïðè ñàìîì îïòèìèñòè÷åñêîì âçãëÿäå íà ñèòóàöèþ ñî ñòåïíûì îðëîì â Çàïàäíîé Áåòïàê-Äàëå, çäåñü ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå íå áîëåå 5 ïàð. Íåñêîëüêî ëó÷øå îáñòîèò ñèòóàöèÿ ñî ñòåïíûì îðëîì íà ÷èíêàõ ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Ñàðûñó. Çäåñü îí íàáëþäàëñÿ íàìè â 2007 ã. â êîëè÷åñòâå 9,36 îñ./100 êì àâòîìàðøðóòà. Íà ïëîùàäêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà 2-õ ïàð è åù¸ ãíåçäî îäíîé ïàðû çà ïðåäåëàìè ïëîùàäêè. Îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 4,49 ïàð/100 êì îáðûâîâ (0–20,2 ïàð/100 êì îáðûâîâ), à ïëîòíîñòü – 1,23 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè. ×èñëåííîñòü îöåíåíà â 10–20 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 16 ïàð. Â õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòûõ ñòåïÿõ Êàçàõñêîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ãíåçäèòñÿ ñ âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ, îñîáåííî â 50–60êèëîìåòðîâîé çîíå ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Ñàðûñó è â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå Àÿê-Áåñòàó â ëåâîáåðåæüå. Â Óëóòàó â 2005 ã. áûëî âñòðå÷åíî 26 ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ è ëîêàëèçîâàíî 11 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ: 16 îñîáåé íàáëþäàëèñü íà 10 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûõ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Êóìîëà. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ïðèóðî÷åíû ê îñåâîé ÷àñòè õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòûõ âîäîðàçäåëîâ ðåê ñ âûõîäàìè ìàòåðèíñêèõ ïîðîä ïî ñêëîíàì è âåðøèíàì, ëèáî ê ñîïî÷íûì ëàíäøàôòàì, âûòÿíóòûì âäîëü äîëèí íåáîëüøèõ âîäîòîêîâ, òàêæå ñ âûõîäàìè ìàòåðèíñêèõ ïîðîä. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ó÷àñòêàìè ñîñòàâëÿåò çäåñü (n=8) â ñðåäíåì 2,0±0,73 êì (1,24–3,27 êì). Ïî äàííûì ìàðøðóòíûõ ó÷¸òîâ (n=18) ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 0,84 ïàð/100 êì2, à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü äëÿ âñåé òåððèòîðèè, áåç ó÷¸òà ñêàëüíûõ ìàññèâîâ (19 òûñ. êì2), îöåíåíà â 119–199 ïàð (â ñðåäíåì 159 ïàð) (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006à), îêîëî ïîëîâèíû èç êîòîðûõ ãíåçäèòñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ áàññåéíà ð. Ñàðûñó. Â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Ñàðûñó â 2007 ã., íà ìàðøðóòå âäîëü ËÝÏ îò Äæåçêàçãàíà äî Êûçûëæàðà, ñòåïíîé îð¸ë âñòðå÷åí íà 7 ó÷àñòêàõ, â òîì ÷èñëå íà 5 ó÷àñòêàõ

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Êëàäêè ñòåïíîãî îðëà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Clutches of the Steppe Eagle. Photos by I. Karyakin

Ðèñ. 8. Ìåñòà óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëà Fig. 8. Nesting sites of the Steppe Eagle

îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà. Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 9,34 ïàð/100 êì2. Â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå ëåâîáåðåæüÿ Ñàðûñó, íà âîäîðàçäåëå ðåê Áàèð è Êàðàñàé, ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ó÷ò¸í íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ, ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 5,75 ïàð/100 êì2. Âîñòî÷íåå ïåñêîâ Æàéðåì â ïðèäîëèííîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå ð. Êàðàñàé ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 7,81 ïàð/100 êì2 (12,5 îñ./100 êì ìàðøðóòà). Â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå Àÿê-Áåñòàó ïëîòíîñòü ñòåïíîãî îðëà ñîñòàâèëà 5,9 ïàð ïàð/100 êì2. Çäåñü âûÿâëåíî 10 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ïîäòâåðæä¸ííûõ íàõîäêàìè ãí¸çä. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè â ñîïî÷íûõ ìàññèâàõ ñîñòàâèëî 0,9–3,25 êì, â ñðåäíåì 1,95±0,94 êì, ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîïî÷íûìè ìàññèâàìè ñ ãí¸çäàìè – 4,85–25,38 êì, â ñðåäíåì 12,8±7,96 êì. ×èñëåííîñòü äëÿ ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà ñðåäíåãî òå÷åíèè ð. Ñàðûñó (25 òûñ. êì2) îöåíåíà â 1650–1950 ïàð. Â ìåëêîñîïî÷íûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ, âîñòî÷íåå ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâîâ, â âåðõîâüÿõ Ñàðûñó è Àòàñó ñòåïíîé îð¸ë âñòðå÷àëñÿ ðåæå. Íà ìàðøðóòàõ ó÷òåíî ëèøü 6 îñîáåé, â òîì ÷èñëå 1 ïàðà. Îäíàêî, íà ïëîùàäêå â âåðõîâüÿõ Êàéðàêòû, 13 ìàÿ 2007 ã. âûÿâëåíî 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ñ ïóñòóþùèìè ãí¸çäàìè, óäàë¸ííûìè äðóã îò äðóãà íà 2,4 êì (ïëîòíîñòü – 12,1 ïàð/100 êì2). Òåì íå ìåíåå, ýòà òåððèòîðèÿ îêàçàëàñü óíèêàëüíîé, òàê êàê áûëà íå çàäåòà ïîæàðàìè. Îêðåñòíûå ñîïêè âûãîðåëè ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ íà îãðîìíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòè ñòåïíîãî îðëà çäåñü áûòü íå ìîæåò. Îðèåíòèðîâî÷íàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü äëÿ ó÷àñòêîâ, íå ïðîéäåííûõ ïîæàðàìè, ñîñòàâëÿåò 20–30 ïàð. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíîãî îðëà â áàññåéíå ð. Ñàðûñó ñîñòàâëÿåò 1740–2105 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Â õîäå ðàáîòû îáíàðóæåíî 37 ãí¸çä íà 30 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ñòåïíîãî îðëà (ðèñ. 7): 15 ãí¸çä îêàçàëèñü æèëûìè – â íèõ ñàìêè íàñèæèâàëè êëàäêè, 5 ãí¸çä ïîäíîâëÿëèñü ïòèöàìè ïîñëå ïðèë¸òà, íî êëàäîê åù¸ íå áûëî, 8 ïîñòðîåê îêàçàëèñü ïóñòûìè, íî èìåëè ñëåäû ïðèñóòñòâèÿ íà íèõ ïòèö è 9 ãí¸çä – ýòî ñòàðûå ïîñòðîéêè, â òîì ÷èñëå 7 íà çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Ïîäàâëÿþùåå áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (48,65%) óñòðîåíî íà ñîïêàõ (ðèñ. 8), 18,92% – íà ÷èíêàõ ïëàòî è ïî 16,2% ãí¸çä îðëîâ óñòðîåíî íà ïðèðå÷íûõ ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ è â ìåæñîïî÷íûõ äîëèíàõ.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13 Èç ãí¸çä íà ñîïêàõ (n=18) 50% óñòðîåíî íà âåðøèíàõ è 50% – íà ñêëîíàõ ñîïîê; èç ãí¸çä íà ÷èíêàõ ïëàòî (n=7) áîëüøèíñòâî óñòðîåíî â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñêëîíîâ (71,43%), è ëèøü íåçíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü – íà âåðøèíàõ (28,57%). Â ìåæñîïî÷íûõ äîëèíàõ (n=6) 50% ãí¸çä óñòðîåíî íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ, îñòàëüíàÿ ïîëîâèíà – íà çåìëå (îòêðûòî íà çåìëå â îñíîâàíèè ïëîñêîãî êóñòà, â îñíîâàíèè áåòîííîé îïîðû ËÝÏ) è íà îáëîìêå ñâàëåííîé áåòîííîé îïîðû ËÝÏ. Âûøå óæå îòìå÷àëîñü, ÷òî ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ÿâíî èçáåãàåò ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâîâ ñ áîëüøèìè âûñîòàìè. Âñå îáíàðóæåííûå ãí¸çäà ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ëåæàò â äèàïàçîíå âûñîò îò 253 äî 609 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ, â ñðåäíåì 479,26±85,57 ì. Íàèìåíåå âûñîêî ðàñïîëîæåííûå ãí¸çäà õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ Áåòïàê-Äàëû è ÷èíêîâ Ñàðûñó – 253–290 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ. Â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå îðëû ãíåçäÿòñÿ â äèàïàçîíå âûñîò îò 375 äî 596 ì. Èçâåñòíî åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî â âåðõîâüÿõ Ñàðûñó, óñòðîåííîå âûøå 600 ì. Èíòåðåñíî òî, ÷òî ïî âûñîòíîìó äèàïàçîíó óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå ñòåïíîé îð¸ë íå ïåðåêðûâàåòñÿ ñ áåðêóòîì, êîòîðûé ãíåçäèòñÿ íà âûñîòàõ áîëåå 696 ì. Â õîäå ðàáîòû íàìè áûëî îñìîòðåíî 6 æèëûõ ãí¸çä: îíè ñîäåðæàëè êëàäêè, ñîñòîÿùèå èç 2–3 ÿèö, â ñðåäíåì 2,33±0,52 ÿèö.

Ðèñ. 9. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëàêàðëèêà (Hieraaetus pennatus) Fig. 9. Distribution of the Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)

Ïîäîðëèê áîëüøîé (Aquila clanga) Ïðîë¸òíûé âèä. Â òå÷åíèå 1,5 ÷àñîâ, ïðîâåä¸ííûõ íà îç. Òåëèêîëü 19 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã., óäàëîñü íàáëþäàòü äâóõ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö. Çà 2,5 ÷àñà, ïðîâåä¸ííûõ íà òî÷êå â äîëèíå Ñàðûñó 22 àïðåëÿ, áûëè âñòðå÷åíû åù¸ 2 ïðîë¸òíûõ ïîäîðëèêà.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) è ñåðàÿ âîðîíà (Corvus cornix). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) and Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix). Photo by I. Karyakin

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) Íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ ïåðåë¸òíûé âèä, äîñòàòî÷íî ëîêàëüíî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûé íà èññëåäóåìîé òåððèòîðèè. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå êàðëèêà â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîì Êàðàòàó, òàê êàê â Ñåâåðíîì Êàðàòàó âèä íàéäåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè Â.Ã. Êîëáèíöåâûì (2004). Îäíàêî, ìû êàðëèêà â Êàðàòàó íå íàáëþäàëè èç-çà íåäîñòàòî÷íîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ êîëêîâûõ ëåñîâ. Â 2005 ã. åäèíñòâåííóþ ïòèöó ñâåòëîé ìîðôû óäàëîñü íàáëþäàòü 26 àïðåëÿ íà ðàçëèâàõ ð. ×ó â 47 êì íèæå Æóàíòîáå (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006á). Íå îáíàðóæåí êàðëèê íà ãíåçäîâàíèè è â Óëóòàó, ãäå èìåþòñÿ âñå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ åãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Âèäèìî, åãî îòñóòñòâèå çäåñü ñâÿçàíî ñ îòíîñèòåëüíî âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ìîãèëüíèêà, çàíèìàþùåãî äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âñå êðóïíûå âûñîêîñòâîëüíûå êîëêè.

