Raptors Conservation 16/2009 by Igor Karyakin

Raptors Conservation ПЕРНАТЫЕ ХИЩНИКИ И ИХ ОХРАНА

ISSN 1814–0076

2009 №16 Ðàáî÷èé áþëëåòåíü î ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêàõ Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè The Newsletter of the raptors of the East Europe and North Asia Áþëëåòåíü «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ó÷ðåæäåí ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîé îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» (Íîâîñèáèðñê) è íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîé îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé» (Í. Íîâãîðîä).

The Raptors Conservation Newsletter has been founded by the non-governmental organisations Siberian Environmental Center (Novosibirsk) and Center of Field Studies (Nizhniy Novgorod).

Ðåäàêòîðû íîìåðà: Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî (Ñèáýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê) è Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí (Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, Í. Íîâãîðîä)

Editors: Elvira Nikolenko (Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk) and Igor Karyakin (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod)

Ôîòîãðàôèÿ íà ëèöåâîé ñòîðîíå îáëîæêè: Ñàìêà ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus) áëèç ãíåçäà, ð. Êàòóíü, Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, Ðîññèÿ, 25 èþíÿ 2009 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Photo on the front cover: Female of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) near the nest, Katun river, Altai Kray, Russia, 25 June 2009. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Â èëëþñòðàöèè çàäíåé ñòîðîíû îáëîæêè èñïîëüçîâàíû ôîòîãðàôèè È. Êàðÿêèíà, À. Ëåâàøêèíà, Ý. Íèêîëåíêî.

Photos on the back cover by I. Karyakin, A. Levashkin, E. Nikolenko.

Äèçàéí: Ä. Ñåíîòðóñîâ, À. Êëåù¸â Âåðñòêà: Ä. Êàòóíîâ Êîððåêòóðà: À. Êàþìîâ Ïåðåâîä: A. Øåñòàêîâà, Ä. Òåðïèëîâñêàÿ

Design by D. Senotrusov, A. Kleschev Page-proofs by D. Katunov Proof-reader by A. Kajumov Translation by A. Shestakova, D. Terpilovskaya

Öâåòíàÿ ïå÷àòü ðèñóíêîâ Âàäèìà Ãîðáàòîâà ê ñòàòüå Ðàëüôà Ïôåôôåðà «Ê âîïðîñó î ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè áàëîáàíîâ» ñòàëà âîçìîæíîé áëàãîäàðÿ ôèíàíñîâîé ïîääåðæêå Öåíòðà ñîäåéñòâèÿ «Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè». The color print of Vadim Gorbatov’s figures in the paper of Ralf Pfeffer “About geographical variances of the Saker Falcon” has been granted by the Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance Centre.

Ðåäàêöèîííàÿ êîëëåãèÿ: Ñ.Â. Áàêêà, ê.á.í., ÑÎÏÐ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; sopr@dront.ru Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí, ê.á.í., ÐÃÏÓ, Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, Ðîññèÿ; timbar@bk.ru Ñ.À. Áóêðååâ, ñ.í.ñ., ê.á.í., ÈÏÝÝ ÐÀÍ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ; sbukreev@rol.ru Â.Ì. Ãàëóøèí, àêàä. ÐÀÅÍ, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÌÏÃÓ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ; v-galushin@yandex.ru Í.Þ. Êèñåëåâà, äîö., ê.ïåä.í., ÍÃÏÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; sopr@dront.ru Ð.Ä. Ëàïøèí, äîö., ê.á.í., ÍÃÏÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; lapchine@mail.ru À.Ñ. Ëåâèí, äîö., ê.á.í., Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè ÌÎèÍ, Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí; levin_saker@nursat.kz Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, ïðîô., ä.á.í., Íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, Òàøêåíò, Óçáåêèñòàí; olmit@list.ru À.Ñ. Ïàæåíêîâ, ê.á.í., ÖÑ «ÂÓÝÑ», Ñàìàðà, Ðîññèÿ; f_lynx@hotbox.ru Ì.Â. Ïåñòîâ, ê.á.í., Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò», Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; vipera@dront.ru Å.Ð. Ïîòàïîâ, Ph.D., Áðèí Àôèíñêèé Êîëëåäæ, Ïåíñèëüâàíèÿ, ÑØÀ; EugenePotapov@gmail.com Þ.Ñ. Ðàâêèí, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÈÑèÝË ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; zm@eco.nsc.ru È.Ý. Ñìåëÿíñêèé, Ñèáýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; ilya@ecoclub.nsu.ru À.À. Øåñòàêîâà, ê.á.í., ÍÍÃÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; f_s_c@mail.ru T. Katzner, Ph.D., Conservation and Field Research National Aviary, USA; todd.katzner@aviary.org M.J. McGrady, Ph.D., Natural Research, UK; MikeJMcGrady@aol.com

Àäðåñ ðåäàêöèè: 630090 Ðîññèÿ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 Editorial adress: P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090 Tel./Fax: +7 (383) 363 00 59 E-mail:

rc_news@mail.ru ikar_research@mail.ru elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru

http://www.sibecocenter.ru/raptors.htm Ýëåêòðîííàÿ âåðñèÿ/RC online http://www.sibecocenter.ru/RC.htm Ïðàâèëà äëÿ àâòîðîâ äîñòóïíû íà ñàéòå: http://www.sibecocenter.ru/guidelines_rus.htm Guidelines for Contributors available on website: http://www.sibecocenter.ru/guidelines_en.htm

Events

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Events СОБЫТИЯ (1) Êîíòàêò Âëàäèìèð Ì. Ãàëóøèí Ðîññèÿ, Ìîñêâà, ÌÏÃÓ v-galushin@yandex.ru (1) Contact Vladimir M. Galushin MPGU, Moscow, Russia v-galushin@yandex.ru

Ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco naumanni). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni). Photo by I. Karyakin.

VII Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïî ñòåïíîé ïóñòåëüãå (Falco naumanni) ñîñòîÿëàñü 20–23 íîÿáðÿ 2008 ã. â ã. Àëüìåíäðàëåõî (ïðîâèíöèÿ Ýñòðåìàäóðà, Èñïàíèÿ). Öåëüþ êîíôåðåíöèè ÿâëÿëàñü îöåíêà ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïîïóëÿöèé ñòåïíîé ïóñòåëüãè â ðàçíûõ ÷àñòÿõ ãíåçäîâîãî è çèìîâî÷íîãî àðåàëà, à òàêæå íîâûõ ìåòîäîâ èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû âèäà. Â ðàáîòå êîíôåðåíöèè ó÷àñòâîâàëî îêîëî 120 ÷åëîâåê èç 8 ñòðàí (Èñïàíèÿ, Ïîðòóãàëèÿ, Ôðàíöèÿ, Èòàëèÿ, Ãðåöèÿ, Ðîññèÿ, Ìàðîêêî, ÞÀÐ). Âîñòî÷íàÿ Åâðîïà è Ñåâåðíàÿ Àçèÿ áûëè ïðåäñòàâëåíû ïðåäñåäàòåëåì Ðàáî÷åé ãðóïïû ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè Â.Ì. Ãàëóøèíûì. Ïðîãðàììà êîíôåðåíöèè âêëþ÷àëà îêîëî 50 äîêëàäîâ è ñîîáùåíèé, íî íå âñå äîêëàä÷èêè ïðèáûëè â Àëüìåíäðàëåõî. Â äîêëàäå Â. Ãàëóøèíà, À. Áðàãèíà è Ì. Èëüþõà «Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå, ïîïóëÿöèîííûå òðåíäû è îõðàíà ñòåïíîé ïóñòåëüãè â Ðîññèè è Êàçàõñòàíå» îòìå÷åíà îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ ñòàáèëüíîñòü ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà, íàëè÷èå ìíîãîòûñÿ÷íîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè â Öåíòðàëüíîì Êàçàõñòàíå – ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â çàáðîøåííûõ ðàçðóøàþùèõñÿ ïîñ¸ëêàõ, è óñïåøíûå ïðèìåðû àäàïòàöèè ê æèçíè â íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòàõ Âîñòî÷íîãî Ïðåäêàâêàçüÿ. Äâà äîêëàäà áûëè ïîñâÿùåíû çèìóþùèì ñòåïíûì ïóñòåëüãàì – íà þãå Àôðèêè (David Pepler) è â Ìàðîêêî (Hamid Rguibi). Èñïàíñêèå êîëëåãè ñîîáùèëè, ÷òî áëàãîäàðÿ äåéñòâåííîé îõðàíå è øèðîêîìó ïðèìåíåíèþ ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ ìîäåëåé èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíîé ïóñòåëüãè â Èñïàíèè íà÷èíàåò âîññòàíàâëèâàòüñÿ ïîñëå êðàõà å¸ ïîïóëÿöèé â 1980–90-å ãîäû. Òàêæå ó÷àñòíèêîâ êîíôåðåíöèè ïîçíàêîìèëè ñ öåíòðàëèçîâàííîé ñèñòåìîé òåëåâèçèîííîãî on-line íàáëþäåíèÿ çà êîëîíèÿìè è îòäåëüíûìè ãíåçäîâüÿìè ñòåïíîé ïóñòåëüãè â ãîðîäå1. Êîíòàêò (1).

http://www.demaprimilla.org

VII International conference on the Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) was held in Almendralejo (Extremadura province, Spain) on 20–23 November 2008. The purpose of conference was the estimation of a modern condition of the Lesser Kestrel populations in different parts of the range and also new methods of studying and protection of the species. Nearby 120 persons from 8 countries (Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Greece, Russia, Morocco, the Republic of South Africa) participated in the conference. The East Europe and Northern Asia have been presented by chairman of Working group on birds of prey of Northern Eurasia V.M. Galushin. The program of conference included about 50 reports and posters, unfortunately not all of reports were sounded. In the report of V. Galushin, A. Bragin and M. Ilyuh “The modern condition, trends and protection of the Lesser Kestrel in Russia and Kazakhstan” rather stability of number of the species in the eastern part of a range was noted, large breeding group in the Central Kazakhstan estimated in several thousands individuals; inhabiting mainly abandoned destroyed settlements, and successful examples of adaptation to a life in settlements of East Ciscaucasia were noted. Two reports were devoted to wintering Lesser Kestrels in the south of Africa (David Pepler) and in Morocco (Hamid Rguibi). The Spanish colleagues informed, that owing to effective protection and wide application of various models of artificial nests the Lesser Kestrel number in Spain starts to be recovered after crash of

Ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Lesser Kestrel. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

(2) Êîíòàêò Àëåêñàíäð Ã. Ñîðîêèí ÔÃÓ «ÂÍÈÈïðèðîäû» Ðîññèÿ 113628 Ìîñêâà Çíàìåíñêîå-Ñàäêè òåë./ôàêñ: +7 (495) 423 82 22 agsorokin@mail.ru (2) Contact Alexander G. Sorokin FGO “All-Russian Research Institute for Nature Protection Znamenskoe-Sadki, Moscow 113628 Russia tel./fax: +7 (495) 423 82 22 agsorokin@mail.ru

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug). Ôîòî Î. Áåëÿëîâà. Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Photo by O. Belyalov.

4–5 äåêàáðÿ 2008 ã. â Ìóçåå Çåìëåâåäåíèÿ ÌÃÓ (ã. Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ) ñîñòîÿëñÿ íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêèé ñåìèíàð «Ïðîáëåìà íåçàêîííîãî îáîðîòà ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ïóòè å¸ ðåøåíèÿ». Ñåìèíàð ïðîâîäèëñÿ ÔÃÓ «ÂÍÈÈ Ïðèðîäû» ïî çàêàçó Ôåäåðàëüíîé ñëóæáû ïî íàäçîðó â ñôåðå ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Êðèìèíàëüíûé áèçíåñ, ñâÿçàííûé ñ íåçàêîííûì îòëîâîì è êîíòðàáàíäîé ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ñîêîëîâ, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ðåàëüíî óãðîæàåò ñîõðàíåíèþ ïîïóëÿöèé ýòèõ âèäîâ, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, Êðàñíûé ñïèñîê Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñîþçà îõðàíû ïðèðîäû, à òàêæå â ïðèëîæåíèÿ ðÿäà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ êîíâåíöèé è ñîãëàøåíèé. Äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåìû íåîáõîäèìî ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà, ñóùåñòâåííîå óëó÷øåíèå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ïðîôèëüíûõ îðãàíèçàöèé è âåäîìñòâ, ðàçðàáîòêà è âíåäðåíèå íîâûõ ôîðì îõðàíû è óñòîé÷èâîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ñ öåëüþ âûðàáîòêè îïðåäåë¸ííîé ïðîãðàììû ïî ðåøåíèþ âûøå îçâó÷åííîé ïðîáëåìû è áûë îðãàíèçîâàí ñåìèíàð. Íà í¸ì âûñòóïèëè Â.Â. Áîãîñëîâñêèé (íà÷àëüíèê óïðàâëåíèÿ ìîðñêîãî êîíòðîëÿ, ðàçðåøèòåëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè è ÎÎÏÒ Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîðà) ñ äîêëàäîì «Ñîõðàíåíèå ðåäêèõ âèäîâ äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ êàê çàäà÷à Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîðà», ïðîô. Â.Ì. Ãàëóøèí (ïðåçèäåíò Ðàáî÷åé ãðóïïû ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè) ñ äîêëàäîì «Ïðîáëåìû îõðàíû õèùíûõ ïòèö», À.Ã. Ñîðîêèí (çàâåäóþùèé îòäåëåíèåì áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ÔÃÓ «ÂÍÈÈ Ïðèðîäû», çàìåñòèòåëü ðóêîâîäèòåëÿ íàó÷íîãî îðãàíà ÑÈÒÅÑ) ñ äîêëàäàìè «Íåçàêîííûé îáîðîò ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ â Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè: ïðè÷èíû, òåíäåíöèè, ïðîáëåìû» è «Íàó÷íî-ìåòîäè÷åñêîå îáåñïå÷åíèå êîíòðîëÿ è íàäçîðà çà îáîðîòîì ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ», À.Ë. Âàéñìàí (ãëàâíûé êîîðäèíàòîð ïðîåêòîâ TRAFFIC-Åâðîïà â Ðîññèè) ñ äîêëàäîì «Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå àñïåêòû íåçàêîííîãî îáîðîòà ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ», Ò.Þ. Áåëÿêîâà (Ïàðê ïòèö «Âîðîáüè»)

Ñîáûòèÿ its populations in 1980–90. Also the TV on-line system for watching of colonies and some nests of the Lesser Kestrel in city was presented to participants of conference1. Contact (1). The workshop “The Problem of Illegal Trade in Falcons and Paths of its Decision” took place in the Earth Science Museum of the Moscow State University (Moscow, Russia) on 4–5 December, 2008. The workshop was held by FGO All-Russian Research Institute for Nature Protection (RRINP) under the order of Federal Service of Supervision in Nature Management (FSSNM). Now the criminal business connected with illegal catching and smuggling of rare falcon species really threatens surviving of populations of these species listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, the Red List of IUCN, and also in appendices of some the international conventions and agreements. For the decision of the problem it is necessary to improve the legislation, interaction of the specialized organizations and departments, develop and apply new forms of protection and sustainable use of birds of prey. The workshop was organized for the developing of the certain program under the decision the problem. Following reports were sounded: V.V. Bogoslovskiy (FSSNM) with the report “Conservation of rare species of wild animals as a task of FSSNM”, prof. V.M. Galushin (the president of Working Group on Birds of Prey of Northern Eurasia) “Problems of protection of birds of prey”, A.G. Sorokin (RRINP) “Illegal trade in falcons in the Russian Federation: the reasons, tendencies, problems” and “Scientifically-methodical maintenance of the control and supervision of the trade in falcons”, A.L. Vaysman (TRAFFIC-Europe in Russia) “International aspects of illegal trade of falcons”, T.Yu. Belyakova (Park of birds “Vorob’I”) “Problems of the legislation developing in sphere of protection and regulation of use of falcons”, A.I. Borodin (RRINP) “The Role of nurseries for birds of prey in struggle with illegal trade of falcons and recovering of their populations”, prof. V.A. Ostapenko, (The Moscow Zoo) “The Role of zoos in conservation of rare species of birds of prey”, V.V. Romanov (RBÑU, director of Hospital for birds “Zeleny popugay”) “Centers of rescue of birds of prey: modern condition and outlook”, Ê.I. Sokolov (“Fund

Events

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ñ äîêëàäîì «Ïðîáëåìû ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèÿ çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà â ñôåðå îõðàíû è ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ», À.È. Áîðîäèí (ñ.í.ñ. ÔÃÓ «ÂÍÈÈ Ïðèðîäû») ñ äîêëàäîì «Ðîëü ïèòîìíèêîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö â ïðîòèâîäåéñòâèè íåçàêîííîìó îáîðîòó ñîêîëîâ è âîññòàíîâëåíèè èõ ïîïóëÿöèé», ïðîô. Â.À. Îñòàïåíêî (â.í.ñ. Ìîñêîâñêîãî çîîïàðêà) ñ äîêëàäîì «Ðîëü çîîïàðêîâ â ñîõðàíåíèè ðåäêèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö», Â.Â. Ðîìàíîâ (âèöå-ïðåçèäåíò Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, äèðåêòîð Ãîñïèòàëÿ ïòèö «Çåëåíûé ïîïóãàé») ñ äîêëàäîì «Öåíòðû ñïàñåíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö: ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå è ïåðñïåêòèâû», Ê.È. Ñîêîëîâ (ïðåçèäåíò «Ôîíäà Ñîêîëèíîé Îõîòû») ñ äîêëàäîì «Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ñîêîëèíàÿ îõîòà êàê èíñòðóìåíò ñîõðàíåíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö», Ä.Ý. Ðîäèîíîâ (ïðåçèäåíò Àññîöèàöèè îõîòíèêîâ ñ ëîâ÷èìè ïòèöàìè) ñ äîêëàäîì «Ïðîáëåìû ëåãèòèìèçàöèè ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö â ñîêîëèíîé îõîòå», À.Ã. Àõóíäîâ (ñîâåòíèê Ìèíèñòðà Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Ìîñêâû) ñ äîêëàäîì «Çàäà÷è Äåïàðòàìåíòà ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ è îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Ìîñêâû ïî ïðîòèâîäåéñòâèþ íåçàêîííîìó îáîðîòó ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ», Ò.Þ. Ñêðèïíèê (è.î. íà÷àëüíèêà îòäåëà ðàçðåøèòåëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîðà) ñ äîêëàäîì «Î êîîðäèíàöèè äåéñòâèé ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ íåçàêîííîãî îáîðîòà õèùíûõ ïòèö», Èãîðü Áåëÿöêèé (ïðåññ-ñåêðåòàðü Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ôîíäà çàùèòû æèâîòíûõ IFAW), ïðåäñòàâèòåëè ñîêîëèíûõ ïèòîìíèêîâ – Ï¸òð Äóäèí (ðóêîâîäèòåëü ñîêîëèíîãî ïèòîìíèêà «Ãàëè÷üÿ ãîðà»), Êîíñòàíòèí Ïÿòêîâ (ðóêîâîäèòåëü ñîêîëèíîãî ïèòîìíèêà «Àëòàé-Ôàëüêîí») è Ìèõàèë Êðîõèí (âëàäåëåö ïèòîìíèêà «Ïàâëîâñêàÿ ñëîáîäà»), à òàêæå ïðåäñòàâèòåëè ÔÒÑ, ÔÑÁ, ÌÂÄ è Ìèíñåëüõîçà Ðîññèè. Â õîäå àêòèâíûõ îáñóæäåíèé ïðåäñòàâèòåëè ðàçëè÷íûõ îðãàíèçàöèé îòñòàèâàëè ðàçíûå òî÷êè çðåíèÿ íà ðåøåíèå ïðîáëåìû. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, âûñêàçûâàëèñü ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïî ïîääåðæêå ïèòîìíèêîâ, êîòîðûå ñïîñîáíû íàñûòèòü ðûíîê, òåì ñàìûì îñëàáèâ ïðåññ íà äèêèå ïîïóëÿöèè ñîêîëîâ, è âíåñòè âêëàä â ðåèíòðîäóêöèþ, ïðåäëàãàëîñü óâåëè÷èòü êîëè÷åñòâî ðåàáèëèòàöèîííûõ öåíòðîâ, êîòîðûå óìåíüøàò îòõîä èçúÿòûõ ïòèö, îïòèìèçèðîâàòü çàêîíû ïîä çàäà÷ó îõðàíû ñîêîëîâ è óâåëè÷èòü êîëè÷åñòâî ñïåöèàëèñòîâ â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ îðãàíàõ, óñèëèòü ìîíèòîðèíã çà äèêèìè ïîïóëÿöèÿìè è ïîìîãàòü èõ ðåïðîäóêöèè è ò.ï. Â èòîãå áûë ñôîðìèðîâàí ïàêåò ïðåäëîæåíèé, êîòîðûå, âîçìîæíî, ïîçâîëÿò ïðèáëèçèòüñÿ ê ðåøåíèþ ïðîáëåìû. Êîíòàêò (2).

Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus). Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). Photo by E. Nikolenko.

of Falconry”) “Modern falconry as a tool of conservation of birds of prey”, D.E. Rodionov (Association of Falconers) “Problems of the legalizing of birds for falconry”, À.G. Ahundov (the Moscow Government) “Tasks of Department of nature management and environment conservation of the Moscow Government in counteraction to illegal trade of falcons”, T.Yu. Skripnik (FSSNM) “About coordination of actions for prevention of illegal trade of birds of prey”, Igor Beljatsky (IFAW), representatives of falcon nurseries – Peter Dudin (“Galichya Gora”), Konstantin Pyatkov (“Altai-Falcon”) and Michael Krohin (“Pavlovskaya sloboda”), and also representatives Federal Custom Service, Federal Intelligent Service, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia. During active discussions representatives of the various organizations defended the different points of view on the decision of the problem. In particular it was offered to support nurseries which may satisfied the demand and thus decreased the hard impact on wild populations of falcons and help to recover of falcon number; to increase the number of the rehabilitation centers which may reduce the number of deaths of confiscated birds; to optimize laws for the task of protection of falcons and to increase the number of experts in specialized state bodies, to intensify the monitoring of wild populations and to assist their reproduction, etc. As a result the package of proposals which will probably allow to solve the problem has been generated. Contact (2).

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

(3) Êîíòàêò Àíäðåé Â. Ñàëòûêîâ Ñèìáèðñêîå îòäåëåíèå Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè Óëüÿíîâñê, Ðîññèÿ aves-pl@mail.ru (3) Contact Andrey V. Saltykov Russian Bird Conservation Union, Simbirskoe Branch Ulyanovsk, Russia aves-pl@mail.ru

Âîëæñêèé ðàéîííûé ñóä ã. Ñàðàòîâà (Ðîññèÿ) 22 ÿíâàðÿ 2009 ã. âûíåñ ðåøåíèå îáÿçàòü ÎÀÎ «Ìåæðåãèîíàëüíàÿ ðàñïðåäåëèòåëüíàÿ ñåòåâàÿ êîìïàíèÿ Âîëãè» â ñðîê íå ïîçäíåå êîíöà ïåðâîãî êâàðòàëà 2010 ã. îáîðóäîâàòü ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ËÝÏ) 10 êÂ íà ó÷àñòêå Ñàìàéêèíî – Ïëîäîâûé ïèòîìíèê Íîâîñïàññêîãî ðàéîíà Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè (ÏÇÓ). Ðàéîííûé ñóä â ñîñòàâå ïðåäñåäàòåëüñòâóþùåãî ñóäüè Àãàðêîâîé Ñ.Í., ñ ó÷àñòèåì ïðîêóðîðà Áåñàðàáà Â.À., ïðè ñåêðåòàðå Ñàèòîâîé Þ.À., ðàññìîòðåë â îòêðûòîì ñóäåáíîì çàñåäàíèè ãðàæäàíñêîå äåëî ïî èñêó Óëüÿíîâñêîãî ìåæðàéîííîãî ïðèðîäîîõðàííîãî ïðîêóðîðà, â çàùèòó èíòåðåñîâ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, ê îòêðûòîìó àêöèîíåðíîìó îáùåñòâó «ÌÐÑÊ Âîëãè» î âîçëîæåíèè îáÿçàííîñòè ïî îáîðóäîâàíèþ ËÝÏ ÏÇÓ. Â ñóäåáíîì çàñåäàíèè áåññïîðíî óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî îòâåò÷èê îñóùåñòâëÿåò ýêñïëóàòàöèþ ËÝÏ íà ó÷àñòêå Ñàìàéêèíî – Ïëîäîâûé ïèòîìíèê Íîâîñïàññêîãî ðàéîíà Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè â íàðóøåíèå Çàêîíà «Î æèâîòíîì ìèðå» è Ïîñòàíîâëåíèÿ Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÔ îò 13.08.1996 ã. ¹997 «Îá óòâåðæäåíèè òðåáîâàíèé ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàíñïîðòíûõ ìàãèñòðàëåé, òðóáîïðîâîäîâ, ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è». Äàííûå íàðóøåíèÿ ïîäòâåðæäàþòñÿ îáúÿñíåíèåì çàìåñòèòåëÿ ãëàâíîãî èíæåíåðà ïî ðåìîíòó è ýêñïëóàòàöèè ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ Í.È. Êîëåñíèêîâà îò 03.12.08 ã., êîòîðûé ïîäòâåðæäàåò îòñóòñòâèå ÏÇÓ íà ËÝÏ. Îòñóòñòâèå ÏÇÓ ïðèâîäèò ê ìàññîâîé ãèáåëè ïòèö. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âñëåäñòâèå ãèáåëè ïòèö íàðóøàþòñÿ èíòåðåñû Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, ïîñêîëüêó æèâîòíûé ìèð â ïðåäåëàõ òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ñîáñòâåííîñòüþ. Ïðè óñòàíîâëåííûõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâàõ ñóä íàø¸ë òðåáîâàíèÿ èñòöà ïîäëåæàùèìè óäîâëåòâîðåíèþ. Êîíòàêò (3). Ðàáî÷àÿ âñòðå÷à ýêñïåðòîâ ïî òåìå «Çàùèòà ïòèö è ËÝÏ â Àçåðáàéäæàíå» ñîñòîÿëàñü 8–10 ôåâðàëÿ 2009 ã. íà áàçå ÀçÍÈÈ Ýíåðãåòèêè ïî èíèöèàòèâå Àçåðáàéäæàíñêîãî Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîãî Îáùåñòâà è Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïðèðîäû Ãåðìàíèè (NABU). Ýòî ïåðâîå ñîâåùàíèå òàêîãî óðîâíÿ, íà êîòîðîì áûëè çàòðîíóòû ðàçíîîáðàçíûå

Ñîáûòèÿ On January, 22nd, 2009 the Volzhskiy municipal court of Saratov (Russia) has passed the decision to oblige the open joint-stock company “Inter-Regional Distributive Network Company of Volga” (“IRDNC of Volga”) to equip power lines with 10 kV Samaykino – Nursery garden of the Novospasskiy region of the Ulyanovsk district with bird protective devices in time not later than the end of first quarter of 2010. The municipal court has considered in the open judicial session a civil case under the claim of the Ulyanovsk interdistrict nature protection public prosecutor to protect interests of the Russian Federation to the open joint-stock company “IRDNC of Volga” about putting on of a duty on equipment of power lines with bird protective devices. In judicial session it is undoubtedly established, that the defendant using the power line Samaykino – Nursery garden of the Novospasskiy region of the Ulyanovsk district violated the Federal Act “On wildlife” and the Decision of the Government of the Russian Federation ¹997 of 13.08.1996 “On authorization of requirements on prevention of deaths of objects of wildlife at using of transport highways, pipelines, communication and electric power lines”. The assistant of the chief engineer of the company

Ïàðà âîðîíîâ (Corvus corax), ïîãèáøàÿ íà ËÝÏ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Electrocuted Ravens (Corvus corax). Photo by I. Karyakin.

Events (4) Êîíòàêò Àëåêñàíäð Ìàöûíà Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ëàáîðàòîðèÿ Ýêîöåíòðà «Äðîíò» 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä à/ÿ 631 Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò» òåë.: +7 (831) 430 28 81 mai-68@mail.ru (4) Contact Alexander Matsyna Laboratory of Ornithology of Ecological Center «Dront» P.O. Box 631 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 430 28 81 mai-68@mail.ru

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 âîïðîñû íåïðîñòûõ âçàèìîîòíîøåíèé ïòèö è ýëåêòðîîáîðóäîâàíèÿ. Âûñîêèé ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûé óðîâåíü àóäèòîðèè (âåäóùèå ñïåöèàëèñòû ÀçÍÈÈ) è áîëüøîé èíòåðåñ, ïðîÿâëåííûé ê äîêëàäàì, ïîäòâåðäèëè äâóñòîðîííþþ çàèíòåðåñîâàííîñòü â ðåøåíèè ýòèõ âîïðîñîâ ñî ñòîðîíû ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé è ýíåðãåòèêîâ. Ïðåäñåäàòåëü Àçåðáàéäæàíñêîãî îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîãî îáùåñòâà Ý. Ñóëòàíîâ ïðåäñòàâèë èíôîðìàöèþ î ðåçóëüòàòàõ èññëåäîâàíèé, âûïîëíåííûõ â Àçåðáàéäæàíå è íàìåòèë îñíîâíûå, íàèáîëåå êîíôëèêòíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ êîíòàêòîâ ïòèö ñ ëèíèÿìè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ËÝÏ). Îñîáîå âíèìàíèå â åãî äîêëàäå áûëî óäåëåíî íàðàñòàþùåé òåíäåíöèè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êðóïíûõ ïòèö, ïðåæäå âñåãî áåëîãî àèñòà (Ciconia ciconia), íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. Ýòîé òåìå áûë ïîñâÿù¸í è ñïåöèàëüíûé äîêëàä ýêñïåðòà Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïðèðîäû Ãåðìàíèè Ì. Ôàíãðàòà. Ãíåçäîâàíèå àèñòîâ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò îïàñíîñòü êàê äëÿ ñàìèõ ïòèö (ãèáåëü è ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ïðè êîíòàêòå), òàê è äëÿ ýëåêòðîîáîðóäîâàíèÿ (ñîçäàíèå ïîìåõ è çàìûêàíèé). Ïîýòîìó îáñóæäàëîñü êîìïëåêñíîå ðåøåíèå – äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ ìàðêèðîâêà è çàùèòà ýëåêòðîîáîðóäîâàíèÿ, îïòèìèçàöèÿ óñëîâèé îáèòàíèÿ ïòèö, áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ. Èíôîðìàöèþ î äðóãîì âàæíîì àñïåêòå – çàùèòå ïòèö ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ ËÝÏ ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè, ïðåäñòàâèë À. Ìàöûíà, ðóêîâîäèòåëü îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ëàáîðàòîðèè Ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà «Äðîíò» (Ðîññèÿ). Â äîêëàäå áûëî îòìå÷åíî, ÷òî ãèáåëü ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì íà ëèíèÿõ 6–10 êÂ èìååò çíà÷èòåëüíûå ìàñøòàáû è õàðàêòåðíà äëÿ âñåõ ïðèðîäíûõ çîí. Íàðÿäó ñ ñîâðåìåííûìè ðåêîìåíäàöèÿìè ïî çàùèòå ïòèö (èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïîëèìåðíûõ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ – ÏÇÓ) ïðåäñòàâëåí êðèòè÷åñêèé îáçîð ìàëîýôôåêòèâíûõ è îïàñíûõ ðàçðàáîòîê â ýòîé îáëàñòè. Ïîäâîäÿ èòîãè âñòðå÷è, Â. Êîâàë¸â (ðóêîâîäèòåëü äåïàðòàìåíòà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îòíîøåíèé NABU) îñîáî îòìåòèë, ÷òî âñå ó÷àñòíèêè ïîíèìàþò ìíîãîãðàííîñòü è âàæíîñòü îáñóæäàåìîé òåìû îäíîâðåìåííî äëÿ ëþäåé è ïðèðîäû. Îáùèì ðåçóëüòàòîì âñòðå÷è ñòàëî ðåøåíèå î ñîçäàíèè Ðàáî÷åé ãðóïïû, â çàäà÷è êîòîðîé âîéä¸ò ðàçðàáîòêà ïðåäëîæåíèé ïî îïòèìèçàöèè âçàèìîîòíîøåíèé ïòèö è ËÝÏ â Àçåðáàéäæàíå. Êîíòàêò (4).

N.I. Kolesnikov proved the infringements and confirmed absence of BPD on PL. Absence of BPD caused numerous deaths of birds. Thus, the interests of the Russian Federation was broken because wildlife of territory of the Russian Federation is a state ownership. Under the established circumstances, the court has met a claim of the demandant. Contact (3). The working meeting of experts “Protection of birds and power lines in Azerbaijan” took place on 8–10 February, 2009 in the Azerbaijan Scientific Institute of Power Engineering under the initiative of the Azerbaijan Ornithological Society and NABU. It was the first meeting of such level where which various questions of uneasy mutual interactions birds with electric equipment had been mentioned. The high professional level of participants and the big interest shown to reports, have confirmed bilateral interest of the nature protection organizations and power engineers to solve these problems. Chairman of the Azerbaijan ornithological society E. Sultanov presented the information on results of the research carried out in Azerbaijan and sounded the basic, most disputed directions of contacts of birds with PL. Also he noted the increasing tendency of nesting of large birds, especially the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) on electric poles. The special report of the expert of NABU M. Fangrat was also devoted to this theme. Nesting of storks on electric poles is danger as for birds (deaths and damages from electrocution) as for electric equipments (creation of handicaps and short circuits). Therefore the complex decision – additional marks and protection of an electric equipment, optimization of breeding habitats of birds, bird protection activities was discussed. The information on another prominent aspect – protection of birds from electrocution at power lines with middle voltage was presented by A. Matsyna, the head of ornithological laboratory of the Ecological center “Dront” (Russia). He was noted in the report, that bird electrocution on PL with 6–10 kV had significant scales and was character for all natural zones. Alongside with modern recommendations on protection of birds (use polymer bird protective devices) the critical review of ineffective and dangerous techniques in this sphere was presented.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 Â Ïîäìîñêîâüå (Ðîññèÿ) 21–22 ìàðòà 2009 ã. ñîñòîÿëàñü êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ÍÏÎ «Çåë¸íîå äâèæåíèå Ðîññèè è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå âûçîâû». Êîíôåðåíöèÿ áûëà îðãàíèçîâàíà ïî èíèöèàòèâå è ïðè ïîääåðæêå Ôðàêöèè «Çåë¸íàÿ Ðîññèÿ» ÐÎÄÏ «ßÁËÎÊÎ», Ôîíäà Ãåíðèõà Áåëëÿ è Ýêîëîãî-ïðàâîçàùèòíîãî öåíòðà «Áåëëîíà». Â êîíôåðåíöèè ïðèíÿëî ó÷àñòèå 157 ëèäåðîâ è àêòèâèñòîâ 67 ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ è ïðàâîçàùèòíûõ íåïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé èç ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíîâ Ðîññèè – Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà, Ñèáèðè, Óðàëà, ÑåâåðîÇàïàäà, Öåíòðàëüíîãî, Ïðèâîëæñêîãî è Þæíîãî îêðóãîâ (âêëþ÷àÿ ÃÐÈÍÏÈÑ, WWF, Öåíòð îõðàíû äèêîé ïðèðîäû, Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé Ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé ñîþç, Ñîþç «Çà õèìè÷åñêóþ áåçîïàñíîñòü»). Â ðàáîòå êîíôåðåíöèè òàêæå ó÷àñòâîâàëè ïðåäñòàâèòåëè íåïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé Áåëàðóñè, Êèðãèçèè, Òóðêìåíèñòàíà. Íà êîíôåðåíöèè áûëè îáñóæäåíû ðîëü è âîçìîæíîñòè ÍÏÎ â ðåøåíèè ïðîáëåì êëèìàòà è ýíåðãåòèêè, áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ïðèðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèé, ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ, ñîõðàíåíèÿ æèçíåñïîñîáíîñòè ãîðîäñêîé ñðåäû, çàùèòû ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðàâ ãðàæäàí, âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿ ÍÏÎ ñ áèçíåñîì è âëàñòüþ, ïðîáëåìû áèî- è õèìè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè, ñîõðàíåíèÿ ëåñîâ è ñòåïåé, æåñòîêîãî îáðàùåíèÿ ñ æèâîòíûìè è äðóãèå. Ó÷àñòíèêè êîíôåðåíöèè îòìåòèëè îïàñíîñòü ïðîäîëæàþùåéñÿ äå-ýêîëîãèçàöèè îáùåñòâà è ãîñóäàðñòâà. Íà ôîíå ðàñòóùåãî çàãðÿçíåíèÿ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû, ñîêðàùåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è ñíèæåíèÿ óðîâíÿ çàùèòû îõðàíÿåìûõ òåððèòîðèé, ñàìîóñòðàíåíèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâà îò ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî êîíòðîëÿ è ìîíèòîðèíãà ðàñò¸ò ðîëü íåçàâèñèìûõ îáùåñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé, ïîòåíöèàë êîòîðûõ öåëåíàïðàâëåííî îãðàíè÷èâàåòñÿ ñëîæèâøåéñÿ â ñòðàíå êîððóïöèîííîáþðîêðàòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìîé âëàñòè. Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïðèíÿëà 43 äîêóìåíòà (ðåçîëþöèè, îáðàùåíèÿ è çàÿâëåíèÿ), êàê ïî îñíîâíûì, òàê è ïî ðåãèîíàëüíûì ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêèì âûçîâàì îáùåñòâó, ïðåäëîæåííûõ êàê î÷íûìè, òàê è çàî÷íûìè ó÷àñòíèêàìè êîíôåðåíöèè. Ðàáî÷åå ñîâåùàíèå, ïîñâÿù¸ííîå ñòàòóñó è îõðàíå ñîêîëà-áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug), ñîñòîÿëîñü 5–7 àïðåëÿ 2009 ã. â ã. Àáó-Äàáè (ÎÀÝ). Ñîâåùàíèå áûëî îðãàíèçîâàíî Ïðèðîäîîõðàííûì äåïàðòàìåíòîì Àáó-Äàáè è IWC

Ñîáûòèÿ As a result, V. Kovalev (NABU) especially noted, that all participants understand manysidedness and importance of the discussed problem simultaneously for people and the nature. The general result of the meeting became the decision to create the Working group which should develop offers on optimization of interactions of birds and power lines in Azerbaijan. Contact (4). The conference of representatives environmental NGO “Green Movement of Russia and Ecological Calls” took place in the Moscow region (Russia) on March, 21–22st, 2009. Conference was organized under the initiative and support of Fraction “Green Russia” of the Democratic Party “YABLOKO”, Henry Bell’s Fund and the Environmental-remedial center “Bellona”. 157 leaders and active members of 67 environmental and remedial the nongovernmental organizations (NGO) from different regions of Russia – the Far East, Siberia, Urals Mountains, Northwest, Central, Privolzhskiy and Southern federal districts (including the GREENPEACE, WWF, the Center of protection of the wild nature, the International Social-Ecological Union, the Union “For Chemical Safety”) have participated in the conference. Representatives of NGOs of Belarus, Kirghizia, Turkmenistan also participated in the conference. A role and opportunities of NGOs in the decision of problems of a climate and power engineering, biodiversity and protected areas, environmental education, preservation of viability of the city environment, protection of the environmental rights of citizens as well as collaborations of NGOs with business and authority, problems bioand chemical safety, preservation of woods and steppes, cruel treatment with animals and others were discussed. Participants noted the danger tendency of decreasing attention of society and the state to environmental problems. On a background of growing environmental contamination, reduction of biodiversity and a level of protection of protected areas, self-elimination of the state from the ecological control and monitoring the role of independent public organizations which potential is purposefully limited to the corruption-bureaucratic system which has developed in the country grows. The conference approved 43 resolutions, references and applications.

Events (5) Êîíòàêò Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» à/ÿ 547, 630090 Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ òåë.: +7 383 363 00 59 elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru www.sibecocenter.ru/ raptors.htm Âèòàëèé Âåòðîâ Óêðàèíñêèé öåíòð èññëåäîâàíèé õèùíûõ ïòèö, Êèåâ, Óêðàèíà vv@raptors.org.ua Þðèé Ìèëîáîã Óêðàèíñêèé öåíòð èññëåäîâàíèé õèùíûõ ïòèö, Êèåâ, Óêðàèíà milobog@foxtrot.dp.ua (5) Contact Elvira Nikolenko NGO Siberian Environmental Center P.O. Box 547, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia tel.: +7 383 363 00 59 elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru www.sibecocenter.ru/ raptors.htm Vitaliy Vetrov Ukrainian Birds of Prey Research Centre, Kiev, Ukraine vv@raptors.org.ua Yuriy Milobog Ukrainian Birds of Prey Research Centre, Kiev, Ukraine milobog@foxtrot.dp.ua

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 (International Wildlife Consultants Ltd, Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå êîíñóëüòàöèîííîå àãåíòñòâî ïî îõðàíå äèêîé ïðèðîäû, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ) ñîãëàñíî ðåøåíèþ IX êîíôåðåíöèè ñòîðîí Áîííñêîé êîíâåíöèè, êîòîðàÿ ïðîõîäèëà â Ðèìå â äåêàáðå 2008 ã. Òîãäà âîïðîñ î âêëþ÷åíèè áàëîáàíà â 1 ïðèëîæåíèå äàííîé Êîíâåíöèè áûë âûíåñåí íà «ñïåöèàëüíîå ñîâåùàíèå, â êîòîðîì ïðèíÿëè áû ó÷àñòèå ñòðàíû àðåàëà áàëîáàíà, à òàêæå äðóãèå çàèíòåðåñîâàííûå ñòîðîíû». Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íà ñîâåùàíèè â ÀáóÄàáè áûëè ðàññìîòðåíû âîïðîñû ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ àðåàëà è ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà, ïðîáëåìû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ òðàíñãðàíè÷íîé òîðãîâëåé âèäîì â ðàìêàõ Êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ, à òàêæå âîïðîñû ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â íåâîëå áàëîáàíà â ñòðàíàõ Åâðîïû è Ïåðñèäñêîãî çàëèâà. Íà âñòðå÷å ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè ñïåöèàëèñòû èç 19 ñòðàí: ÎÀÝ, Êóâåéòà, Êàòàðà, Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèè, Ïàêèñòàíà, Àâñòðèè, Áåëüãèè, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè, Ãåðìàíèè, Áîëãàðèè, Âåíãðèè, Õîðâàòèè, Ìîíãîëèè, Êèòàÿ, Êàçàõñòàíà, Øâåéöàðèè, Óêðàèíû è Ðîññèè – ïðåäñòàâèòåëè îðãàíîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ ýòèõ ñòðàí, íàó÷íûõ è ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé. Ñåêðåòàðèàò ÑÈÒÅÑ ïðåäñòàâëÿë Äýâèä Ìîðãàí. Âàæíîé ÷àñòüþ ñîâåùàíèÿ ñòàëè äîêëàäû î ñîñòîÿíèè âèäà â ñòðàíàõ àðåàëà áàëîáàíà. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà â Ðîññèè áûëî îòðàæåíî â äîêëàäå Ýëüâèðû Íèêîëåíêî (Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ) – îòìå÷åíî çíà÷èòåëüíîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà – ñ 9000 ïàð â ñåðåäèíå XX ñòîëåòèÿ äî 2100–2900 ïàð â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, è ñîõðàíÿþùèåñÿ îòðèöàòåëüíûå òðåíäû ïî âñåìó ðîññèéñêîìó àðåàëó, ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíû îñíîâíûå ôàêòîðû, îêàçûâàþùèå íåãàòèâíîå âëèÿíèå íà âèä, êàê ñàìûé çíà÷èòåëüíûé èç íèõ óêàçàí íåëåãàëüíûé îòëîâ áàëîáàíîâ äëÿ íóæä ñîêîëèíîé îõîòû. Ïðåäñòàâèòåëü Ìèíèñòåðñòâà Ïðèðîäû è Òóðèçìà Ìîíãîëèè ×îéõàíä ßí÷èâëàìäàí â ñâîåì äîêëàäå îòìåòèëà óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà â ñòðàíå áëàãîäàðÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ïðîãðàììå ïî óñòàíîâêå èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé. Ìîíãîëèÿ ñåé÷àñ îñòàåòñÿ åäèíñòâåííîé ñòðàíîé, â êîòîðîé ïî ëèöåíçèÿì ðàçðåøåí ëåãàëüíûé îòëîâ èç äèêîé ïðèðîäû è âûâîç ñîêîëîâ. Çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿ áàëîáàíà – 3000–5000 ïàð – áûëà óêàçàíà äëÿ òåððèòîðèè Êèòàÿ â äîêëàäå Ýíäðþ Äèêñîíà, ýêñïåðòà IWC. Äðóãîé ñïåöèàëèñò ýòîé îðãàíèçàöèè – Åâãåíèé Øåðãàëèí, ðåçþ-

The meeting to discuss the status and conservation of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) was held 5–7 April, 2009 in Abu Dhabi (UAE). The meeting was hosted by the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi, EAD and International Wildlife Consultants Ltd., IWC (Great Britain). The meeting was a follow-up of the 9th Meeting of Parties of UNEP’s Convention of Migratory Species (CMS), held in Rome in 2008, where a proposal to upgrade the species to Appendix 1 of the Convention had been deferred till all aspects of Saker conservation is discussed in a separate meeting of the Saker Range States and other key stakeholders. Thus, the meeting in Abu Dhabi considered current knowledge of the Saker range and numbers, problems of CITES and problems of captive breeding of the bird in countries of Europe and GCC (the Gulf Cooperation Council).

Áàëîáàí. Ôîòî Î. Áåëÿëîâà. Saker Falcon. Photo by O. Belyalov.

Specialists of 19 countries are present at the meeting: UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Austria, Belgium, UK, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary, Croatia, Mongolia, China, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Russia. Reports from all Saker Range Countries were presented. Elvira Nikolenko (Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk, Russia) in her presentation reviewed current status of Russian population. She noted the number of species significant decreasing – from 9000 pairs at the middle of XX century to 2100–2900 pairs now, and similar negative trend in all Russian territories of Range, analyzed main factors, impacted negatively on the species. Illegal catching of Saker for falconry was recognized

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Áàëîáàí. Ôîòî Î. Áåëÿëîâà. Saker Falcon. Photo by O. Belyalov.

ìèðîâàë îáùóþ ñèòóàöèþ ñ ýòèì ðåäêèì âèäîì âî âñåõ ñòðàíàõ öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè, âêëþ÷àÿ Ðîññèþ, Êèòàé è Ìîíãîëèþ (à òàêæå Êàçàõñòàí, Êèðãèçñòàí, Óçáåêèñòàí, Òàäæèêèñòàí, Òóðêìåíèñòàí, Ïàêèñòàí, Àôãàíèñòàí, Èðàí è Èíäèþ): îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü â ýòîì àðåàëå áûëà îöåíåíà â 8840–16830 ïàð, çà ïîñëåäíèå 8 ëåò îòìå÷åíî çíà÷èòåëüíîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà, ïðè÷èíàìè êîòîðîãî ñ÷èòàþò íåëåãàëüíûé îòëîâ, à òàêæå äåãðàäàöèþ áèîòîïîâ è ãèáåëü ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è. Ïî-äðóãîìó âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ â åâðîïåéñêèõ ñòðàíàõ àðåàëà áàëîáàíà. Èç âûñòóïëåíèÿ êîëëåêòèâà àâòîðîâ (Èøòâàí Áàëàçñ, ßíîø Áàãèóðà, Õàíñ-Ìàðòèí Áåðã, Äýâèä Õîðàë, Àíäðàñ Êîâà÷) î ñîñòîÿíèè ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà â Öåíòðàëüíîé Åâðîïå (Ãåðìàíèÿ, Ïîëüøà, ×åõèÿ, Ñëîâàêèÿ, Àâñòðèÿ, Âåíãðèÿ, Ðóìûíèÿ, Õîðâàòèÿ, Ñåðáèÿ è ×åðíîãîðèÿ) ñëåäóåò, ÷òî â ýòèõ ñòðàíàõ íà ñåãîäíÿ èçâåñòíî 299–338 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð áàëîáàíîâ, èç êîòîðûõ 180–200 ãíåçäÿòñÿ â Âåíãðèè, íàáëþäàåòñÿ òåíäåíöèÿ óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè. ×ëåíû Óêðàèíñêîãî öåíòðà èçó÷åíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö Âèòàëèé Âåòðîâ è Þðèé Ìèëîáîã ïðåäñòàâèëè èíôîðìàöèþ î ðàñïðåäåëåíèè è ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà â Óêðàèíå è Ìîëäîâå – â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Óêðàèíå îáèòàåò ñàìàÿ êðóïíàÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿ áàëîáàíà â åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè åãî àðåàëà: 270–310 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ïîïóëÿöèè ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â ñòåïíîé çîíå è ãíåçäèòñÿ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. Ó ó÷àñòíèêîâ ñîâåùàíèÿ âûçâàë èíòåðåñ äîêëàä íà òåìó «Ïåðâûå ðåçóëüòàòû ñïóòíèêîâîãî ñëåæåíèÿ çà áàëîáàíîì â Öåíòðàëüíîé Åâðîïå» (Ìàòèàñ Ïðîììåð, MME/ BirdLife, Âåíãðèÿ). Èç ðåçóëüòàòîâ ñëåäóåò, ÷òî ïòèöû, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ â Âåíãðèè, âî âðåìÿ êî÷¸âîê è ìèãðàöèé çàëåòàþò íå òîëüêî â Óêðàèíó, íî äàæå â Áåëàðóñü è Ðîññèþ.

Ñîáûòèÿ as the most significant negative factor. Representative of the Ministry of Nature & Tourism of Mongolia Choikhand Janchivlamdan in the report notes the number of Saker increasing in the country owing to the state program on erection of artificial nests. Mongolia now remains the unique country where legal catching and export of falcons from the wild under licenses is permitted. Large population of Saker – 3000–5000 pairs – was recorded for the territory of China in a report of Andrew Dixon (IWC). Another specialist of IWC Eugeniy Shergalin reviewed the general situation with this rare species in many countries of Central Asia, including Russia, China and Mongolia (also Kazakhstan, Kirghizstran, Uzbekistan, Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran and India): a total of 8840–16830 pairs was estimated to inhabit that area, for last 8 years significant reduction of the Saker number was noted. The main reasons of declining were considered illegal catching, destruction of habitats and bird deaths from electrocution. The presentation of author’s group (Istvan Balazc, Janos Bagyura, Hans-Martin Berg, David Horal, Andras Kovacs) on the Saker population in Central Europe (Germany, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro). By now in these countries it is recorded up to 299–338 breeding pairs, of them 180–200 breed in Hungary. It is nice to see an increasing trend in numbers. The report by Jevgeny Shergalin (IWC, Great Britain) analyzed the species population in Central Asia. Over the last eight years numbers of this falcon were greatly reduced, and suggested reasons are illegal trade, loss of habitats and electrocution. Presentation from Ukraine was reported by Vitaly Vetrov and Yury Milobog, members of the Ukrainian Birds of Prey Research Centre, about distribution and numbers of this raptor in Ukraine and Moldova. Now in Ukraine holds the biggest population of the Saker in European part of the range – nowadays the species numbers in Ukraine are estimated up to 270–310 breeding pairs. Majority of the population concentrates in the steppe zone and nests on poles of power lines. Participants of the meeting were also interested in the report by Matyas Prommer (MME/BirdLife, Hungary) telling about first results of the satellite tracking of Sakers in Central Europe. As it became evident, birds breeding in Hungary visit not only Ukraine during their movements and migrations but also Belarus and Russia.

Events

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 Ðÿä äîêëàäîâ áûë ïîñâÿù¸í ïðîáëåìàì îõðàíû áàëîáàíà. Àëåêñåé Âàéñìàí (TRAFFIC, Ðîññèÿ) ñäåëàë àíàëèç ìàñøòàáîâ îòëîâà è íåëåãàëüíîé òîðãîâëè ýòèìè ïòèöàìè â Ðîññèè. Çà ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå îòìå÷àåòñÿ óâåëè÷åíèå îáú¸ìà íåëåãàëüíîé òîðãîâëè. Ïî îöåíêàì àâòîðà, â ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå åæåãîäíî îòëàâëèâàåòñÿ îêîëî 1000 îñîáåé áàëîáàíîâ! Â âûñòóïëåíèè âåíãåðñêèõ êîëëåã (Èâàí Äåìåòåð, Ìàðòîí Õîðâàò, ßíîø Áàãèóðà è Èøòâàí Áàëàçñ) áûë ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàí ìàñøòàá ãèáåëè áàëîáàíîâ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì íà ËÝÏ. Ïî èõ îöåíêàì, 3–5% ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà â Âåíãðèè ãèáíåò ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå. Íåñìîòðÿ íà îáøèðíûé ïðåäñòàâëåííûé ìàòåðèàë î ñîñòîÿíèè ïîïóëÿöèé â ðàçíûõ ÷àñòÿõ àðåàëà, ó÷àñòíèêè ñîáðàíèÿ ïðèçíàëè íåäîñòàòî÷íîñòü èíôîðìàöèè î ñòàòóñå áàëîáàíà â ðàçíûõ ñòðàíàõ è óãðîçàõ, êîòîðûå èñïûòûâàåò ýòîò âèä. Îäíèì èç ïóíêòîâ ðåøåíèÿ ñîáðàíèÿ áûëî ïðèíÿòî, ÷òî BirdLife ïåðåñìîòðèò ñòàòóñ áàëîáàíà â Ìåæäóíàðîäíîì ñïèñêå óãðîæàåìûõ æèâîòíûõ (IUCN) íà îáùåñòâåííîì ôîðóìå îñåíüþ 2009 ã. Èòîãîâàÿ ðåçîëþöèÿ ñîâåùàíèÿ îïóáëèêîâàíà íà ñòð. 21. Êîíòàêò (5). Î÷åðåäíàÿ 58-ÿ âñòðå÷à Êîìèòåòà ÑÈÒÅÑ ñîñòîÿëàñü â ã. Æåíåâà (Øâåéöàðèÿ) 6–10 èþëÿ 2009 ã. Íà âñòðå÷å áûë ïðèíÿò ðÿä ðåøåíèé, êàñàþùèõñÿ áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug)2. Íà 21-îé âñòðå÷å Êîìèòåòà ÑÈÒÅÑ â Æåíåâå â ìàå 2005 ã. (AC21) äëÿ äåâÿòè ãîñóäàðñòâ àðåàëà áàëîáàíà, âêëþ÷àÿ Ìîíãîëèþ, Êîìèòåò ïî æèâîòíûì îòí¸ñ ýòîò âèä ê êàòåãîðèè âèäîâ «ñðî÷íîãî áåñïîêîéñòâà», ïî êîòîðûì òðåáóåòñÿ ðåàëèçàöèÿ ñïåöèàëüíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé äëÿ ñïàñåíèÿ, à äëÿ äðóãèõ 26 ãîñóäàðñòâ – ê êàòåãîðèè âèäîâ «âîçìîæíîãî áåñïîêîéñòâà», ïî êîòîðûì âîçìîæíî òðåáóåòñÿ ðåàëèçàöèÿ ñïåöèàëüíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé äëÿ ñïàñåíèÿ. Â õîäå êîíñóëüòàöèé ñ Ñåêðåòàðèàòîì, Êîìèòåò ñôîðìóëèðîâàë ðåêîìåíäàöèè äëÿ ãîñóäàðñòâ àðåàëà âèäà, îïðåäåëèâ êðàéíèå ñðîêè ïî èõ âûïîëíåíèþ. Ñåêðåòàðèàò ïîäãîòîâèë èíñòðóêöèè äëÿ âûïîëíåíèÿ ýòèõ ðåêîìåíäàöèé íà 54-îé è 55-îé âñòðå÷àõ Êîìèòåòà ÑÈÒÅÑ [SC54, Æåíåâà, îêòÿáðü 2006 (SC54 Doc. 42), è SC55 (Ãààãà, èþíü 2007) (SC55 Doc. 17)].

http://www.cites.org/eng/com/SC/58/E58-21-1.pdf

A number of presentations touched problems of the Saker conservation. The report by Alexey Vaisman (TRAFFIC, Russia) analyzed scale of trapping and illegal trade in Russia. Over the last decade the volume of illegal trade has increased. According to author’s estimation in Altai-Sayany region about 1000 Sakers are trapped annually! It was mentioned that one of the routes of illegal transportation lies through Ukraine as we had written earlier at our website. Hungarian colleagues in their report analyzed the Saker mortality rate from electrocution on power lines. According to their estimation, it causes deaths of 3–5% Hungarian population. Despite of the extensive presented data on population conditions in different parts of Range participants have recognized significant deficiency of the information on the Saker status in the different countries and threats to the species. One of items of the meeting resolution was that BirdLife would revise the Saker status in the IUCN at a public forum in the autumn 2009 Conclusions and recommendations of the meeting are presented on p. 21. Contact (5).

Áàëîáàí. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Saker Falcon. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Fifty-eighth meeting of the Standing Committee CITES took place in the Geneva (Switzerland) 6–10 July 2009. Some decisions concerning Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) have been accepted at the meeting2. At its 21st meeting (AC21, Geneva, May 2005), the Animals Committee categorized Saker Falcon as ‘of urgent concern’ in nine range States, including Mongolia, and ‘of possible concern’ in a further 26 range States. In consultation with the Secretariat, it formulated recommendations directed to the range States concerned with deadlines for their implementation. The Secretariat provided updates on the implementation of these recommendations at the 54th and 55th

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 Â îòâåò íà ðåêîìåíäàöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ, 6 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2005 ã. Ìîíãîëèÿ óâåäîìèëà Ñåêðåòàðèàò, ÷òî îíà íå áóäåò âûäàâàòü ýêñïîðòíûå ðàçðåøåíèÿ, ïîêà âîïðîñ áàëîáàíà íå áóäåò ðàçðåø¸í Êîìèòåòîì ïî æèâîòíûì ÑÈÒÅÑ ÷åðåç Ñåêðåòàðèàò. Ñåêðåòàðèàò ïåðåäàë ýòó èíôîðìàöèþ âñåì ó÷àñòíèêàì Êîíâåíöèè â Óâåäîìëåíèè ¹2006/061 îò 14 íîÿáðÿ 2006 ã. Ïîçæå Ñåêðåòàðèàòó ïðèøëîñü îêàçàòü äàâëåíèå íà Ìîíãîëèþ â ñâÿçè ñ ïðîäîëæàþùèìñÿ ýêñïîðòîì: â îòâåò íà çàïðîñ îò Ñåêðåòàðèàòà óïîëíîìî÷åííûå âëàñòè Ìîíãîëèè ïîäòâåðäèëè, ÷òî ýêñïîðò áàëîáàíà ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ. Â ñâåòå ýòîãî, â ñâî¸ì äîêóìåíòå SC57 Êîìèòåò ÑÈÒÅÑ ïîñòàíîâèë, ÷òî åñëè Ìîíãîëèÿ íå âûïîëíèò ðåêîìåíäàöèè Êîìèòåòà ïî æèâîòíûì ïîëíîñòüþ, ðåêîìåíäîâàòü âñåì ó÷àñòíèêàì Êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ ê 31 äåêàáðÿ 2008 ã. ïðèîñòàíîâèòü òîðãîâëþ áàëîáàíàìè ñ Ìîíãîëèåé. Òàê êàê ñîãëàñèå íå ïðîèçîøëî, Ñåêðåòàðèàò äîâ¸ë ýòè ðåêîìåíäàöèè Êîìèòåòà ÑÈÒÅÑ äî ó÷àñòíèêîâ Êîíâåíöèè â Óâåäîìëåíèè ¹2009/003 îò 3 ôåâðàëÿ 2009 ã. Ñåêðåòàðèàò âñòóïèë â êîíòàêò ñ Ìîíãîëèåé íà âñòðå÷å ïî îõðàíå ñîêîëàáàëîáàíà â àïðåëå 2009 ã. â Îáúåäèíåííûõ Àðàáñêèõ Ýìèðàòàõ, ñîçâàííîé ïî òðåáîâàíèþ Êîíôåðåíöèè ñòðàíó÷àñòíèêîâ Ñîãëàøåíèÿ ïî ìèãðèðóþùèì âèäàì äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ (äîêóìåíò SC58. 21.1 – p. 6), ãäå â ñâî¸ì Äîêëàäå î òîðãîâëå âèäîì Ìîíãîëèÿ íå ïðåäîñòàâèëà Ñåêðåòàðèàòó ÑÈÒÅÑ äîñòàòî÷íî èíôîðìàöèè, êîòîðàÿ áûëà â å¸ âåäåíèè. Âïîñëåäñòâèè Ìîíãîëèÿ âñ¸-òàêè ïðåäîñòàâèëà îò÷¸ò â îòâåò íà ðåêîìåíäàöèè Êîìèòåòà ïî æèâîòíûì ÑÈÒÅÑ (äîñòóïåí íà âåáñàéòå Êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ). Ñåêðåòàðèàò ïîëàãàåò, ÷òî ïðîãðàììà, ðàçâèâàåìàÿ â Ìîíãîëèè äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ è æèçíåñïîñîáíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà, èíòåðåñíà è èííîâàöèîííà. Ìîíãîëèÿ, íåñîìíåííî, îäíà èç îñòàþùèõñÿ öèòàäåëåé äëÿ áàëîáàíà. Ó÷èòûâàÿ î÷åâèäíî óñòîé÷èâóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà â ñòðàíå, à òàêæå äåéñòâèÿ, íàïðàâëåííûå íà óâåëè÷åíèå åãî ÷èñëåííîñòè, Ñåêðåòàðèàò ïðåäëîæèë Êîìèòåòó, â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïàðàãðàôîì u) Ðåøåíèÿ Êîíôåðåíöèè 12.8 (Rev. CoP13), îòîçâàòü ðåêîìåíäàöèþ ñòðàíàì-ó÷àñòíèöàì î ïðèîñòàíîâêå òîðãîâëè áàëîáàíîì èç Ìîíãîëèè ïðè óñëîâèè, ÷òî Ìîíãîëèÿ ïðèäåðæèòñÿ ýêñïîðòíîé êâîòû 300 ýêçåìïëÿðîâ â òå÷åíèå 2009–2010 ãã. è, ïåðåä óñòàíîâëåíèåì êâîòû íà 2011 ã.,

Ñîáûòèÿ meeting of the Standing Committee [SC54, Geneva, October 2006 (see document SC54 Doc. 42), and SC55 (The Hague, June 2007) (see document SC55 Doc. 17)]. In response to the recommendations addressed to it, Mongolia advised the Secretariat on 6 September 2005 that no further export permits would be issued “until the problem of F. cherrug is resolved at the Animals Committee through the Secretariat”. The Secretariat conveyed this information to all Parties in Notification No. 2006/061 of 14 November 2006. Subsequently, the attention of the Secretariat was drawn to press coverage in Mongolia which suggested that export of specimens of this species may be continuing. In response to an enquiry from the Secretariat, the Mongolian Management Authority confirmed that exports were continuing. In the light of this, at SC57, the Standing Committee agreed that, if Mongolia did not comply with the recommendations of the Animals Committee in full, to the satisfaction of the Secretariat and Chairman of the Animals Committee, by 31 December 2008, the Standing Committee would recommend that all Parties suspend trade in F. cherrug with Mongolia. No such compliance occurred and the Secretariat informed all Parties of the Standing Committee’s recommendation through Notification to the Parties No. 2009/003 of 3 February 2009. The Secretariat made contact with Mongolia at a meeting on the conservation of the Saker Falcon (April 2009, United Arab Emirates) convened at the request of the Conference of the SC58 Doc. 21.1 – p. 6 Parties to the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals. It was clear to the CITES Secretariat that, under the Review of Significant Trade, Mongolia had not provided as much information as was in its possession about this species. Subsequently, Mongolia supplied a response to the recommendations of the Animals Committee [available on CITES website]. The Secretariat believes that the programme being developed in Mongolia for the conservation and sustainable use of this species in an interesting and innovative one. Mongolia is undoubtedly one of the remaining strongholds for F. cherrug. Given the apparently stable population in the country and the actions to increase the population artificially, the Secretariat suggests that, in line with paragraph u) of Resolution Conf. 12.8 (Rev. CoP13), the Committee withdraw its recommendation to Parties to suspend trade in specimens of F. cherrug from Mongolia on the condition

Events (6) Êîíòàêò Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» 630090 Ðîññèÿ Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 òåë.: +7 383 363 00 59 elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru www.sibecocenter.ru/ raptors.htm (6) Contact Elvira Nikolenko NGO Siberian Environmental Center P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk 630090 Russia tel.: +7 383 363 00 59 elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru www.sibecocenter.ru/ raptors.htm

Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus), ïîãèáøèé íà ËÝÏ â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Electrocuted Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in the Chuya Steppe. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 îò÷èòàåòñÿ íà 25-é âñòðå÷å Êîìèòåòà ïî æèâîòíûì ÑÈÒÅÑ î ðàçâèòèè íàöèîíàëüíîé ïðîãðàììû. Â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå (Ðîññèÿ) ïðîâîäèòñÿ ðàáîòà ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ, à òàêæå áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ äëÿ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ èõ ïîïóëÿöèé. Â ðàìêàõ Ïðîåêòà ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî Ýêîðåãèîíà» Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð âûïîëíÿåò ðàáîòó ïî ïðîåêòó «Îáåñïå÷åíèå ñîõðàíåíèÿ ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà ïîñðåäñòâîì ñíèæåíèÿ óðîâíÿ ñìåðòíîñòè ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ËÝÏ) è ñîçäàíèÿ óñëîâèé äëÿ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê âèäà â ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå». Â ìàå–èþëå è â ñåíòÿáðå 2009 ã. ïîëåâîé ãðóïïîé Ñèáýêîöåíòðà íà òåððèòîðèè Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé è Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî îöåíêå óðîâíÿ ãèáåëè ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä è â ïåðèîä îñåííåãî ïðîë¸òà. Ñàìûìè «ãîðÿ÷èìè» ðåãèîíàìè îêàçàëèñü ñòåïíûå êîòëîâèíû Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé – ×óéñêàÿ (Êîø-Àãà÷ñêèé ðàéîí) è Óñòü-Êàíñêàÿ (ÓñòüÊàíñêèé ðàéîí) ñòåïè, ãäå ãíåçäÿòñÿ óíèêàëüíûå ïî âåëè÷èíå è çíà÷èìîñòè ïîïóëÿöèè òàêèõ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ, êàê ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis), îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca), ôèëèí (Bubo bubo), ñîêîëû áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) è ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus). Â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ íà 20 êì ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ (ÏÎ ËÝÏ) áûëè íàéäåíû îñòàíêè äâóõ îðëîâ-ìîãèëüíèêîâ, 10 ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, ñîêîëà-ñàïñàíà è îáûêíîâåííîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo rufinus) (âñå âèäû âíåñåíû â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ), à òàêæå äðóãèõ âèäîâ, ïîãèáøèõ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì: ÿñòðåáîâ òåòåðåâÿòíèêà (Accipiter gentilis) è ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà (Accipiter nisus), êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans) è ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus). Îñòàíêè îðëîâ-ìîãèëüíèêîâ áûëè íàéäåíû ðÿäîì ñ èõ ïóñòóþùèìè ãí¸çäàìè. Îñíîâíàÿ ÷àñòü ËÝÏ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé áàçèðóåòñÿ íà äåðåâÿííûõ îïîðàõ, êîòîðûå íå ïðåäñòàâëÿþò îïàñíîñòè äëÿ ïòèö. Îäíàêî çàìåíà äåðåâÿííûõ îïîð íà æåëåçîáåòîííûå è ñòðîèòåëüñòâî íîâûõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ ëåò ìîãóò ïðèâåñòè ê ïîëíîìó óíè÷òîæå-

that Mongolia maintains an export quota of 300 specimens for the years 2009 and 2010 and, before establishing a quota for 2011, reports at the 25th meeting of the Animals Committee and takes advice from that Committee about the development of the programme. Activities on prevention of deaths of rare bird species from electrocution on the installing of artificial nests were carried out in the Altai-Sayan region (Russia). Under the Project of UNDP/GEF “Biodiversity Conservation of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion” the Siberian Environmental Center (Sibecocenter) realized the project “Maintenance of conservation of the Saker population by means decreasing of bird deaths from electrocution and creating of conditions to recover breeding groups of the species in the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion”. In May–July and in September, 2009 field party of Sibecocenter in the territory of Altai Republic and Altai Kray carried out research to estimate the level of deaths of rare bird species from electrocution during the breeding period and autumn migration. The most problem regions have appeared steppe depressions of the Republic of Altai – Chuyskaya (Kosh-Agach region) and Ust-Kanskaya (UstKansk region) steppes where unique on size and the importance populations of several rare species (Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis, Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, Eagle Owl Bubo bubo, Saker Falco cherrug and Peregrine Falco peregrinus falcons) breed. Remains of two Imperial Eagles, 10 Steppe Eagles, a Peregrine Falcon and a Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) (all species are listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation) and many other species died from electrocution (Goshawk Accipiter gentilis, Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus, Black Kite Milvus migrans and Kestrel Falco tinnunculus) were found in steppe depression during inspecting only 20 km of power lines dangerous for birds. Remains of Imperial Eagles were found near to their empty nests. Generally power lines in the Altai Republic are equipped with wooden poles that do not danger to birds. However replacement of wooden poles on ferro-concrete poles and construction of new power lines dangerous to birds in steppe depressions during several years can lead to total destruction of the unique populations. Results of the research carried out in foothills of the Altai Mountains, in Altai Kray where the density of power lines dangerous to birds is highest, and bird deaths from electrocution is a prin-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 íèþ óíèêàëüíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé. Òàêîé ïðîãíîç ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòàìè èññëåäîâàíèé, ïðîâåä¸ííûõ â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàéñêèõ ãîð, â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå, ãäå ïëîòíîñòü ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ íàèáîëåå âûñîêà, è ãèáåëü ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñíîâíîé ïðè÷èíîé èõ íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè. Òàê, âî âñåõ ìåñòàõ, ãäå âäîëü îïóøåê ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðîâ òÿíóòñÿ æåëåçîáåòîííûå ËÝÏ ìîùíîñòüþ 6–10 êÂ, îòñóòñòâóþò íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îðëû-ìîãèëüíèêè, ïîäîðëèêè (Aquila clanga) è áàëîáàíû, êîòîðûå íà äðóãèõ ó÷àñòêàõ îïóøåê ãíåçäÿòñÿ ñ ïîñòîÿííîé ïëîòíîñòüþ. Ïòèöû, êîòîðûå ïûòàþòñÿ çàíÿòü ïóñòóþùèå òåððèòîðèè, ãèáíóò íà ËÝÏ â ïåðâûé æå ãîä. Òàê, â õîäå ñåíòÿáðüñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ó ñîñåäíèõ ñòîëáîâ ÏÎ ËÝÏ, ïðîõîäÿùåé âäîëü ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé îïóøêè Êàñìàëèíñêîé ëåíòû, áûëè íàéäåíû òðóïû ïîäîðëèêîâ, ïîãèáøèõ â èþëå è àâãóñòå. Ýòî áûëè ñàìåö è ñàìêà ñ áëèæàéøåãî ó÷àñòêà, ãíåçäîâàíèå êîòîðûõ ïðåðâàëîñü òàêèì òðàãè÷åñêèì îáðàçîì. Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé îïóáëèêîâàíû íà ñòð. 45–64. Äëÿ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ñîêîëàáàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â ðàìêàõ òîãî æå ïðîåêòà ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ ïîëåâîé ãðóïïîé çàïîâåäíèêà «Óáñóíóðñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà» ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì Àëåêñàíäðà Êóêñèíà 27–31 èþëÿ íà òåððèòîðèè Òåñ-Õåìñêîãî è Ýðçèíñêîãî ðàéîíîâ Òûâû áûëè óñòàíîâëåíû 20 ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì. Ïëàòôîðìû áûëè èçãîòîâëåíû ïî ðåêîìåíäàöèÿì Ñèáýêîöåíòðà è óñòàíîâëåíû íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ áàëîáàíîâ, íà êîòîðûõ ãíåçäîâàíèå ïðåêðàòèëîñü â ðåçóëüòàòå óíè÷òîæåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê âìåñòå ñî ñòîëáàìè ËÝÏ â 2001–02 ãã. Ðåãóëÿðíûé ìîíèòîðèíã ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ïòèöû âñå ýòè ãîäû äåðæàòñÿ íà íåêîòîðûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, íå ñìîòðÿ íà îòñóòñòâèå ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, ÷òî äà¸ò áîëüøèå øàíñû íà òî, ÷òî óñòàíîâëåííûå ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû áóäóò çàíÿòû áàëîáàíîì â áëèæàéøèå íåñêîëüêî ëåò. Êîíòàêò (6). Ôîíä Èññëåäîâàíèé Õèùíûõ Ïòèö ïðîâ¸ë 29 ñåíòÿáðÿ – 4 îêòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. ñâîþ åæåãîäíóþ êîíôåðåíöèþ â ã. Ïèòëî÷ðè, Øîòëàíäèÿ. Åæåãîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ Ôîíäà Èññëåäîâàíèé Õèùíûõ Ïòèö â 2009 ã. âïåðâûå áûëà ïðîâåäåíàÿ çà ãðàíèöåé, ÷òîáû ó÷åñòü îáùèå èíòåðåñû åãî ó÷àñòíèêîâ. Êîíôåðåíöèþ ïðèíèìàëè øîòëàíäñêèå ãðóïïû ïî èçó÷åíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö3.

http://www.scottishraptorgroups.org

Ñîáûòèÿ

Ãíåçäîâàÿ ïëàòôîðìà, óñòàíîâëåííàÿ â Óáñóíóðñêîé ñòåïè. Ôîòî À. Êóêñèíà. Nesting platform erected in the Ubsunur Steppe. Photo by A. Kuksin.

cipal cause of their low number proves such disappointing forecast. So, Imperial Eagles, Greater Spotted Eagles (Aquila clanga) and Sakers which nest regularly along edges of Altai pine forests were not noted to nest in all places where ferro-concrete power lines with voltage 6–10 kV are located along edges of forests. Birds that try to occupy empty territories, perish on power lines in the first year. So, during autumn research at the next poles of power lines dangerous to birds, carcasses of male and female of the Greater Spotted Eagle were found. It was a pair occupied nearest territory that died in July and August. Results of research are published on p. 45–64. For the recovering of number of the Saker in the Altai-Sayan region under the same project UNDP/GEF the field party of the Nature Reserve “Ubsunuur Depression” leaded by Alexander Kuksin erected 20 artificial nests in the territory of Tes-Hem and Erzin region of the Tyva Republic on 27–31 July. Artificial nests was made under recommendations of Sibecocenter and erected in breeding territories of Sakers where nesting has stopped as a result of destruction of nests together with electric poles in 2001–02. Monitoring has shown that birds occupied the territories all these years in spite of absence of breeding. It is a good prospect that the erected artificial nests will be occupied by Sakers in the nearest several years. Contact (6). Raptor Research Foundation 2009 Annual Conference took place 29 September – 4 October 2009 in Pitlochry, Scotland. The Raptor Research Foundation 2009 annual conference was held overseas for the first time, to reflect the global interests of

Events

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 Âñÿ ïðîãðàììà ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ, âêëþ÷àÿ íàó÷íûå äîêëàäû, íåîôèöèàëüíûå âñòðå÷è è ýêñêóðñèè, ïðîõîäèëà â ýêñêëþçèâíîé ãîñòèíèöå Àòîëë Ïàëàñ. Äåëåãàòîì ìîã ñòàòü ëþáîé æåëàþùèé, îäíàêî ÷èñëî ìåñò áûëî îãðàíè÷åíî, è ïðèîðèòåò áûë îòäàí ÷ëåíàì øîòëàíäñêèõ ãðóïï ïî èçó÷åíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ðîññèþ ïðåäñòàâëÿëè Å. Ïîòàïîâ è È. Óòåõèíà.

(7) Contact M. McGrady Natural Research mike.mcgrady@ natural-research.org www.natural-research.org

(8) Contact Lucia Liu Severinghaus Biodiversity Research Center Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115 honeybuzzardtaiwan@ gmail.com tel.: 8862 27 899 542 fax: 8862 27 858 059

(9) Contact Mr. Holm Benning, Goldlackweg 2a, D-06118 Halle holm-aws@t-online.de

Â Ïèðåíåÿõ â ã. Îðîïåñà (Èñïàíèÿ) 7–10 îêòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. ïðîøëà åæåãîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ Ñîþçà Îõðàíû Îðëîâ (ECA)4. Êðîìå òîãî, Ñîþç Îõðàíû Îðëîâ (ECA) ïåðåä Êîíôåðåíöèåé ïðîâ¸ë ñåìèíàð ïî èíêóáàöèè ÿèö, è ïîñëå íå¸ – ñåìèíàð ïî ìåäèöèíå äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Äåòàëè îòíîñèòåëüíî ñåìèíàðîâ áóäóò îïóáëèêîâàíû íà âåáñàéòå ECA â áëèæàéøåì áóäóùåì. Êîíòàêò (7). Â ã. Òàéáýé (Òàéâàíü) 5–9 íîÿáðÿ 2009 ã. ïðîøëà Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïî îñîåäàì (Pernis sp.). Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïðîâîäèëàñü ñ öåëüþ ðàçâèòèÿ èññëåäîâàíèé îñîåäîâ. Å¸ îðãàíèçîâàëè ä-ð Ëþ÷èÿ Ñåâåðèíõàóç (Tàéâàíü), ä-ð Àíèòà Ãàìàóô (Àâñòðèÿ) è ä-ð Õèãó÷è (ßïîíèÿ). Íà êîíôåðåíöèè áûëî ïðåäñòàâëåíî ìíîæåñòâî äîêëàäîâ ïî ìîðôîëîãèè, ñîñòîÿíèþ ïîïóëÿöèé, èñïîëüçîâàíèþ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, ìèãðàöèÿì è ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè åâðîïåéñêîãî è õîõëàòîãî îñîåäîâ (P. apivorus & P. ptilorhynchus). Âûñòóïàëè äîêëàä÷èêè íå òîëüêî èç ñòðàí ÞãîÂîñòî÷íîé Àçèè (â îñíîâíîì èç Òàéâàíÿ è ßïîíèè), íî è èç Ãåðìàíèè è Ãîëëàíäèè. Êîíòàêò (8). Âñòðå÷à ñïåöèàëèñòîâ ïî îõðàíå ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus) ïëàíèðóåòñÿ 27– 31 ìàÿ 2010 ã. íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå îêðóãà Áðàíäåíáóðã (Ãåðìàíèÿ). Ýòà ïðîâèíöèÿ Ãåðìàíèè, áîãàòàÿ îç¸ðàìè è ëåñàìè, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñòàëà öåíòðîì íîâîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ñàïñàíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ. Íàòèâíàÿ äðåâåñíî-ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿ ñàïñàíîâ èç íåñêîëüêèõ òûñÿ÷ ïàð, íàñåëÿâøàÿ ëåñà Öåíòðàëüíîé è Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû, ïîëíîñòüþ âûìåðëà â ïåðèîä àêòèâíîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ ÄÄÒ. Ñïîíòàííîå âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïîïóëÿöèè, ó÷èòûâàÿ ñïåöèôè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè ýêîëîãèè

http://eagleconservationalliance.org/eca_conference_2009.html

its members. Hosted by the Scottish Raptor Study Groups3, this six-day event took place in the exclusive Atholl Palace Hotel, with a full programme of scientific presentations, social events and fieldtrips. Anyone could ask for a delegate ticket but priority was given to Scottish Raptor Study Group and Raptor Research Foundation members, so please ensure your membership is up to date. For logistical reasons, delegate numbers are limited to 300 so early booking was advisable. The Russia has been presented by E. Potapov and I. Utekhina. The Eagle Conservation Alliance (ECA) annual conference took place in the Pyrenees in Oropesa (Spain) October 7–104. The ECA was offering a workshop on Avian Egg Incubation in the days preceding their annual conference and a workshop on Raptor Conservation Medicine was held after the conference. Details on that workshop will be posted on the ECA web site in the near future. Contact (7). The International Conference on Honey Buzzards (Pernis sp.) was held at Taipei in Taiwan November 5–9, 2009. This Conference was conducted by Dr. Lucia Severinghaus of Taiwan, Dr. Anita Gamauf of Austria and Dr. Higuchi of Japan to promote the research of mysterious Honey Buzzards. There were many reports on morphology, population status, habitat use, migrations and breeding biology of European and Oriental Honey Buzzards (P. apivorus & P. ptilorhynchus). Participants were not only from SouthEastern Asia (especially Taiwan and Japan), but from Germany and Netherlands. Contact (8). Professional meeting on Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) protection planned in 27–31 May 2010 in the northwest of the district Brandenburg, which nowadays again represents the center of the new tree-nesting Peregrine population. The ancient tree-nesting population of Peregrines, formerly living in thousands of pairs in the wooded lowlands with high alluvial cover in Middle and Eastern Europe, became completely extinct in the wake of the DDT-crash. A spontaneous reestablishment of this population, especially adapted to concerning their breeding ecology, could not be expected. It ought to be initiated by suitable management, i.e. newly established during a founder stage to form a kernel of treenesting Peregrines. In order to fulfill this task

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ñîáûòèÿ

Ñàïñàí. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Peregrine Falcon. Photo by E. Nikolenko.

ïòèö, âðÿä ëè áûëî áû âîçìîæíûì áåç àêòèâíîãî âìåøàòåëüñòâà ÷åëîâåêà. Ïîýòîìó äëÿ ðåèíòðîäóêöèè âèäà è âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ äðåâåñíî-ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ ïîïóëÿöèè ñàïñàíà â Åâðîïå çàèíòåðåñîâàííûå ñïåöèàëèñòû 20 ëåò íàçàä îáúåäèíèëè ñâîè óñèëèÿ. Ïåðâîî÷åðåäíîé öåëüþ ÿâèëîñü ôîðìèðîâàíèå 25 ïàð ñ óñòîé÷èâûì ñòåðåîòèïîì ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ íà ïîñòîÿííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ íà òåððèòîðèè Ãåðìàíèè â ïðåäåëàõ ïðåæíåãî àðåàëà ïîïóëÿöèè, ðàíåå çàíèìàâøåãî îáëàñòü îò íèçîâèé Ðåéíà äî Óðàëà. Äîñòèæåíèå öåëè ïëàíèðîâàëîñü ê 2010 ã. Íà ñîáðàíèè êðóãó çàèíòåðåñîâàííûõ ëèö áóäóò ïðåäñòàâëåíû ìåòîäû è ðåçóëüòàòû íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîé ðàáîòû, ñîïðîâîæäàþùåé è íàïðàâëÿþùåé òåêóùèé ïðîåêò ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ ïîïóëÿöèè äðåâåñíî-ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ñàïñàíîâ. Ê òîìó æå, ó÷àñòíèêè ñîáðàíèÿ ïîëó÷àò âîçìîæíîñòü îçíàêîìèòüñÿ ñ ðåçóëüòàòàìè ïðîåêòà è íàáëþäàòü äðåâåñíî-ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ñàïñàíîâ íà èõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Íà ïëåíàðíîì çàñåäàíèè 29 ìàÿ áóäóò ïðåäñòàâëåíû äàííûå ïî êðàõó è âîññòàíîâëåíèþ äðåâåñíî-ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ ïîïóëÿöèè ñàïñàíà â Öåíòðàëüíîé Åâðîïå. Áóäóò îçâó÷åíû ñïåöèàëüíûå àñïåêòû èìïðèíòèíãà ñîêîëîâ ê òèïàì ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, èíôîðìàöèÿ î ïðåæíèõ è ñîâðåìåííûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñàïñàíà íà äåðåâüÿõ êàê â Åâðîïå, òàê è çà å¸ ïðåäåëàìè, ðåçóëüòàòû ìå÷åíèÿ ñîêîëîâ. Èíôîðìàöèÿ î ïëàíèðóþùåìñÿ ñîáðàíèè áóäåò äîñòóïíà â Èíòåðíåò íà ñòðàíèöå ñîáðàíèÿ ïîñëå ñîçäàíèÿ äàííîé ñòðàíèöû5. Êîíòàêò (9). (10) Contact Dr. S.Gombobaatar Mongolian Ornithological Society, National University of Mongolia Ikh surguuliin street-1, Ulaanbaatar, 210646A, P.O. Box 537. Mongolia tel.: +976 910 001 48 +976 991 801 48 +976 (11) 32 39 70 fax: +976 (11) 32 01 59 monbird_mos@yahoo.com mongolianbirds@mail.com gombobaatar@biology. num.edu.mn 5

6-îé Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé Ñèìïîçèóì ïî àçèàòñêèì ïåðíàòûì õèùíèêàì áóäåò ïðîâåä¸í 23–27 èþíÿ 2010 ã. â ãîñòèíè÷íîì êîìïëåêñå ×èíãèñ Õàí â ÓëàíÁàòîðå (Ìîíãîëèÿ). Íà ñèìïîçèóìå áóäóò ïðåäñòàâëåíû ñòàòüè ðàçíûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé èç Àçèè è äðóãèõ ñòðàí ìèðà, îáåñïå÷èâàÿ ôàíòàñòè÷åñêóþ âîçìîæíîñòü ðàñøèðèòü çíàíèÿ î ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêàõ è îïûò â èõ èññëåäîâàíèè. Ïîäðîáíåå îá Àçèàòñêîé Ñåòè ïî Èçó÷åíèþ è Îõðàíå Õèùíûõ Ïòèö (ARRCN) ÷èòàéòå íà ñòð. 22–24. Êîíòàêò (10).

http://www.aws-freiberg.de

interested parties came together to act concertedly nearly 20 years ago. Our aim was to reestablish a founder population of 25 breeding pairs interconnected in neighbouring stable territories and all fixed on the treenesting habit, primarily within the German portion of the tree-nesters´ range, which latter formerly extended from the Lower Rhein to the Urals. This aim we will have reached in 2010. On meeting will be present to a circle of interested persons the methods and the scientific results gained by research work accompanying and directing the running project. Additionally the participants will have the opportunity to experience the breeding and rearing events of tree-nesting Peregrines at some active nest sites in wooded habitats in the near environment. The plenary session at 29th of May is dedicated to a professional presentation of the extinction and the restitution of the tree-nesting population of the Peregrine in middle Europe. It will be talked about special aspects of imprinting on types of habitat, the former and present occurrence of tree-nesting (also outside the traditional european tree-nesting area) and the scientific findings derived from ring marking and individual identification. Information about planned meeting will also be available via internet on the page of meeting after installation of this page5. Contact (9). The 6th International Symposium on Asian Raptors will be held on 23–27 June, 2010 in the Chingis Khaan complex, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Papers will be presented by researchers from Asia and the other countries of the world, providing a fantastic opportunity to improve your skills and knowledge on raptors surveys. Details about the Asian Raptors Research and Conservation Network (ARRCN) read on ðp. 22–24. Contact (10).