Raptors Research

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Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä îðëà-êàðëèêà â Êàçàõñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Types of the Booted Eagle’s nest location in the Kazakh Upland. Photos by I. Karyakin

Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä îðëà-êàðëèêà â Êàçàõñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå. Âíèçó – ãíåçäî íà ñêàëå, îäíîêðàòíî çàíèìàâøååñÿ ïîñëå ïîæàðà â ëåñó. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Types of the Booted Eagle’s nest location in the Kazakh Upland.Bottom – a nest on cliff used only year after forest fire. Photos by I. Karyakin

Â òî æå âðåìÿ, ãíåçäîâàíèå êàðëèêà â êîëêîâûõ ëåñàõ Êàçàõñêîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü óæå äàâíî, ò.ê. áûëè èçâåñòíû ãíåçäîâûå íàõîäêè âèäà â Êàð-

êàðàëèíñêèõ ãîðàõ (Ìàëüöåâà, 1983). Â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè 2007 ã. â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå â âåðõîâüÿõ Ñàðûñó è Àòàñó áûëà îáíàðóæåíà êðóïíåéøàÿ â Öåíòðàëüíîì Êàçàõñòàíå ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà îðëà-êàðëèêà. Çà ïåðèîä ðàáîòû ñ 28 àïðåëÿ ïî 9 ìàÿ çäåñü âûÿâëåíî 19 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëîâêàðëèêîâ, íà 17 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà (ðèñ. 9). Íà ãíåçäîâàíèè êàðëèê äîñòàòî÷íî æ¸ñòêî ñâÿçàí ñ êîëêîâûìè îñèíîâûìè ëåñàìè óùåëèé ãîðíûõ ãðóïï, õîòÿ âñòðå÷àåòñÿ è íå òîëüêî â ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâàõ, íî è â ìàññèâàõ, îáðàçîâàííûõ äðóãèìè ïîðîäàìè (íàïðèìåð, õð. Àêòàó). Ðàçìåð êîëêîâ çíà÷åíèÿ íå èìååò. Êàðëèê îõîòíî ãíåçäèòñÿ êàê â íåáîëüøèõ êîëêàõ (30õ50 ì), ñîñòîÿùèõ áóêâàëüíî èç íåñêîëüêèõ äåðåâüåâ, òàê è â êðóïíûõ ëåíòî÷íûõ ëåñàõ. Ïî ó÷¸òó íà ïëîùàäêàõ ïëîòíîñòü âàðüèðóåò îò 1,91 äî 5,6

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Ñãîðåâøèé ëåñ â ãðàíèòíîì ìàññèâå (ââåðõó), ðóáêè óñûõàþùèõ äåðåâüåâ íà ïîæàðèùàõ áëèç ãí¸çä êàðëèêà (â öåíòðå), ñàìêà êàðëèêà ïðîìåæóòî÷íîé ìîðôû, óáèòàÿ òåòåðåâÿòíèêîì (Accipiter gentilis) íà ãíåçäå (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà The burned forest in granite mountains (upper) ,logging of drying trees in sites of a fire near nests of the Booted Eagle (center), female of the Booted Eagle of intermediate morph killed by the Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) in the nest (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin

ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè, â ñðåäíåì 4,06 ïàð/100 êì2, äîñòèãàÿ ìàêñèìàëüíûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé â þæíîé ÷àñòè ìàññèâà âåðõîâèé Àòàñó. Ñâÿçàíî ýòî, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ñ îáèëèåì ëåñíûõ êîëêîâ â óùåëüÿõ þæíîé è þãî-çàïàäíîé ýêñïîçèöèè.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Ïðè ïåðåñ÷¸òå íà îáùóþ ïëîùàäü ëåñà, â ãîðàõ Êîñøîíû è Êûçûëòàñ ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâëÿåò 209 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñà è, âèäèìî, áîëåå íèãäå íå èìååò àíàëîãîâ. Âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî â íåäàâíåì ïðîøëîì ïëîòíîñòü îðëàêàðëèêà íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè áûëà åù¸ âûøå, è îí áûë åù¸ øèðå ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í â ãîðíûõ ãðóïïàõ âåðõîâèé Àòàñó è Ñàðûñó, îäíàêî ïîñëå ðàçâàëà Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà, â ðåçóëüòàòå íåêîíòðîëèðóåìûõ ðóáîê è ïîæàðîâ, ïðîèçîøëî ðåçêîå ñîêðàùåíèå ïëîùàäè êîëêîâûõ ëåñîâ. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, ñóäÿ ïî àíàëèçó êîñìîñíèìêîâ Landsat TM è ETM+, ïëîùàäü êîëêîâûõ ëåñîâ â ïåðèîä ñ 80-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ äî 2000 ã. ñîêðàòèëàñü íà 40% â âåðõîâüÿõ Àòàñó, íà 90% – â âåðõîâüÿõ Ñàðûñó, à ëåñ â íåêîòîðûõ ãîðíûõ ãðóïïàõ, íàïðèìåð â âåðõîâüÿõ Êàéðàêòû, âûãîðåë ïîëíîñòüþ çà ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå. Çà ïîñëåäíèå 30 ëåò íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè ïëîùàäü ëåñà â öåëîì ñîêðàòèëàñü íà 70– 80%, èç ÷åãî ìîæíî ñäåëàòü çàêëþ÷åíèå î, êàê ìèíèìóì, òð¸õêðàòíîì ñîêðàùåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëà-êàðëèêà. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü êàðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â âåðõîâüÿõ Àòàñó è Ñàðûñó îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 310–420 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 365 ïàð. Âèäèìî, 30 ëåò íàçàä ÷èñëåííîñòü êàðëèêà íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè ïðèáëèæàëàñü ê 1000 ïàð. Óíè÷òîæåíèå êîëêîâûõ ëåñîâ â õîäå ïîæàðîâ è ðóáîê, íî â íåñêîëüêî ìåíüøåì ìàñøòàáå, ÷åì â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå, îòìå÷åíî è â Êàðàòàó. Âîçìîæíî, ÷òî èìåííî ïðîöåññ äåãðàäàöèè ìåñòîîáèòàíèé êàðëèêà â þæíûõ ãîðíûõ ñèñòåìàõ Êàçàõñòàíà è íà þãå Êàçàõñêîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà âûçâàë ñòðåìèòåëüíîå ðàññåëåíèå âèäà íà ñåâåð, ò.ê. ëèøèâøèåñÿ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ïòèöû ñòàëè øèðîêî êî÷åâàòü â ïîèñêàõ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Èç 17 ïàð, ãí¸çäà êîòîðûõ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû, 6 ïàð (35,3%) ãíåçäÿòñÿ â óñûõàþùèõ îñèííèêàõ, êîòîðûå â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ áåñêîíòðîëüíî ðóáÿòñÿ ìåñòíûì íàñåëåíèåì íà äðîâà. Ýòî â èòîãå ïðèâåä¸ò ê ñîêðàùåíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â áëèæàéøèå 5–6 ëåò, êàê ìèíèìóì íà òåððèòîðèè ãîðíûõ ãðóïï â âåðõîâüÿõ Àòàñó, åù¸ íà 30%. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè êàðëèêîâ â ãîðíûõ ãðóïïàõ âàðüèðóåò îò 0,85 äî 2,96 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=14) 1,95±0,69 êì. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãîðíûìè ãðóïïàìè, â êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè êàðëèê, ñîñòàâëÿåò 5,17–18,85 êì, â ñðåäíåì 11,72±6,36 êì. Âûñîòíûé äèàïàçîí, â êîòîðîì êàðëèê óñòðàèâàåò ãí¸çäà â ëåñàõ ãîðíûõ ãðóïï âåðõîâèé Àòàñó, ñîñòàâëÿåò

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Ãí¸çäà îðëà-êàðëèêà â ðàçíûå ïåðèîäû ðåïðîäóêòèâíîãî ñåçîíà: 1 – ãíåçäî â ïåðèîä àêòèâíîãî òîêà ïàðû, 2 – ïîäíîâë¸ííàÿ ïîñòðîéêà ñ âûñòèëêîé, 3–4 – ãí¸çäà ñ êëàäêàìè íà ðàííèõ ñòàäèÿõ íàñèæèâàíèÿ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è Ì. Êîðåïîâà Nests of the Booted Eagle in different periods of the breeding season:1 – nest during theperiod of courtship, 2 – repaired nest lined inside, 3–4 – nests with fresh clutches. Photos by I. Karyakin and M. Korepov

Ðèñ. 10. Ìîðôû îðëàêàðëèêà Fig. 10. Morphs of the Booted Eagle

619–827 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ, â ñðåäíåì 692,57±59,78 ì. Ãí¸çäà íàèáîëåå âûñîêîãî äèàïàçîíà ïðèóðî÷åíû ê êîëêàì âåðõîâèé ðó÷üåâ, íèçêîãî – ê ëåíòî÷íûì ëåñàì â äîëèíàõ ðó÷ü¸â íà âûõîäå èç ãîðíûõ ãðóïï. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãí¸çäà êàðëèêà óñòðîåíû íà îñèíàõ, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì îäíîé ïóñòîâàâøåé ïîñòðîéêè, êîòîðàÿ áûëà óñòðîåíà â íèøå â ñåðåäèíå ñêàëû íà âûñîòå 7 ì íà óðîâíå êðîí äåðåâüåâ â ïîéìåííîì ëåñó. Ëåñ â ýòîì ìåñòå ñãîðåë è ïðåäñòàâëÿë ñîáîé ñóõîñòîé èç îáóãëåííûõ ñòâîëîâ,

÷òî è âûçâàëî ïåðåìåùåíèå êàðëèêà íà ñêàëó, ãäå îí ðàçìíîæàëñÿ îäíîêðàòíî. Èç ãí¸çä íà äåðåâüÿõ (n=20) äîìèíèðóþò ïîñòðîéêè, óñòðîåííûå â ðàçâèëêàõ, – 90%. Îñòàëüíûå ïîñòðîéêè ðàñïîëîæåíû â îñíîâàíèè âåòâåé â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà. Èç ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ â ðàçâèëêàõ (n=18), 77,8% ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà è ïî 11,1% – â ñåðåäèíå è íèæíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà. Â õîäå ðàáîòû 1–4 ìàÿ áûëî îñìîòðåíî 3 êëàäêè, 2 èç êîòîðûõ áûëè ïîëíûå è ñîñòîÿëè èç 2-õ ÿèö. Íà 14 ó÷àñòêàõ âñòðå÷åíû 24 îñîáè: 12 (50%) – ò¸ìíûå, 10 (41,67%) – ñâåòëûå è 2 (8,33%) – ïåðåõîäíîé îêðàñêè. Èç 10 ïàð, â êîòîðûõ óäàëîñü ðàññìîòðåòü îáîèõ ïàðòí¸ðîâ, 1 ïàðà ñîñòîÿëà èç ò¸ìíûõ ïòèö, 1 – èç ñâåòëûõ è 8 ïàð (80%) áûëè ñìåøàííûìè (ñâåòëàÿ/ò¸ìíàÿ ïòèöû – 6 ïàð, ñâåòëàÿ/ïåðåõîäíàÿ è ò¸ìíàÿ/ïåðåõîäíàÿ – ïî 1 ïàðå). Â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó ñâåòëûå è ò¸ìíûå ïòèöû âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ôàêòè÷åñêè â ðàâíûõ ïðîïîðöèÿõ (ðèñ. 10), ïðè÷¸ì, êàê ñàìöû, òàê è ñàìêè. Ñðåäè îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ êàðëèêà, îáíàðóæåííûõ íà ãí¸çäàõ è ïîä íèìè, ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè æàâîðîíêè (ïîëåâîé Alauda arvensis è ìàëûé Calandrella brachydactila, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ ïîëåâîé äîìèíèðîâàë), ìàëûé ñóñëèê (Spermophilus pygmaeus) è

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ñòåïíàÿ ïèùóõà (Ochotona pusilla). Ïîä îäíèì èç ãí¸çä áûë îáíàðóæåí òðóï ñàìêè êàðëèêà, ïåðåõîäíîé ìîðôû, óáèòîé òåòåðåâÿòíèêîì, êîòîðûé íàáëþäàëñÿ ïîáëèçîñòè. Íà òåëå ïòèöû èìåëèñü ñëåäû óäàðà â ãîëîâó è ðàçðûâ òêàíåé íà ëàïå. Ðàçìåðû ïòèöû: êðûëî – 392 ìì, õâîñò – 215 ìì, öåâêà – 63,3 ìì, êëþâ: îò ëáà – 33,3 ìì, îò âîñêîâèöû – 23,7 ìì, îò íîçäðè – 20,8 ìì, âûñîòà – 17,6 ìì, ðàçðåç ðòà 38,0 ìì. Êîðøóí (Milvus migrans) Îáû÷íûé ïðîë¸òíûé è ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä. Ïîãèáøèå îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì êîðøóíû ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü ïîä îïîðàìè ËÝÏ êàê â ïåñêàõ è ïîëóïóñòûíå ëåâîáåðåæüÿ Ñàðûñó, òàê è â ÁåòïàêÄàëå, ïðè÷¸ì êàê åâðîïåéñêîãî (M. m. migrans), òàê è âîñòî÷íîãî ïîäâèäîâ (M. m. lineatus) (Êàðÿêèí, 2008). Ïðîë¸òíûå ïòèöû íàáëþäàëèñü òðèæäû. Åäèíñòâåííîå ïóñòóþùåå ãíåçäî êîðøóíà, ÿâíî çàíèìàâøååñÿ â 2006 ã., áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â îñèíîâîì êîëêå ãðàíèòíîãî ìàññèâà â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Óíðåê 14 ìàÿ 2007 ã. Ðèñ. 11. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå êóðãàííèêà (Buteo rufinus) Fig. 11. Distribution of the Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus)

Êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus). Photo by I. Karyakin

Êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus) Íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ ïåðåë¸òíûé âèä èññëåäóåìîé òåððèòîðèè. Â íåáîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå çèìóåò â íèçîâüÿõ Ñàðûñó (Ãèñöîâ, Ñåìà, 1983). Êóðãàííèê ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í â áàññåéíå

Raptors Research

Ãí¸çäà êóðãàííèêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nests of the Long-Legged Buzzard. Photos by I. Karyakin

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Ñàðûñó íåðàâíîìåðíî. Ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè äîñòèãàåò â ïîëóïóñòûííîé çîíå, â ðàéîíàõ ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ ñàêñàóëà, â ëåâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó, ìåæäó Áåòïàê-Äàëîé è Êàðàòàó è íà ÷èíêàõ Áåòïàê-Äàëû. Äîâîëüíî ïëîòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ñàêñàóëüíèêàìè, îáíàðóæåíû âäîëü ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé êðîìêè ïåñ-

êîâ Ìîéûíêóìû â 2005 ã. è â ïîëóïóñòûíå ëåâîáåðåæüÿ Ñàðûñó, ìåæäó ñîðàìè Òóçêîëü è Êóòàíñîð, â 2007 ã. Íà ìàðøðóòå âäîëü Ìîéûíêóìîâ 26 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 10 ãí¸çä êóðãàííèêà, 4 èç êîòîðûõ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ïåñêàõ íà ðàññòîÿíèè 8,68–14,16 êì äðóã îò äðóãà, â ñðåäíåì (n=3) 11,7±2,78 êì è 6 – â ïîëóïóñòûíå íà ïåðèôåðèè ïåñêîâ, íà ðàññòîÿíèè 1,58–3,73 êì äðóã îò äðóãà, â ñðåäíåì (n=5) 2,47±0,8 êì; îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 14,6 ïàð/100 êì ìàðøðóòà, ïëîòíîñòü – 9,14 ïàð/100 êì2 ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäè (4,96 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè). Áëèçêèå ïîêàçàòåëè ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ êóðãàííèêà çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû ìåæäó ñîðàìè Òóçêîëü è Êóòàíñîð, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî êîððåêòèâû â ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ýòîãî âèäà çäåñü âíîñèò ìîãèëüíèê. Íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè 14–15 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã. âûÿâëåíî 9 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ êóðãàííèêà, óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 1,84–4,64 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=8) 2,84±1,04 êì; îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 15,25 ïàð/100 êì ìàðøðóòà, ïëîòíîñòü – 9,53 ïàð/100 êì2 ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäè (4,26 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè). Äëÿ âñåé ïëîùàäè ïîëóïóñòûííûõ ñàêñàóëüíèêîâ â áàññåéíå Ñàðûñó ÷èñëåííîñòü êóðãàííèêà ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â 200–233 ïàðû (ðèñ. 11). Â Áåòïàê-Äàëå âíå ÷èíêîâ 17 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã. îáíàðóæåíà åäèíñòâåííàÿ ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ïàðà êóðãàííèêîâ, íà âÿçå ñðåäè ðàçâàëèí áûâøåãî ïîñ¸ëêà ãåîëîãîâ. Îáèëèå ïòèö íà ó÷¸òíûõ ìàðøðóòàõ â 2005 è 2007 ãã. ñîñòàâèëî 1,32 îñ./100 êì. Ïîìèìî îñíîâíîãî ó÷¸òà, â 2005 ã. áûëà îñìîòðåíà ïòèöåîïàñíàÿ ËÝÏ íà ó÷àñòêå 35,5 êì, ïîä êîòîðîé îáíàðóæåíî 13 òðóïîâ êóðãàííèêîâ (3,66/10 êì ËÝÏ) (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2005). Â êîíöå àïðåëÿ 2005 ã., â ïåðèîä êðàéíå íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ïåñ÷àíêè è æ¸ëòîãî ñóñëèêà, íà ìàðøðóòå ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 33,57 êì ïî ñåâåðíîìó ÷èíêó Áåòïàê-Äàëû, áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 6 ãí¸çä êóðãàííèêîâ, óñòðîåííûõ íà ñàêñàóëàõ, íà 4-õ ó÷àñòêàõ è 20 ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà ñòåíêàõ îáðûâîâ, âåðîÿòíî, íà 9 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ïðè÷¸ì òîëüêî íà 4-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ âûÿâëåíî ïðèñóòñòâèå ïòèö, îäíàêî âñå ãí¸çäà áûëè ïóñòûìè. Îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 38,73 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ/100 êì ÷èíêà è 11,92 àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä/100 êì ÷èíêà (19,36 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ/100 êì2 è 5,96 àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä/100 êì2). Â 2007 ã. íà ïëîùàäêàõ, çàëîæåííûõ íà ñåâåðíîì è çàïàäíîì ÷èíêàõ Áåòïàê-Äàëû, âûÿâëåíî ïî 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà (íà 3-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà, íà

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãí¸çäà êóðãàííèêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nests of the Long-Legged Buzzard. Photos by I. Karyakin

Ðèñ. 12. Ìåñòà óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä êóðãàííèêà Fig. 12. Nesting sites of the Long-Legged Buzzard

2-õ – âñòðå÷åíû ïòèöû, ïðè÷¸ì, â îäíîì ñëó÷àå ïàðà, à â äðóãîì – îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà áëèç ïóñòóþùåãî ãíåçäà, è íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå îáíàðóæåíà ñòàðàÿ ïîñòðîéêà), îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 37,1–60,6 ïàð/100 êì ÷èíêà, â ñðåäíåì 46,05 ïàð/100 êì ÷èíêà (ïëîòíîñòü 10,4–27,3 ïàð/100 êì2, â ñðåäíåì 15,06 ïàð/100 êì2). ×èñëåííîñòü êóðãàííèêà äëÿ ÷èíêîâ Áåòïàê-Äàëû ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â 190–226 ïàð â óðîæàéíûå íà êîðìà ãîäû è â 58–68 ïàð – â ãîäû äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè îñíîâíûõ îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ. Íà ÷èíêàõ ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Ñàðûñó êóðãàííèê ãíåçäèòñÿ ñ äîâîëüíî íèçêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ èç-çà ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîãî îòñóòñòâèÿ íà íèõ îáðûâîâ ñ îòâåñíûìè ñòåíêàìè è ñàêñàóëîâ ïî âåðøèíàì. Âòîðûì íå ìåíåå âàæíûì óñëîâèåì íèçêîé ïëîòíîñòè êóðãàííèêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ âûñîêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo). Â ÷àñòíîñòè, íà þæíîé ïëîùàäêå áûëà îáíàðóæåíà åäèíñòâåííàÿ íà 34,7 êì îáðûâîâ ñòàðàÿ ïîñòðîéêà êóðãàííèêà â íèøå, êîòîðóþ çàíÿë ôèëèí. Åäèíñòâåííîå æèëîå ãíåçäî îáíàðóæåíî íà ñåâåðíîé ïëîùàäêå, óñòðîåííîå íà ãåîäåçè÷åñêîé

âûøêå íà âåðøèíå ÷èíêà: îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 11,11 ïàð/100 êì ÷èíêîâ äëÿ ÷èíêîâ, óäàë¸ííûõ îò äîëèíû Ñàðûñó, ïëîòíî íàñåë¸ííîé ôèëèíîì, èëè 2,24 ïàðû/100 êì ÷èíêîâ äëÿ âñåé îáñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè. Ñ ó÷¸òîì ïàðû, ãíåçäî êîòîðîé îáíàðóæåíî íà ëîõå â ïîäíîæèè ÷èíêà, ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 1,23 ïàð/100 êì2. ×èñëåííîñòü êóðãàííèêà äëÿ ÷èíêîâ ïðàâîáåðåæíûõ ïëàòî Ñàðûñó ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â 6–10 ïàð. Äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷íûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ õèùíèêîì êóðãàííèê îêàçàëñÿ â Êàðàòàó âî âíóòðåííèõ äîëèíàõ è ïî ïåðèôåðèè ãîðíîãî ìàññèâà. Çäåñü 23–25 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. îáíàðóæåíî 9 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà 7 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà, ðàñïîëàãàâøèåñÿ íà ïîëêàõ ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé. Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 3,45 ïàð/100 êì2 äëÿ ïåðåäîâûõ ñêëàäîê ñåâåðíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà Êàðàòàó è 1,63 ïàð/100 êì2 ñ ó÷¸òîì öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ãîðíîãî ìàññèâà, ãäå ãíåçäîâàíèå êóðãàííèêà íå óñòàíîâëåíî. ×èñëåííîñòü äëÿ âñåãî Ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîãî Êàðàòàó îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 110–146 ïàð. Â Êàçàõñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå êóðãàííèê ãíåçäèòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîâñåìåñòíî, îäíàêî âûñîêèõ êîíöåíòðàöèé, êàê â ñàêñàóëüíèêàõ è íà ÷èíêàõ Áåòïàê-Äàëû, íå îáðàçóåò. Òÿãîòååò íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ê ïðèðå÷íûì ñêàëàì, ñêàëüíûì îáíàæåíèÿì íåáîëüøèõ ñîïîê, âîäîòîêàì è çàáðîøåííûì íàñåë¸ííûì ïóíêòàì, ãäå èìåþòñÿ îäèíî÷íûå äåðåâüÿ ëèáî ðóèíû çäàíèé, à òàêæå ê ËÝÏ. Íà ËÝÏ â õîëìèñòîóâàëèñòûõ ñòåïÿõ ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Ñàðûñó ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíî ñ îòíîñèòåëüíî âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ. ßâíî

Raptors Research

Ãí¸çäà êóðãàííèêà íà ðàçâàëèíàõ ñòðîåíèÿ (ñëåâà) è ñàêñàóëå (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nests of the Long-Legged Buzzard on ruins (left) and saxaul (right). Photos by I. Karyakin