Events

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Contraband of Falcons КОНТРАБАНДА СОКОЛОВ Ãðóïïà èíîñòðàííûõ ãðàæäàí, çàíèìàþùèõñÿ îòëîâîì áàëîáàíîâ (Falco cherrug), áûëà çàäåðæàíà ñîòðóäíèêàìè îòäåëåíèÿ ìèëèöèè ïî áîðüáå ñ ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿìè â ñôåðå áèîðåñóðñîâ ÌÂÄ Õàêàñèè (Ðîññèÿ) 18 àâãóñòà 2009 ã.6 Â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷¸òêèõ è ñëàæåííûõ äåéñòâèé ñîòðóäíèêîâ ÌÂÄ ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì êàïèòàíà ìèëèöèè Âèòàëèÿ Íèêèòèíà â óðî÷èùå Êëþ÷è â äåñÿòè êèëîìåòðàõ îò ñ. Ñîë¸íîîç¸ðíîå Øèðèíñêîãî ðàéîíà Õàêàñèè 18 àâãóñòà áûëè çàäåðæàíû øåñòåðî ìóæ÷èí. ×åòâåðî èç íèõ îêàçàëèñü ãðàæäàíàìè Ñèðèè, îäèí – Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèè è îäèí – ñèðèåö ñ ðîññèéñêèì ãðàæäàíñòâîì, ïðîæèâàþùèé â Áàðíàóëå. Ïðè îñìîòðå àâòîìîáèëåé, íà êîòîðûõ ïåðåäâèãàëèñü çàäåðæàííûå, ìèëèöèîíåðû îáíàðóæèëè ìíîæåñòâî ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðèñïîñîáëåíèé äëÿ ëîâëè ïòèö, à òàêæå îäíîãî ñîêîëà áàëîáàíà è 50 ãîëóáåé, ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ ïðèìàíêîé. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïîéìàííûé èíîñòðàííûìè áðàêîíüåðàìè ñîêîë ïåðåäàí â àáàêàíñêèé çîîïàðê. Ïòèöà îñìîòðåíà ñïåöèàëèñòàìè, å¸ çäîðîâüþ íè÷åãî íå óãðîæàåò. Â ñåíòÿáðå 2009 ã. â 75 êì îò ã. Àðàëüñêà (Êàçàõñòàí) â óðî÷èùå Òåðáåíåñ çàäåðæàíû äâîå ãðàæäàí Ñèðèè, ó êîòîðûõ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû äâà ñîêîëàáàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug), áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïðèñïîñîáëåíèé äëÿ ëîâëè ïòèö, à òàêæå æèâûå ãîëóáè7. Êàê ñîîáùèëà ðóêîâîäèòåëü ïðåñññëóæáû Äåïàðòàìåíòà òàìîæåííîãî êîíòðîëÿ Áàõûò Îðäàíîâà, ãðàæäàíå Ñèðèè áûëè çàäåðæàíû ñîâìåñòíîé îïåðàòèâíîé ãðóïïîé òàìîæåííèêîâ è ìåñòíûõ ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé Äåïàðòàìåíòà Êîìèòåòà íàöèîíàëüíîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ïî Êûçûëîðäèíñêîé îáëàñòè è ãîðîäó Áàéêîíûðó. Â õîäå ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîãî ðàññëåäîâàíèÿ óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ãðàæäàíå Ñèðèè, 1946 è 1972 ãã. ðîæäåíèÿ, íàõîäÿòñÿ â Êàçàõñòàíå â êà÷åñòâå òóðèñòîâ ñ 3 èþëÿ 2009 ã. ïî ïðèãëàøåíèþ îäíîé èç àëìàòèíñêèõ ôèðì. Òóðèñòè÷åñêèå âèçû äåéñòâèòåëüíû äî ôåâðàëÿ 2010 ã. 6 7

http://www.mvd.ru/news/30683 http://www.express-k.kz/show_article.php?art_id=33518

The group of the foreign citizens – catchers of Sakers (Falco cherrug) was detained by employees of the department of militia on struggle against offences in sphere of resources of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Khakassia (Russia) on 18 August, 20096. As a result of the precise and professional actions of militiamen headed by the captain of militia Vitaly Nikitin six men were detained in the natural boundary Kluchi in ten kilometers from Solenoozernoe village of Shirinskiy region of Khakassia on 18 August. Four from them were appeared citizens of Syria, one – Saudi Arabia and one – Syrian with the Russian citizenship, living in Barnaul. At examination of vehicles of arrested persons militiamen found out different devices for catching birds, a Saker and 50 pigeons, used as a bait. Now the falcon caught by foreign poachers is brought into Abakan zoo. The bird was examined by experts, nothing threatens its health. Two Syrians with two Sakers (Falco cherrug) and numerous equipment for the bird catching and pigeons were arrested in 75 km from Aralsk (Kazakstan) on September 20097. Officers of customs with the department of Committee of National Security of the Kyzyl-Orda district and the Baykynur town detained two Syrians in the Terbenes natural boundary (75 km from Aralsk). Confiscated sakers were brought to the regional inspection of forest and hunting service.

Êîíôèñêîâàííûå áàëîáàíû (Falco cherrug). Ôîòî À. Êîâøàðÿ. Confiscated Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug). Photo by A. Kovshar.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 Ïî ñëîâàì çàäåðæàííûõ, â Ïðèàðàëüå îõîòÿòñÿ íà ñîêîëîâ åù¸ íåñêîëüêî èõ òîâàðèùåé. Èõ ïîèñêîì ñåé÷àñ çàíÿòû ñîòðóäíèêè Àðàëüñêîé ðàéîííîé ïðîêóðàòóðû è ðàéîòäåëà âíóòðåííèõ äåë. Èçúÿòûå áàëîáàíû ïåðåäàíû ñîòðóäíèêàì ðåãèîíàëüíîé èíñïåêöèè ëåñíîãî è îõîòíè÷üåãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Áàëîáàíû (Falco cherrug), çàäåðæàííûå â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà. Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) were arrested in the Tyva Republic.

Äâà óðîæåíöà Ñèðèè, ïûòàâøèåñÿ âûâåçòè èç Ðåñïóáëèêè Òûâà (Ðîññèÿ) âîñåìü áàëîáàíîâ (Falco cherrug), áûëè çàäåðæàíû 10 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. ñîòðóäíèêàìè ÌÂÄ8. Êàê ñîîáùèëè â ïðåññ-ñëóæáå ïðîêóðàòóðû Òóâû, â íî÷ü íà 10 ñåíòÿáðÿ âîçëå ïîñòà ÃÈÁÄÄ Øèâèëèã ñîòðóäíèêè îðãàíîâ âíóòðåííèõ äåë çàäåðæàëè ãðàæäàíèíà Ñèðèè, êîòîðûé ïûòàëñÿ ïðîíåñòè ñâÿçàííûõ ïòèö â äîðîæíîé ñóìêå â îáõîä ïîñòà. Àâòîìàøèíà ñ íåçíàêîìûìè íîìåðàìè, ðàçúåçæàâøàÿ ïî ãîðîäó Òóðàíó, ñðàçó ïðèâëåêëà âíèìàíèå ñîòðóäíèêîâ ÃÈÁÄÄ. Êàê òîëüêî ñòåìíåëî, ìàøèíà íàïðàâèëàñü â ñòîðîíó ñòàöèîíàðíîãî ïîñòà Øèâèëèã, ÷òîáû ïåðåñå÷ü àäìèíèñòðàòèâíóþ ãðàíèöó Ðåñïóáëèêè Òûâà. Èíñïåêòîðû ÄÏÑ ñðàçó çàïîäîçðèëè íåëàäíîå, êîãäà â ìàøèíå âìåñòî äâóõ ïàññàæèðîâ îêàçàëñÿ òîëüêî îäèí. Õîðîøî çíàÿ «ïðèâû÷êó» íåçàêîíîïîñëóøíûõ ãðàæäàí ïåøêîì îáõîäèòü ìèëèöåéñêèé ïîñò, ñîòðóäíèêè ÃÀÈ áðîñèëèñü â ëåñíóþ ÷àùó. Èíòóèöèÿ èõ íå ïîäâåëà. Â 700 ì îò ïîñòà îíè çàäåðæàëè ñèðèéöà, â ñóìêå êîòîðîãî íàõîäèëñÿ êîíòðàáàíäíûé ãðóç – âîñåìü ñîêîëîâ-áàëîáàíîâ. Èíñïåêòîðû ãîñêîìèòåòà Òóâû ïî îõîòå è ðûáîëîâñòâó ñîñòàâèëè ïðîòîêîë îá àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîì ïðàâîíàðóøåíèè, ïðåäóñìîòðåííîì ñòàòüåé 8.35 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ – óíè÷òîæåíèå ðåäêèõ, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé. Êàê ñîîáùèë ðóêîâîäèòåëü ãîñêîìèòåòà Àëåêñàíäð Íîâèêîâ, äîêóìåíòû áóäóò ïåðåäàíû â ïðàâîîõðàíèòåëüíûå îðãàíû äëÿ âîçáóæäåíèÿ óãîëîâíîãî äåëà. Ïî ñëîâàì îðíèòîëîãîâ, ñîêîëû ÷óâñòâóþò ñåáÿ õîðîøî, õîòÿ ïîäîçðåâàåìûå íàêà÷àëè èõ ñíîòâîðíûìè ïðåïàðàòàìè, ÷òîáû îíè ìåíüøå øóìåëè. 11 ñåíòÿáðÿ âñå ïòèöû áûëè îêîëüöîâàíû è âûïóùåíû íà âîëþ.

http://www.tuvaonline.ru/2009/09/11/5732_tuva.html

Ñîáûòèÿ Two Syrians trying to export eight Sakers (Falco cherrug) from the Tyva Republic (Russia) were arrested by militiamen on 10 September 20098. Following reports of the press-service of Office of Public Prosecutor of Tyva, on the night of September, 10th near a militan post of the State Motor-Vehicle Inspectorate “Shivilig” militiamen detained a Syrian who tried to smuggle out the bound birds in a bag around of a post. The vehicle with the unfamiliar numbers driven about on Turan (Tyva) at once was drawn attention of militiamen. At the evening the car was directed to the stationary post Shivilig to cross administrative border of the Tyva Republic. Suspicions of inspectors were amplified when there was only one person in the car instead of two. Well knowing “habit” of not legislative citizens on foot to bypass a militian post, inspectors run to a nearest forest. The intuition was not brought them. In 700 m from a post they have detained a Syrian with a bag where they found illicit cargo – eight Sakers. Inspectors of the State Committee on Hunting and Fishery of Tyva have made the report on the administrative offence stipulated by article 8.35 of Code of Administrative Liability of the Russian Federation – destruction of rare endangered species of wildlife. As the head of the State Committee Alexander Novikov informed, documents would be bring in law enforcement bodies for excitation of criminal case. According to ornithologists falcons feel well though smugglers put birds to sleep with somnolent preparations in order to they not made a noise. All birds were ringed and released in wild on 11 September.

Áàëîáàí èç ïàðòèè, çàäåðæàííîé â ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà. Saker Falcon of the group of birds arrested in the Tyva Republic.

Events

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Ñàìåö áàëîáàíà, íåëåãàëüíî ïðîäàþùèéñÿ çà 8 òûñ. äîëëàðîâ ïî îáúÿâëåíèþ â Èíòåðíåò â ã. Çìåèíîãîðñê Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Male of the Saker Falcon illegally being sold for a price 8000 USD under advertisment in Internet in Zmeinogorsk (Altai Kray).

Â ñåíòÿáðå 2009 ã. â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé (Ðîññèÿ) ñîòðóäíèêè ÃÈÁÄÄ ïðåäîòâðàòèëè êîíòðàáàíäó áàëîáàíîâ (Falco cherrug)9. Êàê ñîîáùàåò ÈÒÀÐ-ÒÀÑÑ ñî ññûëêîé íà ïðåññ-ñëóæáó ÌÂÄ Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé, íà ×óéñêîì òðàêòå âáëèçè ñåëà Êóðîòà Îíãóäàéñêîãî ðàéîíà âíèìàíèå àâòîèíñïåêòîðîâ ïðèâëåêëà «Ëàäà» äåñÿòîé ìîäåëè, âîäèòåëü êîòîðîé íàðóøèë ïðàâèëà äîðîæíîãî äâèæåíèÿ. Îñìàòðèâàÿ ñàëîí àâòîìîáèëÿ, íà çàäíåì ñèäåíèè îíè çàìåòèëè íåñêîëüêî ñâ¸ðòêîâ èç ïëîòíîé õëîï÷àòîáóìàæíîé òêàíè. Ðàçâåðíóâ òêàíü, àâòîèíñïåêòîðû îáíàðóæèëè òð¸õ ñâÿçàííûõ ïòèö. Íè÷åãî âðàçóìèòåëüíîãî íàñ÷¸ò ïðîâîçà ðåäêèõ èñ÷åçàþùèõ ïòèö àâòîëþáèòåëü èç Êîø-Àãà÷à ñîîáùèòü íå ñìîã, ðàññêàçàâ ëèøü î òîì, ÷òî ïîñûëêó èç ïðèãðàíè÷íîãî ðàéîíà äîëæíû áûëè âñòðåòèòü â ïðèãîðîäå Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñêà äëÿ äàëüíåéøåé êîíòðàáàíäíîé îòïðàâêè çà ïðåäåëû Ðîññèè. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ÎÂÄ ïî ÊîøÀãà÷ñêîìó ðàéîíó ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ âîïðîñ î âîçáóæäåíèè óãîëîâíîãî äåëà ïðîòèâ íàðóøèòåëÿ ïî ñòàòüå 258 ÓÊ ÐÔ «Íåçàêîííàÿ îõîòà». Â Áàéäèáåêñêîì ðàéîíå ÞæíîÊàçàõñòàíñêîé îáëàñòè (Êàçàõñòàí) 24 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. ïîëèöåéñêèå çàäåðæàëè ëîâöà ñ ïîéìàííûì áàëîáàíîì (Falco cherrug)10. «Â Áàéäèáåêñêèé îòäåë ïîëèöèè ïîñòóïèëà èíôîðìàöèÿ î òîì, ÷òî îêîëî îçåðà Êàïøàãàÿ ìóæ÷èíà íåçàêîííî îõîòèòñÿ íà ïòèö», – ãîâîðèòñÿ â ñîîáùåíèè ïðåñññëóæáû Äåïàðòàìåíòà âíóòðåííèõ äåë Þæíî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîé îáëàñòè. Ïîëèöåéñêèå âûåõàëè íà ìåñòî è âî âðåìÿ îõîòû çàäåðæàëè ñ ïîëè÷íûì 47-ëåòíåãî æèòåëÿ Øûìêåíòà. Èç åãî ìàøèíû ñîòðóäíèêè ïîëèöèè èçúÿëè ñîêîëà áàëîáàíà. Ïî äàííûì ïðåññ-ñëóæáû, â îòíîøåíèè ïîäîçðåâàåìîãî âîçáóæäåíî óãîëîâíîå äåëî â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñî ñòàòüåé 290 ÓÊ Êàçàõñòàíà (Íåçàêîííîå îáðàùåíèå ñ ðåäêèìè è íàõîäÿùèìèñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âèäàìè æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé). 9 10

Inspectors of the State Motor-Vehicle Inspectorate has a contraband of Sakers (Falco cherrug) in the Altai Republic (Russia) on September 20099. Following reports of the press-service of the Ministry of Internal Affair of the Altai Republic, On the Chya highway of near the Kurota village of Ongudajskiy region inspectors were drawn attention to a vehicle which driver had broken rules of traffic. Examining the car they noticed several packages made of a cotton fabric. Unwrapping a fabric inspectors found out three bound birds. The driver from KoshAgach was able to explain nothing about transportation of rare birds, having told only that packages from frontier region should be delivered in suburb of Gorno-Altaisk for the further smuggling out of Russia. Now the question on excitation of criminal case against the infringer under article 258 of Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Illegal hunting” is considered in the department of Internal Affair of the KoshAgach region. Policemen were detained a poacher with a caught Saker (Falco cherrug) in Baydibek region of the South Kazakhstan district (Kazakhstan) on 24 September 200910. According with the report of pressservice of the department of Internal Arrair of South Kazakhstan district the information about a man which illegally hunted on birds near the Kapshagay lake has received by the Baydibek department of police. Policemen left to the lake and during hunting detained a man of 47-years old from Shymkent. In his car policemen found out a saker. According to the press-service, concerning suspected a criminal case is excited in conformity with article 290 of Criminal Code of Kazakhstan (the illegal manipulation with rare and endangered species of wildlife).

http://asfera.info/news/one-30456.html http://www.kt.kz/index.php?act=arch&lang=rus&uin=1133168020&chapter=1153498125&n_date=2009-09-24

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

(11) Êîíòàêò Âëàäèìèð Ðîìàíîâ Äèðåêòîð Ãîñïèòàëü ïòèö «Çåë¸íûé ïîïóãàé» òåë.: +7 (495) 671 37 43 zelpopugay@mail.ru www.veterinarian.ru (11) Contact Vladimir Romanov Director Hospital for birds “Green Parrot” òåë.: +7 (495) 671 37 43 zelpopugay@mail.ru www.veterinarian.ru

Âîñåìü ìîëîäûõ ñîêîëîâ áûëè çàäåðæàíû â ã. Ìîñêâà (Ðîññèÿ) 29 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. ïðè ïîïûòêå âûâîçà â Ñèðèþ11. Â íî÷ü ñ 28 íà 29 ñåíòÿáðÿ íà Äîìîäåäîâñêîé òàìîæíå áûëè çàäåðæàíû 8 ñîêîëîâ. Ïòèöû áûëè óïàêîâàíû ïî äâå â ôàíåðíûå ÿùèêè, êîòîðûå ïåðåâîçèëèñü â ñóìêàõ ñ îòâåðñòèÿìè, îáåñïå÷èâøèìè õîðîøóþ âåíòèëÿöèþ. Âîçìîæíî, ïåðåâîç÷èêè îïàñàëèñü ïåðåãðåâà – ïòèöû áûëè ïåðåëîæåíû áóòûëêàìè ñî ëüäîì. Äëÿ îöåíêè ñîñòîÿíèÿ çäîðîâüÿ ïòèö è îïðåäåëåíèÿ èõ âèäà áûëè âûçâàíû âåòåðèíàðíûå äîêòîðà èç ãîñïèòàëÿ ïòèö «Çåë¸íûé ïîïóãàé». Îðíèòîëîãè ïîÿñíèëè òàìîæåííèêàì, ÷òî ó íèõ íàõîäÿòñÿ ìîëîäûå ñàïñàíû (Falco peregrinus) ñî ñëåäóþùèìè îòêëîíåíèÿìè îò ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîé íîðìû: èñòîùåíèå (âî âðåìÿ äëèòåëüíîãî íàõîæäåíèÿ â ïåë¸íêàõ ñàïñàíû ïîòåðÿëè îêîëî 20% ñâîåãî âåñà), ó îäíîé èç ïòèö ïðèñóòñòâóþò êëèíè÷åñêèå ïðèçíàêè çàáîëåâàíèÿ ïå÷åíè, ó äâóõ äðóãèõ ïòèö – êëèíè÷åñêèå ïðèçíàêè èíâàçèîííûõ çàáîëåâàíèé. Òàêîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïòèö äîêòîðà ñâÿçûâàþò ñ íåïðàâèëüíîé ïåðåâîçêîé ïòèö, èãíîðèðîâàíèåì íîðì ñîäåðæàíèÿ ïòèö â íåâîëå: îíè íàõîäèëèñü â ïåë¸íêàõ áîëåå 14 ÷àñîâ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê íàõîæäåíèå â ïåë¸íêàõ õèùíûõ ïòèö âîçìîæíî ëèøü êîðîòêîå âðåìÿ ïîä íàáëþäåíèåì îïûòíîãî ñîêîëüíèêà. Âåòåðèíàðû ðåêîìåíäîâàëè òùàòåëüíîå ïîñëåäóþùåå íàáëþäåíèå çà ñîñòîÿíèåì çäîðîâüÿ ïòèö, óñèëåííîå êîðìëåíèå ñîêîëîâ è ïîñëå âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ íåçàìåäëèòåëüíûé âûïóñê èõ íà âîëþ â ïðèðîäíóþ ñðåäó îáèòàíèÿ. Ñîêîëà áûëè ïåðåäàíû â ïèòîìíèê ïðè ïðàâèòåëüñòâå Ìîñêâû. Ïîñëå äâóõ íåäåëüíîé ðåàáèëèòàöèè ïòèöû áûëè âûïóùåíû íà âîëþ. Êîíòàêò (11).

Ñîáûòèÿ

Ñàïñàíû (Falco peregrinus), çàäåðæàííûå â àýðîïîðòó Äîìîäåäîâî. Ôîòî ïðåäîñòàâëåíî Â. Ðîìàíîâûì. Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) were arrested in the Domodedovo airport. Photo from V. Romanov.

Eight young falcons that were tried to export to Syria were confiscated in Moscow (Russia) on 29 September 200911. At night from 28 to 29 September 8 falcons have been detained in Domodedovo customs. Birds were packed into plywood boxes, which were transported in bags with apertures provided good ventilation. Probably, carriers were afraid of an overheat – birds laid with bottles with an ice. For an estimation of a state of health of birds and species identification veterinary doctors of the hospital for birds “Green parrot” were invited. Ornithologists explained customs officers, that confiscated bird were young Peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) with following deviations from normal: an exhaustion (during a long binding peregrines have lost about 20% of the weight), one of birds has clinical attributes of disease of a liver, at two other birds – clinical attributes infection diseases. Such condition of birds doctors connected with wrong transportation of birds and ignoring of rules for birds keeping in captivity. Veterinaries recommended careful subsequent supervision over a state of health of the birds, the strengthened feeding of falcons and after rehabilitation they should be immediately released in wild. Falcons have been brought in the nursery at the government of Moscow. The birds were sited free after 2 weeks of rehabilitation. Contact (11). Ñàïñàíû, çàäåðæàííûå â àýðîïîðòó Äîìîäåäîâî. Ôîòî ïðåäîñòàâëåíî Â. Ðîìàíîâûì. Peregrine Falcons were arrested in the Domodedovo airport. Photo from V. Romanov.

http://www.veterinarian.ru/article.php?id=708

Events

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Meeting to Discuss the Status and Conservation of the Saker Falcon. Conclusions and Recommendations. 5–7 April, 2009, Abu Dhabi, UAE РАБОЧЕЕ СОВЕЩАНИЕ, ПОСВЯЩЁННОЕ СТАТУСУ И ОХРАНЕ СОКОЛА БАЛОБАНА. РЕЗОЛЮЦИЯ. 5–7 АПРЕЛЯ 2009, АБУ-ДАБИ, ОАЭ Ó÷àñòíèêè ñîâåùàíèÿ ïðèøëè ê ñîãëàñèþ, ÷òî îõðàíà áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáùåé êîëëåêòèâíîé è âûñîêîïðèîðèòåòíîé öåëüþ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ñîâåùàíèÿ áûëî ïðèçíàíî, ÷òî ñòàòóñ áàëîáàíà è óãðîçû, ñ êîòîðûìè ñòàëêèâàåòñÿ âèä, íåäîñòàòî÷íî èçó÷åíû. 1. Íåîáõîäèìî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî çàèíòåðåñîâàííûõ ñòîðîí âñåõ ñòðàí àðåàëà áàëîáàíà ñ öåëüþ ïîâûøåíèÿ ïðèðîäîîõðàííîãî ñòàòóñà âèäà, âêëþ÷àÿ ïðèíÿòèå ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ ìåð â ðàìêàõ Ìåìîðàíäóìà ïîíèìàíèÿ ïî îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö Áîííñêîé Êîíâåíöèè è â äàëüíåéøåì íåîáõîäèìî ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü òîìó, ÷òîáû âñå ñòðàíû, ãäå ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í áàëîáàí, ïðèñîåäèíèëèñü ê ýòîìó ìåìîðàíäóìó. 2. Ó÷àñòíèêè ñîâåùàíèÿ ïîääåðæàëè èíèöèàòèâó Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèè ïî ðàçðàáîòêå Ðåãèîíàëüíîãî ïëàíà äåéñòâèé ñîâìåñòíî ñ BirdLife Ñðåäíåãî Âîñòîêà, âêëþ÷àÿ êîíå÷íûõ ïîëüçîâàòåëåé â ðåãèîíå ãîñóäàðñòâ-ó÷àñòíèêîâ Ñîâåòà ïî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâó ñòðàí Ïåðñèäñêîãî çàëèâà (GCC). 3. BirdLife ïåðåñìîòðèò ñòàòóñ áàëîáàíà â Ìåæäóíàðîäíîì ñïèñêå óãðîæàåìûõ æèâîòíûõ (IUCN) íà îáùåñòâåííîì ôîðóìå îñåíüþ 2009 ã. Âñå çàèíòåðåñîâàííûå ñòîðîíû ïðèãëàøàþòñÿ ê ó÷àñòèþ â ýòîì ïðîöåññå. 4. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ñîâåùàíèÿ ïðèçíàíî íåîáõîäèìûì: – îñóùåñòâëÿòü ïðîñâåùåíèå êîíå÷íûõ ïîëüçîâàòåëåé è èíôîðìèðîâàòü èõ î ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ âîïðîñàõ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì äèêèõ áàëîáàíîâ; – ïðîâåñòè îöåíêó êîëè÷åñòâà îõîòíèêîâ ñ ñîêîëàìè, à òàêæå ÷èñëåííîñòè è òèïîâ ñîêîëîâ, èñïîëüçóåìûõ â ðåãèîíå; – ïåðåäàòü ýòó èíôîðìàöèþ â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå èíñòàíöèè/ îðãàíû. 5. Ñïîñîá ðåàëèçàöèè ìíîãîñòîðîííèõ ñîãëàøåíèé ïî îõðàíå âèäà äîëæåí îòðàæàòü ðåàëüíûå ïîòðåáíîñòè îõðàíû áàëîáàíà (âêëþ÷àÿ ðîëü ëåãàëüíîãî óñòîé÷èâîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ è òîðãîâëè), à òàêæå ñîöèàëüíûå, êóëüòóðíûå è ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ïîòðåáíîñòè ñòîðîí. Â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, âñå ñòîðîíû äîëæíû îòâåòñòâåííî îòíîñèòüñÿ ê îáÿçàòåëüñòâàì ïî äàííûì ñîãëàøåíèÿì.

Participants at the meeting agreed that there was a shared common goal in that the conservation of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) is a high priority. The meeting recognises that there are major gaps in our knowledge on the status of the Saker Falcon and the threats faced by the species. 1. Co-operation between all stakeholders in the Saker range states is required to improve the conservation status of the species, including undertaking conservation activities under the umbrella of the CMS Birds of Prey MoU and further to encourage all Saker range states to join this MoU. 2. The meeting has supported the Saudi Arabian initiative to develop a regional Action Plan together with BirdLife Middle East involving end users in the GCC region. 3. BirdLife is to undertake a review of the IUCN status of the Saker via public forum in autumn 2009 and we encourage all interested parties to participate in this process. 4. The meeting recognises the need to: – educate and inform end-users about the conservation issues of using wild-sourced Sakers; – quantify the number of falconers and the number and types of falcons used in the region; – and to transmit this information to relevant bodies. And this could be achieved by encouraging the establishment of falconry associations in Arab falconry nations. 5. The way MEA’s are applied should reflect the realities of the needs for Saker conservation (including the role of legal sustainable use and trade), together with the social, cultural and economic needs of the parties. In turn, MEA obligations should be respected by all parties. Ðîññèéñêî-óêðàèíñêàÿ äåëåãàöèÿ íà ñîâåùàíèè ïî áàëîáàíó â ÎÀÝ. Ñëåâà íà ïðàâî: Àëåêñàíäð Ñîðîêèí, Âèòàëèé Âåòðîâ, Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî, Þðèé Ìèëîáîã, Àëåêñåé Âàéñìàí. Ôîòî Â. Âåòðîâà. The Russian-Ukrainian delegation at the meeting on Saker Falcon in the UAE. From left to right: Alexander Sorokin, Vitaly Vetrov, Elvira Nikolenko, Jury Milobog, Alexey Vajsman. Photo by V. Vetrov.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè

Reviews and Comments ОБЗОРЫ И КОММЕНТАРИИ Asian Raptor and Conservation Networks Celebrated a 10-year Anniversary – the First Results АЗИАТСКОЙ СЕТИ ПО ИЗУЧЕНИЮ И ОХРАНЕ ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ ВТОРОЙ ДЕСЯТОК ЛЕТ – ПЕРВЫЕ ИТОГИ Shergalin J.E. (International Wildlife Consultants Ltd., Carmarthen, United Kingdom) Шергалин Е.Э. (Международное консультационное агентство по охране дикой природы, Кармартен, Великобритания) Contact: Jevgeni Shergalin International Wildlife Consultants Ltd. P.O. Box 19 Carmarthen SA33 5YL United Kingdom tel.: +44 1267 233 864 fax: +44 1267 233 934 jevgeni@falcons.co.uk zoolit@hotmail.com http://www.falcons.co.uk http://www.mefrg.org

Íàáëþäåíèå çà ìèãðèðóþùèìè ïåðíàòûìè õèùíèêàìè â õîäå ñåìèíàðà íà IV Ñèìïîçèóìå ïî Àçèàòñêèì ïåðíàòûì õèùíèêàì â 2005 ã. â Ìàëàéçèè. Ôîòî Îîé Áåíã ßí.

Â ïðîøëîì ãîäó Àçèàòñêîé Ñåòè ïî Èçó÷åíèþ è Îõðàíå Õèùíûõ ïòèö (Asian Raptor Research and Conservation Network, ARRCN)12 èñïîëíèëîñü 10 ëåò. Ê ïåðâîìó þáèëåþ óæå ìîæíî ïîäâåñòè ïåðâûå èòîãè. Òàê ñëîæèëîñü, ÷òî â Àçèè, ãäå ïðîæèâàåò 60% íàñåëåíèÿ âñåé ïëàíåòû, õèùíûå ïòèöû äî êîíöà XX âåêà îñòàâàëèñü îáúåêòîì èçó÷åíèÿ î÷åíü íåìíîãèõ ëþäåé. Èñòîðè÷åñêè êîëè÷åñòâî îðíèòîëîãîâ-ïðîôåññèîíàëîâ áûëî íåâåëèêî, à àðìèÿ îðíèòîëîãîâëþáèòåëåé è á¸äâîò÷åðîâ, ñòîëü ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííàÿ íà äðóãèõ êîíòèíåíòàõ, åù¸ íå ðàçâèëàñü. Âìåñòå ñ òåì, âî ìíîãèõ òðîïè÷åñêèõ è ñóáòðîïè÷åñêèõ îáøèðíûõ ðåãèîíàõ Àçèàòñêîãî êîíòèíåíòà êîëè÷åñòâî ðåäêèõ è èñ÷åçàþùèõ âèäîâ ïòèö, âêëþ÷àÿ õèùíûõ, çíà÷èòåëüíî, ÷òî áåçîòëàãàòåëüíî è íàñòîÿòåëüíî òðåáîâàëî ñîçäàíèÿ îòäåëüíîé îðãàíèçàöèè äëÿ èõ îõðàíû è èçó÷åíèÿ. Â 1998 ã. ãðóïïà ÿïîíñêèõ ýíòóçèàñòîâ ðåøèëà ñîçäàòü òàêóþ îðãàíèçàöèþ. Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî ïëàíèðîâàëîñü çàíèìàòüñÿ â íåé òîëüêî äíåâíûìè õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè, íî ïîçæå áûëî ðåøåíî îõâàòèòü è ñîâ. Òàêæå ñ ñàìîãî íà÷àëà ãëàâíûì îáúåêòîì âíèìàíèÿ ñòàëè, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ñòðàíû ÞãîÂîñòî÷íîé Àçèè â ñèëó èõ áîëåå áîãàòîãî áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ, íî ïîçæå áûëî ïðèíÿòî ðåøåíèå îõâàòèòü âñþ Àçèþ öåëèêîì

Observing raptors during migration workshop. The 4th Symposium on Asian Raptors. Malaysia 2005. Photo by Ooi Beng Yean. 12

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~raptor/

In previous year Asian Raptor Research and Conservation Network (ARRCN) has celebrated its 10-year anniversary and it’s time already to tell about the first results. Historically number of professional ornithologists in Asia where about 60% of all human population live, was very low while biodiversity is very rich and number of rare and threatened raptors is very high. In 1998 the group of enthusiasts in Japan has decided to set up an organization for research and conservation of raptors. From the beginning the main accent was done on Falconiformes, but later research and conservation was spread on Strigiformes as well. Also at initial stage the main attention was devoted to the countries of South-East Asia with a richer biodiversity, but later all other regions of Asia was gradually involved. Japan became the country-host of the first Symposium of ARRCN in December 1999. The second symposium was held in 2000 in Bandung in Indonesia; the 3rd – in autumn 2003 in national part Kenting in Taiwan; the fourth – in autumn 2005 in Taiping in Malaysia and the fifth in National Park Tam Dao in the North of Vietnam. Last three symposia were held during bird migration periods and within their frame the excursions to the “bottleneck” were organized where participants could see and count migrating raptors. Weather was always in favor of excursions excepting symposium in Malaysia when it was raining. It’s easy to imagine disappointment of Organizing Committee who prepared this event more than a year! Abstracts books with programs were published by all Symposia, and on the base of presentations and posters of the 1st, 2nd and 4th Symposium the Proceedings were published as well.

Reviews and Comments â ïðåäåëàõ ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ãðàíèö ýòîãî êîíòèíåíòà. Ïîýòîìó âïîëíå çàêîíîìåðíî, ÷òî ßïîíèÿ, êàê ñòðàíà, â êîòîðîé ðàñïîëîæèëàñü øòàá-êâàðòèðà íîâîé îðãàíèçàöèè, ñòàëà õîçÿéêîé ïåðâîãî ñèìïîçèóìà, áëåñòÿùå ïðîâåä¸ííîãî â äåêàáðå 1999 ã. Âòîðîé ñèìïîçèóì ñîñòîÿëñÿ â 2000 ã. â ãîðîäå Áàíäóíã íà îñòðîâå ßâà â Èíäîíåçèè; òðåòèé – îñåíüþ 2003 ã. â íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå Êåíòèíã íà îñòðîâå Òàéâàíü; ÷åòâ¸ðòûé – îñåíüþ 2005 ã. â ìåñòå÷êå Òàéïèíã, ÷òî â 350 êì ê ñåâåðó îò ã. Êóàëà-Ëóìïóð â Ìàëàéçèè è ïÿòûé – â Íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå «Òàì Äàî» âî Âüåòíàìå â àïðåëå 2008 ã. Òàê ñëîæèëîñü, ÷òî âñå ïðåäûäóùèå ñèìïîçèóìû ïðîõîäèëè â ïåðèîäû ìèãðàöèé ïòèö, è â èõ ðàìêàõ îðãàíèçîâûâàëèñü ýêñêóðñèè ê «áóòûëî÷íûì ãîðëûøêàì», ãäå âñå ó÷àñòíèêè ìîãëè ñàìè óáåäèòüñÿ â èíòåíñèâíîñòè ïðîë¸òà. Ïîãîäà âñåãäà áëàãîïðèÿòñòâîâàëà íàáëþäåíèÿì, êðîìå îäíîãî åäèíñòâåííîãî ñëó÷àÿ â Ìàëàéçèè, êîãäà âo âðåìÿ ýêñêóðñèè ø¸ë ïðîëèâíîé òðîïè÷åñêèé äîæäü, è ó÷àñòíèêàì ïî÷òè íå ïðèøëîñü âûõîäèòü èç àâòîáóñà – ÷åðåç ïîòîêè âîäû çà çàïîòåâøèìè îêíàìè íèêîìó íè÷åãî íå óäàëîñü ðàçãëÿäåòü. Ìîæíî ñåáå ïðåäñòàâèòü ðàññòðîéñòâî îðãêîìèòåòà, êîòîðûé èíòåíñèâíî ãîòîâèëñÿ ê ýòîìó ìåðîïðèÿòèþ áîëåå ãîäà! Êî âñåì 5-òè ñèìïîçèóìàì âûõîäèëè ñáîðíèêè òåçèñîâ ñ ïðîãðàììîé, à ïî ìàòåðèàëàì âñåõ äîêëàäîâ è ïîñòåðîâ 1-ãî, 2-ãî è 4-ãî ñèìïîçèóìîâ íàïå÷àòàíû òàêæå è òðóäû îòäåëüíûìè êíèãàìè. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýòà îðãàíèçàöèÿ îõâàòûâàåò îêîëî 180 ÷ëåíîâ. Ðîññèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíà Âëàäèìèðîì Ãàëóøèíûì è Èãîðåì Ôåôåëîâûì. ×èñëî ÷ëåíîâ îðãàíèçàöèè ðàñò¸ò î÷åíü ìåäëåííî, ÷òî î÷åíü æàëü, òàê êàê òåððèòîðèÿ ðåãèîíà è íàðîäîíàñåëåíèå âîèñòèíó ðåêîðäíîå ñðåäè äðóãèõ êîíòèíåíòîâ. Îäíàêî Àçèÿ ñëàâèòñÿ ðàçíîîáðàçèåì ÿçûêîâ è ñêðîìíîñòüþ ìíîãèõ íàðîäîâ, ÷òî çíà÷èòåëüíî îñëîæíÿåò ëþáîå îáùåíèå. Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñâî¸ì ÷ëåíû ARRCN – ýòî íå ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûå îðíèòîëîãè, à ëþáèòåëè, êîòîðûå ïðîâîäÿò íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ïòèöàìè â ñâîáîäíîå îò îñíîâíîé ðàáîòû âðåìÿ. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî, èçó÷àÿ îäíè è òå æå âèäû ïî 20–30 ëåò, îíè äîñòèãëè âïîëíå ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîãî óðîâíÿ, è íå ñëó÷àéíî, ÷òî íà îòêðûòèå ñèìïîçèóìîâ êàê àâòîðû ïëåíàðíûõ äîêëàäîâ ïðèãëàøàþòñÿ ñâåòèëà ìèðîâîé îðíèòîëîãèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì. Îðãàíèçàöèþ âîò óæå áîëåå 10 ëåò áåññìåííî âîçãëàâëÿåò Äîêòîð Òîðó ßìàçàêè – âåòåðèíàð ïî îáðàçîâàíèþ è ñïåöèàëèñò, èçó÷àþùèé óæå áîëåå 20 ëåò ïîïóëÿöèþ áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) è âîñòî÷íîãî õîõëàòîãî

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Ìèãðèðóþùèå ÿñòðåáèíûå ñàðû÷è (Butastur indicus). Ôîòî Êîððè ×åíà. Migrating Grey-faced Buzzards (Butastur indicus). Photo by Corry Chen.

At the present time this organization includes about 180 members. Russia is represented by Prof. Dr. Vladimir Galushin and Dr. Igor Fefelov. Number of member increases steadily but very slowly and this is very pity because the territory of Asia compiles one third part of the total global land surface and Asia has the biggest and the most densely populated countries of the world. However Asia is famous by diversity of languages and modesty of many nations that is an obstacle in communication. In majority the members of ARRCN are not professional ornithologists, but amateurs who conduct their studies at their free time. At the same time studying one an the same species during 20–30 years in turn they have reached professional level and that is not occasional that for plenary lectures of ARRCN symposia the most famous raptor experts throughout the world are inviting on a regular base. President of ARRCN is Dr. Toru Yamazaki – vet by profession and specialist who studies more than 20 years the population of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and Hodgson’s Mountain Eagle (Spizaetus nipalensis) in Shiba Prefecture in the central part of Japan. An atmosphere of al ARRCN symposia should be stressed especially. They are conducting in atmosphere of friendship and brothership, joy and trust, making them very specific gatherings. Number of dedicated students from Indonesia is growing very rapidly and this is very important because there is a high number of threatened birds of prey – endemics of many islands of Indonesia. Activity of many young people from Taiwan is also striking. Director of Information Center is Mr. Mike Chong of Kuala-Lumpur and tour-leader of birdwatching company was an editor of the first 3 numbers of Information Newsletter of ARRCN «Asian Raptors». At the present time information newsletters on several pages are circulating only among

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 îðëà (Spisaetus nipalensis) â ïðåôåêòóðå Øèáà â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ßïîíèè. Îñîáî ñëåäóåò ïîä÷åðêíóòü äðóæåñêóþ àòìîñôåðó âñåõ ñèìïîçèóìîâ ARRCN, òàê êàê íè íà îäíîé äðóãîé êîíôåðåíöèè â äðóãèõ ÷àñòÿõ ñâåòà íåò òàêîé îáñòàíîâêè èñêðåííîñòè, äîâåðèÿ, ðàäîñòè è äðóæáû, êàê íà ýòèõ âñòðå÷àõ. Àêòèâíåéøåå ó÷àñòèå â ðàáîòå îðãàíèçàöèè ïðèíèìàþò ñòóäåíòû èç Èíäîíåçèè, ÷èñëî êîòîðûõ ðàñò¸ò ñ êàæäûì ãîäîì, è ýòî ñîâåðøåííî íå ñëó÷àéíî, ïðèíèìàÿ âî âíèìàíèå âíóøèòåëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö-ýíäåìèêîâ íà îñòðîâàõ Çîíäñêîãî àðõèïåëàãà. Äëÿ ìíîãèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîãî ïîëóøàðèÿ Èíäîíåçèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñòðàíîé, ãäå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè ðàçâîðà÷èâàþòñÿ è íà÷èíàþò ñâîé äîëãèé ïóòü äîìîé. Ïðèìå÷àòåëüíî, ÷òî ìíîãèå ñòóäåíòû Èíäîíåçèè ñâîáîäíî ãîâîðÿò íà íåñêîëüêèõ ÿçûêàõ, âêëþ÷àÿ ÿïîíñêèé. Òàêæå áðîñàåòñÿ â ãëàçà àêòèâíîñòü ìîëîäûõ ëþäåé èç Òàéâàíÿ. Äèðåêòîðîì èíôîðìàöèîííîãî öåíòðà îðãàíèçàöèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ã-í Ìàéê ×îíã – æèòåëü Êóàëà-Ëóìïóðà è òóð-ëèäåð íåñêîëüêèõ á¸äâîò÷èíãîâñêèõ êîìïàíèé ïî ñîâìåñòèòåëüñòâó. Îí æå áûë ðåäàêòîðîì ïåðâûõ òð¸õ âûïóñêîâ Èíôîðìàöèîííîãî áþëëåòåíÿ «Asian Raptors», êîòîðûå ïîçæå ïåðåñòàëè ïå÷àòàòüñÿ èç-çà íåõâàòêè âðåìåíè ó ðåäàêòîðà, âûïîëíÿâøåãî ñâîþ ðàáîòó íà àáñîëþòíî äîáðîâîëüíûõ è íåîïëà÷èâàåìûõ íà÷àëàõ. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èíôîðìàöèîííûå áþëëåòåíè íà íåñêîëüêèõ ñòðàíèöàõ ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþòñÿ òîëüêî ñðåäè ÷ëåíîâ îðãàíèçàöèè ïî ýëåêòðîííîé ïî÷òå 1–2 ðàçà â ãîä. Îðãàíèçàöèÿ âëàäååò çàêðûòûì ëèñòîì ðàññûëêè, ïîäïèñàòüñÿ íà êîòîðûé ìîæíî òîëüêî ñòàâ å¸ ÷ëåíîì. Íà âñåõ ïðåäûäóùèõ ñèìïîçèóìàõ îðãêîìèòåò ïðåäëàãàë ó÷àñòíèêàì íà êîíêóðñíîé îñíîâå ñòóäåí÷åñêèå ãðàíòû, ïîêðûâàþùèå ïîëíîñòüþ èëè ÷àñòè÷íî ðàñõîäû íà äîðîãó è îôîðìëåíèå âèç. Ñóäüáà «òðàâåë ãðàíòîâ» äëÿ 6-ãî ñèìïîçèóìà ïîêà ïîä âîïðîñîì, íî áëèçîñòü Ìîíãîëèè ê ãðàíèöàì Ðîññèè è Êàçàõñòàíà óïðîùàåò çàäà÷ó äëÿ ìíîãèõ êîëëåã èç ýòèõ ñòðàí. Ìîíãîëüñêèé ñèìïîçèóì âïåðâûå áóäåò ïîñâÿù¸í ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì íå ìèãðàöèoííûì àñïåêòàì õèùíûõ ïòèö, à èõ ãíåçäîâîé ýêîëîãèè. Ðîññèÿ è àçèàòñêèå ðåñïóáëèêè áûâøåãî ÑÑÑÐ, ê ñîæàëåíèþ, äî ñèõ ïîð ïðèíèìàëè î÷åíü ñëàáîå ó÷àñòèå â ðàáîòå ARRCN â ñèëó íåñêîëüêèõ ïðè÷èí: ìàëîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ïðîôåññèîíàëîâ â ýòèõ ðåãèîíàõ, èç-çà ÿçûêîâîãî áàðüåðà, èç-çà äîðîãîâèçíû áèëåòîâ â ñòðàíû, ãäå ïðîõîäèëè ïðåäûäóùèå ñèìïîçèóìû è èç-çà íåðàçâèòîñòè ñåòè Èíòåðíåò.

Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè ARRCN members via electronic mail 1–2 times per year. Organization has own closed mailing/discussion list and only members of ARRCN have a right to be subscribed. On all previous symposia Org Committee has offered student grants on competition base, covering wholly or partly travel (the cheapest option) costs and visa arrangements. Fate of «travel grants» for the 6th Symposium is under big question, but neighborhood of Mongolia to the borders of Russia and Kazakhstan facilitates task for many colleagues from these countries. Symposium in Mongolia in the first time will be dedicated not to migratory aspects of birds of prey, but to their breeding ecology. Russia and Asiatic republics of the ex-USSR unfortunately until recent times participated very insufficiently in ARRCN work (only three presentations for the first 10 years). Author has translated the main publications on raptors from Asian part of the ex-USSR from Russian into English and has circulated them among some active groups of ARRCN. Let us hope that at last the colleagues from Russia and Central-Asiatic countries will participate very actively in the 6th ARRCN Symposium.

Ïðîñìîòð ñòåíäîâûõ ñîîáùåíèé íà IV Ñèìïîçèóìå ïî Àçèàòñêèì ïåðíàòûì õèùíèêàì â 2005 ã. â Ìàëàéçèè. Ôîòî Îîé Áåíã ßí. Viewing poster presentation in the 4th Symposium on Asian Raptors in Malaysia in 2005. Photo by Ooi Beng Yean.

Çà ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò íà ñèìïîçèóìû ARRCN èç Ðîññèè ïðåäñòàâëåíî òîëüêî òðè äîêëàäà. Åù¸ íåñêîëüêî ãëàâíûõ ïóáëèêàöèé ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì àçèàòñêîé ÷àñòè áûâøåãî ÑÑÑÐ áûëè ïåðåâåäåíû àâòîðîì ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû ñðåäè íåêîòîðûõ àêòèâíûõ ãðóïï ARRCN. Îäíàêî âðåìåíà ìåíÿþòñÿ, è òåïåðü õî÷åòñÿ íàäåÿòüñÿ, ÷òî â òàêîé ñîñåäñêîé è äðóæåñòâåííîé ñòðàíå, êàê Ìîíãîëèÿ, ðîññèéñêèå êîëëåãè ñìîãóò ïðèíÿòü àêòèâíåéøåå ó÷àñòèå è ïîäåëèòüñÿ ñâîèì îïûòîì è íàðàáîòêàìè â îáëàñòè èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû õèùíûõ ïòèö.

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Raptor Conservation ОХРАНА ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ Results of the Ural Owl and Tawny Owl Attracting into Nestboxes in the Samara District, Russia РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПРИВЛЕЧЕНИЯ НЕЯСЫТЕЙ В ИСКУССТВЕННЫЕ ГНЁЗДА В САМАРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ Karyakin I.V. (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia) Levashkin A.P. (State Pedagogical University, Russian Bird Conservation Union, N. Novgorod Branch, Russia) Pazhenkov A.S., Korzhev D.A. (Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance Center, Samara, Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Левашкин А.П. (Нижегородский педагогический университет, Нижегородское отделение Союза охраны птиц России, Н. Новгород, Россия) Паженков А.С., Коржев Д.А. (Центр содействия Волго-Уральской экологической сети, Самара, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Àëåêñåé Ëåâàøêèí Íèæåãîðîäñêîå îòäåëåíèå ÑÎÏÐ 603009 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Áîí÷-Áðóåâè÷à, 1–56 òåë.: +7 831 464 30 96 ìîá.: +7 952 781 71 98 aple_avesbp@mail.ru Àëåêñåé Ïàæåíêîâ Öåíòð ñîäåéñòâèÿ «Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè» Ðîññèÿ 443045 Ñàìàðà, à/ÿ 8001 f_lynx@mail.ru

Àáñòðàêò Â ñòàòüå îáîáùåíû ðåçóëüòàòû ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ äëèííîõâîñòîé (Strix uralensis) è ñåðîé (S. aluco) íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Â 2007–2008 ãã. áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî 74 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêà íà ÷åòûð¸õ ïëîùàäêàõ. Â 2009 ã. ðàçëè÷íûìè âèäàìè æèâîòíûõ çàíèìàëîñü 56,76% ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ, èç êîòîðûõ àáñîëþòíîå áîëüøèíñòâî çàíèìàëà äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (41,89%). Èç çàíÿòûõ äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ (n=31) óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå ê ìîìåíòó îêîí÷àíèÿ ïðîâåðêè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî â 67,74% ÿùèêîâ. Ðàçìåð êëàäêè ñîñòàâèë 1–4 ÿéöà, â ñðåäíåì (n=10) 2,4±1,26 ÿéöà. Ðàçìåð âûâîäêà ñîñòàâèë 1–6 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=14) 2,71±1,44 ïòåíöà. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó óñòàíîâëåííûìè ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè íà ðàçíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ èçìåíÿåòñÿ îò 0,1 äî 3,07 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=62) 1,11±0,62 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ÿùèêàìè, çàíÿòûìè äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè â 2009 ã., âàðüèðóåò îò 0,55 äî 3,19 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,5±0,65 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà ïëîùàäêàõ â 2008 ã. ñîñòàâèëà 0,53–4,67 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,42±0,89 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà ïëîùàäêàõ 2 è 3 â 2009 ã., ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî óñòàíîâêå ÿùèêîâ, ñîñòàâèëà 0,55–3,44 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=28) 1,44±0,67 êì. Ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ðàçâåøèâàíèþ ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íà ó÷àñòêàõ íåÿñûòåé ðàçíûå ïàðû ïî-ðàçíîìó îòðåàãèðîâàëè íà ïðèâëå÷åíèå: (n=34) 41,18% ïàð ñìåíèëè ñâîè åñòåñòâåííûå ãí¸çäà íà èñêóññòâåííûå, 20,59% – ðàçìíîæàëèñü íà ó÷àñòêàõ ñ óñòàíîâëåííûìè ÿùèêàìè â ñâîèõ ïðåæíèõ ãí¸çäàõ (ïðè ýòîì 8,82% ïàð ïîñåùàëè óñòàíîâëåííûå ÿùèêè, ëèáî çàíèìàëè èõ äî íà÷àëà êëàäêè, à 11,76% ïàð èãíîðèðîâàëè ÿùèêè). Ñåðóþ íåÿñûòü óäàëîñü âñòðåòèòü ëèøü íà îäíîé ïëîùàäêå – åäèíñòâåííûé ãíåçäîâîé ÿùèê äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà îêàçàëñÿ çàíÿòûì ýòèìè ñîâàìè íà âòîðîé ãîä ïîñëå óñòàíîâêè, îäíàêî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå îòìå÷åíî. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ñîâû, ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü, äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü, Strix uralensis, Strix aluco, áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ, èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ, ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ. Abstract The article summarizes results of actions on attraction of the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) and the Tawny Owl (S. aluco) into nestboxes in the Samara District in 2007–2009. A total of 74 nestboxes in 4 study plots were installed in 2007–2008. Different species of birds and animals occupied 56.76% of nestboxes in 2009, the most of the m was occupied by the Ural Owl (41.89%). Successful breeding at the end of nestbox inspection was registered in 67.74% of boxes (n=31) occupied by the Ural Owl. The average clutch size was 2.4±1.26 eggs (n=10; range 1–4 eggs). The average brood size was 2.71±1.44 chicks (n=14; range 1–6 chicks). The distance between the installed nestboxes in different plots varied from 0.1 to 3.07 km (n=62), 1.11±0.62 km at average. The distance between the boxes occupied by the Ural Owl in 2009 ranged from 0.55 to 3.19 km (n=23), 1.5±0.65 km at average. The average distance between the nearest neighbors for the Ural Owl in the plots in 2008 was 1.42±0.89 km (n=23; range 0.53–4.67 km). After carrying out of actions on attraction of the Ural Owl into nestboxes in 2009 this distance became 1.44±0.67 km (n=28; range 0.55–3.44 km). After actions on the nestbox installing on breeding territories of the Ural Owl different pairs have differently reacted: (n=34) 41.18% of pairs have leaved the natural nests for boxes, 20.59% have not used boxes for the breeding preferring their own nests (thus 8.82% of pairs visited the installed boxes or occupied them before the beginning of a laying, and 11.76% of pairs ignored boxes). Tawny Owl was noted only on one plot. The single nestbox for the Tawny Owl with big size has occupied by owls for 2-nd year after installation, however successful breeding is not noted. Keywords: Owls, Tawny Owl, Ural Owl, Strix uralensis, Strix aluco, nestboxes, breeding biology.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Alexey Levashkin The N.Novgorod Branch of the Russian Bird Conservation Union Bonch-Bruevich str., 1–56 N.Novgorod 603009 Russia tel.: +7 831 464 30 96 mob.: +7 952 781 71 98 aple_avesbp@mail.ru Aleksey Pazhenkov The Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance Centre P.O. Box 8001 Samara Russia 443045 f_lynx@mail.ru

Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis). Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Ural Owl (Strix uralensis). Photo by A. Levashkin.

Ââåäåíèå Â 2005 ã. Öåíòðîì ñîäåéñòâèÿ «ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè» (ÖÑ «ÂÓÝÑ», ã. Ñàìàðà) è Ýêîöåíòðîì «Äðîíò» (ã. Í. Íîâãîðîä) ïî çàäàíèþ Ìèíèñòåðñòâà ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ è îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (äîãîâîð ¹1/109 îò 30.11.2005 ã.) ðàçðàáîòàíà Ïðîãðàììà «Âîññòàíîâëåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íà 2005–2010 ãã.», â êîòîðîé ïðåäóñìîòðåíû îáøèðíûå áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ. Â 2007 ã. ðàáîòà ïî äàííîé ïðîãðàììå íà÷àëà ðåàëèçîâûâàòüñÿ (Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé êîíòðàêò ¹32 îò 10.07.2007 ã. ìåæäó Ìèíèñòåðñòâîì ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ è îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè è Ôîíäîì ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ðåàáèëèòàöèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè). Â ðàìêàõ ðåàëèçàöèè ïðîãðàììû áûë âûáðàí ðÿä êëþ÷åâûõ âèäîâ, äëÿ óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè, êîòîðûõ ðåàëèçîâàíû îïðåäåë¸ííûå áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ, â ÷àñòíîñòè ïðîâåäåíà öåëåâàÿ ðàáîòà ïî óâåëè÷åíèþ âèäîñïåöèôè÷åñêîãî ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà (Ïàæåíêîâ, Êàðÿêèí, 2007). Â êà÷åñòâå êëþ÷åâûõ âèäîâ áûëè âûáðàíû ñåðàÿ (Strix aluco) è äëèííîõâîñòàÿ (Strix uralensis) íåÿñûòè. Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü, íåñìîòðÿ íà ñâîþ îáû÷íîñòü è áëàãîïîëó÷íûé ñòàòóñ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, èñïûòûâàåò îïðåäåë¸ííûé ëèìèò ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äåðåâüåâ, òàê êàê íà áîëüøåé òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ â äóïëàõ. Êàê ïîêàçûâàåò îïûò ìíîãèõ ïðîåêòîâ ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Introduction In 2005 the Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance Center (Samara) and the Ecological Center “Dront” (N. Novgorod) under the order of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of the Samara district developed the Program “Recovering of Raptors Number in the Territory of the Samara District for 2005–2010”. Within the Program several key species for increase the potential nest sites (Pazhenkov, Karyakin, 2007) has been chosen. The Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) and the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) have recognized as such key species. Methods Goals 1. Develop a technique of attraction of the Ural Owl and the Tawny Owl into nestboxes in the territory of the Samara district. 2. Define optimum distribution of nestboxes in forest-steppe and steppe zones of the Samara district. 3. Find out how such actions increase the number of species in a zone of their realization. Nestbox Designs For the Ural Owl nestboxes of two different sizes (fig. 1) were made: 1. Small nestbox (all sizes in sm): height – 70, entrance (hereinafter height and width of entrance) – 35õ30, bottom – 30õ30. 2. Large nestbox: height – 70, entrance – 30õ40, bottom – 40õ40. For the Tawny Owl nestboxes of two different size were made: 3. Small nestbox: height – 35, entrance – 10õ30, bottom – 30õ25. 4. Large nestbox: height – 40, entrance – 15õ25, a bottom – 25õ25. In total of 74 nestboxes were installed in plots : 56 – for the Ural Owl (small boxes 13, large boxes – 43) and 18 – for the Tawny Owl (small boxes – 8, large boxes – 10). Boxes were installed on trees near to the edge of forest in the middle or bottom part of a tree at height 4–11 m. Plots For goal achievements in Stavropol, Krasnoyarsk, Kinel, Samara and Krasnoarmeysk regions 4 plots were chosen in 4 typical complexes of forest-steppe and the north of a steppe zone of the Samara district (fig. 2). The first 3 plots were chosen for attraction of the Ural Owl, 4th – for attraction of the Tawny Owl. Before the nestbox installing we carried out registrations of owls on autumn displaymating vocalizations in plots in September,

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ãí¸çäà, ñîâû îõîòíî çàíèìàþò àíàëîãè äóïåë – ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè ðàçëè÷íûõ êîíñòðóêöèé, ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò èì îñâàèâàòü òå òåððèòîðèè, ãäå ðàíåå ïî êàêèì-ëèáî ïðè÷èíàì îíè íå ãíåçäèëèñü (Ëåâàøêèí, 2006; 2008; Àíäðååíêîâ è äð., 2008). Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü èãðàåò «ñàíèòàðíóþ» ðîëü â åñòåñòâåííûõ î÷àãàõ ãåìîððàãè÷åñêîé ëèõîðàäêè, óíè÷òîæàÿ ìàññîâûå âèäû ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ, ÷òî äåëàåò êðàéíå àêòóàëüíîé ðàáîòó ïî å¸ ïðèâëå÷åíèþ â ðÿäå ðàéîíîâ. Ýòî â îñíîâíîì è ÿâèëîñü ïðè÷èíîé å¸ âûáîðà äëÿ ðåàëèçàöèè ìåðîïðèÿòèé. Ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü – êëàññè÷åñêèé äóïëîãí¸çäíèê, è â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ èñïûòûâàåò ÿâñòâåííóþ òåíäåíöèþ ê ñîêðàùåíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè íå òîëüêî â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2008), íî è âî âñ¸ì Ïîâîëæüå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008), ïîýòîìó óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè å¸ ãíåçäîâîé ïîïóëÿöèè – ïðèîðèòåòíàÿ ïðèðîäîîõðàííàÿ çàäà÷à. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî â îñíîâå ïðè÷èí ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ñåðîé íåÿñûòè ëåæàò ïðÿìûå êîíêóðåíòíûå îòíîøåíèÿ ñ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ, â òîì ÷èñëå è êîíêóðåíöèÿ çà äóïëà. Èìåííî ïîýòîìó çàäà÷à ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè ìîæåò ðåøàòüñÿ ñîçäàíèåì ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà, êîòîðûé íå áóäåò èñïîëüçîâàí äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ â ñèëó êîíñòðóêòèâíûõ îñîáåííîñòåé èëè áèîòîïè÷åñêîé íåïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòè. Ìåòîäèêà Öåëè è çàäà÷è 1. Îòðàáîòàòü ìåòîäèêó ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé è ñåðîé íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå ãí¸çäà íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. 2. Îïðåäåëèòü îïòèìàëüíûå ñõåìû ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãíåçäîâèé â ëåñîñòåïíîé è ñòåïíîé çîíå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. 3. Âûÿñíèòü, íàñêîëüêî ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ óâåëè÷èâàþò ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà â çîíå èõ ðåàëèçàöèè. Êîíñòðóêöèè Äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè áûëè èçãîòîâëåíû ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè äâóõ ðàçìåðíûõ êëàññîâ (ðèñ. 1): 1. ÿùèêè ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà (çäåñü è äàëåå â ñì): âûñîòà – 70, ëåòîê (çäåñü è äàëåå âûñîòà è øèðèíà ëåòêà) – 35õ30, äíî – 30õ30. 2. ÿùèêè áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà: âûñîòà – 70, ëåòîê – 30õ40, äíî – 40õ40. Äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè áûëè èçãîòîâëåíû ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè äâóõ ðàçìåðíûõ êëàññîâ: 3. ÿùèêè ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà: âûñîòà – 35, ëåòîê – 10õ30, äíî – 30õ25.

2008. Thus we revealed distribution of breeding pairs occupied natural nests. After that we developed the scheme of installation of nestboxes to cover all habitats suitable for owls uniformly. We included in the scheme as real breeding territories of owls where successful breeding was registered in 2008, as potential habitats where owls had not been revealed. Plot 1. – A large forest with linden dominating and artificial forest fragments at the age of to 50 years, the area 5.88 êì2, stretched by a strip from 200 up to 1500 m on the side of the Suskan gulf of the Kuybyshevskiy water reservoir. The forest is surrounded by agriculture lands and isolated from large forests on 20–30 km. A high degree of human disturbance is noted. Monitoring that territory since 1999 we did not noted Ural Owls before the beginning of nestbox installing. We installed 4 nestboxes for the Ural Owl of the big size in 2008. The average distance between nestboxes was 1.76±0.29 km (n=3; range 1.51–2.07 km). All nested boxes were installed near the forest border on distance of 40–120 m from a field, mainly on oaks (table 1, fig. 3). Plot 2. – A large forest consisting of 4 large clusters with a total area of 149.36 êì2 alternates with pastures and fields. Pine in the age of 80 years dominates, it is rather cross-country with deep ravines. The level of human disturbance is low. Following data of records in 2008 the density of the Ural Owl was 0.47 pairs/1 km2 of forest. In total of 19 breeding territories (9 broods, 3 vocalizing pairs and 7 males uttered mating calls) were recorded in 4 forest clusters of the plot. The average distance between nearest neighbors was 1.45±1.03 km (n=15; range 0.53–4.67 km). We installed 7 nestboxes of small size for the Ural Owl in 2007. The average distance between nestboxes was 0.68±0.20 km (n=6; range 0.45–1.03 km). All nested boxes were installed on the border of a forest on the distance of 110–340 m from a pasture, on oaks and pines. In 2008 we installed 26 nestboxes of big size for the Ural Owl. The average distance between nestboxes was 1.51±0.66 km (n=23; range 0.94–3.07 km). 18 nested boxes were installed on the border of forest on the distance of 20–280 m from fields and pastures and 8 boxes – inside forest on near the small open plots, mainly on pines and oaks (table 1, fig. 3). Plot 3. – Very fragmented forest with the

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ðèñ. 1. Êîíñòðóêöèè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix uralensis) – 1, 2 è ñåðîé íåÿñûòè (Strix aluco) – 3, 4. Fig. 1. Different nestboxes for the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) – 1, 2 and the Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) – 3, 4.

4. ÿùèêè áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà: âûñîòà – 40, ëåòîê – 15õ25, äíî – 25õ25. Âñåãî íà ïëîùàäêàõ óñòàíîâëåíî 74 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêà: 56 – äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (ÿùèêè ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà – 13, ÿùèêè áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà – 43) è 18 – äëÿ ñåðîé (ÿùèêè ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà – 8, ÿùèêè áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà – 10). ßùèêè óñòàíàâëèâàëèñü íà äåðåâüÿ íåäàëåêî îò îïóøêè è êðåïèëèñü íà óðîâíå íèæíåé èëè ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû íà âûñîòå îò 4 äî 11 ì ñ ïîìîùüþ êðåï¸æíûõ ëåíò è ãâîçäåé. Ïëîùàäêè Äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ ïîñòàâëåííûõ öåëåé â Ñòàâðîïîëüñêîì, Êðàñíîÿðñêîì, Êèíåëüñêîì, Ñàìàðñêîì è Êðàñíîàðìåéñêîì ðàéîíàõ âûáðàíû 4 ïëîùàäêè, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå 4-ì òèïè÷íûì êîìïëåêñàì ëåñîñòåïíîé è ñåâåðà ñòåïíîé çîíû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè: øèðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ íà ïîáåðåæüå Ñóñêàíñêîãî çàëèâà (ïë. 1), õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Ìóñîðêà, Òàøëà, Íîâ. Áóÿí (ïë. 2), øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Àëàêàåâêà, Áóçàåâêà (ïë. 3) è áàéðà÷íûå ëåñà è ëåñîïîëîñû â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Äóáîâûé Óìåò, Êàëèíêà (ïë. 4) (ðèñ. 2). Ïåðâûå 3 ïëîùàäêè áûëè âûáðàíû äëÿ

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ linden domination consisting of three clusters with a total area of 39.93 êì2, is locates on watersheds of small rivers on the right side of the Kinel river. The forest is surrounded mainly by fields. The level of human disturbance is low. According to counts of 2008 the density of the Ural Owl was 0.49 pairs/1 km2 of forest. In total 10 breeding territories (3 broods, 4 vocalizing pairs and 3 males uttered mating calls) were noted in 3 forest clusters of the plot. The average distance between nearest neighbors was 1.38±0.61 km (n=8; range 0.9–2.52 km). We installed 19 nestboxes (13 of big size, 6 of small size) for the Ural Owl in 2008. The distance between nestboxes varied from 0.55 to 1.85 km, averaging (n=16) 1.13±0.28 km. All nested boxes were installed on the border of forests on the distance of 10–80 m from fields and pastures, on oaks and maples (table 1, fig. 3). Plot 4. – Three forests located in ravines, connected with 500 m artificial forest-lines, has a total area of 12.08 êì2, and is surrounded by fields. It is the watershed of Chapaevka and Volga rivers. The level of human disturbance is low. Ural Owls earlier was not registered. We supposed the Tawny Owl breeding in the those forests because the species was registered in similar habitats in adjoining territories. In 2007 18 nested boxes for the Tawny Owl (10 of big size, 8 of small size) were installed. The average distance between nested boxes was 0.47±0.26 km, (n=14; range 1–0.92 km). All nested boxes were installed on the border of small ravine forests and forest-lines on the distance of 30– 90 m from fields and pastures, mainly on maples (tab. 1, fig. 3). Inspection of the installed nestboxes was carried out on 9–10 May, 2008 and on 30 April – 1 May, on 6–10 May, 2009. Nested boxes in the plot 3 were checked up twice during a season of 2009 with a difference in 10 days. Results Summarizing results of nestbox occupancy in study plots in 2009 different animals and birds occupied 56.76% of nestboxes (n=74), and a key species of the project – the Ural Owl dominated (41.89%) (table 2). Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) Actions for the Ural Owl attracting in to nestboxes were very successful. Follow results were obtained in 2009. A pair was recorded successfully breeding in a nestbox in the plot 1 where the species was noted

Raptor Conservation

Ðèñ. 2. Ïëîùàäêè. Fig. 2. Study plots.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, 4-ÿ – äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè. Ïåðåä óñòàíîâêîé ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ â ñåíòÿáðå 2008 ã. ïî îñåííåìó òîêîâàíèþ áûë ïðîâåä¸í ó÷¸ò ñîâ, âûÿâëåíà ñõåìà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ. Ñîñòàâëåíà ñõåìà óñòàíîâêè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû ðàâíîìåðíî ïîêðûòü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå äëÿ íåÿñûòåé áèîòîïû. Â èòîãå â ñõåìó óñòàíîâêè ÿùèêîâ ïîïàëè êàê ðåàëüíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ñîâ, íà êîòîðûõ â ñåçîí 2008 ã. áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå, òàê è ïîòåíöèàëüíûå, íà êîòîðûõ ñîâû âûÿâëåíû íå áûëè. Ïë. 1. Øèðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ íà ïîáåðåæüå Ñóñêàíñêîãî çàëèâà – âòîðè÷íûé ëåñíîé ìàññèâ ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì ëèïû, ðàññå÷¸ííûé ïîñàäêàìè êàê ëèñòâåííûõ, òàê è õâîéíûõ ïîðîä â âîçðàñòå äî 50 ëåò, ïëîùàäüþ 5,88 êì2, ïðîòÿíóâøèéñÿ ïîëîñîé øèðèíîé îò 200 äî 1500 ì ïî áåðåãó Ñóñêàíñêîãî çàëèâà. Âíåøíÿÿ îïóøêà îêðóæåíà ïîëÿìè. Ëåñ èçîëèðîâàí îò êðóïíûõ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ âîäîõðàíèëèùåì è ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûìè óãîäüÿìè (ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî, ïàõîòîé) íà 20–30 êì. Âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü ðåêðåàöèè. Íåñìîòðÿ íà áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ðåãóëÿðíûå ó÷¸òû ñîâ ñ 1999 ã., ïðèñóòñòâèå çäåñü äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, äî íà÷àëà ðàáîò ïî ñîçäàíèþ ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà, íå âûÿâëåíî. Â 2008 ã. óñòàíîâëåíî 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêà áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè 1,51–2,07 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=3) 1,76±0,29 êì. Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè óñòàíîâëåíû ïî âíåøíåé îïóøêå ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà íà ðàññòîÿíèè 40–120 ì îò ïîëÿ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà äóáàõ (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 3).

earlier. The nestbox occupancy in the plot 2 was (n=33) 51.52%: clutches (including a dead) were found in 5 nests, broods – in 7 nests and 5 boxes contained some signs of occupation, including 3 nests with built cup, lined with down, but successful breeding was not registered. The nestbox occupancy in the plot 3 was (n=19) 57.89%: during the second check we found clutches (including a dead) in 3 nests, broods in 6 nests and signs of occupation in 2 boxes, including one nest with built cup, lined with down, but successful breeding was not registered. Two pairs were recorded successfully breeding in nestboxes installing for the Tawny Owl (large boxes) in the plot 4 where the species was noted earlier. Occupancy was (n=18) 11.11%. At the end of check the successful breeding was recorded in 67.74% of nestboxes occupied by Ural Owls (n=31). We discover 2 dead clutches with 1 egg per each and in 3 nests with nestlings with 1 dead egg per each. Sizes of 2 eggs: 53.9õ42.9 mm, 47.8õ40.7 mm. The average clutch size was 2.4±1.26 eggs (n=10; range 1–4 eggs). The average brood size was 2.71±1.44 nestlings (n=14; range 1–6 nestlings) (tab. 2, fig. 4). Any correlations in distribution of clutch and brood sizes in plots or habitats were not revealed (fig. 5). Only a great differences in terms of owl breeding in the same territories were noted. Some birds only began hatching a fresh clutches in last dates of April while other birds were with nestlings of different ages or with (two broods in the plot 2) fledglings. Thus, terms of breeding of Ural Owls on adjoining sites seemed to differ more than month. The distance between the installed nestboxes in different plots varied from 0.1 to 3.07 km, averaging (n=62) 1.11±0.62 km. The distance between the boxes occupied by Ural Owls in 2009 ranged from 0.55 to 3.19 km, averaging (n=23) 1.5±0.65 km. The average distance between nearest neighbors in plots 2 and 3 in 2008 was 1.42±0.89 km (n=23; range 0.53–4.67 km) and in 2009, after carrying out of actions on the nestbox installing 1.44±0.67 km (n=28; range 0.55–3.44 km). The realized actions almost have not change the distribution of the Ural Owl. The new noted pairs (n=34; 29.41%) blended in with “the scheme of box installation”, having occupied habitats potentially suitable for their nesting where they were not been registered during counts. Possibly they were missed. Nevertheless, we can actually note

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 3. Ñõåìà ðàçìåùåíèÿ òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ïàð äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé äî (À) è ïîñëå (Ñ) ïðîâåäåíèÿ áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé, à òàêæå ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ (B).

Ïë. 2. Õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Ìóñîðêà, Òàøëà, Íîâ. Áóÿí – ëåñíîé ìàññèâ, ñîñòîÿùèé èç ÷åòûð¸õ êðóïíûõ êëàñòåðîâ, îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 149,36 êì2, ïåðåìåæàþùèõñÿ ïàñòáèùàìè è ïîëÿìè. Â äðåâîñòîå âûñîêà äîëÿ ñîñíû â âîçðàñòå ñòàðøå 80 ëåò, ìåñòíîñòü óìåðåííî ïåðåñå÷¸ííàÿ, ñ ãëóáîêèìè îâðàãàìè. Ðåêðåàöèÿ íåâûñîêàÿ. Ïëîòíîñòü äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ 2008 ã. ñîñòà-

8.82% of new pairs occurring. After carrying out of actions on the nestbox installing in breeding territories of owls different pairs have differently reacted to it: (n=34) 41.18% of pairs have leaved the natural nests for nestboxes, 20.59% – bred in their own nests (thus 8.82% of pairs visited the installed boxes or occupied them before the beginning of a laying, and 11.76% of pairs ignored boxes) (table 3). It seems that nestboxes are more attractive for Ural

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Fig. 3. Map of distribution of the Ural Owl breeding pairs before (À) and after (Ñ) attracting into nestboxes, and nestbox locations (B).

âèëà 0,47 ïàð/1 êì2 ëåñà. Â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè íà ïëîùàäêå â ÷åòûð¸õ ëåñíûõ êëàñòåðàõ ó÷òåíî 19 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé (9 âûâîäêîâ, 3 âîêàëèçèðóþùèå ïàðû è 7 òîêóþùèõ ñàìöîâ). Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîñòàâèëà 0,53– 4,67 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=15) 1,45±1,03 êì. Â 2007 ã. äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè óñòàíîâëåíî 7 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè 0,45–1,03 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=6)

Owls and they willingly leave natural open or slightly open nests for boxes in forests of the Samara district. Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) This species was registered only in the plot 4. The single nestbox for the Tawny owl of large size was occupied by these owls for 2nd year after installation, however successful breeding was noted. That box is installed on the border of ravine small forest with the area of 0.27 km and perimeter 1.98 km

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 1. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïàðàìåòðîâ óñòàíîâêè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ. Table 1. Parameters of the nestbox installing.

Ïë. 1 Plot 1

Ïë. 2 Plot 2

Ñîñíà / Pine

Äóá / Oak

Êë¸í / Maple Ëèïà / Linden

Îñèíà / Aspen

Áåð¸çà /Birch

Âñå äåðåâüÿ Total trees

Ïë. 4 Plot 4

Âñåãî Total

Ïë. 3 Plot 3

2 2

Âûñîòà (ì) Height (m) (n) M±SD (Lim)

(n=4) 9.25±1.71 (7–11)

(n=33) 7.00±1.22 (4–10)

(n=19) 5.32±1.16 (4–7)

(n=18) 5.61±1.24 (4–7)

(n=74) 6.35±1.59 (4–11)

Äèñòàíöèÿ (êì) Distance (km) (n) M±SD (Lim)

(n=3) 1.76±0.29 (1.51–2.07)

(n=29) 1.34±0.68 (0.45–3.07)

(n=16) 1.13±0.28 (0.55–1.85)

(n=14) 0.47±0.26 (0.1–0.92)

(n=62) 1.11±0.62 (0.1–3.07)

0,68±0,20 êì. Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè óñòàíîâëåíû ïî âíåøíåé îïóøêå ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà íà ðàññòîÿíèè 110–340 ì îò ïàñòáèùà, íà äóáàõ è ñîñíàõ. Â 2008 ã. äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè óñòàíîâëåíî 26 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè ñîñòàâèëà 0,94–3,07 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,51±0,66 êì. Ïî âíåøíåé îïóøêå ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà íà ðàññòîÿíèè 20–280 ì îò ïîëåé è ïàñòáèù óñòàíîâëåíî 18 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ è 8 ÿùèêîâ óñòàíîâëåíî âíóòðè ìàññèâà ëåñà íà îïóøêàõ íåÄëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Ural Owl in a nestbox. Photo by A. Pazhenkov.

far from wide forest-lines inhabited by the Ural Owl and isolated from them with crops grain on 4 km. Considering this fact we can assume the further success of activities on the Tawny Owl attracting in small ravine forests isolated from large forests and wide forest-lines that are probably inhabited by the Ural Owl. Discussion We consider that the number of Ural Owls successfully breeding in natural nests in stable breeding groups probably always below than with breeding in nestboxes under precisely verified scheme of uniform distribution of nestboxes. It is connected with deficiency of the potential nest sites. Thus birds nest too close to each other competing for food or do not find suitable sites for nesting or breed unsuccessfully with deaths of clutches and broods. In any case there are non breeding individuals or pairs in every population which define rates of number growth of a breeding group at realization of actions on attracting birds. The developed scheme of nestboxes installing on every kilometer of a forest border seems to be effective. Already we have been able to conclude, that at peaks of rodent numbers, being the main preys of owls in the Samara district, so dense scheme of nestbox distribution would promote only to increase in numbers of breeding owls. Such great difference in terms of breeding of Ural Owls in the same territories can be caused by the different reasons. A hypothesis that late (in May) clutches are laid by new pairs of Ural Owl which find and occupy nestboxes after normal terms for the species has not proved. The great difference in breeding terms on 2 next sites of owls (fresh clutch and brood of fledglings) was observed in a plot 2 in the nest boxes installed in 2007 and occupied by owls in 2008–2009. The same difference was noted for owls occupied natural nests and on sites where owls occupied nestboxes, having moved from natural nests though during autumn vocalization they had an opportunity to occupy nestboxes and lay eggs in early terms. Thus, the reason of difference in terms of breeding is another. There are some assumptions of it explaining. The first assumption – a high death rate of adult birds. The second – owing to the large difference in terms of breeding adjoining pairs avoid tough rivalry for food however we have not enough proofs of it and it demands

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Òàáë. 2. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà çàíÿòîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ â 2009 ã. Table 2. Occupancy of nestboxes in 2009.

Ïë. 1 Plot 1

Ïë. 2 Plot 2

Ïë. 3 Plot 3

Ïë. 4 Plot 4

Âñåãî Total

Âñåãî ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ / Total number of nestboxes

Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis)

(n=4) 2.5±1.73 (1–4)

(n=6) 2.33±1.03 (1–4)

(n=10) 2.4±1.26 (1–4)

(n=5) 3.2±1.92 (1–6)

(n=6) 2.5±1.05 (1–4)

(n=2) (n=14) 1.5±0.71 2.71±1.44 (1–2) (1–6)

Êëàäêè / Clutches Âûâîäêè / Broods

Ïîñåùàåòñÿ, íî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå íå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî Occupied, but successful breeding was not recorded Êîëè÷åñòâî ÿèö â êëàäêàõ Clutch size (n) M±SD (Lim) Êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ Brood size (n) M±SD (Lim)

8 15

1.91

(n=23) 1.5±0.65 (0.55–3.19)

Ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix aluco)

Çàíÿòî, íî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå íå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî Occupied, but successful breeding was not recorded

Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó çàíÿòûìè ÿùèêàìè (êì) Distance between the occupied nestboxes (km) (n) M±SD (Lim)

(n=13) (n=9) 1.52±0.75 1.43±0.78 (0.63–3.19) (0.55–3.14)

Êëèíòóõ (Columba oenas)

Êóíèöà ëåñíàÿ (Martes martes)

Ãíåçäîâîé ÿùèê ïóñòóåò / Empty nestbox

áîëüøèõ îòêðûòûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ (âûðóáîê, çàëåæåé è ñåíîêîñîâ), ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ñîñíàõ è äóáàõ (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 3). Ïë. 3. Øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Àëàêàåâêà, Áóçàåâêà – ñèëüíî ðàñ÷ëåí¸ííûé, âòîðè÷íûé ëåñíîé ìàññèâ ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì ëèïû, ñîñòîÿùèé èç òð¸õ êëàñòåðîâ îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 39,93 êì2, çàíèìàþùèé âîäîðàçäåë íåáîëüøèõ ðå÷åê íà ïðàâîáå-

5 5

the further studying. Unfortunately we have not been able to prove positive impact of nestbox installing on numbers of eggs in clutches and nestlings in brood because of the large differences noted for different pairs breeding in natural nests and in nestboxes. Before our activities on the nestbox installing in the Samara district the average size of the Ural Owl broods in natural nests was 2,85±0,69 nestlings (n=8; range 2–4 nestlings). In 2009 broods of owls in nestboxes consisted of 1–6 nestlings, averaging (n=14) 2.71±1.44 nestlings, and in natural nests – 1–4 nestlings, averaging (n=5) 2.2±1.3 nestlings. Data indicates broods in nestboxes were larger than in natural nests in 2009, but, most likely, it simply artifact of observation. A brood with 6 fledglings is the first documented fact for territory of Russia and it is more interesting that such large brood was recorded in a nestbox (the pair of owls occupies box during two years). Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü îêîëî ãíåçäîâîãî ÿùèêà. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Ural Owl near a nestbox. Photo by A. Pazhenkov.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Äëèííîõâîñòûå íåÿñûòè â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà, À. Ëåâàøêèíà è À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Ural Owls in nestboxes. Photos by I. Karyakin, A. Levashkin and A. Pazhenkov.

ðåæíîé òåððàñå ð. Êèíåëü. Âíåøíÿÿ îïóøêà îêðóæåíà ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïîëÿìè. Ðåêðåàöèÿ íåâûñîêàÿ. Ïëîòíîñòü äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ 2008 ã., ñîñòàâèëà 0,49 ïàð/1 êì2 ëåñà. Â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè íà ïëîùàäêå â òð¸õ ëåñíûõ êëàñòåðàõ ó÷òåíî 10 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé (3 âûâîäêà, 4 âîêàëèçèðóþùèå ïàðû è 3 òîêóþùèõ ñàìöà). Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîñòàâèëà 0,9–2,52 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=8) 1,38±0,61 êì. Â 2008 ã. óñòàíîâëåíî 19 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà – 13, ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà – 6). Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè – 0,55– 1,85 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=16) 1,13±0,28 êì. Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè óñòàíîâëåíû ïî âíåøíåé îïóøêå ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà íà ðàññòîÿíèè 10–80 ì îò ïîëåé è ïàñòáèù, íà äóáàõ è êë¸íàõ (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 3). Ïë. 4. Áàéðà÷íûå ëåñà è ëåñîïîëîñû â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Äóáîâûé Óìåò, Êàëèíêà – òðè áàéðà÷íûõ êîëêà, ñîåäèí¸ííûõ ïÿòèñîòìåòðîâûìè ëåíòàìè ãåíêîâñêèõ ëåñîïîëîñ, îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 12,08 êì2, îêðóæ¸ííûå ïîëÿìè, íà âîäîðàçäåëå ð. ×àïàåâêà è ð. Âîëãà. Ðåêðåàöèÿ íèçêàÿ. Ïðèñóòñòâèå çäåñü äëèííîõâî-

ñòîé íåÿñûòè äî íà÷àëà ðàáîò ïî ñîçäàíèþ ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà íå âûÿâëåíî. Ïðèñóòñòâèå ñåðîé íåÿñûòè ëèøü ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü íà îñíîâàíèè âñòðå÷ ïòèö íà ïðèëåãàþùèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ â àíàëîãè÷íûõ áèîòîïàõ. Â 2007 ã. óñòàíîâëåíî 18 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè (áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà – 10, ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà – 8). Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè ñîñòàâèëà 0,1–0,92 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=14) 0,47±0,26 êì. Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè óñòàíîâëåíû ïî âíåøíåé îïóøêå áàéðà÷íûõ ëåñêîâ è ëåñîïîëîñ íà ðàññòîÿíèè 30–90 ì îò ïîëåé è ïàñòáèù, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà êë¸íàõ (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 3). Ïðîâåðêà óñòàíîâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü 9–10 ìàÿ 2008 ã., 30 àïðåëÿ – 1 ìàÿ è 6–10 ìàÿ 2009 ã. Íà ïëîùàäêå 3 ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè ïðîâåðåíû äâàæäû â ñåçîí 2009 ã. ñ ðàçíèöåé â 10 äíåé. Ó÷¸ò ñîâ ïî âûâîäêàì ïðîâåä¸í 31 èþëÿ – 3 àâãóñòà 2009 ã. Ðåçóëüòàòû Â öåëîì ïî êîìïëåêñó ïëîùàäîê â 2009 ã. ðàçëè÷íûìè âèäàìè æèâîòíûõ çàíèìàëîñü (n=74) 56,76% ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ, èç êîòîðûõ àáñîëþòíîå áîëüøèíñòâî çàíèìàëà

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (41,89%) – öåëåâîé âèä ðåàëèçàöèè áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé (òàáë. 2). Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis) Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè îêàçàëèñü êðàéíå óñïåøíûìè. Ïåðâûå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè, óñòàíîâëåííûå â 2007 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå 2 áëèç ñ. Ìóñîðêà, îêàçàëèñü çàíÿòûìè ñîâàìè óæå â 2008 ã. Ïðîâåðêà â ìàå 2008 ã. ïîêàçàëà óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå ñîâ â òð¸õ ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ â 1,32 è 2,38 êì äðóã îò äðóãà. Ñîñåäíèå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè áûëè çàíÿòû ëåñíûìè êóíèöàìè (Martes martes). Â 2009 ã. íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ ðàçìíîæàëèñü òàêæå 3 ïàðû íåÿñûòåé, ñ òîé ëèøü ðàçíèöåé, ÷òî ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó äâóìÿ áëèæàéøèìè ïàðàìè ñîêðàòèëîñü äî 0,63 êì ïî ïðè÷èíå ñìåíû ãíåçäà îäíîé ïàðîé, êîòîðàÿ çàãíåçäèëàñü â ÿùèêå, çàíèìàâøåìñÿ ëåñíîé êóíèöåé. Â 2009 ã. êàðòèíà çàíÿòîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè îêàçàëàñü ñëåäóþùåé. Íà ïëîùàäêå 1, ãäå âèä ðàíåå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ, ïîÿâèëàñü ïàðà íåÿñûòåé, êîòîðûå çàíÿëè ãíåçäîâîé ÿùèê è âûâåëè ïòåíöîâ. Íà ïëîùàäêå 2 çàíÿòîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íåÿñûòÿìè ñîñòàâèëà (n=33) 51,52%: â 5 ãí¸çäàõ îáíàðóæåíû êëàäêè (âêëþ÷àÿ îäíó ïîãèáøóþ), â 7 ãí¸çäàõ – âûâîäêè è â 5 ÿùèêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ñëåäû ïðåáûâàíèÿ ïòèö, â òîì ÷èñëå â 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ – ñôîðìèðîâàííûå ëîòêè è ïóõ, íî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî. Íà ïëîùàäêå 3 çàíÿòîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íåÿñûòÿìè ñîñòàâèëà (n=19) 57,89%: â õîäå âòîðîé ïðîâåðêè â 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ îáíàðóæåíû êëàäêè (âêëþ÷àÿ îäíó ïîãèáøóþ), â 6 ãí¸çäàõ – âûâîäêè è â 2-õ ÿùèêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ñëåäû ïðåáûâàíèÿ ïòèö, â òîì ÷èñëå â îäíîì ãíåçäå – ñôîðìèðîâàííûé ëîòîê è ïóõ, íî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî. Íà ïëîùàäêå 4, ãäå âèä ðàíåå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ, ïîÿâèëèñü 2 ïàðû äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé, êîòîðûå çàíÿëè ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè, ñäåëàííûå äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè (ÿùèêè áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà), è âûâåëè ïòåíöîâ. Çàíÿòîñòü ñîñòàâèëà (n=18) 11,11%. Èç çàíÿòûõ äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ (n=31) óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå ê ìîìåíòó îêîí÷àíèÿ ïðîâåðêè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî â 67,74% ÿùèêîâ. Äîñòîâåðíî ïîãèáëî 2 êëàäêè ïî 1 ÿéöó â êàæäîé. Ïðè÷èíîé ãèáåëè îäíîé êëàäêè ñòàë íèçîâîé ïîæàð âîêðóã ãíåçäîâîãî äåðåâà – âî âðåìÿ òóøåíèÿ ïîæàðà ñîòðóäíèêàìè ëåñíè÷åñòâà ñàìêà âûëåòåëà èç ãíåçäîâîãî ÿùèêà è ïðåêðàòèëà íàñèæèâàíèå êëàäêè.