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

èçáåãàåò öåíòðàëüíûõ ÷àñòåé ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâîâ, ãäå, ñóäÿ ïî íàëè÷èþ îòäåëüíûõ ñòàðûõ ïîñòðîåê, ìîãóò ýïèçîäè÷åñêè ãíåçäèòüñÿ ìîáèëüíûå ïàðû â ãîäû âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ñòåïíîé ïèùóõè. Â Óëóòàó êóðãàííèê îáíàðóæåí ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ òîëüêî íà ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ. Çäåñü â 2005 ã. ëîêàëèçîâàíî 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (âñå ïîäòâåðæäåíû íàõîäêàìè ãí¸çä). Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 2 ïàðû/100 êì2. ×èñëåííîñòü îöåíåíà â 37–57 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006à). Â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå Àÿê-Áåñòàó 3 ïàðû âûÿâëåíî â ïðåäåëàõ ïëîùàäêè (2 ïàðû ãíåçäèëèñü íà ïðèðå÷íûõ ñêàëàõ è 1 – íà ðóèíàõ ñòðîåíèÿ çàáðîøåííîãî ãîðíîäîáûâàþùåãî ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ), 2 – íà ìàðøðóòå â äîëèíå ð. Êåíæåáàéñàé (îáå ïàðû ãíåçäèëèñü íà îäèíî÷íûõ äåðåâüÿõ ñðåäè ðóèí çèìîâèé), 6 ïàð – íà ËÝÏ íà âîäîðàçäåëå ðåê Áàèð è Êàðàñàé. Îáèëèå íà ËÝÏ ñîñòàâèëî 17,24 ïàð/100 êì, ïëîòíîñòü ïî ó÷¸òó íà ïëîùàäêå – 1,77 ïàð/100 êì2. Â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó íà ËÝÏ, íà ó÷àñòêå ìåæäó Æåçêàçãàíîì è Êûçûëæàðîì, îáíàðóæåíî 20 æèëûõ ãí¸çä, èç íèõ 19 – íà ó÷¸òíîì ìàðøðóòå. Îáèëèå íà ËÝÏ ñîñòàâèëî 25,35 ïàð/100 êì. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð â ñîïêàõ ñîñòàâëÿåò 17,87–28,30 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=4) 23,83±5,24 êì, íà ËÝÏ: â ïðàâîáåðåæüå – 1,29–10,75 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=18) 3,92±2,51 êì, â ëåâîáåðåæüå – 2,18–14,74 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=5) 5,91±5,16 êì. ×èñëåííîñòü äëÿ ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà ñðåäíåãî òå÷åíèè ð. Ñàðûñó (25 òûñ. êì2), áåç ó÷¸òà ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ËÝÏ, îöåíåíà â 400–484 ïàðû; åù¸ îêîëî 40–50 ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ íà 2-õ âåòêàõ ìàãèñòðàëüíûõ ËÝÏ. Â ãîðíûõ ãðóïïàõ âåðõîâèé Àòàñó è Ñàðûñó êóðãàííèê îêàçàëñÿ ðåäêèì. Çäåñü âûÿâëåíî âñåãî 3 çàíÿòûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà, ïðè÷¸ì ëèøü íà îäíîì (íà ñàìîì çàïàäíîì êðàþ ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâîâ â âåðõîâüÿõ Àòàñó) îáíàðóæåíî æèëîå ãíåçäî. Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 0,19 ïàð/100 êì2.

×èñëåííîñòü îöåíåíà â 10–18 ïàð. Â ïåñêàõ áàññåéíà Ñàðûñó êóðãàííèê îêàçàëñÿ åù¸ áîëåå ðåäîê. Åäèíñòâåííîå çàíÿòîå, íî åù¸ áåç êëàäêè, ãíåçäî â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó îáíàðóæåíî íà êðàþ ïåñêîâ Æàðêóì 19 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã. Åù¸ 2 ãíåçäà, îäíî æèëîå è îäíî àêòèâíî ïîäíîâëÿåìîå ïòèöàìè, îáíàðóæåíû íà êðàþ ïåñêîâ Æàéðåì. Ïðè ýòîì, íà ó÷àñòêå ËÝÏ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 24,61 êì, ïðîõîäÿùåì ÷åðåç ïåñ÷àíóþ ñòåïü þãîâîñòî÷íåå Êûçûëæàðà, íå îáíàðóæåíî ãí¸çä êóðãàííèêà, è ýòîò âèä âîîáùå íå áûë âñòðå÷åí. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòî, â ïåñêàõ ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ñïîðàäè÷íîå ãíåçäîâàíèå êóðãàííèêà ëèøü íà èõ ïåðèôåðèè â êîëè÷åñòâå 5–10 ïàð. Â öåëîì äëÿ áàññåéíà Ñàðûñó ÷èñëåííîñòü êóðãàííèêà ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â 961– 1177 ïàð. Çà âðåìÿ ðàáîòû â áàññåéíå Ñàðûñó áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 145 ãí¸çä íà 100 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ: 57 ãí¸çä îêàçàëèñü æèëûìè, 25 áûëè çàíÿòû ïòèöàìè, íî ïóñòîâàëè (8 ïîñòðîåê àêòèâíî ïîäíîâëÿëèñü ïòèöàìè, 16 áûëè â ïóõó, íî ïòèöû âèçóàëüíî íà íèõ íå íàáëþäàëèñü, è 1 ãíåçäî ñîäåðæàëî ïîãèáøóþ êëàäêó), 63 ãíåçäà îêàçàëèñü ñòàðûìè ïîñòðîéêàìè. Íà 51 ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå îáíàðóæåíî ïî 1 ãíåçäîâîé ïîñòðîéêå, íà 34 – ïî 2, íà 9 – ïî 3, íà 5 – ïî 4 è íà 1 – 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê. Ñðåäè ìåñò, âûáèðàåìûõ êóðãàííèêîì äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä, íåò ÷¸òêèõ äîìèíàíòîâ (ðèñ. 12): ïî 1/3 ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè ãíåçäèòñÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ (31,72%), îïîðàõ ËÝÏ (27,59%), îáðûâàõ è ñêàëàõ (38,62%). Ñðåäè ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà äåðåâüÿõ (n=46), àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóþò ïîñòðîéêè íà ñàêñàóëå – 84,78% è ëèøü íåáîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ïòèö óñòðàèâàåò ãí¸çäà íà ëîõàõ è êàðàãà÷àõ – ïî 6,52%. Ñðåäè ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ (n=40), ïîëîâèíà óñòðîåíà íà áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ, à âòîðàÿ ïîëîâèíà – íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. Íà áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ (n=20) 90% ïîñòðîåê ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ íà âåðøèíàõ ñòîëáîâ âíóòðè ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé àðìàòóðû è 10% – íà êîíöàõ ãîðèçîíòàëüíûõ òðàâåðñ. Íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ (n=20) 70% ãí¸çä óñòðîåíî â ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè âåðòèêàëüíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé Ï-îáðàçíûõ îïîð, 25% – â ãîðèçîíòàëüíûõ êîíñòðóêöèÿõ âåðõíåé ÷àñòè Ï-îáðàçíûõ îïîð è 5% – íà êîíöàõ ãîðèçîíòàëüíûõ òðàâåðñ. Ñðåäè ãí¸çä íà ñêàëàõ (n=32) 59,4% óñòðîåíî íà ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ ñîïîê è 40,6% – íà ïðèðå÷íûõ ñêàëàõ. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà íàñêàëüíûõ ãí¸çä óñòðàèâàåòñÿ íà ïîëêàõ – 90,63%, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ïîëêàõ

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13 â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñêàëû (71,88%), è ëèøü 9,38% ãí¸çä óñòðîåíî â íèøàõ (â îñíîâíîì â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñêàëû – 6,25%). Èç ãí¸çä íà ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâàõ (n=24) 79,17% ïîñòðîåê óñòðîåíî íà ïîëêàõ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ñåðåäèíå ñêàëû, îñòàëüíûå â íèøàõ. Â Êàçàõñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïðîèñõîäèò çàñåëåíèå êóðãàííèêîì ËÝÏ, îäíàêî öåíòðàëüíàÿ ÷àñòü áàññåéíà Ñàðûñó ïîêà íå îõâà÷åíà ýòèì ïðîöåññîì. Íåñìîòðÿ íà êðóïíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè êóðãàííèêîâ â ïîëóïóñòûííîé çîíå ðåãèîíà, íà ËÝÏ çäåñü îí äî ñèõ ïîð íå ïîø¸ë. Ó÷èòûâàÿ òî, ÷òî êóðãàííèê â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îñâîèë äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ËÝÏ â áàññåéíå Ñûð-Äàðüè è â Âîñòî÷íîé Áåòïàê-Äàëå, åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ áàññåéíà Ñàðûñó – äåëî âðåìåíè. Èç îñìîòðåííûõ 13 êëàäîê, 3 ñîñòîÿëè èç 1 ÿéöà è áûëè ÿâíî íåçàêîí÷åííûìè, â îñòàëüíûõ áûëî ïî 2–4, â ñðåäíåì 2,6±0,7 ÿéöà. Âûâîäêè áûëè îñìîòðåíû ëèøü â 2005 ã. â ãí¸çäàõ íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ïåðèôåðèè Ìîéûíêóìîâ: â îäíîì âûâîäêå áûëî 2 ïòåíöà, â äðóãîì 1 ïòåíåö è 2 ÿéöà, îäíî èç êîòîðûõ ñ ïðîêë¸âîì. Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius) Âåðîÿòíî, ñïîðàäè÷íî ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ â Êàðàòàó âèä, ðàññåëèâøèéñÿ òóäà â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå ãèáðèäèçàöèè ñ îáûêíîâåííûì êóðãàííèêîì. Ñàìêà, ïîõîæàÿ íà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, íàáëþäàëàñü â ïàðå ñ ñàìöîì îáûêíîâåííîãî íà ñåâåðíîì ñêëîíå Êàðàòàó 24 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. Â ýòîò æå äåíü ïàðó ïòèö ñ ïîëíîñòüþ îïåðåííûìè öåâêàìè (èõ äåòàëüíî óäàëîñü ðàññìîòðåòü â òðóáó) íàáëþäàëè â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîãî Êàðàòàó (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006á).

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ðåäîâûõ ñòåíêàõ â 12 êì ìåæäó ïàðàìè áûëè ïðèñàäû ñîêîëîâ. Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 0,61 ïàð/100 êì2. Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ïëîòíîñòè íà âñþ ïëîùàäü Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîãî Êàðàòàó äà¸ò îöåíêó â 40–50 ïàð, îäíàêî îíà ÿâíî çàâûøåíà, ò.ê. áàëîáàí ïðèâÿçàí çäåñü ê óçêîé ïîëîñå ïåðåäîâîãî ñêëîíà Êàðàòàó. Àíàëèç ðàññòîÿíèé ìåæäó ó÷àñòêàìè ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëîæèòü íà âñåé ñåâåðíîé ïåðèôåðèè õðåáòà ãíåçäîâàíèå 15–16 ïàð, ÷òî, âèäèìî, áîëåå áëèçêî ê ðåàëüíîñòè. Ïðè îáñëåäîâàíèè Çàïàäíîé ÁåòïàêÄàëû áàëîáàí âñòðå÷åí íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ. Íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå, ìåæäó ñ¸ëàìè Æóàíòîáå è Ñòåïíîé, íà áåòîííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ â ïîñòðîéêå ìîãèëüíèêà îáíàðóæåíî æèëîå ãíåçäî áàëîáàíà, â êîòîðîì ñàìêà ñèäåëà íà êëàäêå. Âòîðîé ó÷àñòîê, íà êîòîðîì äåðæàëàñü îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà, âûÿâëåí íà ñåâåðíîì ÷èíêå Áåòïàê-Äàëû. Íà îáðûâàõ ÷èíêà áûëî îáíàðóæåíî íåñêîëüêî çàìûòûõ ãëèíîé ïîñòðîåê êóðãàííèêà ñ ïðèçíàêàìè ïðåáûâàíèÿ íà íèõ áàëîáàíà, îäíàêî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîêîëîâ çäåñü óñòàíîâèòü íå óäàëîñü. Âî âñåé Çàïàäíîé Áåòïàê-Äàëå â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîæíî ëèøü ïðåäïîëàãàòü ñïîðàäè÷íîå ãíåçäîâàíèå 3–5 ïàð, îäíàêî, ó÷èòûâàÿ íà÷àëî ïðîöåññà îñâîåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêîì äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ËÝÏ íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè, åñòü âåðîÿòíîñòü ïîÿâëåíèÿ ñîêîëîâ â ïîñòðîéêàõ îðëîâ, ò.ê., ñîãëàñíî äàííûì À. Ëåâèíà è Ô. Êàðïîâà (2005), â Âîñòî÷íîé Áåòïàê-Äàëå ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà íà ËÝÏ íîñèò óæå âïîëíå íîðìàëüíûé õàðàêòåð. Â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè áàññåéíà Ñàðûñó áàëîáàí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íå îáíàðóæåí â 200-êèëîìåòðîâîé ïîëîñå ìåæäó ÁåòïàêÄàëîé è Êàçàõñêèì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêîì. Â Êàçàõñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå áàëîáàí òÿãîòååò ê íàèáîëåå âûñîêèì ãîðíûì Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Photo by I. Karyakin