Êëàäêè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Clutches of the Ural Owl in nestboxes. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Âòîðàÿ ïîãèáøàÿ êëàäêà îáíàðóæåíà â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå, êîòîðûé àêòèâíî îáîðîíÿëñÿ âçðîñëûìè ïòèöàìè, íî îíè íå íàñèæèâàëè ÿéöî óæå êàê ìèíèìóì íåñêîëüêî äíåé äî ìîìåíòà ïðîâåðêè. Â 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ ñ ïòåíöàìè áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ïî 1 ïîãèáøåìó ÿéöó (â 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ ÿéöà îêàçàëèñü áîëòóíàìè, â îäíîì íàõîäèëñÿ ïîãèáøèé ýìáðèîí). Ðàçìåð 2-õ ÿèö: 53,9õ42,9 ìì, 47,8õ40,7 ìì. Ðàçìåð êëàäêè ñîñòàâèë 1–4 ÿéöà, â ñðåäíåì (n=10) 2,4±1,26 ÿéöà. Ðàçìåð âûâîäêà ñîñòàâèë 1–6 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=14) 2,71±1,44 ïòåíöà (òàáë. 2, ðèñ. 4). Êàêèõ-ëèáî ÷¸òêèõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ïî ðàñïðåäåëåíèþ ðàçìåðà êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ðèñ. 4. Ðàçìåð êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè. Fig. 4. Clutch and brood sizes of the Ural Owl.

Ðèñ. 5. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ, çàíÿòûõ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ, ðàíæèðîâàííûõ ïî ðàçìåðàì êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ. Fig. 5. Distribution of nestboxes occupied by the Ural Owl ranged on clutch and brood sizes.

íà ïëîùàäêàõ, ëèáî â áèîòîïàõ, íå âûÿâëåíî (ðèñ. 5). Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå áîëüøàÿ ðàçíèöà â ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîâ íà îäíîé è òîé æå òåððèòîðèè. Íåêîòîðûå íåÿñûòè òîëüêî íà÷àëè íàñèæèâàòü ñâåæèå êëàäêè â ïîñëåäíèõ ÷èñëàõ àïðåëÿ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ó äðóãèõ óæå âûëóïèëèñü è/èëè îäåëèñü â ìåçîïòèëü ïòåíöû, à ó íåêîòîðûõ (äâà âûâîäêà íà ïëîùàäêå 2) – ïîêèíóëè ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íà ñîñåäñòâóþùèõ ó÷àñòêàõ äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé íàáëþäàëàñü ðàçíèöà â ôåíîëîãèè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áîëåå ìåñÿöà. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó óñòàíîâëåííûìè ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè íà ðàçíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ èçìåíÿåòñÿ îò 0,1 äî 3,07 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=62) 1,11±0,62 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ÿùèêàìè, çàíÿòûìè äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè â 2009 ã., âàðüèðóåò îò 0,55 äî 3,19 êì, ñî-

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,5±0,65 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà ïëîùàäêàõ 2 è 3 â 2008 ã. ñîñòàâèëà 0,53–4,67 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,42±0,89 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà ïëîùàäêàõ 2 è 3 â 2009 ã., ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî óñòàíîâêå ÿùèêîâ, ñîñòàâèëà 0,55–3,44 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=28) 1,44±0,67 êì. Ïðîâåä¸ííûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå èñêàçèëè êàðòèíó ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè. Ïîÿâèâøèåñÿ íîâûå ïàðû (n=34; 29,41% îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè â çîíå ó÷¸òà) âïèñàëèñü â «ñõåìó óñòàíîâêè ÿùèêîâ», çàíÿâ òåððèòîðèè, ïîòåíöèàëüíî ïðèãîäíûå äëÿ èõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ãäå îíè íå áûëè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ. Ïîñëåäíåå íå èñêëþ÷àåò òîãî, ÷òî ýòè ïàðû áûëè ïîïðîñòó ïðîïóùåíû. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ìîæíî îïðåäåë¸ííî ãîâîðèòü î ïîÿâëåíèè íîâûõ ïàð (êàê ìèíèìóì, 8,82% îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè â çîíå ó÷¸òà) íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, ãäå íàáëþäàëîñü óïëîòíåíèå ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè – íîâûå ïàðû ïîÿâèëèñü íà êðèòè÷åñêè ìàëîì ðàññòîÿíèè îò ðàíåå âûÿâëåííûõ ïàð. Ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ðàçâåøèâàíèþ ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íà ó÷àñòêàõ íåÿñûòåé ðàçíûå ïàðû ïî-ðàçíîìó îòðåàãèðîâàëè íà ïðèâëå÷åíèå: (n=34) 41,18% ïàð îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè â çîíå ó÷¸òà ñìåíèëè ñâîè åñòåñòâåííûå ãí¸çäà íà èñêóññòâåííûå, 20,59% – ðàçìíîæàëèñü íà ó÷àñòêàõ ñ óñòàíîâëåííûìè ÿùèêàìè â ñâîèõ ïðåæíèõ ãí¸çäàõ (ïðè ýòîì 8,82% ïàð ïîñåùàëè óñòàíîâëåííûå ÿùèêè ëèáî çàíèìàëè èõ äî íà÷àëà êëàäêè, à 11,76% ïàð èãíîðèðîâàëè ÿùèêè) (òàáë. 3). Ïðèõîäèòñÿ êîíñòàòèðîâàòü, ÷òî ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè ÿâëÿþòñÿ áîëåå ïðèâëåêàòåëüíûìè äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, è â ëåñàõ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè îíà îõîòíî ìåíÿåò íà íèõ ñâîè åñòåñòâåííûå îòêðûòûå èëè ïîëóîòêðûòûå ãí¸çäà. Â òî æå âðåìÿ â ó÷àñòêàõ ñòàðîãî ëåñà ñ çàêðûòûìè äóïëàìè âèä ïðîäîëæàåò ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ â ñâîèõ ïðåæíèõ ãí¸çäàõ, õîòÿ îêîëî ïîëîâèíû ïàð âñ¸ æå ïîñåùàåò ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè. Âî âðåìÿ 2-é ïðîâåðêè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ ïîâåäåí÷åñêàÿ ðåàêöèÿ ðàçíûõ ïàð äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê èññëåäîâàòåëÿì áûëà ðàçëè÷íîé. Íà ðàííåé ñòàäèè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ (íà êëàäêàõ è ïóõîâè÷êàõ) ñàìêè îñòàâàëèñü ñèäåòü â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå â ìîìåíò îñìîòðà òîëüêî â 30,77% ñëó÷àåâ (n=13), ïðè÷¸ì â 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ – ïðè ïòåíöàõ, à â 2-õ – íà êëàäêàõ. Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ (69,23 %) íàáëþäàëñÿ âûëåò ñàìîê èç ãí¸çä,

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Âûâîäêè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Broods of the Ural Owl in nestboxes. Photos by I. Karyakin and A. Levashkin.

â òîì ÷èñëå ïðè ïîäõîäå íàáëþäàòåëåé ê ãíåçäîâîìó äåðåâó – 44,4% (n=9), âî âðåìÿ çàëåçàíèÿ íà ãíåçäîâîå äåðåâî – 33,3% è â ìîìåíò îñìîòðà ãíåçäà (êàê ïðàâèëî, åù¸ äî çàãëÿäûâàíèÿ â ëåòîê, â ìîìåíò êàñàíèÿ ãíåçäîâîãî ÿùèêà) – 22,2%. Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ (78,95%; n=19)

ñàìêè àòàêîâàëè íàáëþäàòåëÿ. Ëèøü â 15,79% ñëó÷àåâ ñàìêè ïîñëå ñë¸òà ñ ãíåçäà ïðèñàæèâàëèñü íà ñîñåäíèå äåðåâüÿ è íå ïðåäïðèíèìàëè ïîïûòîê àòàêîâàòü, õîòÿ è ïðîÿâëÿëè áåñïîêîéñòâî. Â îäíîì èç ýòèõ ñëó÷àåâ âûëåòåâøàÿ ñàìêà çàòàèëàñü ñðåäè âåòîê â íåñêîëüêèõ äåñÿòêàõ ìåòðîâ îò ãíåç-

Òàáë. 3. Äèíàìèêà çàíÿòîñòè åñòåñòâåííûõ è èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çä äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ (Strix uralensis) íà ïëîùàäêàõ â 2009 ã. Table 3. Occupancy of the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) of natural nests and nestboxes in plots in 2009.

Ïë. 2 Plot 2

Ïë. 3 Plot 3

Âñåãî Total

Ñîâû ïåðåìåñòèëèñü èç åñòåñòâåííîãî ãíåçäà â ÿùèê íà ðàíåå âûÿâëåííîì ó÷àñòêå Owl have leaved natural nest for a nestbox in the earlier known territory

14 (41.18%)

Ñîâû àáîíèðóþò ÿùèê, íî ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ â åñòåñòâåííîì äóïëå íà ðàíåå âûÿâëåííîì ó÷àñòêå Owls have occupied nestbox but bred in the natural hollow in the earlier known territory

3 (8.82%)

Ñîâû èãíîðèðóþò ÿùèê è ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ â åñòåñòâåííîì äóïëå íà ðàíåå âûÿâëåííîì ó÷àñòêå Owls have ignored nestbox and bred in the natural hollow in the earlier known territory

4 (11.76%)

Ñîâû àáîíèðóþò ÿùèê íà ðàíåå âûÿâëåííîì ó÷àñòêå, íî ðàçìíîæåíèå íå óñòàíîâëåíî Owls have occupied nestbox in the earlier known territory, but breeding has not recorded

Ñîâû çàíÿëè ÿùèê íà ó÷àñòêå, ãäå ðàíåå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü Owls have occupied nestbox in the territory where not recorded earlier

8 (23.53%)

Ñîâû àáîíèðóþò ÿùèê íà ó÷àñòêå, ãäå ðàíåå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü, íî ðàçìíîæåíèå íå óñòàíîâëåíî Owls have occupied nestbox in the territory where not recorded earlier, but breeding has not recorded

2 (5.88%)

Ñîâû ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ íà ó÷àñòêå, íà êîòîðîì ÿùèê íå óñòàíîâëåí Owls have bred in the territory where nesboxes were not installed

2 (5.88%)

34 (100%)

Ñîáûòèÿ / Events

Âñåãî / Total

1 (2.94%)

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè ðàçíûõ ðàçìåðíûõ êëàññîâ, çàíÿòûå äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Different size nestboxes occupied by Ural Owls. Photos by I. Karyakin.

äà è ìîë÷à íàáëþäàëà çà èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè. Â ãíåçäå áûëà îáíàðóæåíà îêðîâàâëåííàÿ ïàëêà, çàáðîøåííàÿ ëþäüìè. Âåðîÿòíî, ïòèöà áûëà ñèëüíî íàïóãàíà, ïîýòîìó è íå ïðåäïðèíèìàëà àòàê. Â îäíîì ñëó÷àå (5,26%) ñàìêà èìèòèðîâàëà àòàêó, óõîäÿ îò íàáëþäàòåëÿ â íåñêîëüêèõ ìåòðàõ. Â õîäå íåñêîëüêèõ àòàê ïòèöà òàê è íå ïðèáëèçèëàñü íà äèñòàíöèþ, ïîçâîëÿþùóþ óäàðèòü ÷åëîâåêà êîãòÿìè. Èç ñàìîê, íå ó÷àñòâîâàâøèõ â àòàêàõ, äâå íàñèæèâàëè êëàäêè, â òîì ÷èñëå îäíà ïòèöà íàñèæèâàëà ñâåæóþ êëàäêó èç 1 ÿéöà, è îäíà – ãðåëà 1 ïóõîâèêà. Áëèç ãí¸çä ñ êðóïíûìè ïòåíöàìè âñå 100% ñàìîê íàõîäèëèñü ïîáëèçîñòè îò ãíåçäà íà ïðèñàäå ëèáî ñèäåëè íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â ãíåçäå èëè íà í¸ì è íàïàäàëè íà èññëåäîâàòåëåé. Àòàêè íàáëþäàëèñü â

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ îñíîâíîì ïðè ïîäú¸ìå íà ãíåçäîâîå äåðåâî, íî â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ (20%, n=15) è ïðè ïðèáëèæåíèè èññëåäîâàòåëåé ê ãíåçäîâîìó äåðåâó. Âî âðåìÿ ïîäú¸ìà íà ãíåçäî íåÿñûòè ïèêèðîâàëè, óäàðÿÿ êîãòÿìè â ãîëîâó è ñïèíó, îñòàâëÿÿ âåñüìà áîëåçíåííûå ðàíû, áåç ïðîáëåì ïðîáèâàÿ êîãòÿìè íåñêîëüêî ñëî¸â îäåæäû è ÏÂÕ-çàùèòó òîëùèíîé äî 1 ñì. Ïðè äîñòèæåíèè íàáëþäàòåëåì ÿùèêà íåêîòîðûå ïòèöû ïðåêðàùàëè íàë¸òû, äðóãèå æå èõ ïðîäîëæàëè. Íà îäíîì èç ó÷àñòêîâ (6,67% îò àòàêóþùèõ ïòèö; n=15) â ìîìåíò ïðîâåðêè ãíåçäîâîãî ÿùèêà íàáëþäàëàñü ïàðíàÿ àãðåññèÿ, êîãäà ïîî÷åðåäíî àòàêîâàëè è ñàìêà, è ñàìåö. Òàêîå ïîâåäåíèå õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ ÿñòðåáèíûõ ñîâ (Surnia ulula), à ó äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé ðàíåå íà òåððèòîðèè Ïðèâîëæñêîãî ôåäåðàëüíîãî îêðóãà îíî îòìå÷åíî íå áûëî. Õîòÿ â ëèòåðàòóðå èìåþòñÿ óêàçàíèÿ íà àòàêó è ñàìêè, è ñàìöà. Ïîäîáíûé ñëó÷àé áûë îïèñàí ó ãíåçäà äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â Ñóìñêîé îáëàñòè (Ìàëûøîê, Êíûø, 2001). Îáû÷íî ïðè ïðîâåðêå ãí¸çä ñàìöû èçäàâàëè òîêîâûå ñèãíàëû, íàõîäÿñü íåïîäàëåêó, òåì ñàìûì âûäàâàÿ ñâîå ïðèñóòñòâèå, íî íàáëþäàëîñü ýòî íå íà âñåõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Ñàìêè ïðè áåñïîêîéñòâå «ëàÿëè» ëèáî èçäàâàëè õðèïëûå çâóêè, íàïîìèíàþùèå òîêîâûå ñèãíàëû ñàìöà. Ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix aluco) Êàê è ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü â íà÷àëå ðåàëèçàöèè ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè, ýòîò âèä óäàëîñü âñòðåòèòü ëèøü íà ïëîùàäêå 4. Â öåëîì ìîæíî êîíñòàòèðîâàòü ïðîâàëüíîñòü ìåðîïðèÿòèé äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè, è â îñíîâå ïðè÷èí ïðîâàëà ëåæèò èìåííî êîíêóðåíöèÿ ñ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ. Åäèíñòâåííûé ãíåçäîâîé ÿùèê áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè îêàçàëñÿ çàíÿòûì ýòèìè ñîâàìè íà âòîðîé ãîä ïîñëå óñòàíîâêè, îäíàêî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå îòìå÷åíî. Äàííûé ÿùèê óñòàíîâëåí íà îïóøêå áàéðà÷íîãî êîëêà ïëîùàäüþ 0,27 êì2 è ïåðèìåòðîì 1,98 êì, óäàë¸ííîãî îò ãåíêîâñêèõ ëåñîïîëîñ, íàñåë¸ííûõ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ, íà 4 êì è èçîëèðîâàííîãî îò íèõ ïîñåâàìè çåðíîâûõ. Îðèåíòèðóÿñü íà ýòîò ôàêò, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü äàëüíåéøóþ óñïåøíîñòü ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè èìåííî â íåáîëüøèå áàéðà÷íûå êîëêè ïî áàëêàì, óäàë¸ííûå îò êðóïíûõ êîëêîâûõ ëåñîâ è ãåíêîâñêèõ ëåñîïîëîñ, ãäå âåðîÿòíî îáèòàíèå äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè. Îáñóæäåíèå Îäèí èç ãëàâíûõ âîïðîñîâ, âîçíèêàþùèé ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ïðèâëå÷åíèþ äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ, – íàñêîëüêî äàííûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ óâåëè÷èâàþò èõ ãíåçäîâóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü? Îïðåäåë¸ííî, èñêóññòâåííûå ãí¸çäà óâåëè÷èâàþò ÷èñëåííîñòü ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ñîâ, â îñîáåííîñòè â ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ ñ ÿâíûì ëèìèòîì ïîëíîöåííîãî ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà. Íî, ó÷èòûâàÿ òðóäíîñòü ïîëíîãî âûÿâëåíèÿ ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ íåÿñûòåé, äîâîëüíî ñëîæíî îïðåäåëèòü, íàñêîëüêî óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ïàð. Â ðåçóëüòàòå äàííîãî ïðîåêòà çàíÿòîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ 2 è 3 íà ñëåäóþùèé ãîä ïîñëå óñòàíîâêè ñîñòàâèëà (n=52) 53,85% (ñ ó÷¸òîì ÿùèêîâ, àáîíèðóåìûõ ïàðàìè, ðàçìíîæàþùèìèñÿ â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ). Äâóêðàòíûìè ó÷¸òàìè 2008 è 2009 ãã. íà ïëîùàäêàõ 2 è 3 äîñòîâåðíî äîêàçàíî, ÷òî íà 52,94% ó÷àñòêîâ (n=34) ñîâû ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè äî óñòàíîâêè ÿùèêîâ. Íà ýòèõ ïëîùàäêàõ íà 29,41% ó÷àñòêîâ (n=34) ñîâû çàíÿëè ÿùèêè, ãäå èõ ïðèñóòñòâèå ðàíåå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëîñü. Òåì íå ìåíåå, îäíîçíà÷íî îá óâåëè÷åíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü ëèøü â ñëó÷àå 8,82% ïàð îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â çîíå ó÷¸òà, ò.ê. òîëüêî äëÿ ýòèõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñ óâåðåííîñòüþ ìîæíî óêàçûâàòü áûëîå îòñóòñòâèå íà íèõ ñîâ ïî ïðè÷èíå ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ çäåñü íàøèõ ìíîãîäíåâíûõ ñòîÿíîê, íà êîòîðûõ â ïåðèîä óñòàíîâêè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ (â 2008 ã.) ðåãèñòðèðîâàëàñü âîêàëèçàöèÿ ñîâ â ðàäèóñå 1,5–2 êì, è áûëè òùàòåëüíî îñìîòðåíû ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå áèîòîïû. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà ñ ïîìîùüþ ÿùèêîâ âíó-

Ïòåíöû äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ. Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà è È. Êàðÿêèíà. Chicks of the Ural Owl in nestboxes. Photos by A. Levashkin and I. Karyakin.

òðè ñôîðìèðîâàííîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ïîêàçàòåëü óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü îïòèìàëüíûì îêîëî 10%. Â ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ (òàêèõ, êàê ïëîùàäêè 1 è 4) ïîêàçàòåëü óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîæåò áûòü î÷åíü âûñîêèì ïðè ïðàâèëüíîì ïëàíèðîâàíèè ñõåìû ðàçâåøèâàíèÿ èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé, îäíàêî çàñåëåíèå ñîâàìè ÿùèêîâ áóäåò ïðîèñõîäèòü ïî ìåðå ïîÿâëåíèÿ íà ýòèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ñâîáîäíûõ ïòèö. Ïðè ýòîì îñíîâíûìè ôàêòîðàìè, îïðåäåëÿþùèìè çàñåëåíèå, áóäóò òàêèå, êàê íàëè÷èå ïîáëèçîñòè óñòîé÷èâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè âèäà è ñòåïåíü äèñïåðñèè ñâîáîäíûõ îñîáåé â ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå áèîòîïû. Äàííûå ôàêòîðû äîâîëüíî ñëîæíî ïðîãíîçèðîâàòü, ïîýòîìó ôàêòè÷åñêèé ðåçóëüòàò áóäåò âñåãäà ïðèíîñèòü îïðåäåë¸ííûå ñþðïðèçû (îò ïðîâàëà äî îøåëîìëÿþùåãî óñïåõà). Ðåàëüíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü óñïåøíî ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé â óñòîé÷èâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ ñ äîìèíèðóþùèì ãíåçäîâàíèåì â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ, âèäèìî, âñåãäà íèæå, ÷åì ìîæåò áûòü ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè â èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâüÿõ, óñòàíîâëåííûõ ïî ÷¸òêî âûâåðåííîé ñõåìå ðàâíîìåðíîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãí¸çä. Ñâÿçàíî ýòî ñ òåì, ÷òî èç-çà ëèìèòà ïîäõîäÿùèõ ìåñò äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íåêîòîðûå ïàðû ëèáî ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ ñëèøêîì áëèçêî äðóã ê äðóãó, âñòóïàÿ â êîíêóðåíöèþ çà ïèùó, ëèáî íå íàõîäÿò ïîäõîäÿùèõ óñëîâèé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è íå ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ, ëèáî ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ áåçóñïåøíî ñ ïîòåðåé êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ. Â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå, â ïîïóëÿöèè èìåþòñÿ êàê ñâîáîäíûå îñîáè, òàê è íåðàçìíîæàþùèåñÿ ïàðû, êîòîðûå è îïðåäåëÿþò ñêîðîñòü ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ïðè ðåàëèçàöèè áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé. Êàê ïîêàçûâàåò ðåçóëüòàò ïðîåêòà, íà ïëîùàäêàõ â îïòèìàëüíûõ äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ ñîâ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïàõ ãíåçäîâîé ôîíä ïîñëå ðåàëèçàöèè ìåðîïðèÿòèé íåçíà÷èòåëüíî ïðåâûñèë ñðåäíèå âîçìîæíîñòè åãî çàñåëåíèÿ ñîâàìè. Ó÷èòûâàÿ òî, ÷òî ðàçíûå ïàðû äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé ñïîñîáíû ñîñåäñòâîâàòü äðóã ñ äðóãîì íà ðàññòîÿíèè 500–800 ì, ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü ñõåìó ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâèé ÷åðåç 1 êì ïî âíåøíåé îïóøêå ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ îïðàâäàííîé. Ïîêà íå ñîâñåì ïîíÿòíî, êàê ìîæåò èçìåíÿòüñÿ ñòðóêòóðà ïëîòíîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ñ ðàâíîìåðíûì ðàñïðåäåëåíèåì ïàð ïðè ïàäåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè îñíîâíûõ âèäîâ äîáû÷è. Íî óæå ñåé÷àñ ÿñíî, ÷òî

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Âûâîäêè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ, óñòàíîâëåííûõ äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè (Strix aluco) íà ïëîùàäêå 4. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Broods of the Ural Owl in nestboxes for the Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) in the plot 4. Photos by I. Karyakin and A. Levashkin.

ïðè âñïûøêàõ ÷èñëåííîñòè ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ, ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ îñíîâíûì îáúåêòîì ïèòàíèÿ ñîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, ñòîëü ïëîòíàÿ ñõåìà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ áóäåò òîëüêî ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü óâåëè÷åíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íåÿñûòåé. Çàêëþ÷åíèå ýòî áàçèðóåòñÿ Åñòåñòâåííûå ãí¸çäà äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Natural nests of the Ural Owl. Photos by I. Karyakin.

íà ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé ñïåöèàëèçàöèè ðàçíûõ ïàð ïðè îñâîåíèè ðàçíîãî êîðìîâîãî ðåñóðñà â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ áèîòîïîâ è ñèëüíîé ðàçíèöå â ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áëèæàéøèõ ñîñåäåé (ñì. íèæå). Áîëüøàÿ ðàçíèöà â ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà îäíîé è òîé æå òåððèòîðèè ìîæåò áûòü âûçâàíà ðàçíûìè ïðè÷èíàìè. Âûäâèíóòàÿ åù¸ â 2008 ã. ãèïîòåçà î òîì, ÷òî ïîçäíèå (ìàéñêèå) êëàäêè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñëåäñòâèåì ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ íîâûõ ïàð ó äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé, êîòîðûå íàõîäÿò è çàíèìàþò ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè ïîçæå íîðìàëüíûõ äëÿ âèäà ñðîêîâ (íå îñåíüþ, à âåñíîé), íå îïðàâäàëà ñåáÿ. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, áîëüøàÿ ðàçíèöà â ñðîêàõ íà äâóõ ñîñåäíèõ ó÷àñòêàõ íåÿñûòåé (ñâåæàÿ êëàäêà è âûâîäîê, ãîòîâûé ïîêèíóòü ãíåçäî) íàáëþäàëàñü íà ïëîùàäêå 2 â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ, óñòàíîâëåííûõ â 2007 ã. è çàíèìàâøèõñÿ ñîâàìè â 2008–2009 ãã. Òàêàÿ æå ðàçíèöà îòìå÷åíà è â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ, è íà ó÷àñòêàõ, ãäå ñîâû çàíÿëè ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè íà ñâîèõ ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ, ïåðåìåñòèâøèñü èç åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çä, õîòÿ óæå â ïåðèîä îñåííåãî òîêîâàíèÿ îíè èìåëè âîçìîæíîñòü îñâîèòü ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè è êëàñòüñÿ â ðàííèå ñðîêè. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ïðè÷èíà ðàçíèöû ñðîêîâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè êðîåòñÿ â äðóãîì è íèêàê íå ñâÿçàíà ñ áèîòåõíè÷åñêèìè ìåðîïðèÿòèÿìè. Åñòü íåñêîëüêî ïðåäïîëîæåíèé âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ñòîëü áîëüøîé ðàçíèöû â ôåíîëîãèè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ âèäà. Ïåðâîå ïðåäïîëîæåíèå – âûñîêàÿ äîëÿ ñìåðòíîñòè âçðîñëûõ ïòèö. Â ðåçóëüòàòå íåêîòîðûå ïàðû ôîðìèðóþòñÿ ëèøü âåñíîé è ïðèñòóïàþò ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ ïîçäíî. Åñòü âñå îáúåêòèâíûå ïðåäïîñûëêè ê âûñîêîé ñìåðòíîñòè ïòèö íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, âûÿâëåíà ãèáåëü íà ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ, äîñòèãàþùàÿ 5,41% îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008). Îäíàêî, ïîêà íå óäàëîñü ïîëó÷èòü ÷¸òêîé êîððåëÿöèè ïîçäíåãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïàð íè ñ èõ ãíåçäîâàíèåì â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ, íè ñ íàëè÷èåì ìîëîäûõ

Raptor Conservation

Âûâîäîê äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè èç 6 ïòåíöîâ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Brood of the Ural Owl with 6 chicks. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ïàðòí¸ðîâ â ïàðàõ. Âòîðîå ïðåäïîëîæåíèå – áëàãîäàðÿ áîëüøîé ðàçíèöå â ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîñåäñòâóþùèå ïàðû ïî-ðàçíîìó îêàçûâàþò ïðåññ íà êîðìîâîé ðåñóðñ, òåì ñàìûì èçáåãàÿ îáîñòðåíèÿ êîíêóðåíòíûõ îòíîøåíèé â ñôåðå äîáû÷è ïðîïèòàíèÿ. Êàê è â ïðåäûäóùåì ñëó÷àå, äîêàçàòåëüñòâ ýòîìó ïðåäïîëîæåíèþ íå ïîëó÷åíî è îíî òðåáóåò äàëüíåéøåãî èçó÷åíèÿ. Èç-çà áîëüøîé ðàçíèöû â êîëè÷åñòâå ÿèö â êëàäêàõ è ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ ó ðàçíûõ ïàð, êàê â åñòåñòâåííûõ, òàê è â èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ, íå óäàëîñü îòâåòèòü íà âîïðîñ, íàñêîëüêî ïîëîæèòåëüíî âëèÿþò ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè íà óâåëè÷åíèå êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ. Äàæå â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ â ïðåäåëàõ îäíîãî êëàñòåðà ëåñà êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ èçìåíÿåòñÿ â øèðîêèõ ïðåäåëàõ, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñ êîíêðåòíîé êîðìîâîé ñèòóàöèåé íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå ñîâ è èõ ñïîñîáíîñòüþ ê îñâîåíèþ äîñòóïíîãî êîðìîâîãî ðåñóðñà. Ëó÷øàÿ çàùèù¸ííîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ, â îòëè÷èå îò ïîëóîòêðûòûõ äóïåë, îïðåäåë¸ííî óâåëè÷èâàåò øàíñû íà âûæèâàíèå áîëüøåãî êîëè÷åñòâà ïòåíöîâ, íî ôàêòè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó ïîêà íå ïîëó÷åíî èç-çà ìàëîãî ñðîêà íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ñîâàìè, ãíåçäÿùèìèñÿ â åñòåñòâåííûõ è èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ. Äî íà÷àëà ðàáîò ïî óñòðîéñòâó ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè âûâîäêè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, îáíàðóæåííûå â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ, ñîñòîÿëè èç 2–4 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=8) 2,85±0,69 ïòåíöîâ. Â ñåçîí 2009 ã. âûâîäêè äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé â ÿùèêàõ ñîñòîÿëè èç 1–6 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=14) 2,71±1,44 ïòåíöîâ, à â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ – èç 1–4 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=5) 2,2±1,3 ïòåíöîâ. Ñðåäíèå ïîêàçàòåëè ïî 2009 ã. óñëîâíî óêàçûâàþò íà áîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ, âûðîñøèõ â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ, íî, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ýòî ïðîñòî àðòåôàêò íàáëþäåíèé. Â òî æå âðåìÿ ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà ôàêò âñòðå÷è âûâîäêà èç 6 ïòåíöîâ, ãîòîâûõ ïîêèíóòü ãíåçäîâîé ÿùèê. Äëÿ òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè ýòî

ïåðâîå äîêóìåíòàëüíîå ñâèäåòåëüñòâî òàêîãî áîëüøîãî âûâîäêà è ñèìâîëè÷íî, ÷òî îí îáíàðóæåí èìåííî â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå (ïàðà íåÿñûòåé çàíèìàåò ÿùèê âòîðîé ãîä). Çàêëþ÷åíèå Ðåàëèçàöèÿ íà÷àëüíîãî ýòàïà ïðîãðàììû «Âîññòàíîâëåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íà 2005– 2010 ãã.» ïîêàçàëà âûñîêóþ ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðåäëîæåííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî óëó÷øåíèþ ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè è ïîçâîëèëà ñêîððåêòèðîâàòü ìåòîäè÷åñêóþ ñòîðîíó ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè. Â äàëüíåéøåì ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ïðîäîëæåíèå ðàáîò â äàííîì íàïðàâëåíèè, óâåëè÷åíèå îáú¸ìà ðàáîò ïî ñåðîé íåÿñûòè è óãëóáëåíèå èññëåäîâàíèé ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè îáîèõ âèäîâ. Ëèòåðàòóðà Àíäðååíêîâ Î.Â., Àíäðååíêîâà Í.Ã., Æèìóë¸â È.Ô. Ïðèâëå÷åíèå äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé íà ãíåçäîâàíèå â îêðåñòíîñòè Íîâîñèáèðñêîãî Àêàäåìãîðîäêà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 39–42. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï., Ãëûáèíà Ì.À., Ïèòåðîâà Å.Í. Îöåíêà óðîâíÿ ãèáåëè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 êÂ â Êèíåëüñêîì ðàéîíå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ÃÈÑìåòîäàìè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 50–58. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Õèùíûå ïòèöû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Ñàìàðà, 2008. 66 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. Êðàòêàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î ñîâðåìåííîì ñòàòóñå ñåðîé íåÿñûòè â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ðåäêèå âèäû æèâûõ îðãàíèçìîâ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè: Ñáîðíèê ðàáî÷èõ ìàòåðèàëîâ Êîìèññèè ïî Êðàñíîé êíèãå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Âûï. 1. Í.Íîâãîðîä, 2008. Ñ. 102–104. Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Áîãîðîäñêîì ðàéîíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â 2006 ãîäó, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹6. Ñ. 21–23. Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé, ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ íà òåððèòîðèè Áîãîðîäñêîãî ðàéîíà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 43–44. Ìàëûøîê Â.Ì., Êíûø Í.Ï. Î ãíåçäîâàíèè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà ãðàíèöå Áðÿíñêîé è Ñóìñêîé îáëàñòåé. – Áåðêóò. 2001. ¹10. Âûï. 2. Ñ. 243–245. Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2007. ¹10. Ñ. 14–16.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Results of the Ural Owl Attracting into Nestboxes in the N. Novgorod District, Russia РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПРИВЛЕЧЕНИЯ ДЛИННОХВОСТОЙ НЕЯСЫТИ В ИСКУССТВЕННЫЕ ГНЕЗДОВЬЯ В НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ Levashkin A.P. (State Pedagogical University, Russian Bird Conservation Union, N. Novgorod Branch, Russia) Левашкин А.П. (Нижегородский педагогический университет, Нижегородское отделение Союза охраны птиц России, Нижний Новгород, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àëåêñåé Ëåâàøêèí Íèæåãîðîäñêîå îòäåëåíèå Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè 603009, Ðîññèÿ Í. Íîâãîðîä óë. Áîí÷-Áðóåâè÷à, 1–56 òåë.: +7 831 464 30 96 ìîá.: +7 952 781 71 98 aple_avesbp@mail.ru Contact: Alexey Levashkin Russian Bird Conservation Union N. Novgorod Branch Bonch-Bruevich str., 1–56 Nizhniy Novgorod 603009 Russia tel.: +7 831 464 30 96 mob.: +7 952 781 71 98 aple_avesbp@mail.ru

Àáñòðàêò Â ñòàòüå îáîáùåíû ðåçóëüòàòû ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix uralensis) â Áîãîðîäñêîì ðàéîíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â 2006–2009 ãã. Â ðàçâåøåííûõ ÷åòûð¸õ ÿùèêàõ ñîâû ãíåçäÿòñÿ óñïåøíî åæåãîäíî. Çà 4 ãîäà íàáëþäåíèé (2006–2009 ãã.) ðàçìåð êëàäîê ñîñòàâèë â ñðåäíåì (n=8) 3,6±0,87 (3–5) ÿèö, ÷èñëî ïòåíöîâ, ïîêèíóâøèõ ãíåçäî, â ñðåäíåì (n=7) 3,1±1,20 (1–4) ïòåíöà. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ñîâû, äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü, Strix uralensis, áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ, èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ, ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ. Abstract The paper summarizes the results of activities for the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) attracting into nestboxes carried out in the Bogorodsk region of the N. Novgorod district in 2006–2009. Owl breed successfully in 4 installed nestboxes every year. For 4 years of monitoring (2006–2009) the average clutch size was 3.6±0.87 (n=8; range 3–5) eggs, average brood size was 3.1±1.20 (n=7; range 1–4) fledglings. Keywords: Owls, Ural Owl, Strix uralensis, nestboxes, breeding biology.

Ââåäåíèå Ñîþçîì îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè åæåãîäíî ïðîâîäèòñÿ àêöèÿ «Ïòèöà ãîäà». Ïòèöåé 2005 ã. áûëà âûáðàíà ñîâà. Â ðàìêàõ àêöèè äëÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ ñîâ áûëî ïðåäëîæåíî ïðîâåñòè áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ (Áàêêà è äð., 2006). Íàìè áûëà âûáðàíà äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis), êàê âèä ñ âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ è òÿãîòåþùèé ê óñòðîéñòâó ãí¸çä â äóïëàõ. Âî âòîðè÷íûõ ëåñàõ íåÿñûòÿì ñëîæíî íàéòè ïîäõîäÿùèå äóïëà äîñòàòî÷íûõ ðàçìåðîâ, ïîýòîìó óñòàíîâêà èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé âñåëÿëà íàäåæäó íà ïîëîæèòåëüíûé ðåçóëüòàò.

Activity for noting and attracting owls into nestboxes was carried out in the in the Bogorodsk region of the N. Novgorod district as an action of the Russian Bird Conservation Union “Owl – Bird of Russia in 2005”. Nestboxes were installed in 3 known breeding territories and 1 habitat suitable for the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) breeding at the end of August, 2005 (Levashkin, 2006). That area was surveyed in details in 2006–2009. All 4 nestboxes were occupied by pairs of the Ural Owl. The average clutch size was (n=8) 3.6±0.87 (3–5) eggs and brood size was (n=7) 3.1±1.20 (1–4) chicks. Dates of breeding fluctuate very much on years. The laying of eggs in one of nestboxes began at the second decade of March that was for a month earlier than average dates of the beginning of a laying. In particular, in 2006 the laying begun in 3 nestboxes on 15–20 April. There is the fact drawing attention that in one of boxes breeding begins always earlier, than in the others. Annual occupation of all nestboxes by Ural Owls demonstrates their more attractiveness to the owls than natural hollows.

Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis) ñ ïòåíöàìè â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå. Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) with chicks in a nestbox. Photo by A. Levashkin.

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

òîðîì Garmin Etrex è âíåñåíû â ArcView GIS 3.3. Â 2006 ã. ïðîâåðêà áûëà ïðîâåäåíà â êîíöå àïðåëÿ, â òå÷åíèå ìàÿ è â èþíå, â 2007 ã. – 1, 9 è 16 ìàÿ, â 2008 ã. – 13 è 17 àïðåëÿ, â 2009 ã. – 26 àïðåëÿ (Ëåâàøêèí, 2006; 2008à; 2008á).

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàéîí ðàáîò. Fig. 1. Surveyed area.

Ðèñ. 2. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé (Strix uralensis), ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãíåçäàõ è ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ íà ïëîùàäêå. Fig. 2. Breeding territories of the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) nesting in natural and artificial nests in the study plot.

Ìåòîäèêà Íà òåððèòîðèè Áîãîðîäñêîãî ðàéîíà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â 18 êì îò Íèæíåãî Íîâãîðîäà áûëà âûáðàíà òåððèòîðèÿ ïëîùàäüþ 57 êì2 – å¸ ñîñòàâëÿþò äà÷íûå êîìïëåêñû, àãðîöåíîçû, îêðóæåííûå âòîðè÷íûìè ëåñàìè. Â êîíöå àâãóñòà 2005 ã. íà òð¸õ èçâåñòíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ è îäíîì ïðèãîäíîì äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé áûëè óñòàíîâëåíû ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè îïòèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ (Ëåâàøêèí, 2006). Ðàçìåðû ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ ñëåäóþùèå: 25õ30õ60 ñì è 30õ30õ60 ñì (ïî 2 øò.), ëåòîê 30õ30 ñì (3 øò.) è 16õ17 ñì (1 øò.). Òðè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêà áûëè óñòàíîâëåíû íà ñîñíàõ è îäèí – íà äóáå. Âûñîòà îò çåìëè ñîñòàâèëà 6–8,5 ì. Íà äíî íàñûïàëñÿ ñëîé îïèëîê – îêîëî 10 ñì. Òàêæå ðàñ÷èùàëñÿ ïîäë¸ò ê ãíåçäîâîìó ÿùèêó îò ñó÷êîâ è âåòîê. ßùèêè áûëè óñòàíîâëåíû íà ðàññòîÿíèè 1,85, 2,85 è 4,89 êì äðóã îò äðóãà. Êîîðäèíàòû ìåñò óñòàíîâêè áûëè îïðåäåëåíû ïåðñîíàëüíûì ñïóòíèêîâûì íàâèãà-

Ðåçóëüòàòû è èõ îáñóæäåíèå Ñ 2006 ã. ñîâû åæåãîäíî èñïîëüçóþò âñå 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêà äëÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ î÷åíü ñèëüíî êîëåáëþòñÿ ïî ãîäàì. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, â 2006 ã. â òð¸õ ãíåçäîâüÿõ êëàäêà íà÷àëàñü 15–20 àïðåëÿ. Â 2008 ã. â îäíîì èç ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ îòêëàäêà ÿèö íà÷àëàñü ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî â 10-õ ÷èñëàõ ìàðòà, ÷òî íà ìåñÿö ðàíüøå ñðåäíèõ ñðîêîâ íà÷àëà êëàäêè, à â 2009 ã. â äâóõ ãíåçäîâüÿõ – âåðîÿòíî, â êîíöå ôåâðàëÿ è íà÷àëå ìàðòà. Âûëóïëåíèå è âûëåò ïòåíöîâ, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, òàêæå âàðüèðóþò â ðàçíûå ãîäû. Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå òîò ôàêò, ÷òî â îäíîì èç ÿùèêîâ ðàçìíîæåíèå íà÷èíàåòñÿ âñåãäà ðàíüøå, ÷åì â îñòàëüíûõ. Â 2009 ã. 26 àïðåëÿ îí îêàçàëñÿ ïóñòûì, òàê êàê ê ìîìåíòó ïðîâåðêè ïòåíöû óæå ïîêèíóëè ãíåçäîâüå (â ïðîâåðåííîì â ýòîò æå äåíü äðóãîì ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå áûëè êðóïíûå ïòåíöû, êîòîðûå ÷åðåç íåñêîëüêî äíåé äîëæíû áûëè ïîêèíóòü ãíåçäî). Â äâóõ äðóãèõ ÿùèêàõ ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñõîæè, à â ÷åòâ¸ðòîì ðàçìíîæåíèå ñàìîå ïîçäíåå èç âñåõ â ïðîâåðÿåìîé ãðóïïå ãíåçäîâèé. Çà 4 ãîäà íàáëþäåíèé (2006–2009 ãã.) ðàçìåð êëàäîê ñîñòàâèë â ñðåäíåì (n=8) 3,6±0,87 (3–5) ÿèö, ÷èñëî ïòåíöîâ, ïîêèíóâøèõ ãíåçäî, â ñðåäíåì (n=7) 3,1±1,20 (1–4) ïòåíöà. Â 2008 ã. áûëà ïðåäëîæåíà âåðñèÿ, ÷òî äëèííîõâîñòûå íåÿñûòè ïîâòîðíî ïðèñòóïÿò ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ ëåòîì. Äëÿ ïðîâåðêè ãèïîòåçû 30–31 èþëÿ âñå èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ áûëè îñìîòðåíû åù¸ ðàç, îäíàêî âåðñèÿ íå ïîäòâåðäèëàñü, ëèøü â îäíîì èç ÿùèêîâ áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ïîãèáøåå ÿéöî èç âåñåííåé êëàäêè. Åæåãîäíàÿ çàñåëÿåìîñòü âñåõ ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî îíè áîëåå ïðèâëåêàòåëüíû äëÿ ñîâ, íåæåëè åñòåñòâåííûå äóïëà. Îíè èìåþò îïòèìàëüíûå ðàçìåðû, òàêèå, ÷òî ïðè áîëüøîì âûâîäêå íå ïðîèçîéäåò çàòàïòûâàíèÿ ìëàäøèõ ïòåíöîâ ñòàðøèìè, è ïðè ïîõîëîäàíèÿõ ñàìêè ñìîãóò ñîãðåòü êëàäêè èëè ïòåíöîâ. Îò ïîïàäàíèÿ îñàäêîâ ãíåçäîâüÿ çàùèùàþò êðûøêè. Âòîðè÷íûå ëåñà (êóëüòóðû ñîñíû è ìîëîäûå áåðåçíÿêè) õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ ìàëûì êîëè÷åñòâîì äóïåë, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé. Êàê èç-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Äëèííîõâîñòûå íåÿñûòè, à òàêæå èõ êëàäêè è âûâîäêè, â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ â 2006–2008 ãã. Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Ural Owls, their clutches and broods, in nestboxes in 2006–2008. Photos by A. Levaskin.