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) Ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ ïåðåë¸òíûé âèä. Ãíåçäèòñÿ âåçäå, ãäå èìåþòñÿ êðóïíûå ñêàëüíûå îáíàæåíèÿ (Êàðàòàó, Êàçàõñêèé ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê). Íåáîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ñîêîëîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ íà ñåâåðå (Êàçàõñêèé ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê) è þãå (ÁåòïàêÄàëà) ðåãèîíà (ðèñ. 13). Â Êàðàòàó â 2005 ã. âûÿâëåíî 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà, ïðèóðî÷åííûõ ê ïåðåäîâûì ñêëàäêàì ñåâåðíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó íèìè ñîñòàâèëî 13,29 è 24,12 êì. Âîçìîæíî, ÷òî íà ó÷àñòêå ìàêñèìàëüíîé äèñòàíöèè áûë ïðîïóùåí åù¸ îäèí ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê áàëîáàíîâ, ò.ê. íà ïå-

Raptors Research

Ãí¸çäà áàëîáàíà â Êàçàõñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå (ââåðõó) è â Êàðàòàó (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nests of the Saker Falcon in the Kazakh Upland (upper) and the Karatau Mountains (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin

Ðèñ. 13. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) Fig. 13. Distribution of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug)

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

ãðóïïàì, ãäå èìåþòñÿ âûñîêèå ñêàëüíûå îáíàæåíèÿ, ïðåäïî÷èòàåìûå èì äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Íåêîòîðîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ íà îïîðàõ âûñîêîâîëüòíûõ ËÝÏ, ïðîòÿíóâøèõñÿ ÷åðåç ñòåïíûå ìåëêîñîïî÷íûå ëàíäøàôòû. Èíòåðåñíî òî, ÷òî, ïðè áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ðàâíîìåðíîì çàñåëåíèè ñîêîëàìè ËÝÏ â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå, ïðè ïåðåñå÷åíèè ýòîé ËÝÏ ïåñêîâ ñîêîë ïðîïàäàåò, ïîÿâëÿÿñü ëèøü ñíîâà â ìåëêîñîïî÷íîì ëàíäøàôòå. Â Óëóòàó áàëîáàí îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè òîëüêî íà ñêàëàõ îñåâîé ÷àñòè ãîð. Çäåñü, êàê è âåçäå â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå, ýòîò ñîêîë òÿãîòååò â ñâîåì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè ê êðóïíûì ñêàëüíûì ìàññèâàì, õîòÿ îòäåëüíûå ïàðû ãíåçäÿòñÿ è íà íåáîëüøèõ ïðèðå÷íûõ ñêàëàõ. Ëîêàëèçîâàíî 7 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà. Íà 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû 8 ãí¸çä ñîêîëîâ, ðàñïîëàãàâøèåñÿ â ïîñòðîéêàõ êóðãàííèêà. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè (n=5) ñîñòàâëÿåò 7,72±1,63 êì (6,62– 9,86 êì), ïëîòíîñòü – 0,07 ïàð/êì2 ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé. ×èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â Óëóòàó îöåíåíà â 28–38 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006à). Â ãîðíûõ ãðóïïàõ âåðõîâèé Àòàñó è Ñàðûñó áàëîáàí îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî â ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâàõ. Çäåñü âûÿâëåíî 9 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîêîëîâ, íà 7 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà, â òîì ÷èñëå íà 6 – æèëûå. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè â ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâàõ ñîñòàâëÿåò (n=5) 4,54–4,99 êì, â ñðåäíåì 4,81±0,19 êì. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãðàíèòíûìè ìàññèâàìè ñ ãíåçäàìè âàðüèðóåò îò 11 äî 36 êì. Ïëîòíîñòü ïî ó÷¸òó íà ïëîùàäêàõ ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,74 ïàðû/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè (0–3,82 ïàð/100 êì2) èëè 2,18 ïàð/100 êì2 ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâîâ. ×èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà äëÿ ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâîâ â âåðõîâüÿõ Ñàðûñó è Àòàñó (1875 êì2) ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â 35–45 ïàð. Â íèçêèõ ìåëêîñîïî÷íûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèå áàëîáàíà óñòàíîâëåíî òîëüêî íà ìàãèñòðàëüíûõ ËÝÏ. Â 2007 ã. â ïðàâîáåðåæüå è ëåâîáåðåæüå ð. Ñàðûñó áûëî îñìîòðåíî 2 ó÷àñòêà ËÝÏ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 109,73 êì (74,94 è 34,79 êì), íà êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíî 8 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà (6 è 2 ñîîòâåòñòâåííî); ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 8,01 ïàð/100 êì äëÿ ñòåïíîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó è 5,75 ïàð/100 êì – äëÿ ñòåïíîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà â ëåâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ñîñòàâèëî 5,7–28,5 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=6) 13,01±7,91 êì. Ó÷èòûâàÿ çäåñü ïîëíîå

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íèøàõ áåç ïîñòðîåê; 57,7% ãí¸çä óñòðîåíî â íèøàõ, 38,5% – íà ïîëêàõ è 3,8% – â ðàñùåëèíàõ ñêàë. Ñðåäè ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ â íèøàõ (n=15), ïðåîáëàäàþò ãí¸çäà, óñòðîåííûå â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñêàë – 66,7%, à ñðåäè ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà ïîëêàõ (n=10), – ðîâíî ïîëîâèíà ãí¸çä óñòðîåíà â âåðõíåé òðåòè, îñòàëüíûå – â ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè ñêàë. Èç æèëûõ ãí¸çä áûëè îñìîòðåíû ëèøü 4. Â 2-õ ãíåçäàõ áûëè êëàäêè èç 4 è 5 ÿèö è â 2-õ ãíåçäàõ – âûâîäêè èç 5 ïòåíöîâ.

Ðèñ. 14. Ïîñòàâùèêè ãí¸çä äëÿ áàëîáàíà Fig. 14. Species of birds – builders of nest for the Saker Falcon

îòñóòñòâèå âèäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ñêàëàõ, ëîãè÷íî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå áàëîáàíà îãðàíè÷åíî 2 âåòêàìè ËÝÏ, íà êîòîðûõ ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ îò 12 äî 23 ïàð. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â áàññåéíå Ñàðûñó ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â 93–127 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Çà âðåìÿ ðàáîòû â áàññåéíå Ñàðûñó îáíàðóæåíî 33 ãíåçäà áàëîáàíà: 14 æèëûõ, 6 ïóñòûõ, íî ïîñåùàþùèõñÿ ïòèöàìè è 13 ñòàðûõ, çàíèìàâøèõñÿ ñîêîëàìè ðàíåå (â òîì ÷èñëå 9 ìíîãîëåòíèõ ïîñòðîåê). Íà ó÷àñòêå áàëîáàíîâ èìååòñÿ îò 1 äî 4-õ ïîñòðîåê, èìåþùèõ ñëåäû ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â íèõ ñîêîëîâ. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó àëüòåðíàòèâíûìè ïîñòðîéêàìè, çàíèìàþùèìèñÿ ïàðîé ñîêîëîâ â ðàçíîå âðåìÿ, ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,01–1,34 êì, â ñðåäíåì 0,28±0,38 êì. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ãí¸çä çàíÿòà ñîêîëàìè íà ñêàëàõ (78,8%) è ëèøü 21,2% ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê çàíÿòû ñîêîëàìè íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. Êàê è â öåëîì â àðåàëå âèäà, îñíîâíûì ïîñòàâùèêîì ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê äëÿ áàëîáàíà ÿâëÿåòñÿ êóðãàííèê. Â áàññåéíå Ñàðûñó áàëîáàíû ðàçìíîæàëèñü â ïîñòðîéêàõ êóðãàííèêà â 57,6% ñëó÷àåâ (ðèñ. 14). Äîâîëüíî âûñîêàÿ äîëÿ ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà îáíàðóæåíà â ïîñòðîéêàõ áåðêóòà (24,2%), ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ òÿãîòåíèåì ñîêîëîâ â ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâàõ Êàçàõñêîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà ê èõ öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè, ãäå áåðêóò ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôàêòè÷åñêè åäèíñòâåííûì ïîñòàâùèêîì ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê äëÿ áàëîáàíà. Íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ (n=7) êóðãàííèê ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè åäèíñòâåííûì ïîñòàâùèêîì ïîñòðîåê äëÿ áàëîáàíà. Ëèøü îäíî ãíåçäî áûëî óñòðîåíî â ïîñòðîéêå ìîãèëüíèêà. Âñå ãíåçäà áàëîáàíîâ â ïîñòðîéêàõ êóðãàííèêà áûëè óñòðîåíû íà âåðøèíàõ áåòîííûõ îïîð âíóòðè ìåòàëëîêîíñòðóêöèé, à ãíåçäî â ïîñòðîéêå ìîãèëüíèêà ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà êîíöå ãîðèçîíòàëüíîãî òðàâåðñà. Èç ãí¸çä íà ñêàëàõ (n=26) â ïîñòðîéêàõ êóðãàííèêà óñòðîåíî 50% ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà, 30,8% – â ïîñòðîéêàõ áåðêóòà, 11,5% – â ïîñòðîéêàõ ÷¸ðíîãî àèñòà (Ciconia nigra) è 7,7% – â

Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) Ïðîë¸òíûé âèä. Îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà íàáëþäàëàñü 3 ìàÿ 2005 ã. â ãîðàõ Êèøóòàó (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006à). Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) Íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ îñ¸äëûé âèä èññëåäóåìîé òåððèòîðèè. Òåñíî ñâÿçàí â ñâîåì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè ñ ýðîçèîííûìè ó÷àñòêàìè ïëàòî è ñêàëüíûìè îáíàæåíèÿìè. Â ñâîäêå ïî ïòèöàì Ñðåäíåé Àçèè Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé è À.Ê. Ðóñòàìîâ (2007) óïîìèíàþò, ÷òî ôèëèí îòìå÷åí íà ÷èíêàõ áëèç îç. Êàðàêîéûí (ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê Áåòïàê-Äàëû) è â íèçîâüÿõ Ñàðûñó, íî â Áåòïàê-Äàëå íà ãíåçäîâàíèè î÷åíü ðåäîê (Ãàâðèí, 1962; Êîâøàðü, Ëåâèí, 1993), áóäó÷è áîëåå îáû÷íûì ñåâåðíåå, â îñòàíöîâûõ ãîðàõ Êàçàõñêîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà è þæíåå – â ×ó-Èëèéñêèõ ãîðàõ è Êàðàòàó. Íàøè èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîçâîëÿþò ãîâîðèòü î íåñêîëüêî èíûõ äåòàëÿõ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ è ÷èñëåííîñòè ôèëèíà â áàññåéíå Ñàðûñó, õîòÿ â öåëîì ñèòóàöèÿ áëèçêà ê îïèñàííîé â ñâîäêå. Ìàêñèìàëüíîé ïëîòíîñòè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ôèëèí äîñòèãàåò â äîëèíå Ñàðûñó, íà ÷èíêàõ ïðàâîáåðåæíûõ ïëàòî Ñàðûñó Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo), ïðåñëåäóåìûé îáûêíîâåííîé ïóñòåëüãîé (Falco tinnunculus). Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) pursued by Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). Photo by A. Pazhenkov

Raptors Research

Ôèëèí â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî À. Êîâàëåíêî Eagle Owl in the nest. Photo by A. Kovalenko