íà÷àëüíûé äóïëîãíåçäíèê, äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ â çàêðûòûõ óêðûòèÿõ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñ ïîìîùüþ ïðîâîäèìûõ áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ìîæíî óâåëè÷èâàòü ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé, à óñòàíàâëèâàÿ èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ íà óæå èçâåñòíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ – ïîâûøàòü ïîêàçàòåëè óñïåõà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Òàêæå äëèííîõâîñòûå íåÿñûòè ìîãóò èãðàòü ðîëü åñòåñòâåííûõ ðåãóëÿòîðîâ ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ, ïåðåíîñÿùèõ îïàñíûå äëÿ ÷åëîâåêà çàáîëåâàíèÿ. Â äàëüíåéøåì ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ïðîäîëæàòü ìîíèòîðèíã äàííîé ãðóïïèðîâêè äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé, à òàêæå óñòàíîâèòü íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè â îïòèìàëüíûõ ìåñòàõ äîïîëíèòåëüíî åù¸ íåñêîëüêî ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ. Ëèòåðàòóðà Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êèñåë¸âà Í.Þ., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ñîâ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãí¸çäà â 2005 ã. â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹5. Ñ. 19–20. Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Áîãîðîäñêîì ðàéîíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â 2006 ãîäó. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹6. Ñ. 21–23. Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîâåðêè ãíåçäîÏòåíöû äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè ðàçíîãî âîçðàñòà â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ, ïðîâåðåííûõ 26 àïðåëÿ 2009 ã. Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Chicks of different ages of the Ural Owl in nestboxes checked on 26 April 2009. Photos by A. Levashkin.

âûõ ÿùèêîâ äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â Áîãîðîäñêîì ðàéîíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008à. ¹11. Ñ. 22. Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé, ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ íà òåððèòîðèè Áîãîðîäñêîãî ðàéîíà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008á. ¹14. Ñ. 43–44.

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Raptor Electrocution in the Altai Region: Results of Surveys in 2009, Russia ГИБЕЛЬ ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ НА ЛЭП НА АЛТАЕ: РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ 2009 ГОДА, РОССИЯ Karyakin I.V. (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia) Nikolenko E.G. (Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk, Russia) Vazhov S.V. (Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia) Bekmansurov R.H. (NP "Nizhnyaya Kama", Elabuga, Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Николенко Э.Г. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия) Важов С.В. (Алтайский государственный университет, Барнаул, Россия) Бекмансуров Р.Х. (Национальный парк «Нижняя Кама», Елабуга, Россия)

Àáñòðàêò Â ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ËÝÏ) â 2009 ã. â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå è Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé. Ñ 15 ìàÿ ïî 27 èþëÿ 2009 ã. áûëî îñìîòðåíî 18 ó÷àñòêîâ ïòèöåîïàñíûõ (ÏÎ) ËÝÏ îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 42,76 êì, ñ 9 ïî 20 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. áûëî îñìîòðåíî 43 ó÷àñòêà îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 135,06 êì. Â ðåçóëüòàòå îñìîòðà ÏÎ ËÝÏ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè 144 ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 33,68 îñòàíêîâ íà 10 êì ëèíèé. Ñðåäè íàéäåííûõ îñòàíêîâ ïòèö àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðîâàëè óòèëèçèðîâàííûå òðóïû – 61,1% (20,58 îñòàíêîâ/10 êì ëèíèé), à öåëûå òðóïû ñîñòàâèëè 24,3% (8,19 îñòàíêîâ/10 êì ëèíèé). Â ñðåäíåì ïî ðåãèîíó ëåòîì êàæäûå 5 äíåé ãèáíåò íå ìåíåå 5,84 ïòèö/10 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 35,04 ïòèö/10 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ â ìåñÿö èëè 105,12 ïòèö/10 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ çà òðè ìåñÿöà ãíåçäîâîãî ïåðèîäà. Â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ ïîãèáøèõ íà ËÝÏ ïòèö áåäåí – ýòî âðàíîâûå (n=144) – 70,83% è ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè – 29,17%. Èç ïòèö, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè, íà îñìîòðåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ËÝÏ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ïîãèáëè 10 îñîáåé ïÿòè âèäîâ (6,94% ïòèö): ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca), ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (A. nipalensis), êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus), ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) è ôèëèí (Bubo bubo). Â ðåçóëüòàòå îñåííåãî îñìîòðà ÏÎ ËÝÏ îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè 302 ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 32,68 îñòàíêîâ/10 êì ëèíèé. Â îòëè÷èå îò ãíåçäîâîãî ïåðèîäà cðåäè íàéäåííûõ îñòàíêîâ ïòèö äîìèíèðîâàëè öåëûå òðóïû – 59,3% (13,25 îñòàíêîâ/10 êì ëèíèé), ïðè÷¸ì â 89,4% ñëó÷àåâ (n=179) ýòî áûëè òðóïû ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ íà ËÝÏ â òå÷åíèå 5 äíåé äî ìîìåíòà èõ îáíàðóæåíèÿ. Âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ íà ËÝÏ îñåíüþ, îêàçàëñÿ òàêèì æå, êàê è â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä: ïî-ïðåæíåìó äîìèíèðîâàëè âðàíîâûå (n=302) – 70,20% è ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè – 27,81%. Èç ïòèö, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè, íà îñìîòðåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ËÝÏ â ñåíòÿáðå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíà ãèáåëü 13 îñîáåé òð¸õ âèäîâ (4,3% ïòèö): ìîãèëüíèê, ñòåïíîé îð¸ë è áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (A. clanga). Ïðè ñðåäíåé ïëîòíîñòè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö íà ìîäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ (ñ ó÷¸òîì êîýôôèöèåíòà óòèëèçàöèè – 140,16 ïòèö/10 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ çà 4 ìåñÿöà), â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä åæåãîäíî ãèáíåò 40,4 òûñ. îñîáåé. Îêîëî 11,4 òûñ. èç ïîãèáàþùèõ íà ËÝÏ ïòèö – ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ìîãèëüíèê – â ñðåäíåì 452 îñîáè (25,0% îò îöåíî÷íîé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â ðåãèîíå), ñòåïíîé îð¸ë – â ñðåäíåì 997 îñîáåé (45,0%), ñàïñàí – â ñðåäíåì 89 îñîáåé (8,4%). Îöåíåííûé óùåðá îò ãèáåëè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïòèö ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ â çîíå îòâåòñòâåííîñòè äâóõ ôèëèàëîâ «ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè» ñîñòàâëÿåò ìèíèìóì 150,1 ìëí. ðóá. â ãîä. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ËÝÏ, îöåíêà óùåðáà, Àëòàé Abstract There are the results of surveys of bird electrocution on overhead power lines (PL) in the Altai Kray and in the Republic of Altai in 2009. We surveyed 18 PL with total length of 42.76 km since 15 May to 27 July 2009. Also 43 PL was investigated since 9 to 20 September 2009. A total length of surveyed PL was 135,06 km – including almost all PL surveyed in the breeding season as well as 93.68 km of PL non observed earlier. As a result of our surveys during the breeding season carcasses of 144 birds killed by electrocution were recorded. The density was 33.68 carcasses per 10 km of PL. Analyzing found remains, fragmented carcasses dominated – 61.1% (20.58 carcasses/10 km of PL), and whole carcasses were 24.3% (8.19 carcasses/10 km of PL). Averaging in the region no less than 5.84 birds/10 km of PL were died every other 5 days, or 35.04 birds/10 km of PL every other month or 105.12 birds/10 km of PL during 3 months of the breeding season. During the breeding season a number of species of birds died by electrocution is poor – crows (n=144) – 70.83% and raptors – 29.17%. We noted 10 died birds of 5 species listed in the Red Data Book (6.94% of birds): Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), Steppe Eagle (A. nipalensis), Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus), Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) and Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo). As a result of our autumn surveys of PL carcasses of 302 electrocuted birds were found. The density was 32.68 carcasses/10 km of PL. In contrast to the breeding season whole carcasses dominated – 59.3% (13.25 carcasses/10 km of PL) and in 89.4% of cases (n=179) it was carcasses of the birds electrocuted during last 5 days. The species of electrocuted birds in the autumn were the same as well as in the breeding season: crows (n=302) – 70.20% and raptors – 27.81% dominated. 13 carcasses of three species (4.3% of birds) listed in the Red Data Book of Russia was registered on surveyed PL in September: Imperial Eagle, Steppe Eagle and Greater Spotted Eagle (A. clanga). At the average density of electrocuted birds in surveyed territories, in all the region 40400 individuals are died by electrocution during the breeding season. And about 11400 electrocuted birds are raptors, in particular Imperial Eagle – averaging 452 individuals (25.0% of estimated species number in the region), Steppe Eagle – averaging 997 individuals (45.0%), Peregrine Falcon – averaging 89 individuals (8.4%). A total damage of bird deaths caused by electrocution at using of PL 6–10 kV in the zone of location of PL managed by IRDNC of Siberia is estimated at a minimum 150.1 million roubles a year. Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, power lines, electrocutions, estimation of damage, Altai Mountains.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Elvira Nikolenko NGO Siberian Environmental Center P.O. Box 547 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia tel.: +7 383 363 00 59 elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru Sergey Vazhov Altai State University P.O. Box 25, Biysk 659300 Russia tel.: +7 3854 35 72 52 v_c85@list.ru Rinur Bekmansurov National Park “Nizhnyaya Kama” Neftyanikov str., 175 Elabuga Republic of Tatarstan 423600 Russia tel.: +7 85557 4 33 56 rinur@yandex.ru

Ââåäåíèå Â Ðîññèè ïðîáëåìà ãèáåëè ïòèö, â îñîáåííîñòè õèùíûõ, íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ËÝÏ) ñòîèò î÷åíü îñòðî âî ìíîãèõ ðåãèîíàõ. Â ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëüêî ëåò ðåøåíèþ äàííîé ïðîáëåìû óäåëÿåòñÿ âñ¸ áîëüøåå âíèìàíèå â Ïîâîëæüå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008; Ìàöûíà è äð., 2008; Ñàëòûêîâ, íàñò. ñá.). Îäíàêî, âî ìíîãèõ ðåãèîíàõ, â òîì ÷èñëå è â íàèáîëåå áîãàòûõ ðåäêèìè âèäàìè, òàêèõ, êàê Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé, äàííàÿ ïðîáëåìà äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè îñòàâàëàñü íåèçó÷åííîé. Â 2009 ã. Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî Ýêîðåãèîíà» âçÿëñÿ çà èçó÷åíèå ïðîáëåìû ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé è â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå. Â ðàìêàõ ïèëîòíîãî ïðîåêòà ïëàíèðîâàëîñü: 1. Íàëàäèòü ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî ñ ñåòåâûìè êîìïàíèÿìè ðåãèîíà è îïðåäåëèòü ïóòè âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñ íèìè äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåìû ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ. 2. Ïðîâåñòè ïîëåâûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ, â õîäå êîòîðûõ íà ìîäåëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïîñ÷èòàòü ôàêòè÷åñêóþ ãèáåëü ïòèö â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä è â ïåðèîä îñåííåãî ïðîë¸òà. 3. Íà îñíîâå ñõåìû ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ (ÏÎ ËÝÏ) ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè (6–10 êÂ) è ðåçóëüòàòîâ èññëåäîâàíèé ìîäåëüíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ âûÿâèòü ðàéîíû ìàññîâîé ãèáåëè õèùíûõ ïòèö è ñïðîãíîçèðîâàòü å¸ óðîâåíü â ñåçîíû ðàçìíîæåíèÿ è ïðîë¸òà äëÿ ðåãèîíà â öåëîì. Îöåíèòü âêëàä ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â ñíèæåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ. 4. Äàòü êîíêðåòíûå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ñåòåâûì êîìïàíèÿì ïî îñíàùåíèþ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè (ÏÇÓ) ëèáî ðåêîíñòðóêöèè ëèíèé. Â õîäå ïðîåêòà âñå ïîñòàâëåííûå öåëè áûëè äîñòèãíóòû. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîäåëàííîé ðàáîòû îòðàæåíû íèæå.

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Introduction The problem of bird deaths caused by electrocution has not studied in the AltaiSayan until recent time. The the Siberian Environmental Center within the limits under the project of UNDP/GEF «Biodiversity Conservation in the Russian Part of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion» carried out surveys oriented to the problem of bird electrocution in the Republic Altai and in the Altai Kray in 2009. Methods Interaction with network companies During interaction with the network companies for the bird protective actions realizing we has made the following: 1. Owners of power lines and the companies which are responsible for their service in a region have been determined. 2. The companies haves been informed on a urgency of the problem, about ways of its solution, and also on lows of the Russian Federation, obliging them to provide safety of technological processes for wildlife. 3. Cooperation under the project has been offered to the network companies. Surveys We surveyed extensive territories of the Altai Kray and the Republic of Altai in 2009. The special consideration was given to steppe depressions of the Republic of Altai where the density of breeding rare species is high. We carried out counts all carcasses of electrocuteb birds on power lines in study plots one time in May-July and in September (fig. 1). Besides the counts electrocuted birds in May–July we monitored breeding groups of rare species. We set 7 study plots covering all complex of habitats typical of birds of prey in regions under consideration: 1. The Altai pine forests: 5 PL were surveyed during the summer, and in addition to them 5 more PL were examined in the autumn. 2. Forest-steppe of the Northwest Altai low mountains: 3 PL were examined in the summer, in addition to them 12 more PL – in the autumn. 3. Forest-steppe of the Northwest Altai Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) íà áåòîííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ 10 êÂ, îïàñíîé äëÿ ïòèö. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) on concrete pole of power line 10 kV dangerous for birds. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Êàíþê (Buteo buteo) íà áåòîííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ 10 êÂ, îïàñíîé äëÿ ïòèö. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) on concrete pole of power line 10 kV dangerous for birds. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Ìåòîäèêà Âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ñ ñåòåâûìè ñòðóêòóðàìè Íà ïåðâîì ýòàïå íàëàæèâàíèÿ âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñ ñåòåâûìè êîìïàíèÿìè äëÿ ðåàëèçàöèè èìè ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé áûëî íåîáõîäèìî: 1. óñòàíîâèòü, êàêèå êîìïàíèè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñîáñòâåííèêàìè ËÝÏ â ðåãèîíå è îòâå÷àþò çà èõ îáñëóæèâàíèå; 2. ïðîèíôîðìèðîâàòü ñåòåâûå êîìïàíèè îá àêòóàëüíîñòè ïðîáëåìû, î ïóòÿõ å¸ ðåøåíèÿ, à òàêæå î çàêîíîäàòåëüíîé áàçå ÐÔ, îáÿçûâàþùåé õîçÿéñòâóþùèå ñóáúåêòû îáåñïå÷èâàòü áåçîïàñíîñòü òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîãî ïðîöåññà äëÿ æèâîé ïðèðîäû, è î íà÷àëå ðàáîòû ïðîåêòà â ðåãèîíå; 3. ïðåäëîæèòü ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà. Äàëåå, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò îòâåòíîé ðåàêöèè ñåòåâûõ êîìïàíèé íà ïðåäëîæåíèå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà, áûëî ïðîðàáîòàíî äâà ñöåíàðèÿ äàëüíåéøåãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ: (à) ñåòåâûå êîìïàíèè çàÿâëÿþò î ñâî¸ì ïîíèìàíèè ñåðü¸çíîñòè ïðîáëåìû è ñâîåé ãîòîâíîñòè ýòó ïðîáëåìó ðåøàòü è (á) ñåòåâûå êîìïàíèè èãíîðèðóþò èíôîðìàöèîííûå ïèñüìà è îòêàçûâàþòñÿ îò ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà. Â ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå ïëàíèðîâàëîñü: 1. çàêëþ÷èòü äîãîâîðà ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà; 2. çàïðîñèòü êàðòû-ñõåìû ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ íà ðåãèîí èññëåäîâàíèÿ äëÿ ïîäãîòîâêè ïîëåâîé ÷àñòè ïðîåêòà, à òàêæå äëÿ îöåíêè âëèÿíèÿ ËÝÏ íà âåñü ðåãèîí; 3. ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì èññëåäîâàíèé ïðåçåíòîâàòü ðåçóëüòàòû è äàòü ðåêîìåíäàöèè ñåòåâûì êîìïàíèÿì ïî îñíàùåíèþ ïòèöåÏðîâåðêà ïòèöåîïàñíîé ËÝÏ â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. Checking a power line in the Ust-Kanskaya steppe. Photo by S. Vazhov.

foothills: 1 PL was examined in the summer, in addition to it two another fragments of that line – in the autumn. 4. Forests of the Northwest Altai low mountains: 1 PL were examined in the summer, in addition to it 6 more PL – in the autumn. 5. Steppe depressions of the Central Altai: 1 PL were examined in the summer, in addition to it one more PL – in the autumn, which had been switched-off because of break of wires in the summer. 6. Steppe depressions of Southeast Altai: 2 PL were examined in the summer and in the autumn. 7. Forest-steppe of the Southeast Altai high mountains: 1 PL was examined in the summer. We surveyed 18 PL with total length of 42.76 km since 15 May to 27 July 2009 (fig. 1). Also 43 PL was investigated during autumn migration of birds since 9 to 20 September 2009. A total length of surveyed PL was 135.06 km – including almost all PL surveyed in the breeding season as well as 93.68 km of PL non observed earlier (fig. 1: 18–44). A total length of the surveyed PL in 2009 was 136.46 km. The surveyed remains of electrocuted birds were divided into 3 groups: 1. Whole carcasses. 2. Fragmented carcasses – a carcass was partially eaten by a predator or a raptor, or the feathers remained on a place of a predator or raptor eating the carcass. 3. Bones – bones of died birds without any plumage. In according with a degree of remains decomposing we defined age of remains: 1. 1–5 days – carcass without signs of decomposing, or fresh feathers. 2. 6–12 days – carcass or its fragments with light sighs of decomposing, or feathers, with a smell of rotting. 3. 13–21 days – carcass or its fragments

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Êîðøóíû (Milvus migrans) íà óñëîâíî áåçîïàñíûõ äåðåâÿííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ – ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà íèõ ïðîèñõîäèò êðàéíå ðåäêî è ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â äîæäü. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Kites (Milvus migrans) on wooden electric poles. Such poles make a hazard very rare usually in wet weather. Photo by I. Karyakin.

çàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè ÏÎ ËÝÏ; 4. ñïëàíèðîâàòü äàëüíåéøåå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî Ñèáýêîöåíòðà ñ ñåòåâûìè êîìïàíèÿìè. Âî âòîðîì ñëó÷àå ïëàíèðîâàëîñü: 1. çàðó÷èòüñÿ ïîääåðæêîé ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãàíîâ, êàê ìåñòíûõ, òàê è ôåäåðàëüíûõ, â îáÿçàííîñòè êîòîðûõ âõîäèò êîíòðîëü çà ñîáëþäåíèåì ïðèðîäîîõðàííîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà Ðîññèè è ïðèâëå÷ü èíñïåêòîðîâ ìåñòíûõ ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãàíîâ äëÿ ñîñòàâëåíèÿ àêòîâ îá îáíàðóæåííûõ â õîäå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ôàêòàõ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ; 2. ïåðåäàòü ñîñòàâëåííûå àêòû, à òàêæå ïîñòàíîâëåíèÿ î íàðóøåíèè ïðèðîäîîõðàííîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè ËÝÏ (îòñóòñòâèå ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ñîîðóæåíèé) â ïðèðîäîîõðàííóþ ïðîêóðàòóðó; 3. äîâåñòè äåëà äî ñóäà è íà îñíîâàíèè ñóäåáíûõ ðåøåíèé ïðèâëå÷ü ñåòåâûå êîìïàíèè ê îòâåòñòâåííîñòè ñ âûïëàòîé ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ øòðàôîâ è êîìïåíñàöèé, à òàêæå ñ îáÿçàòåëüñòâîì óñòðàíåíèÿ íàðóøåíèé è ïðîâåäåíèÿ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé. Äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ óêàçàííîé ðàáîòû òàêæå áûëî íåîáõîäèìî ñîáðàòü ñâåäåíèÿ îá îïûòå ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåìû ãèáåëè ïòèö â äðóãèõ ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè: èíôîðìàöèþ î ñóùåñòâóþùèõ òèïàõ ÏÇÓ, ïîäõîäÿùèõ äëÿ äåéñòâóþùèõ â Ðîññèè ïòèöåîïàñíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé, à òàêæå ìàòåðèàëû óñïåøíîé ñóäåáíîé ïðàêòèêè, â êîòîðîé îðãàíèçàöèè, ýêñïëóàòèðóþùèå ËÝÏ â äðóãèõ ðåãèîíàõ, áûëè ïðèçâàíû ê îòâåòñòâåííîñòè. Ïîëåâûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ Â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà 2009 ã. ïîëåâûìè èññëåäîâàíèÿìè áûëà îõâà÷åíà îáøèðíàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ îò áîðîâ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ äî

moderate decomposing, or feathers with remains of tissues dried up, crumpled under rains and sun. 4. 3–4 weeks – strongly decayed carcass, or very «shabby» feathers frequently with signs of destruction by biting louses. 5. 1–3 months – remains of bones with feathers. 6. 4–12 months – only bones. Data processing The following analysis of data was done with GIS-software, by methods approved in 2008 (Karyakin et al., 2008): spatial characteristics of points of registered bird deaths were defined, on the basis of distances between nearest neighbors and distances between PL and nests the zone of influence of hazardous PL was calculated for different breeding species. Following data of available maps the total length of PL is estimated in 2880 km. The damage caused by owners of hazardous PL was calculated following the technique approved the Ministry of Natural Resources (Extracts…, 2008). Results Interaction with network structures The main utility company provided electricity to customers in the territory of the Siberian federal region (Republics of Altai, Burjatia, Khakassia and Tyva, Altai, Transbaikalian, Krasnoyarsk Krays, Kemerovo, Omsk and Tomsk districts) is the joint-stoñk company «Inter-Regional Distributive Network Company of Siberia» («IRDNC of Siberia»). Power lines in the Altai Kray and the Republic of Altai was belonged to the department of «Altaienergo» until June, 2009

Raptor Conservation

Íà äåðåâÿííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ íàáëþäàåòñÿ ðåäêàÿ ãèáåëü âðàíîâûõ, êîòîðûå ïðèñàæèâàþòñÿ íà êðåïåæè èçîëÿòîðîâ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Deaths of crows on wooden electric poles are noted rare, when birds landed on fasteners of insulators. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ×óéñêîé ñòåïè Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé. Îñîáîå âíèìàíèå áûëî óäåëåíî ñòåïíûì êîòëîâèíàì Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé, ãäå âûñîêà ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ, à òàêæå îïîðû ËÝÏ ÷àùå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ïòèöàìè â êà÷åñòâå ïðèñàä. Â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä (ìàé–èþëü) íà âûäåëåííûõ ìîäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ïðîâîäèëñÿ, â îñíîâíîì îäíîêðàòíûé, ó÷¸ò ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ, à òàêæå ìîíèòîðèíã ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ðåäêèõ âèäîâ, ÷òîáû îöåíèòü âëèÿíèå ãèáåëè ïòèö íà äèíàìèêó ýòèõ ãðóïïèðîâîê. Ëèøü íà ó÷àñòêå ÏÎ ËÝÏ ¹10 (ðèñ. 1) ó÷¸ò ãèáåëè ïòèö â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä áûë ïðîâåä¸í äâàæäû ñ ðàçíèöåé â 54 äíÿ. Â ïåðèîä îñåííåãî ïðîë¸òà (ñåíòÿáðü) ïðîâîäèëñÿ ó÷¸ò ãèáåëè ïòèö íà òåõ æå ìîäåëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå è Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé. Äëÿ ó÷¸òà ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ âèäîâ íà ìîäåëüíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ âûÿâëÿëèñü ãíåçäîâûå òåððèòîðèè õèùíûõ ïòèö, îïðåäåëÿëàñü èõ ïëîòíîñòü â ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ íà ïëîùàäêàõ, à çàòåì ïîëó÷åííûå âåëè÷èíû ïëîòíîñòè ïåðåñ÷èòûâàëèñü íà ïëîùàäü àíàëîãè÷íûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé çà ïðåäåëàìè ïëîùàäîê (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Âñåãî âûäåëåíî 7 ìîäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèé, îõâàòûâàþùèõ ôàêòè÷åñêè âåñü êîìïëåêñ òèïè÷íûõ äëÿ ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî ðåãèîíà ìåñòîîáèòàíèé õèùíûõ ïòèö: 1. Àëòàéñêèå ëåíòî÷íûå áîðû – âäîëü Êàñìàëèíñêîé è Áàðíàóëüñêîé ëåíò â ïðåäåëàõ Âîë÷èõèíñêîãî, Åãîðüåâñêîãî, Ìàìîíòîâñêîãî, Ðîìàíîâñêîãî ðàéîíîâ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä îñìîòðåíî 5 ó÷àñòêîâ ËÝÏ, îñåíüþ, â äîïîëíåíèå ê íèì, îñìîòðåíî åù¸ 5 ó÷àñòêîâ ËÝÏ.

but later the new department of IRDNC of Siberia «Altai Mountain Electric Networks» has been created in the Republic of Altai. The workshop organized by the Coordinator of the project for representatives of the network company took place on 24 April. Following decisions were approved: 1. Develop the program of interaction with NGO «Siberian Environmental Center» on the problem of bird electrocution. 2. Define needs in bird protective devices for PL of IRDNC of Siberia 3. Prepare the project of the program on the hazardous PL retrofitting. 4. Prepare requirements on filling acts and investigations of the technological infringements connected with bird deaths by electrocution. 5. Prepare changes and additions in the register of ecological aspects. 6. To put schemes of PL 6–10 kV in the regions under consideration at disposal of NGO «Siberian Environmental Center». As a result the Siberian Environmental Center has concluded a treaty with IRDNC of Siberia about joint activity on the environment protecting in the zone of location of PL managed by IRDNC of Siberia. Surveys As a result of our surveys during the breeding season carcasses of 144 birds killed by electrocution were recorded. The density was 33.68 carcasses per 10 km of PL. Analyzing found remains, fragmented carcasses dominated – 61.1% (20.58 carcasses/10 km of PL), and whole carcasses were 24.3% (8.19 carcasses/10 km of PL). Averaging in the region no less than 5.84 birds/10 km of PL were died every other 5 days, or 35.04 birds/10 km of PL every other month or 105.12 birds/10 km of PL during 3 months of the breeding season. During the breeding season a number of species of birds died by electrocution is poor – crows (n=144) – 70.83% and raptors – 29.17%. We noted 10 died birds of 5 species listed in the Red Data Book (6.94% of birds): Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus), Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) and Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo). As a result of our autumn surveys of PL carcasses of 302 electrocuted birds were found. The density was 32.68 carcasses/10 km of PL. In contrast to the breeding season whole carcasses dominated – 59.3% (13.25 carcasses/10 km of PL) and in 89.4% of cases (n=179) it was carcasses of the birds electrocuted during last 5 days.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ The species of electrocuted birds in the autumn were the same as well as in the breeding season: crows (n=302) – 70.20% and raptors – 27.81% dominated. 13 carcasses of three species (4.3% of birds) listed in the Red Data Book of Russia was registered on surveyed PL in September: Imperial Eagle, Steppe Eagle and Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga).

Ðèñ. 1. Ó÷àñòêè ÏÎ ËÝÏ, îñìîòðåííûå â 2009 ã. Íóìåðàöèÿ ËÝÏ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè â òàáë. 1. Fig. 1. Power lines surveyed in 2009. Numbers of PL are similar with numbers in the Table 1.

2. Ëåñîñòåïü íèçêîãîðèé ÑåâåðîÇàïàäíîãî Àëòàÿ – â ìåæäóðå÷üå ×àðûøà è Àíóÿ â ïðåäåëàõ Ïåòðîïàâëîâñêîãî, Óñòü-Êàëìàíñêîãî è ×àðûøñêîãî ðàéîíîâ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä îñìîòðåíî 3 ó÷àñòêà, îñåíüþ, â äîïîëíåíèå ê íèì, îñìîòðåíî åù¸ 12 ó÷àñòêîâ. 3. Ëåñîñòåïü ïðåäãîðèé ÑåâåðîÇàïàäíîãî Àëòàÿ – â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä îñìîòðåí 1 ó÷àñòîê, ïðèëåãàþùèé ê äîëèíå ð. Êàòóíü â ïðåäåëàõ Êðàñíîãîðñêîãî ðàéîíà Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ, îñåíüþ óâåëè÷åíà ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îñìîòðà ýòîé æå ëèíèè çà ñ÷¸ò 2-õ îòâîäêîâ. 4. Ëåñíàÿ çîíà íèçêîãîðèé ÑåâåðîÇàïàäíîãî Àëòàÿ – ïî ð. Óëóñ÷åðãà â ïðåäåëàõ Øåáàëèíñêîãî ðàéîíà Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä îñìîòðåí 1 ó÷àñòîê, îñåíüþ, â äîïîëíåíèå ê íåìó, îñìîòðåíî åù¸ 6 ó÷àñòêîâ. 5. Ñòåïíûå êîòëîâèíû Öåíòðàëüíîãî Àëòàÿ – â Óñòü-Êàíñêîì ðàéîíå Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä îñìîòðåí 1 ó÷àñòîê, îñåíüþ, â äîïîëíåíèå ê íåìó, îñìîòðåí åù¸ îäèí ó÷àñòîê, êîòîðûé ëåòîì áûë îòêëþ÷åí èç-çà ðàçðûâà ïðîâîäîâ. 6. Ñòåïíûå êîòëîâèíû Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ – â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè Êîø-Àãà÷ñêîãî ðàéîíà Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä è îñåíüþ îñìîòðåíî 2 ó÷àñòêà. 7. Ëåñîñòåïü âûñîêîãîðèé ÞãîÂîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ – â äîëèíå ð. Äæàçàòîð Êîø-Àãà÷ñêîãî ðàéîíà Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé ëåòîì îñìîòðåí 1 ó÷àñòîê. Âñåãî ñ 15 ìàÿ ïî 27 èþëÿ 2009 ã. áûëî îñìîòðåíî 18 ó÷àñòêîâ ÏÎ ËÝÏ îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 42,76 êì (ðèñ. 1). Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå îñìîòðåííûå ËÝÏ (ðèñ. 1: 1–16) – ýòî ëèíèè íà áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ, òðàâåðñû êîòîðûõ îñíàùåíû øòûðåâûìè

Data processing Following our surveys in the study plots electrocution posed the greatest risk to eagles and their population. In the PL impact zone (n=9) 66.7% of breeding territories of eagles were empty, that in 6–7 times more than out the PL impact zone (influence fig. 6). Due to specific skills of hunting the Steppe Eagle is the most vulnerable species. For this species the portion of empty territories in the PL impact zone reached 100%. Following data of counts in 2003–2009 10 breeding territories of the Steppe Eagles were discovered in the Ust-Kanskaya steppe and only 2 pairs consisted of old birds (20%), other pairs were completely young birds (40%), or with one young partner (40%) that showed frequent deaths of birds of that breeding groups. Thus 10 Steppe Eagles were recorded killed by electrocution along 20.57 km of 2 power lines for the season 2009 only (fig. 7). The portion of empty nests of the Imperial Eagle in the PL impact zone in two study plots was calculated in 50%. According with data of analysis of distribution of breeding territories of the most studied large raptors, such as Imperial Eagle, Steppe Eagle, Saker and Peregrine Falcons 10–13% of territories of the Imperial Eagle, 9–11% of territories of the Steppe Eagles, 4–6% of territories of the Peregrine and 2–4% of territories of the Saker are located in the PL impact zone. Actually absence of breeding owing to bird deaths by electrocution may be expected not less than in 37– 49 breeding territories of Imperial Eagles, 69–85 – Steppe Eagles, 15–22 – Peregrines and 10–20 – Sakers every year. At the average density of electrocuted birds in surveyed territories (considering the coefficient of utilization – 140.16 birds/10 km of PL for 4 months), in all the region 40400 individuals are died by electrocution during the breeding season. And about 11400 electrocuted birds are raptors, in particular Imperial Eagle – averaging 452 individuals (25.0% of estimated species

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 èçîëÿòîðàìè. Êàæäàÿ òàêàÿ îïîðà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò âûñîêóþ îïàñíîñòü äëÿ ïòèö, ò.ê. ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó çàçåìë¸ííîé òðàâåðñîé è òîêîíåñóùèì ïðîâîäîì äîñòàòî÷íî ìàëî, è ëþáàÿ ïòèöà êðóïíåå ãàëêè, ñèäÿ íà òðàâåðñå, ïðè âçë¸òå ëåãêî äîòÿãèâàåòñÿ êðûëüÿìè äî ïðîâîäà, ïðèâîäÿ ê çàìûêàíèþ. Áîëüøèíñòâî òàêèõ ëèíèé, ïðîòÿíóâøèõñÿ ìåæäó íàñåë¸ííûìè ïóíêòàìè è îáúåêòàìè ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîé èíôðàñòðóêòóðû, áûëè ïîñòðîåíû ìíîãî ëåò íàçàä. Â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ, â ñâÿçè ñ àêòèâíûì ðàçâèòèåì ñîòîâîé ñâÿçè, â ðåãèîíå ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ ìíîæåñòâî íîâûõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ â âèäå êîðîòêèõ îòâîäêîâ ê âûøêàì ñîòîâîé ñâÿçè Áèëàéí è ÌÒÑ. Â õîäå ðàáîòû áûëè îñìîòðåíû ÷åòûðå òàêèõ ëèíèè (ðèñ. 1: 6, 7, 9, 10). Åäèíñòâåííàÿ îñìîòðåííàÿ ëèíèÿ â äîëèíå ð. Äæàçàòîð (Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé) îò ìèíè ãèäðîýëåêòðîñòàíöèè äî ï. Äæàçàòîð (Áåëÿøè) (ðèñ. 1: 17) îñíàùåíà ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî äåðåâÿííûìè îïîðàìè, óñëîâíî áåçîïàñíûìè äëÿ ïòèö. Òåì íå ìåíåå, âñå óãëîâûå îïîðû ýòîé ëèíèè âûïîëíåíû èç æåëåçîáåòîííûõ êîíñòðóêöèé è ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïòèöåîïàñíûìè. Äëÿ âûÿñíåíèÿ óðîâíÿ ãèáåëè ïòèö â ïåðèîä íà÷àëà îñåííåãî ïðîë¸òà ïîñåùàëèñü âûäåëåííûå ìîäåëüíûå òåððèòîðèè

Ïòèöåîïàñíûå êîíñòðóêöèè îïîð ËÝÏ è òðàíñôîðìàòîðîâ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Transformers and pylons of power lines dangerous for birds. Photos by I. Karyakin.

number in the region), Steppe Eagle – averaging 997 individuals (45.0%), Peregrine Falcon – averaging 89 individuals (8.4%). A total damage of bird deaths caused by electrocution at using of PL 6–10 kV in the zone of location of PL managed by IRDNC of Siberia is estimated at a minimum 150.1 million roubles a year. Conclusions 1. Used types of electric poles are extremely dangerous for the birds of prey. 2. Common bird species, mainly crows are killed by electrocution in plenty, and their carcasses laying under poles or hanging on crossarms attract raptors and thus increase a risk to birds to be electrocuted. 3. Steppe depressions of the Republic of Altai and edges of the Altai pine forests of the Altai Kray – the most significant areas where the numerous birds of prey are killed by electrocution. 4. In foothills and Altai Mountains the high level of utilization of electrocuted birds during the breeding season gradually decreasing at the end of the season was recorded. As a result the number of recorded bird deaths was in 3.1 times less actual. 5. Near 40400 birds and 11400 from

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ïòèöåîïàñíàÿ ËÝÏ, ïîäâîäÿùàÿ òîê ê âûøêå ñîòîâîé ñâÿçè Áèëàéí áëèç ñ. Àíòîíüåâêà â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå. Ëèíèÿ 10 íà ðèñ. 1. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Hazardous power line providing electricity to a tower of the Mobile Network Company “Beeline” near the Antonyevka village in the Altai Kray. PL 10 on the fig. 1. Photo by I. Karyakin.

â ïåðèîä ñ 9 ïî 20 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. Íà ìîäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ îñìîòðåíî 43 ó÷àñòêà ÏÎ ËÝÏ îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 135,06 êì (ðèñ. 1). Îñìîòðåíû âñå ëèíèè, îáñëåäîâàâøèåñÿ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä, êðîìå ëèíèè 17 â äîëèíå Äæàçàòîðà, à òàêæå íîâûå ó÷àñòêè ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 93,68 êì (ðèñ. 1: 18–44). Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, ïîëíîöåííî çàõâàòèòü íà÷àëî ïðîë¸òà õèùíûõ ïòèö íå óäàëîñü – ñòîÿëà õîðîøàÿ ïîãîäà è ìíîãèå âèäû ïðîäîëæàëè äåðæàòüñÿ íà ñâîèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ íå òîëüêî â ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ, íî è â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ. Ïîýòîìó ôàêòè÷åñêè âñå âûÿâëåííûå ôàêòû ãèáåëè îòíîñèëèñü ê ìåñòíûì ïòèöàì. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáñëåäîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ÏÎ ËÝÏ â ñåçîí 2009 ã. ñîñòàâèëà 136,46 êì. Îáíàðóæåííûå îñòàíêè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ðàíæèðîâàíû íà 3 ãðóïïû: 1. Öåëûé òðóï – òðóï ïòèöû, öåëîñòíîñòü êîòîðîãî íå íàðóøåíà õèùíèêàìè. 2. Óòèëèçèðîâàííûé òðóï – òðóï, ÷àñòè÷íî ñúåäåííûé ÷åòâåðîíîãèì èëè ïåðíàòûì õèùíèêîì, ëèáî ïåðüÿ, îñòàâøèåñÿ íà ìåñòå ïîåäàíèÿ õèùíèêîì òðóïà, âèäîâàÿ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü êîòîðûõ ïîääà¸òñÿ îïðåäåëåíèþ. 3. Êîñòíûå îñòàíêè – êîñòè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö, ïåðüåâîé ïîêðîâ êîòîðûõ ðàçëîæèëñÿ. Ïî ñòåïåíè ðàçëîæåíèÿ îñòàíêîâ îïðåäåëÿëñÿ èõ âîçðàñò: 1. 1–5 äíåé – òðóï áåç ïðèçíàêîâ ðàçëîæåíèÿ ëèáî ñâåæèå ïåðüÿ.

Ñåðãåé Âàæîâ ñ òðóïîì ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca), ïîãèáøåãî íà ËÝÏ â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé ñòåïè. Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Sergey Vazhov with a Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) died by electrocution in the Ust-Kanskaya steppe. Republic of Altai. Photo by E. Nikolenko.

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ which – birds of prey and owls perishes during the breeding season in the zone of PL location managed by departments of «Altaienergo» and the «Altai Mountain Electric Networks». 6. On the surveyed PL the damage of individual death of birds constitutes 2.294 million roubles, averaging 16.81 thousand roubles per 1 km of PL 6–10 kV or 1.12 thousand roubles per an electric pole. 7. A total damage of bird deaths caused by electrocution at using of PL 6–10 kV in the zone of location of PL managed by IRDNC of Siberia is estimated at a minimum 150.1 million roubles a year. 8. Costs of one electric pole retrofitting are covered by the sum of noted damage from bird electrocution on that pole during only one breeding season. Recommendations 1. Forbid the building of new PL 6–10 kV with concrete poles and upright insulators and not isolated wire in all territory of the Altay Kray and the Republic of Altai. 2. Retrofit all concrete poles with upright insulators of existing PL 6–10 kV replacing not insulated energized wires by insulated wires or bird protective devices (BPD). At first time retrofitting should be carried out: – In the Republic of Altai – in forestless territories of steppe depressions and river valleys. – In the Altai Kray – in foothills, mountain steppe and forest-steppe, in the zone of the Altai pine forest borders (zone extending on 3 km from the forest edge). 3. Carry out surveys after retrofitting of PL to estimate efficiency of protective actions. 4. Monitor PL equipped with BPD every year to carry out necessary repair and service in due time.

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 2. 6–12 äíåé – òðóï èëè åãî ôðàãìåíòû ñ ëåãêèìè ïðèçíàêàìè ðàçëîæåíèÿ ëèáî ïåðüÿ ñ çàïàõîì ãíèåíèÿ â îñíîâàíèè î÷èíîâ. 3. 13–21 äåíü – òðóï èëè åãî ôðàãìåíòû ñî ñðåäíèìè ïðèçíàêàìè ðàçëîæåíèÿ ëèáî ïåðüÿ ñ âûñîõøåé òêàíüþ â îñíîâàíèè î÷èíîâ, ñêîìêàâøèåñÿ ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì îñàäêîâ è ñîëíå÷íîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ. 4. 3–4 íåäåëè – ñèëüíî ðàçëîæèâøèéñÿ òðóï ëèáî ñèëüíî «ïîòð¸ïàííûå» ïåðüÿ, ÷àñòî ñî ñëåäàìè ðàçðóøåíèÿ ïóõîåäàìè. 5. 1–3 ìåñÿöà – êîñòíî-ïåðüåâûå îñòàíêè. 6. 4–12 ìåñÿöåâ – òîëüêî êîñòè.