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13 è Áåòïàê-Äàëû, íî íà ñàìèõ ïëàòî ðåäîê. Â äîëèíå Ñàðûñó è íà ñåâåðíîì ÷èíêå Áåòïàê-Äàëû 29 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. è 14–23 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã. â õîäå öåëåíàïðàâëåííîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ òåððèòîðèè íà ïðåäìåò ôèëèíà, áûëî âûÿâëåíî 23 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà. Ýòîò õèùíèê îáíàðóæåí âåçäå, ãäå èìåþòñÿ ñêàëüíûå îáíàæåíèÿ, îâðàãè è áàëêè, òàêæå îí èìååò ñïëîøíîå ðàâíîìåðíîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïî ñêëîíàì ÷èíêîâ, ïðè÷¸ì, âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò íàëè÷èÿ íà íèõ îáðûâîâ. Â ïåñêàõ Æàðêóì ãíåçäî ôèëèíà ñ ïîãèáøåé êëàäêîé áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â ïåñ÷àíîì îâðàãå, ñïóñêàþùåìñÿ â äîëèíó Ñàðûñó. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè ñîñòàâëÿåò â ñðåäíåì (n=13) 2,63±1,82 êì (1–7 êì), ïðè÷¸ì, íà ÷èíêàõ Áåòïàê-Äàëû îíî íåñêîëüêî ìåíüøå (n=4; 1,0–2,8 êì, â ñðåäíåì 2,07±0,77 êì), ÷åì â äîëèíå Ñàðûñó (n=9; 1,20–7,0 êì, â ñðåäíåì 2,87±2,13 êì), õîòÿ âîçìîæíî ïîñëåäíåå ñâÿçàíî ñ ïðîïóñêàìè ïàð íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ. Ïëîòíîñòü ïî ó÷¸òó íà ïëîùàäêàõ ñîñòàâèëà â ñðåäíåì 32,97 ïàð/100 êì ÷èíêîâ (24,75–60,61 ïàð/100 êì ÷èíêîâ). Íà ñåâåðíîì ÷èíêå ÁåòïàêÄàëû, ïðè îáñëåäîâàíèè âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ÷èíêà, â àïðåëå 2005 ã. íà ó÷àñòêå ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 33,57 êì îáíàðóæåíî 3 ãíåçäà ôèëèíîâ, ïðèòîì, ÷òî îñíîâíàÿ ÷àñòü ïàð çäåñü ãíåçäèòñÿ â îâðàãàõ â íèæíåé ÷àñòè ÷èíêà. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â äîëèíå Ñàðûñó îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 100–155 ïàð, 8–10 ïàð èç êîòîðûõ ãíåçäèòñÿ íà ñêàëàõ ëåâîãî áåðåãà ð. Ñàðûñó, 90–140, â ñðåäíåì 116 ïàð – íà ÷èíêàõ ïðàâîáåðåæíûõ ïëàòî è 2–5 ïàð – â ïåñêàõ Æàðêóì. Íà ÷èíêàõ ÁåòïàêÄàëû ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 130–195 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 162 ïàðû. Îïðåäåëåííî ôèëèí ãíåçäèòñÿ è íà ñàìîì ïëàòî Áåòïàê-Äàëû â óäàëåíèè îò ÷èíêîâ,

Ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà â áàññåéíå Ñàðûñó: 1 – ïðèðå÷íîå ñêàëüíîå îáíàæåíèå â Êàçàõñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå, 2 – ìåëîâûå îâðàãè â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Ñàðûñó, 3 – ïåñ÷àíûé îâðàã â ïåñêàõ Æàðêóì, 4 – ãëèíÿíûé îâðàã ñåâåðíîãî ÷èíêà Áåòïàê-Äàëû. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Habitats of the Eagle Owl in the Sarysu river basin: 1 – river cliff in Kazakh Upland, 2 – chalk ravine in the lower reaches of the Sarysu river, 3 – sandy ravine in the Zharkum Sands, 4 – clay ravine in northern clifffaces of the Betpak-Dala Desert. Photos by I. Karyakin

íî ÷èñëåííîñòü åãî çäåñü íå èçâåñòíà è íå ïîääàåòñÿ îöåíêå èç-çà îòñóòñòâèÿ ïîëíîöåííûõ ó÷¸òîâ. Ýïèçîäè÷åñêèå âñòðå÷è èçâåñòíû äëÿ Çàïàäíîé ÁåòïàêÄàëû â 2006 ã., à 27 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. áëèç ñ. Ñòåïíîé îñòàíêè 2-õ ôèëèíîâ, ïîãèáøèõ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì, áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ïîä îïîðàìè ïòèöåîïàñíîé ËÝÏ (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2005; 2006á).

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Ðèñ. 15. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo) Fig. 15. Distribution of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo)

Â Êàðàòàó 23–25 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. áûëè îáíàðóæåíû 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ôèëèíîâ (1 íà þæíîì ìàêðîñêëîíå è 2 – íà ñåâåðíîì) – âñå â óùåëüÿõ ïåðåäîâûõ ñêàë; åù¸ îäèí ó÷àñòîê íàéäåí âî âðåìåííîì âîäîòîêå, ïðîìûòîì â ãëèíèñòîé ïîëóïóñòûíå â 6 êì ê ñåâåðó îò Êàðàòàó (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí,

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ 2006á). Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 0,61 ïàðû/ 100 êì2, èëè 26,25 ïàðû/100 êì îáðûâîâ. ×èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Êàðàòàó îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 40–50 ïàð. Â Êàçàõñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå ôèëèí äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷åí â õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòûõ ñòåïÿõ â 50–60-êèëîìåòðîâîé çîíå ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Ñàðûñó è â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå Àÿê-Áåñòàó â ëåâîáåðåæüå. Â 2005 ã. â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Êóìîëà 30 àïðåëÿ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû òðè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ôèëèíîâ íà ïðèðå÷íûõ ñêàëàõ íåáîëüøèõ ïðèòîêîâ ðåêè, ãí¸çäà 2-õ ïàð îáíàðóæåíû â ñêàëüíûõ îñòàíöàõ îñåâîé ÷àñòè Óëóòàó è 2 ãíåçäà – íà ïðèðå÷íûõ ñêàëàõ; òàêæå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ñëåäû ïðåáûâàíèÿ ôèëèíà â ñêàëüíîì ìàññèâå ã. Óëóòàó, îäíàêî çäåñü ïîèñê ãí¸çä ôèëèíà íå îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ èç-çà ëèìèòà âðåìåíè (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006à). Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè è öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôèëèíîâ (n=4) ñîñòàâëÿåò 7,0±4,15 êì (1,2–10,26 êì), è â çàâèñèìîñòè îò òèïà ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé îíî ìîæåò ñèëüíî âàðüèðîâàòü. Ïëîòíîñòü ôèëèíà â Óëóòàó ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,16 ïàðû/êì2 ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé. ×èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà â îñåâîé ÷àñòè Óëóòàó îöåíåíà â 83–93 ïàðû (â ñðåäíåì 88 ïàð), à â õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòûõ ñòåïÿõ, ïðèëåãàþùèõ ê Óëóòàó – 36– 46 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006à), îêîëî ïîëîâèíû èç êîòîðûõ ãíåçäèòñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ áàññåéíà Ñàðûñó. Â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå Àÿê-Áåñòàó â 2007 ã. âûÿâëåíî 7 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â ïðåäåëàõ ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêè. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè ñîñòàâèëî â ñðåäíåì (n=5) 6,82±5,8 êì (2,4–16,7 êì), ïëîòíîñòü – 4,13 ïàð/100 êì2. Îïðåäåë¸ííî çäåñü åñòü íåäîó÷¸ò, ò.ê. âî ìíîãèõ ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñîïî÷íûõ ìàññèâàõ ôèëèíà ñïåöèàëüíî íå èñêàëè, íî äîëþ íåäîó÷¸òà îöåíèòü ñëîæíî, ïîýòîìó îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ñäåëàíà áåç ïîïðàâîê íà íå¸, è ñîñòàâëÿåò 260–360 ïàð. ×èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè äëÿ ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà ñðåäíåãî òå÷åíèè ð. Ñàðûñó â öåëîì, ñ ó÷¸òîì ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ è õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòûõ ñòåïåé, ïðèëåãàþùèõ ê Óëóòàó, îöåíåíà â 500–740 ïàð. Â ãîðíûõ ãðóïïàõ â âåðõîâüÿõ Àòàñó è Ñàðûñó 1–13 ìàÿ 2007 ã. âûÿâëåíî 9 ó÷àñòêîâ, íà êîòîðûõ âñòðå÷åíû ôèëèíû ëèáî îáíàðóæåíû ñëåäû èõ ïîñòîÿííîãî ïðèñóòñòâèÿ, ïðè ýòîì ëèøü íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå îáíàðóæåíî æèëîå ãíåçäî, è íà äâóõ íàéäåíû ïðîøëîãîäíèå ãí¸çäà (â îäíîì ñëó÷àå ñ îñòàíêàìè ñë¸òêà).

Raptors Research

Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) in the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin

Ãí¸çäà ôèëèíà ñ êëàäêàìè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nests of the Eagle Owl with clutches. Photos by I. Karyakin

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ó÷àñòêàìè ñîñòàâëÿåò â ñðåäíåì (n=7) 16,22±8,7 êì (2,44– 30,45 êì) è îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ðàññòîÿíèåì ìåæäó ãðàíèòíûìè ìàññèâàìè, íà êàæäûé èç êîòîðûõ ïðèõîäèòñÿ ïî îäíîé ïàðå ôèëèíîâ (ëèøü â îäíîì ñëó÷àå âûÿâëåíû 2 ïàðû). Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,16 ïàð/ 100 êì2 (0,75–3,82 ïàð/100 êì2). Äëÿ ãîðíûõ ãðóïï âåðõîâèé Àòàñó è Ñàðûñó ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà îöåíåíà â 55–120 ïàð è âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî íåñêîëüêî çàâûøåíà, ò.ê. îáñëåäîâàëèñü òåððèòîðèè, ìàêñèìàëüíî ïðèãîäíûå äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà. Â öåëîì äëÿ áàññåéíà Ñàðûñó ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â 910–1360 ïàð. Ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî 74% ôèëèíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â áàññåéíå Ñàðûñó, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû â çîíå äîìèíèðîâàíèÿ ðàçëè÷íîãî òèïà ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé (Êàçàõñêèé ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê, Êàðàòàó), ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî èìåí-

íî íàñêàëüíûé òèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ õàðàêòåðåí äëÿ ïîïóëÿöèè. Â òî æå âðåìÿ ñðåäè íàéäåííûõ ãí¸çä ëèøü íåìíîãèì áîëåå ïîëîâèíû ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ñêàëüíûì îáíàæåíèÿì (51,5%), ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñî ñëîæíîñòüþ ïîèñêà ãí¸çä â ñêàëàõ, îñîáåííî â Êàçàõñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå, èìåþùåì î÷åíü âûñîêóþ ñòåïåíü ãí¸çäîïðèãîäíîñòè òåððèòîðèè äëÿ ôèëèíà. Èç íàñêàëüíûõ ãí¸çä (ðèñ. 16) ôèëèí îïðåäåë¸ííî ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ïðèðå÷íûå ñêàëüíûå îáíàæåíèÿ (18%), ïëîùàäü êîòîðûõ êðàéíå îãðàíè÷åíà â áàññåéíå Ñàðûñó, è ñêëîíû ñîïîê ñ íåáîëüøèìè ñêàëüíûìè âûõîäàìè (19%). Â ñêàëüíûõ óùåëüÿõ ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâîâ ôèëèí ÿâíî èçáåãàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ, åñëè âîêðóã èìåþòñÿ ìåëêîñîïî÷íûå ëàíäøàôòû èëè ÷èíêè. Ñðåäè ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà ÷èíêàõ, äîìèíèðóþò ãí¸çäà íà çàêóñòàðåííûõ ïîëîãèõ ñêëîíàõ ÷èíêîâ (22%) è â ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâàõ (20%), ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñî ñòðóêòóðîé ÷èíêîâ áàññåéíà Ñàðûñó. Îïðåäåëåííî ïåðâûé òèï äîìèíèðóåò íàä ãí¸çäàìè íà ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâàõ, îäíàêî ïîèñê ãí¸çä íà çàêóñòàðåííûõ ïîëîãèõ ñêëîíàõ, ëèø¸ííûõ îáðûâîâ, îñëîæí¸í, ïîýòîìó â íàøåé âûáîðêå îíè íåçíà÷èòåëüíî ïðåîáëàäàþò íàä âòîðûì òèïîì. Âñå ãí¸çäà íà ñêëîíàõ ñîïîê (n=13) óñòðîåíû â ïîäíîæèè ñêàëüíûõ âûõîäîâ, êàê ïðàâèëî, âûñîòîé íå áîëåå 2-õ ì. Èç ãí¸çä íà ñêàëàõ (n=21) ëèøü 9,52% ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà ïîëêàõ, âñå îñòàëüíûå – â íèøàõ. Ïðè÷¸ì, óðîâåíü ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ íèø è ïîëîê íà ñêàëàõ íå èãðàåò îñîáîé ðîëè: â âåðõíåé è íèæíåé òðåòè ñêàë óñòðîåíî ïî 28,6% ãí¸çä, â ïîäíîæèè ñêàë – 23,8% ãí¸çä, â ñåðåäèíå ñêàë – 19% ãí¸çä. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä íà ñêàëàõ âàðüèðóåò îò 0 äî 20 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 5,4± 5,9 ì. Âñå ãí¸çäà íà ïîëîãèõ çàêóñòàðåííûõ ñêëîíàõ áàëîê (n=15) óñòðîåíû â âåðõíåé Ðèñ. 16. Ìåñòà óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ôèëèíà Fig. 16. Nesting sites of the Eagle Owl