Ðèíóð Áåêìàíñóðîâ ñ òðóïîì ñàïñàíà, ïîãèáøåãî íà ËÝÏ â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè (ââåðõó) è Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî ñ òðóïîì ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis), ïîãèáøåãî íà ËÝÏ â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé ñòåïè (âíèçó). Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Rinur Bekmansurov with a Peregrine Falcon died by electrocution in the Chuya steppe (upper)and Elvira Nikolenko with electrocuted Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) in the Ust-Kanskaya steppe (bottom). Republic of Altai. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Êàìåðàëüíàÿ ðàáîòà Êàìåðàëüíàÿ îáðàáîòêà ñîáðàííûõ äàííûõ ïðîâåäåíà â ñðåäå ÃÈÑ ïî ìåòîäèêå, àïðîáèðîâàííîé â 2008 ã. (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008): ðàññ÷èòàíû ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè òî÷åê ãèáåëè ïòèö, îïðåäåëåíà çîíà âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ äëÿ ðàçíûõ âèäîâ íà ìîäåëüíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ íà îñíîâàíèè

äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó ãíåçäàìè ñîñåäíèõ ïàð è äèñòàíöèé îò ãí¸çä äî ÏÎ ËÝÏ. Â ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé ñåòåâîé êîìïàíèè áûëà çàïðîøåíà èíôîðìàöèÿ î ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå è Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, òî÷íàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ÏÎ ËÝÏ â ýòèõ ðåãèîíàõ îñòàëàñü íåèçâåñòíîé. Ïî èìåþùèìñÿ êàðòàì ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü âñåõ ëèíèé 6–10 êÂ áûëà îöåíåíà â 24 òûñ. êì, îäíàêî ýòà öèôðà âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ ëèíèè ñ äåðåâÿííûìè îïîðàìè, ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ áåçîïàñíûìè äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà êðóïíûõ ïòèö, à òàêæå îñíàù¸ííûå ÑÈÏ-3. Íà ìîäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ îêîëî 10–11% – ýòî ëèíèè íà áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ ñî øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè è íåèçîëèðîâàííûì ïðîâîäîì. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî âî âñ¸ì ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ðåãèîíå ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ÏÎ ËÝÏ ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 2,88 òûñ. êì – èìåííî ýòà âåëè÷èíà áðàëàñü çà îñíîâó ïðè îöåíêå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ íà ïòèö ðåãèîíà è ðàñ÷¸òå óùåðáà. Óùåðá, ïðè÷èíÿåìûé âëàäåëüöàìè ÏÎ ËÝÏ, ðàññ÷èòàí ïî «Ìåòîäèêå èñ÷èñëåíèÿ ðàçìåðà âðåäà, ïðè÷èí¸ííîãî îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, à òàêæå èíûì îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, íå îòíîñÿùèìñÿ ê îáúåêòàì îõîòû è ðûáîëîâñòâà è ñðåäå èõ îáèòàíèÿ» (Âûäåðæêè…, 2008). Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàáîòû Âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ñ ñåòåâûìè ñòðóêòóðàìè Íà òåððèòîðèè Ñèáèðñêîãî ôåäåðàëüíîãî îêðóãà äåéñòâóåò êðóïíåéøàÿ ðàñïðåäåëèòåëüíàÿ ñåòåâàÿ êîìïàíèÿ ÎÀÎ «Ìåæðåãèîíàëüíàÿ ðàñïðåäåëèòåëüíàÿ ñåòåâàÿ êîìïàíèÿ Ñèáèðè» («ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè»), îñóùåñòâëÿþùàÿ òðàíñïîðò ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè ïî ðàñïðåäåëèòåëüíûì ñåòÿì íà òåððèòîðèÿõ ðåñïóáëèê Àëòàé, Áóðÿòèÿ, Õàêàñèÿ è Òûâà, Àëòàéñêîãî, Çàáàéêàëüñêîãî è Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðà¸â, Êåìåðîâñêîé, Îìñêîé è Òîìñêîé îáëàñòåé. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ËÝÏ âñåãî Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà âõîäèò â çîíó å¸ âëèÿíèÿ. Àëòàéñêèé êðàé è Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé äî èþíÿ 2009 ã. íàõîäèëèñü â çîíå îòâåòñòâåííîñòè ôèëèàëà «Àëòàéýíåðãî», à ïîçæå â Ðåñïóáëèêå áûë ñîçäàí íîâûé ôèëèàë «ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè» «Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñêèå ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ñåòè». Íà ïåðâîì ýòàïå ðåàëèçàöèè ïðîåêòà ðóêîâîäñòâó ôèëèàëà Àëòàéýíåðãî, à òàêæå â ãîëîâíóþ îðãàíèçàöèþ êîìïàíèè áûëî íàïðàâëåíî èíôîðìàöèîííîå ïèñüìî î íà÷àëå ïðîåêòà ñ ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà. Ê ïèñüìó áûëè ïðèëîæåíû

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 1. Óðîâåíü ãèáåëè ïòèö íà îñìîòðåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ â 2009 ã. Íóìåðàöèÿ ËÝÏ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 1. Table 1. Rates of bird deaths by electrocution on surveyed PL in 2009. Numbers of PL are similar with numbers in the fig. 1

Íîìåð ID

Äëèíà (ì) Length (m)

Ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä Breeding season Ïîãèáøèå Ïëîòíîñòü ïòèöû (îñ./1 êì ËÝÏ) ElectrocutDensity ed birds (ind./1 km PL)

Ïåðèîä íà÷àëà îñåííåãî ïðîëåòà At the beginning of autumn migration Ïîãèáøèå ïòèöû Electrocuted birds

Ïëîòíîñòü (îñ./1 êì ËÝÏ) Density (ind./1 km PL)

Âñåãî çà 2009 ã. Total in 2009 Ïîãèáøèå Ïëîòíîñòü ïòèöû (îñ./1 êì ËÝÏ) ElectrocutDensity ed birds (ind./1 km PL)

1087

4.60

1092

13.74

8.25

21.99

1327

0.75

4201

4.52

2.62

7.14

2661

7.89

1.50

9.40

293

10.24

674

10.38

7.42

17.80

849

166

18.02

1925

7.79

5.20

12.99

6879

3.63

2.03

5.67

2454

9527

0.84

1.89

2.73

214

51.46

4.67

56.06

504

1.98

3.95

7492

1.74

0.53

2.26

1409

1.42

11046

2.44

7915

0.76

698

1.43

3430

5.25

729

6.85

2002

0.50

20006

1.65

6685

3.29

1215

1.65

518

5.80

2012

3.48

2458

6.10

2510

2.79

2125

3.29

6707

2.39

2628

2336

11879

3.79

3058

0.98

254

172

230

531

163

670

1.49

1525

0.66

144

3.37

302

2.24

446

3.27

Âñåãî / Total 136464

Raptor Conservation

Ðèñ. 2. Õàðàêòåð óòèëèçàöèè ôàêòè÷åñêè íàáëþäàåìûõ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ëåòîì (ââåðõó) è îñåíüþ (âíèçó). Fig. 2. Character of bird remains surveyed during summer (upper) and autumn (bottom).

Ðèñ. 3. Âîçðàñò îñòàíêîâ ôàêòè÷åñêè íàáëþäàåìûõ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ëåòîì (ââåðõó) è îñåíüþ (âíèçó). Fig. 3. Age of bird remains surveyed during summer (upper) and autumn (bottom).

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ìàòåðèàëû – ñâåäåíèÿ î ïðîáëåìå è îïûòå å¸ ðåøåíèÿ â äðóãèõ ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè, òåõíè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ñîâðåìåííûõ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ (ÏÇÓ ÊÏ-1Á; ÃÎÑÒ 16337-77; 16338-85), à òàêæå îáçîð çàêîíîäàòåëüíîé áàçû ÐÔ, ðåãóëèðóþùåé äàííóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü. Â îòâåò ïîñëåäîâàëà äîñòàòî÷íî áûñòðàÿ ðåàêöèÿ «ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè» – â ëèöå ãëàâíîãî ñïåöèàëèñòà îòäåëà áåçîïàñíîñòè ïðîèçâîäñòâà Äåïàðòàìåíòà ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîãî êîíòðîëÿ è îõðàíû òðóäà êîìïàíèÿ âûðàçèëà ãîòîâíîñòü ê ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâó. Ðàáî÷àÿ âñòðå÷à Êîîðäèíàòîðà ïðîåêòà Ñèáýêîöåíòðà ñ ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè ñåòåâîé êîìïàíèè ñîñòîÿëàñü 24 àïðåëÿ. Íà íåé áûëè ïðèíÿòû ñëåäóþùèå ðåøåíèÿ: 1. Ðàçðàáîòàòü ïðîãðàììó âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñ ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáýêîöåíòð» ïî ïðîáëå-

ìå ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ. 2. Îïðåäåëèòü ïîòðåáíîñòü â ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâàõ äëÿ ôèëèàëîâ ÎÀÎ «ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè». 3. Ïîäãîòîâèòü ïðîåêò ïðîãðàììû ïî îñíàùåíèþ ÏÇÓ îáúåêòîâ ÎÀÎ «ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè». 4. Ïîäãîòîâèòü òðåáîâàíèÿ ïî çàïîëíåíèþ àêòîâ è ðàññëåäîâàíèþ òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàðóøåíèé, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ ãèáåëüþ ïòèö. 5. Ïîäãîòîâèòü èçìåíåíèÿ è äîïîëíåíèÿ â ðååñòð ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ àñïåêòîâ (ÑÎ «Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû. Ðååñòð»). 6. Ïðåäîñòàâèòü â ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáýêîöåíòð» ñõåìû ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ íà çàïðîøåííûå ðàéîíû. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ìåæäó «ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè» è Ñèáýêîöåíòðîì áûëî äîñòèãíóòî ñîãëàøåíèå î ñîâìåñòíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ñ öåëüþ îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû â çîíå ïðîõîæäåíèÿ ËÝÏ ÌÐÑÊ, çàùèòû ïòèö îò ïîâðåæäåíèé è ãèáåëè íà ËÝÏ, ïðåäîõðàíåíèÿ ËÝÏ îò àâàðèéíûõ ñèòóàöèé, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ ïîïàäàíèåì ïòèö íà òîêîíåñóùèå êîíñòðóêöèè. Îòäåë áåçîïàñíîñòè ïðîèçâîäñòâà êîìïàíèè ïîäãîòîâèë ïðîåêò ïðîãðàììû ïî îñíàùåíèþ ËÝÏ ÏÇÓ è íà 2010 ã. áûëè çàëîæåíû ñðåäñòâà íà å¸ ðåàëèçàöèþ. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, íåñìîòðÿ íà ïðèíÿòûå ðåøåíèÿ, êîìïàíèÿ íå ñìîãëà äî îêîí÷àíèÿ ïðîåêòà ïðåäîñòàâèòü ïîîïîðíûå ñõåìû ËÝÏ íà ðàéîíû èññëåäîâàíèÿ, ÷òî ñäåëàëî íåâîçìîæíûì îöåíèòü íåãàòèâíîå âëèÿíèå ÏÎ ËÝÏ íà ïòèö âñåãî ðåãèîíà, ïîýòîìó îöåíêà ïîëó÷èëàñü áîëüøå ýêñïåðòíàÿ, à ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî ðåçóëüòàòó ïðîåêòà ïðèøëîñü îñíîâûâàòü òîëüêî íà äàííûõ, ñîáðàííûõ â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè. Ïîëåâûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ Â ðåçóëüòàòå îñìîòðà ÏÎ ËÝÏ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè 144 ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 33,68 îñòàíêîâ/10 êì ëèíèé. Â çàâèñèìîñòè îò òèïà áèîòîïîâ è ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè ëèíèè ê òîìó èëè èíîìó îáúåêòó àíòðîïîãåííîé èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ïëîòíîñòü ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö âàðüèðîâàëà â øèðîêèõ ïðåäåëàõ îò 0 äî 51,46 îñòàíêîâ íà 1 êì ëèíèé (òàáë. 1). Ìàêñèìàëüíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö íàáëþäàþòñÿ â îñíîâíîì íà êîðîòêèõ îòâîäêàõ, ïðîõîäÿùèõ ÷åðåç íàèáîëåå ïðèâëåêàòåëüíûå êîðìîâûå áèîòîïû (óðåç âîäû, êðàé êîëîíèè ñóñëèêîâ Spermophilus sp., óáðàííûé ñåíîêîñ è ò.ï.). Â îäíîðîäíûõ áèîòîïàõ ïðè äîñòàòî÷íî áîëüøîé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ãèáåëü ïòèö íàáëþäàåòñÿ áîëåå ðàâíîìåðíî ïî

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Êîðøóíû ÿâëÿþòñÿ îñíîâíûìè óòèëèçàòîðàìè òðóïîâ ãèáíóùèõ íà ËÝÏ ïòèö â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå (ââåðõó) è ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Kites are the main consumers of birds died from electrocution in the Altai Kray (upper) and in the Republic of Altai (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.

ëèíèè ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ, â îñíîâíîì, îò 0,75 äî 7,89 îñòàíêîâ íà 1 êì ëèíèé. Ñðåäè îáíàðóæåííûõ îñòàíêîâ ïòèö àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðîâàëè óòèëèçèðîâàííûå òðóïû – 61,1% (20,58 îñòàíêîâ/10 êì ëèíèé) (ðèñ. 2), ïðè÷¸ì â 30% ñëó÷àåâ ýòî áûëè äîñòàòî÷íî ñâåæèå ïåðüÿ ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ íà ËÝÏ â òå÷åíèå ïàðû äíåé äî ìîìåíòà èõ îáíàðóæåíèÿ. Öåëûå òðóïû ñîñòàâèëè 24,3% (8,19 îñòàíêîâ/10 êì ëèíèé). Ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé îñîáåííîñòüþ òåððèòîðèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ êðàéíå íèçêîå êîëè÷åñòâî êîñòíûõ îñòàíêîâ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö. Îíè áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ëèøü íà äâóõ ëèíèÿõ çà ïðåäåëàìè ãîð (14,6%). Ïðè äîñòàòî÷íî íèçêîé ïëîòíîñòè êîñòíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö íà îñìîòðåííûõ ëèíèÿõ â öåëîì (4,91 îñòàíêîâ/10 êì ëèíèé), íà ëèíèè ¹5 (ðèñ. 1) âäîëü áîðîâîé ëåíòû â Ìàìîíòîâñêîì ð-íå èõ ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 7,14 îñòàíêîâ/1 êì ëèíèé. Íèçêèé óðîâåíü îáíàðóæåíèÿ êîñòíûõ îñòàíêîâ ïòèö ïîä îïîðàìè ÏÎ ËÝÏ â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ ìîæíî îáúÿñíèòü ëèøü èõ èíòåíñèâíîé óòèëèçàöèåé. ×òî æå êàñàåòñÿ àðòåôàêòà íàáëþäåíèé íà ëèíèè ¹5, òî çäåñü âîçìîæíà ïîâûøåííàÿ ãèáåëü ïòèö â ïåðèîä ìèãðàöèé. Îáðàùàåò âíèìàíèå òî, ÷òî ñðåäè îñòàíêîâ, îáíàðóæåííûõ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä, ïðàêòè÷åñêè îòñóòñòâóåò âîçðàñòíàÿ ãðóïïà ñëàáî è ñðåäíå ðàçëàãàþùèõñÿ òóøåê. Â

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ õîäå ðàáîòû óäàâàëîñü îáíàðóæèâàòü òðóïû ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ â òå÷åíèå îäíîãî èëè íåñêîëüêèõ äíåé (n=144; 17,4%) ëèáî ñ ïðèçíàêàìè ñèëüíîãî ðàçëîæåíèÿ, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò êàê ìèíèìóì 3–4 íåäåëÿì ñî äíÿ ãèáåëè (27,8%) (ðèñ. 3). Ïîëíîñòüþ âûïàëà èç íàáëþäåíèé ãðóïïà òðóïîâ ñî ñðîêîì äàâíîñòè îò 5 äî 20 äíåé, ïðè÷¸ì çà âåñü ïåðèîä íàáëþäåíèé ñ ìàÿ ïî èþëü. Âàæíûì ïîêàçàòåëåì äëÿ ðàñ÷¸òà ðåàëüíîé ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñêîðîñòü óòèëèçàöèè òðóïîâ. Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî ýòîò ïîêàçàòåëü ÿâëÿåòñÿ óíèêàëüíûì äëÿ êàæäîé ËÝÏ è çàâèñèò îò òàêèõ ôàêòîðîâ, êàê òèï áèîòîïà, ïëîòíîñòü ïåðíàòûõ è ÷åòâåðîíîãèõ õèùíèêîâ, ÷èñëåííîñòü äðóãèõ îáúåêòîâ äîáû÷è, ìåñÿö íàáëþäåíèé, èíòåíñèâíîñòü âûïàñà ñêîòà è ò.ä. Îöåíêà âñåõ ýòèõ ôàêòîðîâ, à òàêæå ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûé ðàñ÷¸ò ñêîðîñòè óòèëèçàöèè íà îñíîâàíèè ñòàöèîíàðíûõ íàáëþäåíèé, âûõîäÿò çà ðàìêè äàííîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ. Îäíàêî, íàáëþäàåìàÿ êàðòèíà äà¸ò âîçìîæíîñòü ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä ñêîðîñòü óòèëèçàöèè òðóïîâ âî âñ¸ì ðåãèîíå èññëåäîâàíèé î÷åíü âûñîêà, è, òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðàññ÷èòàííûå âåëè÷èíû ãèáåëè ïòèö ÿâëÿþòñÿ ëèøü ñàìîé ìèíèìàëüíîé îöåíêîé. Îñíîâíûì óòèëèçàòîðîì òðóïîâ ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ íà ËÝÏ, êàê â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå, òàê è â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé, ÿâëÿåòñÿ êîðøóí (Milvus migrans). Êàê ïðàâèëî ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ êîðøóíû óíîñÿò òóøêè èç-ïîä îïîð, íå îñòàâëÿÿ ñëåäîâ ãèáåëè ïòèöû – òàêèå ñëó÷àè íåâîçìîæíî çàôèêñèðîâàòü, è îíè âûïàäàþò èç ó÷¸òà ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö. Îäíàêî, êîãäà êîðøóíû (êàê ïðàâèëî, ýòî íåðàçìíîæàþùèåñÿ ïòèöû), ïîåäàþò òðóïû íà ìåñòå ãèáåëè, ïîä îïîðîé îñòàþòñÿ ïåðüÿ, ïî êîòîðûì ìîæíî èäåíòèôèöèðîâàòü îáúåêò. Â ïîèñêàõ ïèùè êîðøóíû ñàìè ðåãóëÿðíî ïðèñàæèâàþòñÿ íà îïîðû ËÝÏ è ãèáíóò íà íèõ, óâåëè÷èâàÿ òåì ñàìûì ïå÷àëüíóþ ñòàòèñòèêó. Èíòåðåñíî òî, ÷òî èìåííî íà ó÷àñòêàõ ñ ïîãèáøèìè êîðøóíàìè â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ íåäåëü íàáëþäàåòñÿ ìèíèìàëüíàÿ óòèëèçàöèÿ òóøåê. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, íà ó÷àñòêå ÏÎ ËÝÏ ¹10 âî âðåìÿ îñìîòðà 29 ìàÿ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ëèøü óòèëèçèðîâàííûå îñòàíêè ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca). Ïðè îñìîòðå ýòîé æå ëèíèè 21 èþëÿ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû äîñòàòî÷íî ñòàðûå îñòàíêè äâóõ êîðøóíîâ è îñòàíêè 12-òè âðàíîâûõ ðàçíîé ñòåïåíè óòèëèçàöèè è âîçðàñòà, â òîì ÷èñëå 8 ñâåæèõ òðóïîâ. Îïðåäåë¸ííî, âðàíîâûå ãèáëè íà ëèíèè è â ìàå, ò.ê. â ïîëîñå øèðèíîé 500 ì îáíàðóæåíî 6 ïóñòóþùèõ ïîñòðîåê âîðîíû (Corvus cornix) è ñîðîêè (Pica pica), íî èõ òðóïû óíîñèëèñü êîðøó-

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Òàáë. 2. Âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ, êîëè÷åñòâî è ïëîòíîñòü ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö íà îñìîòðåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ â 2009 ã. Table 2. List of species, number and density of electrocuted birds on the surveyed power lines in 2009.

Êîëè÷åñòâî Number

Äîëÿ (%) Portion (%)

Ïëîòíîñòü (îñ./10 êì ËÝÏ) Density (ind./10 km PL)

2.78

0.94

2.65

0.59

2.69

0.88

Äîëÿ (%) Portion (%)

Êîëè÷åñòâî Number

Ïëîòíîñòü (îñ./10 êì ËÝÏ) Density (ind./10 km PL)

Âñåãî çà 2009 ã. Total in 2009

Äîëÿ (%) Portion (%)

Âîðîí (Corvus corax)

Ïåðèîä íà÷àëà îñåííåãî ïðîëåòà At the beginning of autumn migration

Êîëè÷åñòâî Number

Ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä Breeding season

Ïëîòíîñòü (îñ./10 êì ËÝÏ) Density (ind./10 km PL)

Âèä / Species

Âîðîíà ñåðàÿ (Corvus cornix)

8.33

2.81

13.25

2.96

11.66

3.81

Âîðîíà ÷¸ðíàÿ (Corvus corone)

11.81

3.98

4.64

1.04

6.95

2.27 4.98

Ãàëêà (Corvus monedula, C. dauricus)

4.17

1.40

20.53

4.59

15.25

Ãðà÷ (Corvus frugilegus)

26.39

8.89

19.21

4.29

21.52

7.03

Ñîðîêà (Pica pica)

9.72

3.27

7.28

1.63

8.07

2.64

Âðàíîâûå (Corvidae ssp.)

7.64

2.57

2.65

0.59

4.26

1.39

Ñêâîðåö (Sturnus vulgaris)

1.32

0.30

0.90

0.29

Òðÿñîãóçêà áåëàÿ (Motacilla alba)

0.33

0.07

0.22

0.07

Ãîëóáü ñèçûé (Columba livia)

0.33

0.07

0.22

0.07

0.66

0.15

1.12

0.37

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca)

2.08

0.70

1.39

0.47

Ïîäîðëèê áîëüøîé (Aquila clanga) Îð¸ë ñòåïíîé (Aquila nipalensis)

0.66

0.15

0.45

0.15

2.98

0.67

2.47

0.81

Îð¸ë (Aquila sp.)

1.39

0.47

0.45

0.15

Êàíþê (Buteo buteo)

2.08

0.70

2.65

0.59

2.47

0.81

12.50

4.21

8.28

1.85

9.64

3.15

Êóðãàííèê ìîõíîíîãèé (Buteo hemilasius)

0.69

0.23

0.22

0.07

Êóðãàííèê îáûêíîâåííûé (Buteo rufinus)

0.69

0.23

0.22

0.07

Êîðøóí (Milvus migrans)

Òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis)

1.39

0.47

4.64

1.04

3.59

1.17

Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus)

0.69

0.23

0.33

0.07

0.45

0.15

ßñòðåáèíûå (Accipitridae sp.)

2.08

0.70

0.00

0.67

0.22

Ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus)

2.78

0.94

7.28

1.63

5.83

1.91

Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus)

0.69

0.23

0.22

0.07

0.69

0.23

144

100

33.68

Ñîâà óøàñòàÿ (Asio otus) Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) Âñåãî / Total

1 302

íàìè ê ãíåçäó, ïîýòîìó è íå áûëè íàéäåíû ïîä îïîðàìè. Ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî òàêèå ðåäêèå âèäû, êàê ìîãèëüíèê è ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) ÷àñòî ïîåäàþò òðóïû ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ, ïðè ýòîì òàêæå ñòàíîâÿòñÿ îáúåêòàìè ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì, êàê è êîðøóíû. Â Óñòü-Êàííñêîé ñòåïè íà ó÷àñòêå ÏÎ ËÝÏ ¹13 ïîä îïîðîé, ðàñïîëàãàâøåéñÿ â 100 ì îò ïðèñàäû ìîãèëüíèêà, îáíàðóæåíû ñâåæèå îñòàíêè òåòåðåâÿòíèêà (Accipiter gentilis), ñúåäåííîãî îðëîì, à ïîä ïðèñàäîé îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè ðàçíîé ñâåæåñòè åù¸ äâóõ òåòåðåâÿòíèêîâ è îäíîãî ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà (Accipiter nisus), ïî âñåì ïðèçíàêàì

0.33 100

0.07 22.36

0.22

0.07

0.22

0.07

446

100

32.68

ïîãèáøèõ íà ËÝÏ è óíåñ¸ííûõ èç-ïîä íå¸ îðëîì. Íà ó÷àñòêå, êîíòðîëèðóåìîì ìîãèëüíèêîì, öåëûå òðóïû îòñóòñòâîâàëè, à óòèëèçèðîâàííûõ îñòàíêîâ áûëî â 1,5 ðàçà ìåíüøå, ÷åì íà ïðèëåãàþùèõ ó÷àñòêàõ ýòîé æå ëèíèè. Ïàðòí¸ð ìîãèëüíèêà ïîãèá íà ýòîé æå ËÝÏ, à ãíåçäî, óñòðîåííîå â 390 ì îò ËÝÏ, â ïåðèîä îñìîòðà ïóñòîâàëî. Àíàëèç êîëè÷åñòâà îñòàíêîâ â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñî ñðîêîì èõ äàâíîñòè ïîçâîëÿåò ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî â òå÷åíèå 1–2-õ íåäåëü ïîñëå ãèáåëè òóøêè èíòåíñèâíî óòèëèçèðóþòñÿ õèùíèêàìè, è ïîä ËÝÏ îñòàþòñÿ ëèøü ðàçëàãàþùèåñÿ îñòàíêè, êîòîðûå âîâðåìÿ íå áûëè óòèëèçèðîâàíû (ðèñ. 3).

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ðèñ. 4. Ïëîòíîñòü ôàêòè÷åñêè íàáëþäàåìûõ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö, ðàíæèðîâàííûõ ïî âîçðàñòó îñòàíêîâ. Fig. 4. Density of surveyed remains of birds ranged on age of remains.

Òðàíñôîðìàòîð ñ ôàçîé, çàìûêàþùåé íà êîðïóñ, â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè (Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé). Ïîìèìî ïòèö çäåñü ãèáíåò è äîìàøíèé ñêîò. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Transformer extremely hazardous not only for birds but for animals in the Chuyskaya steppe (Republic of Altai). Photos by I. Karyakin.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, áûëî ðàññ÷èòàíî ñîîòíîøåíèå ìåæäó êîëè÷åñòâîì ñâåæèõ òðóïîâ è òðóïîâ, óòèëèçèðóåìûõ è îñòàþùèõñÿ ãíèòü ïîä îïîðîé ËÝÏ. Òàêèõ îñòàâøèõñÿ ãíèòü îñòàíêîâ, ñðîêîì äàâíîñòè îò òð¸õ íåäåëü äî òð¸õ ìåñÿöåâ, áûëî ó÷òåíî 98, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ñðåäíåì ñåìè òðóïàì çà êàæäûå 5 äíåé, òîãäà êàê ñî ñðîêîì äàâíîñòè îò 1 äî 5 äíåé áûëî ó÷òåíî 25 ñëó÷àåâ ãèáåëè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â ñðåäíåì êàæäûå 5 äíåé èç 25 ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö 7 ïòèö íå óòèëèçèðóþòñÿ õèùíèêàìè, à îñòàþòñÿ ãíèòü ïîä îïîðîé, è ïî èñòå÷åíèè íåêîòîðîãî âðåìåíè (áîëüøå íåäåëè) óäà¸òñÿ íàáëþäàòü ëèøü 28% îñòàíêîâ, à äðóãèå 72% ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö âûïàäàþò èç ó÷¸òà. Êàê áûëî ñêàçàíî âûøå, âñåãî â õîäå ëåòíåãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ íà 42,8 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ ó÷òåíî 25 ñâåæèõ òðóïîâ è óòèëèçèðîâàííûõ îñòàòêîâ ñðîêîì äàâíîñòè îò 1 äî 5 äíåé. Â ëèíåéíîé ìîäåëè, êîãäà íà ïðîòÿæåíèè òð¸õ ìåñÿöåâ ãíåçäîâîãî ïåðèîäà (ìàé–èþëü) âåðîÿòíîñòü ãèáåëè ïòèö îñòà¸òñÿ ïîñòîÿííîé, à âûáðàííûå ìîäåëüíûå ïëîùàäè ðàâíîìåðíî îòðàæàþò ñèòóàöèþ â èññëåäóåìîì ðåãèîíå, â ñðåäíåì ïî ðåãèîíó êàæäûå 5 äíåé ãèáíåò 5,84 ïòèö/10 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 35,04 ïòèö/10 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ â ìåñÿö èëè 105,12 ïòèö/10 êì ÏÎ

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ËÝÏ çà òðè ìåñÿöà ãíåçäîâîãî ïåðèîäà. Ýòî â 3,1 ðàçà áîëüøå ôàêòè÷åñêè íàáëþäàåìîãî ïîêàçàòåëÿ. Ïîíÿòíî, ÷òî çàâèñèìîñòü íå ìîæåò áûòü ëèíåéíîé è óðîâåíü ãèáåëè ñóùåñòâåííî èçìåíÿåòñÿ â ðàçíûõ áèîòîïàõ, îäíàêî äëÿ ìîäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèé äàííûå ïîêàçàòåëè ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü îáúåêòèâíûìè, à ñðåäíèå ïî ðåãèîíó ïîêàçàòåëè âðÿä ëè áóäóò îòëè÷àòüñÿ áîëåå ÷åì íà 30%. Âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ íà ËÝÏ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä, îêàçàëñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî áåäíûì – ýòî âðàíîâûå (n=144) – 70,83% è ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè – 29,17%. Ñðåäè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ (n=42) ïðåîáëàäàëè õèùíûå ïòèöû ñåì. ßñòðåáèíûõ ñðåäíåãî ðàçìåðíîãî êëàññà (66,67%): êîðøóí, êàíþê (Buteo buteo), òåòåðåâÿòíèê. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî êîðøóí, àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóþùèé ñðåäè õèùíèêîâ (n=42; 42,86%), âõîäèò è â ñîñòàâ äîìèíàíòîâ ñðåäè âñåõ ãèáíóùèõ íà ËÝÏ ïòèö (n=144) – 12,5%, íàðÿäó ñ ÷¸ðíîé è ñåðîé âîðîíàìè (Corvus corone & C. cornix) – 20,14% è ãðà÷¸ì (Corvus frugilegus) – 26,39% (òàáë. 2). Èç ïòèö, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè, íà îñìîòðåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ËÝÏ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ïîãèáëè 10 îñîáåé ïÿòè âèäîâ (6,94% ïòèö): ìîãèëüíèê (ðèñ. 1, ËÝÏ 10, 14 è, âåðîÿòíî, 5), ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (ðèñ. 1, ËÝÏ 14), êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus) (ðèñ. 1, ËÝÏ 16), ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) (ðèñ. 1, ËÝÏ 16) è ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) (ðèñ. 1, ËÝÏ 7). Ïðè ýòîì, òðè îñîáè âîøëè â ãðóïïó ñî ñðîêîì äàâíîñòè äî 5 äíåé (ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, êóðãàííèê è ñàïñàí). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðèíèìàÿ âî âíèìàíèå óñëîâíî ðàâíóþ âåðîÿòíîñòü ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ, â ñðåäíåì íà ìîäåëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ çà 3 ìåñÿöà ãíåçäîâîãî ïåðèîäà ãèáíåò íå ìåíåå 54 ïòèö «êðàñíîêíèæíûõ» âèäîâ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå îñåííåãî îñìîòðà ÏÎ ËÝÏ îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè 302 ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Ïëîòíîñòü

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Ðèñ. 5. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå æèëûõ è ïóñòóþùèõ ãí¸çä êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ âäîëü ÏÎ ËÝÏ â Àëòàéñêèõ áîðàõ íà ëèíèÿõ 3–5 (ââåðõó) è â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà ëèíèÿõ 13–14 (âíèçó) ïî äàííûì èññëåäîâàíèé â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä. Fig. 5. Distribution of living and empty nests of large raptors along hazardous PL in the Altai pine forests (¹ 3–5) (upper) and in the Ust-Kanskaya steppe (¹13–14) (bottom) following our surveys during the breeding season.

ñîñòàâèëà 32,68 îñòàíêîâ/10 êì ëèíèé. Â îòëè÷èå îò ãíåçäîâîãî ïåðèîäà, íà ó÷àñòêàõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ, ïðîõîäÿùèõ ÷åðåç íàèáîëåå ïðèâëåêàòåëüíûå êîðìîâûå áèîòîïû, íå íàáëþäàëîñü ëîêàëüíî âûñîêèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ïëîòíîñòè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö. Òåì íå ìåíåå, â çîíå âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè äëèííîõâîñòûõ ñóñëèêîâ óðîâåíü ãèáåëè õèùíûõ ïòèö áûë ñóùåñòâåííî âûøå, ÷åì íà äðóãèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ. Â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó ïëîòíîñòü ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö âàðüèðîâàëà â î÷åíü íåáîëüøîì äèàïàçîíå – îò 0 äî 8,25 îñòàíêîâ/1 êì ëèíèé (òàáë. 1). Â îäíîðîä-

íûõ áèîòîïàõ ïðè äîñòàòî÷íî áîëüøîé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ãèáåëü ïòèö íàáëþäàëàñü ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ îò 1,43 äî 4,67 îñòàíêîâ/1 êì ëèíèé. Ïëîòíîñòü ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö â õîäå îñåííåãî îñìîòðà îêàçàëàñü íåñêîëüêî íèæå, ÷åì â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä. Ýòî ìîæíî îáúÿñíèòü â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü òåì, ÷òî ïðîë¸ò åù¸ íå íà÷àëñÿ è íà îñìîòðåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ïðîäîëæàëàñü ãèáåëü ìåñòíûõ ïòèö. Ñðàâíåíèå 16-òè ó÷àñòêîâ ÏÎ ËÝÏ, êîòîðûå ïîñåùàëèñü è ëåòîì, è îñåíüþ, ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ãèáåëü ïòèö, çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííàÿ â ñåíòÿáðå, îêàçàëàñü â 1,7 ðàç ìåíüøå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííîé â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä (19,82 îñòàíêîâ/10 êì ëèíèé è 34,32 îñòàíêîâ/10 êì ëèíèé, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî). Ñðåäè ñîáðàííûõ îñòàíêîâ ïòèö, â îòëè÷èå îò ãíåçäîâîãî ïåðèîäà, äîìèíèðîâàëè öåëûå òðóïû – 59,3% (13,25 îñòàíêîâ/10 êì ëèíèé) (ðèñ. 2), ïðè÷¸ì â 89,4% ñëó÷àåâ (n=179) ýòî áûëè òðóïû ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ íà ËÝÏ â òå÷åíèå 5 äíåé äî ìîìåíòà èõ îáíàðóæåíèÿ. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî, íåñìîòðÿ íà îáùåå ñíèæåíèå ïëîòíîñòè îñòàíêîâ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö, ïëîòíîñòü ñâåæèõ òðóïîâ ôàêòè÷åñêè ñîõðàíèëàñü íà ëåòíåì óðîâíå, à ñ ó÷¸òîì òðóïîâ 2-õ-íåäåëüíîé äàâíîñòè, êîòîðûå âîîáùå íå ôèêñèðîâàëèñü â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä, îêàçàëàñü äàæå âûøå (ðèñ. 4). Óâåëè÷åíèå êîëè÷åñòâà öåëûõ òðóïîâ íà ðàçíûõ ñòàäèÿõ ðàçëîæåíèÿ â îñåííèé ïåðèîä, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ëåòíèì, îïðåäåë¸ííî óêàçûâàåò íà óìåíüøåíèå óðîâíÿ óòèëèçàöèè. Ýòî ìîæíî îáúÿñíèòü íåñêîëüêèìè ôàêòîðàìè: óñëîæíÿþùèìèñÿ ê êîíöó ëåòà óñëîâèÿìè äîáû÷è òðóïîâ èç ïîä ËÝÏ èç-çà âûñîêîé òðàâû, ÷àñòè÷íîé îòêî÷¸âêîé èç ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ «óòèëèçàòîðîâ», íàïðèìåð, êîðøóíîâ, êîíòðîëèðîâàâøèõ ó÷àñòêè ÏÎ ËÝÏ, à òàêæå ïîñòåïåííîé ãèáåëüþ èõ ñàìèõ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ òîêîì. Ê òîìó æå, ïîâòîðíî îñìîòðåíî 24% ëèíèé, íà êîòîðûõ ðàíåå îáíàðóæåííûå îñòàíêè ïòèö íå ó÷èòûâàëèñü – è åñëè â ëåòíåì ó÷¸òå ôèãóðèðóþò îñòàíêè ñðîêîì îò 3-õ ìåñÿöåâ äî ãîäà, òî îñåíüþ íà ýòèõ ëèíèÿõ ó÷¸ò îãðàíè÷èâàëñÿ 3-ìÿ ìåñÿöàìè.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ËÝÏ 13, 18) è áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga) (ðèñ. 1: ËÝÏ 35). Ïðè ýòîì, ëèøü îäèí ñòåïíîé îð¸ë âîø¸ë â ãðóïïó ñî ñðîêîì äàâíîñòè äî 5 äíåé, îñòàëüíûå ïòèöû ïîãèáëè â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä – â èþëå–àâãóñòå.

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà (À) â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ (B) â ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðàõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ (ââåðõó) è ÓñòüÊàíñêîé ñòåïè Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Imperial Eagle (À) located too close to hazardous PL (B) in the Altai pine forests, Altai Kray (upper) and in the Ust-Kanskaya steppe in the Republiñ of Altai (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.

Ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè è êîýôôèöèåíòà óòèëèçàöèè ãîâîðÿò î òîì, ÷òî ïðîë¸ò åù¸ íå íà÷àëñÿ è âñÿ ôèêñèðóåìàÿ â ñåíòÿáðå ãèáåëü îòíîñèòñÿ ê òåððèòîðèàëüíûì ïòèöàì. Îá ýòîì æå ãîâîðèò íèçêàÿ äîëÿ ïîãèáøèõ ìîëîäûõ ïòèö ñðåäè õèùíèêîâ. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, äëÿ êîðøóíà äîëÿ ñë¸òêîâ ñîñòàâèëà 13,33% (n=25), ïðè ýòîì âñå òðóïû êîðøóíîâ èìåþò äàâíîñòü ãèáåëè îò 4 äî 12 íåäåëü ê ìîìåíòó èõ îáíàðóæåíèÿ. Âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ ïîãèáøèõ íà ËÝÏ ïòèö îñåíüþ è ëåòîì áûë ïðèìåðíî îäèíàêîâ – ïî-ïðåæíåìó äîìèíèðîâàëè âðàíîâûå (n=302) – 70,20% è ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè – 27,81%. Ñðåäè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ïîÿâèëèñü ñêâîðöû (Sturnus vulgaris), êðóïíûå ñòàè êîòîðûõ â ýòîò ïåðèîä êî÷óþò ïî òåððèòîðèè ïðåäãîðèé Àëòàÿ è ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ, ÷àñòî ñèäÿò íà ïðîâîäàõ è ãèáíóò, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî âî âðåìÿ äîæäÿ. Ñðåäè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ (n=84) ïðåîáëàäàëè õèùíûå ïòèöû ñåì. ßñòðåáèíûõ ñðåäíåãî ðàçìåðíîãî êëàññà (55,95%): êîðøóí, êàíþê (Buteo buteo), òåòåðåâÿòíèê. Çàìåòíî óâåëè÷èëñÿ óðîâåíü ãèáåëè ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus) – c 9,52% (n=42) ëåòîì äî 26,19% (n=84) â ñåíòÿáðå (òàáë. 2). Èç ïòèö, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè, íà îñìîòðåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ËÝÏ â ñåíòÿáðå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíà ãèáåëü 13 îñîáåé òð¸õ âèäîâ (4,3% ïòèö): ìîãèëüíèê (ðèñ. 1: ËÝÏ 13, 18), ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (ðèñ. 1:

Êàìåðàëüíàÿ ðàáîòà Îäíà èç îñíîâíûõ çàäà÷ êàìåðàëüíîé ðàáîòû – âûÿñíèòü, íàñêîëüêî ñëîæèâøàÿñÿ ñòðóêòóðà ÏÎ ËÝÏ âëèÿåò íà ñõåìó ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö è óðîâåíü çàíÿòîñòè òåððèòîðèé ïî ïðè÷èíå ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ýòèõ ËÝÏ – ðåøåíà ñ ïîìîùüþ ÃÈÑ-àíàëèçà, êîòîðûé ïîçâîëèë âûÿâèòü îïðåäåë¸ííûå çàêîíîìåðíîñòè âî âëèÿíèè ÏÎ ËÝÏ íà çàíÿòîñòü ó÷àñòêîâ êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, íàáëþäåíèÿ çà êîòîðûìè âåäóòñÿ ñ 2003 ã. Íà ìîäåëüíîé òåððèòîðèè â Àëòàéñêèõ áîðàõ (ðèñ. 1: ËÝÏ 3–5) èç òð¸õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 9,17 è 11,36 êì, äâà ïîïàäàþò â çîíó âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ (ðèñ. 5) – äèñòàíöèÿ îò ãíåçäà äî ÏÎ ËÝÏ ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,24 è 0,51 êì, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ¹5, óäàë¸ííîì îò óãëîâîé îïîðû íà 0,51 êì, ðàçìíîæåíèå îòñóòñòâîâàëî ïî ïðè÷èíå ãèáåëè îäíîãî èç ïàðòí¸ðîâ. Íà ëèíèè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíà ãèáåëü äâóõ îðëîâ â ðàííåâåñåííèé ïåðèîä (êîñòíûå îñòàíêè). Çäåñü æå ïðåêðàòèë ñâî¸ ñóùåñòâîâàíèå ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê áàëîáàíîâ (Falco cherrug), ãíåçäî êîòîðîãî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â 2,5 êì îò ÏÎ ËÝÏ, îäíàêî åãî ãèáåëü â òåêóùèé ñåçîí íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ íàõîäêîé îñòàíêîâ íå ïîäòâåðæäåíà. Â ñåíòÿáðå íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíà ãèáåëü ïàðû áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ, ïîãèáøèõ ñ ðàçíèöåé â ìåñÿö â èþëå–àâãóñòå. Íà ìîäåëüíîé òåððèòîðèè â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (ðèñ. 1: ËÝÏ 13–14) âûÿâëåíî 12 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, 3 – ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ è 1 – áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) (ðèñ. 5). Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ìîãèëüíèêîâ âàðüèðóåò îò 1,23 äî 3,17 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=11) 2,3±0,77 êì, ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ – îò 1,35 äî 3,87 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=2) 2,61±1,78 êì. Áîëåå ïîëîâèíû âðåìåíè ïåðèîäà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ îðëû ïðîâîäÿò íà òåððèòîðèè, êàê ìèíèìóì, ïîëîâèíû äèñòàíöèè äî ñîñåäíåãî ó÷àñòêà äðóãîé ïàðû. Ïîýòîìó ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî â çîíó âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ïîïàäàþò âñå ó÷àñòêè îðëîâ, ëåæàùèå íà ðàññòîÿíèè äî 1,15–1,30 êì îò íå¸. Íà äàííîé ìîäåëüíîé òåððèòîðèè ðàññòîÿíèå îò ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêîâ äî ÏÎ ËÝÏ âàðüèðóåò îò 0,39 äî 5,85 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=12) 2,09±1,59 êì, îò ãí¸çä ñòåïíûõ îð-

Raptor Conservation

Ðèñ. 6. Çàíÿòîñòü ãí¸çä îðëîâ (áåðêóò Aquila chrysaetos, ìîãèëüíèê A. heliaca è ñòåïíîé îð¸ë A. nipalensis) â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ è çà å¸ ïðåäåëàìè. Fig. 6. Occupancy of eagle’s nests (Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos, Imperial Eagle A. heliaca and Steppe Eagle A. nipalensis) in a zone of PL impact and out of it. Ðèñ. 7. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñòåïíîãî îðëà â ÓñòüÊàíñêîé ñòåïè è îñòàíêîâ ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ íà ËÝÏ â 2009 ã. Fig. 7. Distribution breeding territories of the Steppe Eagle in the Ust-Kanskaya steppe and remains of birds electrocuted in 2009.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

ëîâ – îò 0,86 äî 1,7 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=3) 1,24±0,43 êì, îò ãíåçäà áåðêóòà – 0,48 êì. Â çîíó âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ îäíîçíà÷íî ïîïàäàþò ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê áåðêóòà, 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ è 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ. Îòìå÷åíî, ÷òî íà ó÷àñòêå áåðêóòà ãíåçäî ïóñòóåò, ïòèöû îòñóòñòâóþò, íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ãí¸çäà ïóñòóþò, ïðè÷¸ì íà îäíîì èç ó÷àñòêîâ çàôèêñèðîâàíà ãèáåëü äâóõ ïòèö, îäíà èç êîòîðûõ ïîãèáëà â äåíü îñìîòðà ËÝÏ, íà 2-õ èç 4-õ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ ãí¸çäà ïóñòóþò (ïðè÷¸ì, íà îäíîì èç íèõ îòìå÷åíà ãèáåëü îáåèõ ïòèö), à íà òðåòüåì ó÷àñòêå îäèí èç ïàðòí¸ðîâ – ïòèöà âîçðàñòà 3–4-õ ëåò, ÿâíî çàìåíèâøàÿ ïîãèáøåãî ðàíåå ïàðòí¸ðà. Â ñåíòÿáðå íà ýòîì æå ó÷àñòêå ËÝÏ çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíà ãèáåëü åù¸ îäíîãî ìîãèëüíèêà è ñòåïíîãî îðëà, ïðè÷¸ì ãèáåëü ïòèö ïðîèçîøëà íàïðîòèâ ãí¸çä, êîòîðûå ëåòîì áûëè æèëûå. Äëÿ ñàïñàíà, èìåþùåãî áîëüøèå îõîòíè÷üè ó÷àñòêè, çîíà âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ìîæåò

áûòü î÷åíü áîëüøîé. Òàê, â Óñòü-Êàëìàíñêîì è Ïåòðîïàâëîâñêîì ðàéîíàõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ ñàìêà è ñàìåö ñàïñàíîâ â ïåðèîä âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ñë¸òêîâ (â íà÷àëå èþëÿ) íàáëþäàëèñü íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ â 3,5 è 4,9 êì îò ãí¸çä, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. À â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè ïîãèáëà ñàìêà èç ïàðû, ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê êîòîðîé íàõîäèëñÿ â óùåëüå Êóðàéñêîãî õðåáòà â 13 êì îò òî÷êè ãèáåëè ïòèöû. Äëÿ ìîäåëüíûõ ïëîùàäåé ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î ðåãóëÿðíîé ãèáåëè îðëîâ íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ, ïðîõîäÿùèõ ÷åðåç èõ ãíåçäîâûå òåððèòîðèè. Åñëè çà ïðåäåëàìè çîíû âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ïóñòóåò ïî òåì èëè èíûì ïðè÷èíàì ëèøü 10% ãí¸çä îðëîâ, òî â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ (n=9) ïóñòóåò 66,7% (ðèñ. 6). Íàèáîëåå óÿçâèìûì, â ñèëó ñâîèõ îñîáåííîñòåé êîðìîäîáû÷è, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñòåïíîé îð¸ë. Äëÿ ýòîãî âèäà äîëÿ ïóñòóþùèõ ó÷àñòêîâ â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ äîñòèãàåò 100%. Ïî ó÷¸òàì 2003–2009 ãã. â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé ñòåïè âûÿâëåíî 10 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ è òîëüêî 2 ïàðû ñîñòîÿëè èç ñòàðûõ ïòèö (20%), îñòàëüíûå ïàðû áûëè ëèáî ïîëíîñòüþ èç ìîëîäûõ ïòèö (40%), ëèáî ñ îäíèì ìîëîäûì ïàðòí¸ðîì (40%), ÷òî ãîâîðèò î ÷àñòîé ãèáåëè ïòèö ýòîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè. Ïðè ýòîì, òîëüêî â ñåçîí 2009 ã. íà 2-õ âåòêàõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 20,57 êì îáíàðóæåíû òðóïû 10 ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (ðèñ. 7). Äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà äîëÿ ïóñòóþùèõ ó÷àñòêîâ â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ïî äâóì ìîäåëüíûì ïëîùàäêàì îïðåäåëåíà â 50%. Òàê èëè èíà÷å, ñóùåñòâåííóþ ðîëü èãðàåò äèñòàíöèÿ îò ÏÎ ËÝÏ äî ãíåçäà, è ÷åì îíà ìåíüøå, òåì âûøå âåðîÿòíîñòü áûñòðîé ãèáåëè ïòèö. Ïðè ýòîì, íà ëèíèÿõ, êîòîðûå òÿíóòñÿ âïëîòíóþ ê îïóøêå ëåñà íà äèñòàíöèè äî 30 ì îò êðàéíèõ äåðåâüåâ, ãèáåëü ìîãèëüíèêîâ íå íàáëþäàåòñÿ ïî òîé ïðè÷èíå, ÷òî îðëû íå ïðèñàæèâàþòñÿ íà îïîðû ýòèõ ËÝÏ, ïðåäïî÷èòàÿ ñèäåòü íà äåðåâüÿõ íàä íèìè. Â öåëîì ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î ðåãóëÿðíîé ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ. Îñòàâøèåñÿ â æèâûõ ïòèöû ïðèâîäÿò ìîëîäûõ ïàðòí¸ðîâ ê ãíåçäó, â ðåçóëüòàòå íàáëþäàåòñÿ ýïèçîäè÷åñêîå ðàçìíîæåíèå, êîòîðîå, êàê ïðàâèëî, çàêàí÷èâàåòñÿ ãèáåëüþ îäíîãî èç ïàðòí¸ðîâ. Åñëè äàæå îáå ïòèöû íà ó÷àñòêå â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ãèáíóò â òåêóùèé ñåçîí, ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà íà ñëåäóþùèé ñåçîí ïðèâëåêàåò ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, êîòîðûå ôîðìèðóþò ïàðó íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå è òàêæå ãèáíóò íà îïîðàõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ áëèç ãíåçäà. Ïîýòîìó â òå÷åíèå ðÿäà ëåò ó÷àñòîê ñ ãíåçäîì â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ìîæåò àêêóìóëèðîâàòü ãèáåëü ñâîáîäíûõ îñîáåé, â íåñêîëüêî ðàç óâåëè÷èâàÿ ãèáåëü ïòèö â

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ðàçâèòèå èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ñîòîâîé ñâÿçè íåñ¸ò â ñåáå îïàñíîñòü äëÿ ïòèö: íåêîòîðûå êîìïàíèè, â ÷àñòíîñòè Áèëàéí, èãíîðèðóÿ ïðèðîäîîõðàííîå çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî, íå îñíàùàþò ÏÇÓ íîâûå ËÝÏ, ïîäàþùèå ýëåêòðè÷åñòâî ê âûøêàì. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. The developing network of mobile communication is turning out a threat to birds because some companies, in particular “Beeline” ignore Russian laws and not retrofit new PL providing electricity to towers with BPD. Photo by I. Karyakin.