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãí¸çäà ôèëèíà ñ êëàäêàìè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Ãí¸çäà ôèëèíà ñ ïòåíöàìè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Nests of the Eagle Owl with clutches. Photos by I. Karyakin

Nests of the Eagle Owl with chicks. Photos by I. Karyakin

òðåòè ñêëîíîâ â îñíîâàíèè êóñòîâ (îäíî ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü äîâîëüíî îòêðûòî ìåæäó ðåäêèìè êóñòàìè). Èç ãí¸çä íà îáðûâàõ (n=17) ïî 23,5% ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â íèøàõ â âåðõíåé è íèæíåé òðåòè îáðûâîâ, ïî 17,65% – â íèøàõ â ïîäíîæèè è â ñåðåäèíå îáðûâîâ, à òàêæå íà âåðøèíàõ â ïîäíîæèè êóñòîâ. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä íà îáðûâàõ âàðüèðóåò îò 0 äî 12 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 3,0±3,3 ì. Â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî îòêðûòî ðàñïîëîæåííûõ ãí¸çä, ïðè÷¸ì, êàê â ïîëóïóñòûííîé çîíå, òàê è â ñòåïíîé. Çà ïåðèîä ðàáîòû áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 11 ãí¸çä ñ êëàäêàìè (âêëþ÷àÿ 2 ãíåçäà ñ ïîãèáøèìè êëàäêàìè) è 3 ãíåçäà ñ

ïòåíöàìè. Â 2-õ ãíåçäàõ ñ êëàäêàìè áûëî ïî 1 íåäàâíî îòëîæåííîìó ÿéöó, ïîëíûå êëàäêè (n=9) ñîäåðæàëè 1–4 ÿéöà, â ñðåäíåì 3,0±1,12 ÿéöà. Â âûâîäêàõ 2–3 ïòåíöà, â ñðåäíåì 2,67±0,58 ïòåíöà. Ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíà â ðåãèîíå ñóùåñòâåííî çàïàçäûâàþò, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ òàêîâûìè â ñîñåäíèõ ðåãèîíàõ, ïðè÷¸ì íàáëþäàåòñÿ èõ ñèëüíàÿ ðàñòÿíóòîñòü áîëåå ÷åì íà ìåñÿö ó ñîñåäíèõ ïàð. Â 2007 ã. íà ÷èíêàõ â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Ñàðûñó 20–22 àïðåëÿ â îäíîì ãíåçäå áûëè ïòåíöû â âîçðàñòå äî 7 äíåé, â äâóõ ãí¸çäàõ ïîëíûå êëàäêè íà ðàííåé ñòàäèè íàñèæèâàíèÿ, â 2-õ ãí¸çäàõ êëàäêè èç îäíîãî ñâåæåãî ÿéöà è íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ ôèëèíû åù¸ òîëüêî òîêîâàëè è ãîòîâèëèñü ê îòêëàäêå ÿèö. Â

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Òàáë. 2. ×èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Table 2. The number of breeding raptors

Èçâåñòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè Known breeding territories

Æèëûå ãí¸çäà* Living nests*

Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè (ïàðû) Estimated number (pairs)

Çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus)

200–300

Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos)

290–340

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca)

222–324

Îð¸ë ñòåïíîé (Aquila nipalensis)

1740–2105

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus)

310–420

Êîðøóí (Milvus migrans)

1–10

Êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus)

101

961–1177

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug)

93–127

Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo)

910–1360

Âèä Species

* áåç ó÷åòà çàíÿòûõ ãí¸çä, â êîòîðûõ åù¸ íå íà÷àëàñü êëàäêà íà ïåðèîä èõ îáíàðóæåíèÿ, è ãí¸çä ñ ïîãèáøèìè êëàäêàìè è âûâîäêàìè / without occupied nests where the laying during their checking has not begun yet and nests with perished clutches and broods

Êàçàõñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå â ýòîò æå ãîä 26 àïðåëÿ – 1 ìàÿ â ãíåçäàõ ôèëèíà áûëè êëàäêè íà ïîñëåäíåé ñòàäèè íàñèæèâàíèÿ. Ëèòåðàòóðà Ãàâðèí Â.Ô. Ñîâîîáðàçíûå. – Ïòèöû Êàçàõñòàíà. Ò. 2. Àëìà-Àòà, 1962. Ñ. 708–779. Ãèñöîâ À.Ï., Ñåìà À.Ì. Âåñåííèé ïðîë¸ò õèùíûõ ïòèö â íèçîâüÿõ Ñàðûñó. – Ýêîëîãèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö: Ìàòåðèàëû I ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö, Ìîñêâà, 16–18 ôåâðàëÿ 1983 ã. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1983. Ñ. 19–20. Ãóáèí Á.Ì., Ëåâèí À.Ñ. Êðàòêîå ñîîáùåíèå î ñòåïíîì îðëå. – Ðåäêèå æèâîòíûå Êàçàõñòàíà. Àëìà-Àòà, 1986. Ñ. 130. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä: Èçä-âî «Ïîâîëæüå». 2004. 351 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ëèíèè ñìåðòè ïðîäîëæàþò ñîáèðàòü ñâîé «÷¸ðíûé» óðîæàé â Êàçàõñòàíå. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹ 11. Ñ. 14–21. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. ×¸ðíûå äûðû â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Çàïàäíîé ÁåòïàêÄàëå), Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 4. Ñ. 29–32. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû Óëóòàó. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 5. Ñ. 37–49. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Ðåçóëüòàòû ðîññèéñêîé ýêñïåäèöèè â Êàçàõñòàí â 2005 ã. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé

áþëëåòåíü 2005. Àëìàòû: «Tethys», 2006. Ñ. 16–23. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êîâàëåíêî À.Â., Êîðæåâ Ä.À., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Ìóãîäæàð, Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2007. ¹ 8. Ñ. 53–65. Êîâøàðü À.Ô., Ëåâèí À.Ñ. Ïòèöû ïóñòûíè Áåòïàê-Äàëà (ëåòíèé àñïåêò). – Ôàóíà è áèîëîãèÿ ïòèö Êàçàõñòàíà. Àëìàòû, 1993. Ñ. 104–132. Êîâøàðü À.Ô., Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Áåëÿëîâ Î.Â. Êðàòêîå ñîîáùåíèå î ñòåïíîì îðëå. – Ðåäêèå æèâîòíûå Êàçàõñòàíà. Àëìà-Àòà, 1986. Ñ. 129. Êîëáèíöåâ Â.Ã. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèè ðåäêèõ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ âèäîâ ñîâ è õèùíûõ ïòèö â Ìàëîì Êàðàòàó. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2003. Àëìàòû: «Tethys», 2004. Ñ. 214–219. Ëåâèí À., Êàðïîâ Ô. Î ãíåçäîâàíèè áàëîáàíà â Öåíòðàëüíîì Êàçàõñòàíå. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 4. Ñ. 52–57. Ìàëüöåâà Ñ.Ì. Ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà â Êàðêàðàëèíñêèõ ãîðàõ (Öåíòðàëüíûé Êàçàõñòàí). – Ýêîëîãèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö: Ìàòåðèàëû I ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö, Ìîñêâà, 16–18 ôåâðàëÿ 1983 ã. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1983. Ñ. 80–82. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé Î.Â., Ðóñòàìîâ À.Ê. Ôèëèí. – Ïòèöû Ñðåäíåé Àçèè (â 5 òîìàõ)/ ïîä ðåä. À.Ê. Ðóñòàìîâà è À.Ô. Êîâøàðÿ. Ò. 1. Àëìàòû, 2007. Ñ. 423–431.

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Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

                                          Êîíòàêò: Âèêòîð Ïîïîâ Áàéêàëüñêèé öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé «Äèêàÿ ïðèðîäà Àçèè» Ðîññèÿ 664022 Èðêóòñê ïåð. Ñèáèðñêèé 5–2 òåë.: +7 (3952) 48 04 03 vpopov@irk.ru Contact: Viktor Popov Baikalian Field Study Center «Wildlife of Asia» Lenina str., 18 Ust-Ordynskiy Sibirskiy per., 5–2 Irkutsk 664022 Russia tel.: +7 (3952) 48 04 03 vpopov@irk.ru

Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) – äëÿ Ïðèáàéêàëüÿ ðåäêèé çèìóþùèé âèä. Äî ñèõ ïîð áûëè èçâåñòíû çèìíèå âñòðå÷è ýòîãî âèäà òîëüêî äëÿ ïîáåðåæüÿ Áàéêàëà: èñòîê ð. Àíãàðà (Ðÿáöåâ, 1998) è ïðèóñòüåâûå ó÷àñòêè ðåê Êóäàëäû è Ñîñíîâêà â Áàðãóçèíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå (Àíàíèí, 2006). Â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ äåð. Êî÷åðèêîâî Óñîëüñêîãî ðàéîíà 2 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 ã. ìîëîäîé îðëàí óäàðèëñÿ î ïðîâîäà ËÝÏ. Ïðè ýòîì îðëàí ïîâðåäèë ãîëîâó è, ïî âñåé âèäèìîñòè, èñïûòàë ýëåêòðîøîê. Ìåñòíûå æèòåëè ïîäîáðàëè ïîñòðàäàâøóþ ïòèöó è ïåðåäàëè â çîîïàðê ïðè Àíãàðñêîì äîìå äåòñêîãî òâîð÷åñòâà. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïîìåù¸ííûé â âîëüåð ñ äðóãèìè õèùíèêàìè îðëàí îïðàâèëñÿ îò ïîëó÷åííîé òðàâìû è ÷óâñòâóåò ñåáÿ õîðîøî. Ïðèìå÷àòåëåí ýòîò ñëó÷àé òåì, ÷òî ìåñòî âñòðå÷è îðëàíà íàõîäèëîñü âäàëåêå îò âîäî¸ìà. Áëèæàéøèé âîäî¸ì – ðåêà Àíãàðà íàõîäèòñÿ ïðèìåðíî â 5 êì, à íåçàìåðçàþùàÿ ïîëûíüÿ – â 15–30 êì. Îêðåñòíîñòè äåð. Êî÷åðèêîâî ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûé ëàíäøàôò, ïðàêòè÷åñêè ëèø¸ííûé äðåâåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè. Ìîëîäîé îðëàí íå áûë èñòîù¸ííûì. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî çèìà â ýòîì ãîäó íå áûëà ìÿãêîé – â ÿíâàðå ïîñòîÿííî â ìåñòå âñòðå÷è îðëàíà äåðæàëèñü ìîðîçû äî -30° Ñ è íèæå. Â Áàéêàëî-Ëåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå â ìåæäóðå÷üå ðåê Àíàé è Ëåíà îðëàí áûë âñòðå÷åí 3 íîÿáðÿ 1994 ã. (Ïîïîâ, 2001), íî ýòó âñòðå÷ó ìîæíî îòíåñòè ê ïîçäíåîñåííèì. Êðîìå ýòîãî ñëó÷àÿ, èìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ, ïîëó÷åííàÿ îò îõîòíèêà, îá îðëàíå-áåëîõâîñòå, ïîïàâøåì â êàïêàí â Ïðèñàÿíüå â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè Îêè â ÿíâàðå â êîíöå 80-õ ãîäîâ ïðîøëîãî ñòîëåòèÿ, íî ýòó ïòèöó îñìîòðåòü íå óäàëîñü, íå èñêëþ÷åíî, ÷òî ýòî áûë áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos).

The first fact of a young White-Tailed Eagle wintering (Haliaeetus albicilla) has been surveyed far from the Baikal Lake in the territory of the Irkutsk district on 2 February 2008. The eagle hit wires of a power line. The bird has survived and is in a zoo now.

Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) â âîëüåðå ðåàáèëèòàöèîííîãî öåíòðà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Reabilitation of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). Photo by I. Karyakin

Òàê ÷òî, âñòðå÷à â ôåâðàëå 2008 ã. îñòà¸òñÿ åäèíñòâåííûì ñëó÷àåì âñòðå÷è îðëàíà â çèìíåå âðåìÿ âäàëåêå îò ïîáåðåæüÿ Áàéêàëà. Ëèòåðàòóðà Àíàíèí À.À. Ïòèöû Áàðãóçèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Óëàí-Óäý: Èçä-âî Áóðÿòñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, 2006. 274 ñ. Ïîïîâ Â.Â. Çàìåòêè ïî îñåííåé àâèôàóíå âåðõîâèé ðåêè Ëåíà (Êà÷óãñêèé ðàéîí, Èðêóòñêàÿ îáëàñòü). – Òðóäû Áàéêàëî-Ëåíñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Èðêóòñê, 2001. Âûï. 2. Ñ. 107–114. Ðÿáöåâ Â.Â. Î çèìîâêå õèùíûõ ïòèö â Ïðåäáàéêàëüå. – Òðóäû Áàéêàëî-Ëåíñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Ì., 1998. Âûï. 1. Ñ. 103–104.

Short Reports

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

                                                    Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí ikar_research@mail.ru Ìèõàèë Êîðåïîâ korepov@list.ru Contact: Igor Karyakin ikar_research@mail.ru Mikhail Korepov korepov@list.ru

Ìåñòî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) íà ËÝÏ îêîëî ã. Äæåòûãàðà (Êóñòàíàéñêàÿ îáëàñòü) Nest location of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) near the Dzhetygara City (Kostanay District)

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) â ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëüêî ëåò àêòèâíî ðàññåëÿåòñÿ ïî ËÝÏ â ïðåäåëàõ àðèäíûõ çîí. Åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå íà ËÝÏ óæå íå íîñèò ñëó÷àéíîãî õàðàêòåðà, à ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîïóëÿöèîííîé íîðìîé äëÿ ïîëóïóñòûííûõ è þæíûõ ñòåïíûõ ðàéîíîâ Êàçàõñòàíà (Êàðÿêèí, 2008). Â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè Êóñòàíàéñêîé îáëàñòè ìîãèëüíèê ãíåçäèòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà äåðåâüÿõ, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî îáðàçóåò äîâîëüíî ïëîòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè â áîðîâûõ ìàññèâàõ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, â áîðàõ Íàóðçóìñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà è Àìàí-Êàðàãàå, à â áåçëåñíûõ ñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ îáëàñòè ôàêòè÷åñêè îòñóòñòâóåò. Îäíàêî, ïðîöåññ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ âèäîì äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îïîð ËÝÏ «äîêàòèëñÿ è äîñþäà», ÷òî ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê øèðîêîìó ðàññåëåíèþ ìîãèëüíèêà ïî ñòåïíîé çîíå, îñîáåííî áàññåéíó Òîáîëà. Â õîäå òðàíçèòíîãî ìàðøðóòà ïî òðàññå Äæåòûãàðà – Êîìñîìîëüñêèé 24 ìàÿ 2007 ã. â îáøèðíîé ïëîñêîé ñòåïè íà âîäîðàçäåëå ðåê Òîáîë è Øîðòàíäû â 10 êì þæíåå Äæåòûãàðû îáíàðóæåíî

The living nest of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) was found in the watershed of the Tobol and Shortandy rivers in 24 May 2007. The nest was situated on the metal traverse of the concrete electric pole, located in flat steppe. Eagles were not noted in that territory in 2005.

Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) íà ËÝÏ. 24.05.2007. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nest of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) on the electric pole. 24/05/2007. Photo by I. Karyakin

æèëîå ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà, óñòðîåííîå íà ãîðèçîíòàëüíîì òðàâåðñå áåòîííîé îïîðû ËÝÏ. Äàííîå ãíåçäî ïîÿâèëîñü îïðåäåë¸ííî ïîñëå 2005 ã., ëèáî â ãîä îáñëåäîâàíèÿ, ëèáî â 2006 ã., ò.ê. â 2005 ã. äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ áåãëî îñìàòðèâàëàñü, è ìîãèëüíèê çäåñü íå áûë âñòðå÷åí, êàê, ñîáñòâåííî, è íå áûëî âûÿâëåíî åãî ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê. Ëèòåðàòóðà Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïðîáëåìà «Ïòèöû è ËÝÏ»: åñòü è ïîëîæèòåëüíûé àñïåêò. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹ 12. C.11–27.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 13

Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû

          SLOVAK RAPTOR Vol.1, 2007

JOURNAL

Published by Raptor Protection of Slovakia – Vydáva Ochrana dravcov na Slovensku

Focusing

J. Izakovi�

on the Imperial Eagle

Slovak Rapt J, 2007, 1

(3) Contact: Dr. Miroslav Dravecky Rovnikova 8, SK-04012 Kosice, Slovakia dravecky@spisnet.sk Raptor Protection of Slovakia (RPS) Ochrana dravcov na Slovensku Svatoplukova 1 SK-82108, Bratislava Slovakia tel./fax: +421.2.64283984 dravce@dravce.sk

Â 2007 ã. íåïðàâèòåëüñòâåííàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ «Îõðàíà õèùíèêîâ Ñëîâàêèè» íà÷àëà èçäàâàòü æóðíàë «Slovak Raptor Journal». Îñíîâíîé öåëüþ îðãàíèçàöèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö è ñîâ, îáèòàþùèõ â äèêîé ïðèðîäå Ñëîâàêèè. Ïåðâûé íîìåð ïîñâÿù¸í îðëó-ìîãèëüíèêó (Aquila heliaca): ïðåäñòàâëåíû ìàòåðèàëû îá îñîáåííîñòÿõ åãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è ïèòàíèÿ. Òàêæå â íîìåðå ñîäåðæàòñÿ ñòàòüè î ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ñëîâàêèè îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà (Haliaåetus albicilla), íåêîòîðûõ äðóãèõ õèùíèêîâ è ðåçóëüòàòû ñëîâàöêîãî ïðîåêòà ïî êîëüöåâàíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö è ñîâ â 2002–04 ãã. Àíãëîÿçû÷íûé ðåôåðèðóåìûé æóðíàë «Slovak Raptor Journal» ïóáëèêóåò ñòàòüè ïî âñåì àñïåêòàì áèîëîãèè õèùíûõ ïòèö è ñîâ, âêëþ÷àÿ îðèãèíàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ, îáçîðû è äîêëàäû ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ïðîåêòîâ è ðàáîòû ñïåöèàëüíûõ ðàáî÷èõ ãðóïï. Ïðàâèëà äëÿ àâòîðîâ îïóáëèêîâàíû â ¹1 æóðíàëà4. Ñòàòüè íà àíãëèéñêîì èëè ñëîâàöêîì ÿçûêàõ íå äîëæíû ïðåâûøàòü 5000 ñëîâ. Àâòîðû ïîëó÷àþò îäèí ýêçåìïëÿð æóðíàëà áåñïëàòíî è pdf-ôàéë ñî ñòàòüåé. Ïîëíàÿ âåðñèÿ æóðíàëà ñ öâåòíûìè èëëþñòðàöèÿìè äîñòóïíà íà ñàéòå «Îõðàíà õèùíèêîâ Ñëîâàêèè»5. Ðóêîïèñè äëÿ ïóáëèêàöèè íåîáõîäèìî ïîñûëàòü íà àäðåñ ðåäàêöèè. Êîíòàêò (3).

http://www.dravce.sk/doc/journal/2007-1%20SRJ%20Z%20001%20pages%2 067-68%20Info%20for%20Authors%20and%20Contents.pdf 5 http:/www.dravce.sk 4

Raptor Protection of Slovakia has published the «Slovak Raptor Journal» since 2007. Raptor Protection of Slovakia (RPS) is an independent, non-governmental organization, a civic association focusing on the research and protected of bird of prey and owls living in the wild around Slovakia. The first issue of Journal is devoted to the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). There are papers about breeding and diet of the species. Also there are papers about the WhiteTailed Eagle (Haliaåetus albicilla) breeding in Slovakia, about another raptors and results of the project of ringing of birds of prey and owls in 2002–04. The journal Slovak Raptor Journal publishes peer-reviewed articles on all aspects of biology of diurnal raptors and owls, including original studies, review articles and reports from projects and special raptor working groups. Guidelines for authors published in issue 14. One copy of the manuscript must be submitted in Slovak or English. Manuscripts must not be longer than 5000 words. Authors receive one copy of the journal free of charge and pdf file as a reprint. The complete Journal and articles with color figures will be available on web-site «Raptor Protection of Slovakia»5. Manuscripts should be addressed to the editor board. Contact (3)

Contents

Raptors Conservation 2008, 13

Ñîäåðæàíèå

Contents

Ñîáûòèÿ ................................................................. 3

Events ...................................................................... 3

Âñåðîññèéñêàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïî îõðàíå ïðèðîäû. Ðîññèÿ, Ìîñêâà, 7 íîÿáðÿ 2007. Âûäåðæêè èç ðåçîëþöèè ...................................... 6

All-Russian Conference on Nature Protection. Russia, Moscow, 9 November 2007. Resolution Summary .............................................. 6

Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè ........................................ 8

Reviews and Comments .......................................... 8

Õèùíûå ïòèöû âî Âñåìèðíûõ äíÿõ íàáëþäåíèÿ ïòèö 2007 â Ðîññèè. Ïîëçèêîâà Å.Þ., Êàðïååâ Â.Å., Íåêðàñîâ Ì.Ñ. ...................................................... 8

Birds of Prey in the World Birdwatch 2007 in Russia. Polzikova E.Yu., Karpeev V.E., Nekrasov M.S. ......... 8

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ........................... 13 Ðàñïðîcòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â Âîëîãîäñêîì Ïîîçåðüå è þãî-âîñòî÷íîì Ïðèîíåæüå. Êóçíåöîâ À.Â., Áàáóøêèí Ì.Â. ....... 13 Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êèñåë¸âà Í.Þ. .................................. 21 Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò â ×óâàøèè, Ðîññèÿ. Èñàêîâ Ã.Í., ßêîâëåâ Â.À. ........................................................ 28 Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êîðæåâ Ä.À. ....... 31 Õèùíûå ïòèöû íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà». Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. ................................................ 41 Êðóïíûå õèùíûå ïòèöû áàññåéíà Ñàðûñó. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîâàëåíêî À.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â....................................................... 48 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ ............................................ 88 Çèìíÿÿ âñòðå÷à îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè. Ïîïîâ Â.Â. ............................................ 88 Ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà íà îïîðå ËÝÏ â Êóñòàíàéñêîé îáëàñòè, Êàçàõñòàí. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â. ............................... 89

Raptors Research .................................................. 13 Distribution and Number of the White-Tailed Eagle in the Vologodskoe Poozerie and Southeast Prionezhie Regions. Kuznetsov A.V., Babushkin M.V. ............. 13 The White-Tailed Eagle in the N. Novgorod District, Russia. Bakka S.V., Kiseleva N.Yu. ........................... 21 White-Tailed Eagle in the Republic of Chuvashia, Russia. Isakov G.N., Yakovlev V.A. ..................................... 28 The White-Tailed Eagle in the Samara District, Russia. Karyakin I.V., Pazhenkov A.S., Korzhev D.A............. 31 The Birds of Prey of the NP «Nizhnyaya Kama». Bekmansurov R.H. ................................................ 41 The Large Birds of Prey of the Sarysu River Basin. Karyakin I.V., Kovalenko A.V., Barabashin T.O., Korepov M.V. ...................................................... 48 Short Reports......................................................... 88 Winter Record of the White-Tailed Eagle in the Irkutsk District. Popov V.V. ............................................... 88 Imperial Eagle Breeding on the Electric Pole in Kostanay District, Kazakhstan. Karyakin I.V., Korepov M.V. ................................. 89 New Publications and Videos ............................... 90

Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû ............................ 90

Îòïå÷àòàíî â òèïîãðàôèè ÎÎÎ «ÀÏÄ» ñ ãîòîâîãî îðèãèíàë-ìàêåòà 603139, ã. Í. Íîâãîðîä, óë. Ãàóãåëÿ, 16–49