öåëîì ïî êîíêðåòíîé òåððèòîðèè. Àíàëèç ñõåì ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ íàèáîëåå èçó÷åííûõ êðóïíûõ õèùíèêîâ, òàêèõ êàê ìîãèëüíèê, ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, áàëîáàí è ñàïñàí, ïîçâîëÿåò ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî 10–13% ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, 9–11% ó÷àñòêîâ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, 4–6% ó÷àñòêîâ ñàïñàíîâ è 2–4% ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíîâ ëåæèò â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì ïðàêòè÷åñêè åæåãîäíî ìîæíî îæèäàòü îòñóòñòâèÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïî ïðè÷èíå ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ íå ìåíåå ÷åì íà 37–49 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, 69–85 – ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, 15–22 – ñàïñàíîâ è 10–20 – áàëîáàíîâ (äëÿ òð¸õ ïåðâûõ âèäîâ ãèáåëü ïòèö ïîäòâåðæäåíà ôàêòè÷åñêèìè íàõîäêàìè). Íà îñíîâàíèè îöåíåííîé íàìè ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè ÏÎ ËÝÏ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå è Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé (2880 êì) è ïîêàçàòåëÿõ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà 4,74% ýòèõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ, ïîëó÷åííûõ â ñåçîí 2009 ã., óäàëîñü ðàññ÷èòàòü ãèáåëü ïòèö â çîíå îòâåòñòâåííîñòè ôèëèàëîâ «Àëòàéýíåðãî» è «Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñêèå ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ñåòè» â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä. Ïðè ñðåäíåé ïëîòíîñòè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö íà ìîäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ (ñ ó÷¸òîì êîýôôèöèåíòà óòèëèçàöèè – 140,16 ïòèö/10 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ çà 4 ìåñÿöà) â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä åæåãîäíî ãèáíåò 40,4 òûñ. îñîáåé. Îêîëî 11,4 òûñ. èç ïîãèáàþùèõ íà ËÝÏ ïòèö – ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ìîãèëüíèê – â ñðåäíåì 452 îñîáè (25,0% îò îöåíî÷íîé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â ðåãèîíå), ñòåïíîé îð¸ë – â ñðåäíåì 997 îñîáåé (45,0%), ñàïñàí – â ñðåäíåì 89 îñîáåé (8,4%). Äëÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà óæå ñóùåñòâóþùàÿ ñèñòåìà ÏÎ ËÝÏ ÿâëÿåòñÿ êðèòè÷åñêîé, âîçìîæíî ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå âèä îòñóòñòâóåò âî ìíîãèõ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ ìàëîé ïëîùàäè ñ ðàçâèòîé ñåòüþ ÏÎ ËÝÏ è íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè ãíåçäîâîé îáëàñòè âèäà â ðåãèîíå äîìèíèðóþò ïàðû ñ ìîëîäûìè ïàðòí¸ðàìè. Óâåëè÷åíèå ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè ÏÎ ËÝÏ â ðåãèîíå â äâà ðàçà áóäåò ÿâëÿòüñÿ óãðîæàþùåé äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà, à â 4–5 ðàç – è äëÿ ñàïñàíà. Èñõîäÿ èç «Ìåòîäèêè èñ÷èñëåíèÿ ðàçìåðà âðåäà, ïðè÷èí¸ííîãî îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ» (Âûäåðæêè…, 2008) óùåðá æèâîòíîìó ìèðó òîëüêî ïî íàáëþäàåìîé

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, ïîãèáøèé íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé ñòåïè (ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Steppe Eagle died from electrocution in the UstKanskaya steppe (Republic of Altai). Photo by I. Karyakin.

ãèáåëè ïòèö íà îñìîòðåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ñîñòàâëÿåò 2 ìëí. 294 òûñ. ðóá. èëè 16,81 òûñ. ðóá./êì ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ. Íà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ 28,25% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà ãèáíóùèõ ïòèö, ïðèõîäèòñÿ 86% ñóììû óùåðáà. Ñ ó÷¸òîì êîýôôèöèåíòà óòèëèçàöèè (3,1) óùåðá ñîñòàâëÿåò ìèíèìóì 7 ìëí. 111 òûñ. ðóá. (52,11 òûñ. ðóá./êì ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ), è ýòî ëèøü 4,74% îò îáùåãî óùåðáà íà òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ è Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé. Ó÷èòûâàÿ îáùóþ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ÏÎ ËÝÏ â çîíå îòâåòñòâåííîñòè äâóõ ôèëèàëîâ «ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè», óùåðá, ñâÿçàííûé ñ ãèáåëüþ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïòèö, ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 150,1 ìëí. ðóá. â ãîä. Ñ ó÷¸òîì ïðîë¸òíûõ ïòèö îí ìîæåò äîñòèãàòü 200–300 ìëí. ðóá. â ãîä. Äàæå ïðè íàáëþäàåìîé ãèáåëè ïòèö ñ óùåðáîì â 16,81 òûñ. ðóá./êì ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ èëè 1,12 òûñ. ðóá. íà îïîðó (ïðè ñðåäíåì êîëè÷åñòâå 15 îïîð/êì â ÏÎ ËÝÏ), ðåàëèçàöèÿ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ýêîíîìè÷åñêè îïðàâäàíà. Ïðè îñíàùåíèè ëèíèé ÏÇÓ ÊÏ-1Á ÎÎÎ «Èçîòåõíîñåðâèñ» (Í. Íîâãîðîä) ðàñõîä íà îäíó îïîðó âàðüèðóåò îò 900 äî 1200 ðóá. â çàâèñèìîñòè îò îáú¸ìà ïîñòàâêè. Ò.å., ðàçîâûé ðàñõîä íà ïòèöåçàùèòíûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ðàâåí íàáëþäàåìîìó ãîäîâîìó óùåðáó îò ãèáåëè ïòèö â ðåçóëüòàòå ýêñïëóàòàöèè ÏÎ ËÝÏ è â 3–4 ðàçà ìåíüøå ôàêòè÷åñêîãî óùåðáà. Âûâîäû 1. Îïîðû ÏÎ ËÝÏ ÿâëÿþòñÿ «ýëåêòðîêàïêàíàìè» äëÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ïîñëåäîâà-

Raptor Conservation

Ïòèöåîïàñíàÿ ËÝÏ (À), ñòðîÿùàÿñÿ ïîä îäíèì èç ãí¸çä êîðøóíà (Â) â åäèíñòâåííîé â Ðîññèè êîëîíèè êîðøóíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà âûñîêîâîëüòíîé ËÝÏ áëèç ï. Êîø-Àãà÷ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Hazardous PL (À), constructing near a nest of the Black Kite (Â)in the unique breeding colony of Kites on Pl with high voltage near Kosh-Agach in the Republic of Altai. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 òåëüíî óíè÷òîæàþùèìè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïòèö â ðåãèîíå. 2. Ìàññîâûå âèäû ïòèö, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî âðàíîâûå, ãèáíóò íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì â áîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå, è èõ òðóïû, ëåæàùèå ïîä îïîðàìè ëèáî âèñÿùèå íà òðàâåðñàõ, ñëóæàò ñâîåîáðàçíîé «ïðèìàíêîé» äëÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, òàêæå óâåëè÷èâàÿ ãèáåëü ïîñëåäíèõ. 3. Ñòåïíûå êîòëîâèíû Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé è îïóøêè ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðîâ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ – íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìûå ðàéîíû, ãäå íàáëþäàåòñÿ ìàññîâàÿ ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ. 4. Â ïðåäãîðüÿõ è ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä íàáëþäàåòñÿ âûñîêèé óðîâåíü óòèëèçàöèè òðóïîâ ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ íà ËÝÏ, êîòîðûé ïîñòåïåííî ïàäàåò ê êîíöó ñåçîíà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Â ñâÿçè ñ âûñîêèì óðîâíåì óòèëèçàöèè òðóïîâ ïòèö íàáëþäàåìàÿ ãèáåëü â 3,1 ðàç ìåíüøå ôàêòè÷åñêîé. 5. Â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä â çîíå îòâåòñòâåííîñòè ôèëèàëîâ «Àëòàéýíåðãî» è «ÃîðíîÀëòàéñêèå ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ñåòè» ãèáíåò îêîëî 40,4 òûñ. ïòèö, îêîëî 11,4 òûñ. èç êîòîðûõ – õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû. 6. Íà îñìîòðåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ çàôèêñèðîâàí óùåðá îò ãèáåëè ïòèö â 2 ìëí. 294 òûñ. ðóá., ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ñðåäíåì 16,81 òûñ. ðóá. íà 1 êì ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ èëè 1,12 òûñ. ðóá. íà îïîðó. 7. Îáùèé óùåðá îò ãèáåëè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïòèö ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ íà òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ è Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé îöåí¸í êàê ìèíèìóì â 150,1 ìëí. ðóá. 8. Ñòîèìîñòü îñíàùåíèÿ ÏÇÓ îäíîé îïîðû ÏÎ ËÝÏ ðàâíà ñóììå íàáëþäàåìîãî óùåðáà îò ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ýòîé îïîðå â òå÷åíèå ëèøü îäíîãî ãíåçäîâîãî ñåçîíà. Ðåêîìåíäàöèè Â öåëÿõ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ îõðàíû îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè

ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ è ñíèæåíèÿ èõ íåãàòèâíîãî âëèÿíèÿ íà ôàóíèñòè÷åñêèå êîìïëåêñû Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ è Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé íåîáõîäèìî, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, èñêëþ÷èòü âîçìîæíîñòü êîíòàêòà ïòèö ñ îòêðûòûìè (íåèçîëèðîâàííûìè) ÷àñòÿìè ýëåêòðîîáîðóäîâàíèÿ. Äëÿ ýòîãî ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ: 1. Çàïðåòèòü ñòðîèòåëüñòâî íîâûõ ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ íà áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ ñî øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè è íåèçîëèðîâàííûì ïðîâîäîì íà âñåé òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ è Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé. Îáÿçàòü ïîëüçîâàòåëåé ïðè âîçâåäåíèè íîâûõ ËÝÏ èñïîëüçîâàòü ëèáî èçîëèðîâàííûé ïðîâîä ÑÈÏ-3 (ÃÎÑÒ Ð 52373-2005), ëèáî, ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè íåèçîëèðîâàííîãî ïðîâîäà, ðàñïîëàãàòü ïðîâîä íà ïîäâåñíûõ èçîëÿòîðàõ èëè èñïîëüçîâàòü äåðåâÿííûå îïîðû ñ ðàñïîëîæåíèåì èçîëÿòîðîâ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íà îïîðå. 2. Ïðîèçâåñòè çàìåíó íåèçîëèðîâàííîãî òîêîíåñóùåãî ïðîâîäà íà âñåõ ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ íà áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ ñî øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè íà èçîëèðîâàííûé ïðîâîä ÑÈÏ-3 ëèáî, â êà÷åñòâå òåõíè÷åñêîãî ðåøåíèÿ, àëüòåðíàòèâíîãî óñòàíîâêå ÑÈÏ-3, îáîðóäîâàòü ËÝÏ ñïåöèàëüíûìè ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè (ÏÇÓ), îáåñïå÷èâàþùèìè çàùèòó ïòèö íà äåéñòâóþùèõ ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ «Òðåáîâàíèÿìè ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè îñóùåñòâëåíèè ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ïðîöåññîâ, à òàêæå ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàíñïîðòíûõ ìàãèñòðàëåé, òðóáîïðîâîäîâ, ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è» (óòâåðæäåíû ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÔ îò 13 àâãóñòà 1996 ã. ¹ 997). Â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü îñóùåñòâèòü çàìåíó ïðîâîäà èëè îñíàùåíèå ËÝÏ ÏÇÓ: – â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé – íà áåçëåñíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ â Êîø-Àãà÷ñêîì ðàéîíå â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè, â Óñòü-Êîêñèíñêîì ðàéîíå â Óéìîíñêîé ñòåïè, â Àáàéñêîé ñòåïè, â Óñòü-Êàíñêîì ðàéîíå â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé ñòåïè, â äîëèíå ð. Àíóé, â Øåáàëèíñêîì ðàéîíå â äîëèíàõ ðåê Ïåñ÷àíàÿ è Ñåìà, â Îíãóäàéñêîì ðàéîíå â äîëèíå ð. Óðñóë è å¸ êðóïíûõ ïðèòîêîâ, â äîëèíå ð. Êàòóíü, â ×åìàëüñêîì ðàéîíå â äîëèíå ð. Êàòóíü; – â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå – â ïîëîñå ïðåäãîðèé, ãîðíîé ñòåïè è ëåñîñòåïè íà òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî, Ñìîëåíñêîãî, Ïåòðîïàâëîâñêîãî, Ñîëîíåøåíñêîãî, Óñòü-Êàëìàíñêîãî, ×àðûøñêîãî, Êðàñíîùåêîâñêîãî, Êóðüèíñêîãî, Çìåèíîãîðñêîãî, Òðåòüÿêîâñêîãî è Ëîêòåâñêîãî ðàéîíîâ,

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 â ïðèîïóøå÷íîé çîíå ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðîâ (â ïîëîñå äî 3 êì îò îïóøêè) íà òåððèòîðèè Óãëîâñêîãî, Ðóáöîâñêîãî, Åãîðüåâñêîãî, Íîâè÷èõèíñêîãî, Øèïóíîâñêîãî, Àëåéñêîãî, Òîï÷èõèíñêîãî, Êàëìàíñêîãî, Ïàâëîâñêîãî, Ðåáðèõèíñêîãî, Ìàìîíòîâñêîãî, Ðîìàíîâñêîãî, Âîë÷èõèíñêîãî, Ìèõàéëîâñêîãî, Êëþ÷åâñêîãî, Øåëàáîëèõèíñêîãî, Çàâüÿëîâñêîãî, Òþìåíöåâñêîãî,

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Çàêëþ÷åíèå Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî áîëüøèíñòâî ÏÎ ËÝÏ â ðåãèîíå íå îñíàùåíî ÏÇÓ, ïîäâèæêè â ñîáëþäåíèè ïðèðîäîîõðàííîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà âëàäåëüöàìè, ïîëüçîâàòåëÿìè è ñòðîèòåëÿìè ËÝÏ âñ¸ æå åñòü. Íà îòâîäêàõ ê âûøêàì ñîòîâîé ñâÿçè ÌÒÑ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ÑÈÏ-3. ËÝÏ ê íîâîìó ïîñ. Áåëüòèð â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé îñíàùåíà çàùèòíûìè êîæóõàìè ôèíñêîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà. Ïîñëåäíåå ÿâëåíèå èìååò ñìûñë îïèñàòü áîëåå ïîäðîáíî. Ðàäóåò òî, ÷òî ñòðîèòåëè îçàáîòèëèñü çàùèòîé èçîëÿòîðîâ è ïðîâîäà, îäíàêî çàùèòíûå êîæóõè íå ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ñòàíäàðòó èçîëÿòîðîâ, íà êîòîðûõ îíè çàêðåïëåíû, èõ ìîíòàæ îñóùåñòâë¸í ñ íàðóøåíèÿìè òåõíîëîãèè, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî ñóùåñòâóåò çîíà êîíòàêòà ïòèöû, ñèäÿùåé íà òðàâåðñå, ñ ïðîâîäîì, êîæóõè óñòàíîâëåíû òîëüêî íà èçîëÿòîðû ãîðèçîíòàëüíîãî òðàâåðñà, ê òîìó æå ýòè êîæóõè íå ðàññ÷èòàíû íà ðàçìàõ êðûëüåâ êðóïíîé ïòèöû, è äàæå ïðè èõ ïðàâèëüíîé óñòàíîâêå îïîðû áóäóò ÿâëÿòüñÿ îïàñíûìè äëÿ îðëîâ. Âèäèìî ñòðîèòåëè, âûáèðàÿ êîæóõè ôèíñêîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà, íå çíàëè èõ ñïåöèôèêàöèþ, à òàêæå íå âëàäåëè èíôîðìàöèåé ïî ðûíêó ÏÇÓ ðîññèéñêîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà, ñïåöèàëüíî àäàïòèðîâàííûõ äëÿ ñòàíäàðòíûõ ðîññèéñêèõ èçîëÿòîðîâ. Ïðèõîäèòñÿ ëèøü íàäåÿòüñÿ íà òî, ÷òî ïîäîáíûå êàçóñû âñ¸ ìåíüøå è ìåíüøå áóäóò âñòðå÷àòüñÿ â ïðàêòèêå îñíàùåíèÿ ËÝÏ ÏÇÓ. Ëèòåðàòóðà

Ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus) ïîäâåðãàþòñÿ óãðîçå ïîðàæåíèÿ òîêîì íà ËÝÏ Êîø-Àãà÷ – Áåëüòèð â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé, íåïðàâèëüíî îñíàù¸ííîé ôèíñêèìè êîæóõàìè. À – âåðõíèé èçîëÿòîð íå çàêðûò êîæóõîì. B – èç-çà íåñîîòâåòñòâèÿ êîíñòðóêöèè êîæóõà êîíñòðóêöèè èçîëÿòîðîâ èìååòñÿ çîíà âîçìîæíîãî êîíòàêòà ïòèöû, ñèäÿùåé íà òðàâåðñå, ñ òîêîíåñóùèì ïðîâîäîì. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) are threatened by electrocution on PL Kosh-Agach – Beltir in the Republic of Altai, wrong retrofitted with Finnish hoods. À – upper insulators not covered by a hood. B – due to inadequate design of hood there is a zone of possible contact of birds sitting on the crossarm with energizing wire. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Êàìåíñêîãî, Áàåâñêîãî, Êðóòèõèíñêîãî è Ïàíêðóøèõèíñêîãî ðàéîíîâ. 3. Ïîñëå âûïîëíåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî îáåñïå÷åíèþ áåçîïàñíîñòè ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ ïðîâåñòè îöåíêó ýôôåêòèâíîñòè çàùèòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé. 4. Åæåãîäíî ïðîâîäèòü îáñëåäîâàíèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ ÏÇÓ è ñâîåâðåìåííî âûïîëíÿòü íåîáõîäèìûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî èõ ðåìîíòó è îáñëóæèâàíèþ.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2004. 351 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï., Ãëûáèíà Ì.À., Ïèòåðîâà Å.Í. Îöåíêà óðîâíÿ ãèáåëè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 êÂ â Êèíåëüñêîì ðàéîíå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ÃÈÑìåòîäàìè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. C. 50–58. Ìàöûíà À.È., Ìàöûíà Å.Ë., Êîðîëüêîâ Ì.À. Ïåðâûå èòîãè ïðèìåíåíèÿ è îöåíêà ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ñîâðåìåííûõ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 êÂ â Ðîññèè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 59–62. Âûäåðæêè èç ìåòîäèêè èñ÷èñëåíèÿ ðàçìåðà âðåäà, ïðè÷èí¸ííîãî îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, à òàêæå èíûì îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, íå îòíîñÿùèìñÿ ê îáúåêòàì îõîòû è ðûáîëîâñòâà è ñðåäå èõ îáèòàíèÿ (Óòâåðæäåíà Ïðèêàçîì ÌÏÐ Ðîññèè îò 28.04.2008 ¹107). – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 12–14.

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Practice of Applying of Bird Protective Devices for Power Lines 6–10 kV in the Ulyanovsk District, Russia ОПЫТ ВНЕДРЕНИЯ ПТИЦЕЗАЩИТНОГО УСТРОЙСТВА «ПЗУ 6–10 КВ» В УЛЬЯНОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ Saltykov A.V. (Russian Bird Conservation Union, Simbirskoe Branch, Ulyanovsk, Russia) Салтыков А.В. (Симбирское отделение Союза охраны птиц России, Ульяновск, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àíäðåé Ñàëòûêîâ Ñèìáèðñêîå îòäåëåíèå Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, Óëüÿíîâñê, Ðîññèÿ aves-pl@mail.ru Contact: Andrey Saltykov Russian Bird Conservation Union, Simbirskoe Branch Ulyanovsk, Russia aves-pl@mail.ru

Àáñòðàêò Â ñòàòüå ïðèâîäèòñÿ êðàòêàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î ïðàêòèêå ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåìû «Ïòèöû è ËÝÏ» â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Â ðàìêàõ ðàáîò, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà ðåøåíèå äàííîé ïðîáëåìû, ðàçðàáîòàíû è âíåäðåíû â ïðîèçâîäñòâî ïòèöåçàùèòíûå óñòðîéñòâà íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 10 êÂ. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïîðàæåíèå ýëåêòðîòîêîì, ËÝÏ, ïòèöåçàùèòíûå óñòðîéñòâà. Abstract There is short information about the problem of birds electrocution solving in the Ulyanovsk district. Within activities for the solving a problem the special bird protective devices are developed and applied on power lines (PL) 10 kV. Keywords: electrocution, powerlines, bird protected devices.

Ìàñøòàáû óùåðáà, åæåãîäíî ïðè÷èíÿåScales of the annual damage caused to birds ìîãî â Ðîññèè ïòèöàì â ðåçóëüòàòå èõ ïîfrom electrocution in Russia are measured ðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì íà ëèíèÿõ by us at a level of 20–50 billion roubles. ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ÂË), îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ íàìè Since 1997 rather successful judicial pracíà óðîâíå 20–50 ìëðä. ðóáëåé. tice of the decision of a problem of bird Íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1997 ã. â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè electrocution has existed in the Ulyanovsk ñëîæèëàñü îòíîñèòåëüíî óñïåøíàÿ ñóäåádistrict, one result of which became to íàÿ ïðàêòèêà ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåìû «Ïòèrecognize the using of PL 6–10 êÂ not öû è ËÝÏ», îäíèì èç ðåçóëüòàòîâ êîòîðîé equipped with bird protective devices as ñòàëî áåññïîðíîå ïðèçíàíèå ýêñïëóàòàöèè ÂË 6–10 êÂ, íå îñíàù¸ííûõ ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè, ïðîòèâîðå÷àùåé Ôåäåðàëüíîìó Çàêîíó «Î æèâîòíîì ìèðå» (ñò. 28) è «Òðåáîâàíèÿì ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè îñóùåñòâëåíèè ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ïðîöåññîâ, à òàêæå ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàíñïîðòíûõ ìàãèñòðàëåé, òðóáîïðîâîäîâ, ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è» (ï. 34, ðàçä. VII.), óòâ. ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÔ îò 13 àâãóñòà 1996 ã. ¹ 997. Àðáèòðàæíûé ñóä Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè íå ïðèçíàë äîâîäû âëàäåëüöåâ ËÝÏ î òîì, ÷òî ýêñïëóàòèðóåìûå èìè ÂË 10 êÂ ïîñòðîåíû ïî óòâåðæä¸ííûì ïðîåêòàì, à òàêæå î Êàíþêè (Buteo buteo) (ââåðõó) è êîá÷èê (Falco vespertinus) (âíèçó), òîì, ÷òî ËÝÏ áûëè ñîîðóæåïîãèáøèå íà ËÝÏ. Ôîòî À. Ñàëòûêîâà. íû åù¸ äî ïðèíÿòèÿ ÔÇ «Î Buzzards (Buteo buteo) (upper) and Red-Footed Falcon (Falco æèâîòíîì ìèðå» è óêàçàííûõ vespertinus) (bottom) died by electrocution on power lines. Photos by A. Saltykov. âûøå «Òðåáîâàíèé».

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 Îäíàêî óêàçàííûé óñïåõ â òî âðåìÿ íå ïîëó÷èë äîëæíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ èç-çà îòñóòñòâèÿ íà îòå÷åñòâåííîì ýëåêòðîòåõíè÷åñêîì ðûíêå ýôôåêòèâíûõ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ. Òèïîâûå ñîâåòñêèå çàùèòíûå óñòðîéñòâà èç õîëîñòûõ èçîëÿòîðîâ è êóñòàðíûå ïðèñïîñîáëåíèÿ èç ïëàñòèêîâûõ áóòûëîê (Ñàëòûêîâ, 1999), îòíîñèòåëüíî íåïëîõî çàðåêîìåíäîâàâøèå ñåáÿ â îòíîøåíèè ïòèö ìåëêèõ è ñðåäíèõ ðàçìåðíûõ ãðóïï, ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê ñîâàì, ÿñòðåáàì, êàíþêàì, ëóíÿì, îðëàì è àíàëîãè÷íûì èì ïî ðàçìåðàì ïòèöàì îêàçàëèñü ìàëî ýôôåêòèâíûìè. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòî îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî, â Óëüÿíîâñêå ñèëàìè ÎÎÎ «Ýêî-ÍÈÎÊÐ» íà÷àëàñü êîíñòðóêòîðñêàÿ ðàçðàáîòêà ÏÇÓ íîâîãî ïîêîëåíèÿ íà îñíîâå ë¸ãêèõ ñòîéêèõ äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ, à òàêæå ïîèñê îïòèìàëüíîé òåõíîëîãèè ïðîèçâîäñòâà è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîé áàçû. Â èòîãå ïòèöåçàùèòíîå óñòðîéñòâî, èçãîòîâëåííîå èç ìîäèôèöèðîâàííîãî ÀÁÑïëàñòèêà (ðèñ. 1), ïðîéäÿ íåîáõîäèìûå ëàáîðàòîðíûå ñòåíäîâûå è ðàáî÷èå ïîëåâûå èñïûòàíèÿ, áûëî ðåêîìåíäîâàíî Óïðàâëåíèåì Ðîñòåõíàäçîðà ïî Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè äëÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ íà ÂË 10 êÂ. Ñ 2009 ã. ÎÎÎ «Ýêî-ÍÈÎÊÐ» ïðèñòóïèëî ê ñåðèéíîìó âûïóñêó îïèñàííûõ âûøå ñîáñòâåííûõ çàïàòåíòîâàííûõ ñåðòèôèöèðîâàííûõ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ äëÿ ÂË 6–10 êÂ, îòâå÷àþùèõ íå òîëüêî òðåáîâàíèÿì ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà, íî è îñîáûì òåõíè÷åñêèì óñëîâèÿì ýëåêòðîñåòåâèêîâ, èãíîðèðîâàíèå êîòîðûõ ïîëíî-

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 1. Ïòèöåçàùèòíûå óñòðîéñòâà äëÿ ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ èç ìîäèôèöèðîâàííîãî ÀÁÑ-ïëàñòèêà íà ËÝÏ (ââåðõó) è íà ñòåíäå (âíèçó). Ôîòî À. Ñàëòûêîâà. Fig. 1. Bird protective devices for PL 6–10 kV made of ABS-plastic on a power line (upper) and at the stand (bottom). Photos by A. Saltykov.

a violation of the Russian legislation. However at that time it was not possible to solve a problem of bird protection effectively because of absence of such devices in the Russian market. Considering this circumstance, the Joint-Stock Company

Óëüÿíîâñêîå ÏÇÓ ÿâëÿåòñÿ êîíñòðóêòèâíî àäàïòèðîâàííîé ìîäèôèêàöèåé ïðèìåíÿåìûõ çà ðóáåæîì ïëàñòèêîâûõ ôóòëÿðîâ-êîæóõîâ, ìîíòèðóåìûõ íà îãîë¸ííîì ïðîâîäå â ìåñòå åãî êðåïëåíèÿ ê èçîëÿòîðó, ÷òî ïîëíîñòüþ èñêëþ÷àåò âûçûâàåìîå ïòèöàìè êîðîòêîå çàìûêàíèå íà ËÝÏ. ÏÇÓ ÿâëÿåòñÿ óíèâåðñàëüíûì â ñâî¸ì êëàññå óñòðîéñòâîì, ïîçâîëÿþùèì èñïîëüçîâàòü åãî äëÿ âñåãî ñïåêòðà øòûðåâûõ èçîëÿòîðîâ, ïðèìåíÿåìûõ â Ðîññèè íà ÂË 10 êÂ (âïëîòü äî ØÔ-20). ÀÁÑ-ïëàñòèê (àêðèëîíèòðèëáóòàäèåíñòèðîë, íàðÿäó ñ ñîïîëèìåðàìè ÑÀÍ, ÀÑÀ, ÑÁÑ) ñî÷åòàåò âûñîêóþ æ¸ñòêîñòü è ñòîéêîñòü ê óäàðíûì íàãðóçêàì, âûäåðæèâàåò íèçêèå òåìïåðàòóðû, èìååò õîðîøèå ýëåêòðîèçîëÿöèîííûå ñâîéñòâà, ñòîéêîñòü ê ñëàáûì êèñëîòàì, ðàñòâîðàì ùåëî÷åé è ñîëåé, ñïèðòàì, âîäå, àòìîñôåðíûì âîçäåéñòâèÿì. Ýòî ïîçâîëÿåò èñïîëüçîâàòü ìàòåðèàë äëÿ ëèòüÿ òîíêîñòåííûõ êðóïíîãàáàðèòíûõ äåòàëåé. Â êà÷åñòâå êðåï¸æíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ ïëàñòèêîâûå ðåìíè (JSS-ñòÿæêà ÷åðíàÿ, àòìîñôåðîñòîéêàÿ; ïðîèçâîäèòåëü Sormat, Ôèíëÿíäèÿ), ïîçâîëÿþùèå íàä¸æíî óäåðæèâàòü ÏÇÓ íà îïîðå â ëþáûõ êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ (â òîì ÷èñëå ïðè ìàêñèìàëüíîé âåòðîâîé íàãðóçêå è îáëåäåíåíèè ïðîâîäîâ). Ñòÿæêè èçãîòîâëåíû èç ïîëèàìèäà – 66 (íåéëîíà), ìàòåðèàëà ïðî÷íîãî, óïðóãîãî è óñòîé÷èâîãî ê õèìè÷åñêèì è òåìïåðàòóðíûì âîçäåéñòâèÿì. BPD developed in is an updating modification of plastic insulating hoods applied widely in different countries. It is attached directly to the insulator and save birds from short-circuit. New BPD is universal for all upright insulators applied in Russia on PL 10 kV. ABS-plastic (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) combines high rigidity and resistance to different outdoor impacts (low temperature, weak acids, solutions of alkalis, salts, alcohol, water and others) and has good insulating properties. It allows using this material for the molding of thin-walled large-sized details. Plastic belts are applied as fixing elements. Couplers are made of polyamide – 66 (nylon) – strong, elastic and steady against chemical and temperature influences materia.

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Êàíþê (ââåðõó) è ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) (âíèçó), ïîãèáøèå íà ËÝÏ. Ôîòî À. Ñàëòûêîâà. Common Buzzard (upper) and Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) (bottom) died by electrocution. Photos by A. Saltykov.

ñòüþ èñêëþ÷àëî âîçìîæíîñòü äîïóñêà ÏÇÓ ê ðàçìåùåíèþ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. ×ëåíû Ñèìáèðñêîãî îòäåëåíèÿ Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè ïðè ïîääåðæêå ðóêîâîäñòâà ÑÎÏÐ (Ìîñêâà) ïðîâîäÿò àêòèâíóþ êîìïàíèþ â çàùèòó ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ËÝÏ. Ñîáðàííûå îðíèòîëîãàìè ïîëåâûå ìàòåðèàëû î ìàññîâîé ãèáåëè ïòèö â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè ðåãóëÿðíî íàïðàâëÿþòñÿ â Óëüÿíîâñêóþ ïðèðîäîîõðàííóþ ïðîêóðàòóðó è îðãàíû ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî êîíòðîëÿ, êîòîðûå, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, ïîíóæäàþò âëàäåëüöåâ ËÝÏ-óáèéö âûïîëíÿòü ïòèöåçàùèòíûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ. Òàê, â 2008–2009 ãã. áûëî âûèãðàíî ÷åòûðå ñóäåáíûõ ïðîöåññà â îòíîøåíèè ÌÐÑÊ Âîëãè. Íà î÷åðåäè äðóãèå âëàäåëüöû ÂË 10 êÂ (íåôòåäîáûâàþùèå è äð. îðãàíèçàöèè). Ñ öåëüþ áîëåå øèðîêîãî âíåäðåíèÿ ñâîåãî ïòèöåçàùèòíîãî óñòðîéñòâà è ñîäåéñòâèÿ ðåøåíèþ ïðîáëåìû «Ïòèöû è ËÝÏ» â Ðîññèè ÎÎÎ «Ýêî-ÍÈÎÊÐ» ïðè ó÷àñòèè Ñèìáèðñêîãî îòäåëåíèÿ ÑÎÏÐ îòêðûëî ñâîé ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûé Èíòåðíåòðåñóðñ13, ãäå ìîæíî íàéòè ðàçíîîáðàçíûå ñâåäåíèÿ ïî äàííîé òåìå è êîíòàêòíûå äàííûå äëÿ îðãàíèçàöèè ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà ñî ñïåöèàëèñòàìè ïî çàùèòå ïòèö íà ËÝÏ.

“ECONIOKR” in Ulyanovsk has developed new generation of effective devices made of light dielectric materials. As a result design of new bird protective device (BPD) made of ABS-plastic (fig. 1) after necessary laboratory and field tests, was recommended by the Russian Federal Service on Environmental, Technological and Atom Control of the Ulyanovsk district for application on PL 10 kV. The Joint-Stock Company “ECONIOKR” since 2009 has started to produce BPD for PL 6–10 kV, adequating not only to requirements of the ecological legislation, but also special specifications on electricians. Members of the Simbirskoe branch of the Russian Bird Protection Union spend the action to protect birds from electrocution. The data of surveys of ornithologists about mass deaths of birds caused by electrocution in the Ulyanovsk district are regularly sent to the Nature Protection Office of Public Prosecutor and state bodies of the environmental control, which force owners of PL hazardous to birds to equip electric poles with BPD. So, they have been successful in four legal processes against the Joint-Stock Company “Inter-Regional Distributive Network Company of Volga” in 2008–2009. With the purpose of wider applying of BPD “ECONIOKR” with the Simbirskoe branch of RBSU has created a web-site13 where everybody can find data on bird deaths caused by electrocution, on BPD and contact information for cooperation with experts on protection of birds from electrocution.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 êÂ. Ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ïîñîáèå. Óëüÿíîâñê. 1999. 43 ñ. Ìîíòàæ ÏÇÓ íà ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ. Ôîòî À. Ñàëòûêîâà. 13

http://www.birdprotect.ru

BPD installing on PL 6–10 kV. Photo by A. Saltykov.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Raptor Research ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ About Geographic Variances of the Saker Falcon К ВОПРОСУ О ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКОЙ ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТИ БАЛОБАНОВ Pfeffer R. (Greifvogelzoo "Bayerischer Jagdfalkenhof", Schillingsfürst, Germany) Пфеффер Р. (Зоопарк хищных птиц «Баварский соколиный двор», Шиллингсфюрст, Германия)

Contact: Ralf Pfeffer Otto-Stumpf-Weg 14, 69181 Leimen Germany tel.: +4 962 24 926 630 ralf.pfeffer@gmx.net

Àáñòðàêò Â ñòàòüå îáñóæäàþòñÿ âîïðîñû ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) è åãî ïîäâèäîâîé ñèñòåìàòèêè. Íà îñíîâàíèè ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ è ïîëåâûõ íàáëþäåíèé àâòîðà îáñóæäàåòñÿ âûäåëåíèå âîñüìè ïîäâèäîâ â àðåàëå áàëîáàíà: îáûêíîâåííûé áàëîáàí (F. ch. cherrug), àíàòîëèéñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. anatolicus ssp. nov.), ÷èíêîâûé èëè àðàëîêàñïèéñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. aralocaspius), òóðêåñòàíñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. coatsi), öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. milvipes), ìîíãîëüñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. progressus), àëòàéñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. altaicus) è òèáåòñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. hendersoni). Àíàòîëèéñêèé áàëîáàí ðàíåå íå áûë îïèñàí. Ñèáèðñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ (F. ch. saceroides), ðàíåå îïèñàííûõ êàê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ïîäâèä, ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ ðàññìàòðèâàòü êàê ãèáðèäíóþ ïîïóëÿöèþ F. ch. cherrug x F. ch. milvipes. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ñîêîëû, áàëîáàí, Falco cherrug, ïîäâèäû, ãåîãðàôèÿ, ñèñòåìàòèêà. Abstract Questions of geographical variation of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) and its systematics of subspecies are discussed. According with published data and author’s surveys 8 subspecies of the Saker Falcon have been distinguished: Common Saker (F. ch. cherrug), Anatolian Saker (F. ch. anatolicus ssp. nov.), Chink or Aralocaspian Saker (F. ch. aralocaspius), Turkestanian Saker (F. ch. coatsi), Centralasian Saker (F. ch. milvipes), Mongolian Saker (F. ch. progressus), Altai Saker (F. ch. altaicus) and Tibetan Saker (F. ch. hendersoni). The Anatolian Saker was not described earlier. Siberian Sakers (F. ch. saceroides) earlier recognized as a subspecies have been offered to declare as a hybrid population of F. ch. cherrug x F. ch. milvipes. Keywords: birds of prey, falcons, Saker Falcon, Falco cherrug, subspecies, geography, systematics.

Ââåäåíèå Â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû, â ñâÿçè ñ øèðîêèì âíåäðåíèåì ìåòîäîâ àíàëèçà ÄÍÊ äëÿ ïðîÿñíåíèÿ íåêîòîðûõ âîïðîñîâ ñèñòåìàòèêè, âíîâü îæèâèëàñü äèñêóññèÿ î âèäîâîé ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòè è ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè áàëîáàíîâ (Falco cherrug). Ïîëó÷åííûå ýòèìè ìåòîäàìè äàííûå êàê áóäòî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î òîì, ÷òî ðàçëè÷èÿ ìåæäó êðå÷åòàìè (F. rusticolus), áàëîáàíàìè, ëàííåðàìè (F. biarmicus) è ëàããàðàìè (F. jugger) íå áîëüøå, ÷åì ìåæäó ðàçëè÷íûìè ïîäâèäàìè ñàïñàíîâ (F. peregrinus), ïîçâîëÿþò ïðåäïîëîæèòü ðåöåíòíóþ

With the implementation of new methods in the field of DNA-analysis, the discussion on specific independence and geographic variability of Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) became livelier again with regard to systematics. The data which have been won through these methods seem to show that Gyrfalcons (F. rusticolus), Saker Falcons, Lanner Falcons (F. biarmicus) and Laggar Falcons (F. jugger) do not differ more from each other than the different subspecies of Peregrine Falcons, and thus allow supposing recent hybridization between species of the Hierofalco complex. Furthermore, in the genetic structure of the Saker Falcon, 2–3 different groups can be distinguished, but not geographically located (Nittinger, 2004; Nittinger et al., 2007; Wink et al., 2007). In the present study, the attempt is made to compare the cited theories with data which I have gained through many years of observation of Saker Falcons with traditional methods – in nature and in captivity. Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Photo by I. Karyakin.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ãèáðèäèçàöèþ ìåæäó âèäàìè êîìïëåêñà Hierofalco, à â ãåíåòè÷åñêîé ñòðóêòóðå áàëîáàíîâ âûäåëÿþò 2–3 ëèíèè, êîòîðûå, îäíàêî, ãåîãðàôè÷åñêè íå ëîêàëèçîâàíû (Nittinger 2004; Nittinger et al., 2007; Wink et al., 2007). Â íàñòîÿùåé ñòàòüå ïðåäïðèíÿòà ïîïûòêà ñîïîñòàâëåíèÿ ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ âîççðåíèé ñ äàííûìè, ïîëó÷åííûìè àâòîðîì â õîäå ìíîãîëåòíèõ íàáëþäåíèé çà áàëîáàíàìè òðàäèöèîííûìè ìåòîäàìè, êàê â ïîëåâûõ óñëîâèÿõ, òàê è â íåâîëå. Îáñóæäåíèå Øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå áîëüøèíñòâà ñïåöèàëèñòîâ î òîì, ÷òî ãðóïïà âèäîâ Hierofalco îáðàçóåò ìîíîëèòíûé êîìïëåêñ, íà ìîé âçãëÿä, ñîâåðøåííî îáîñíîâàííî. È âñ¸-òàêè, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî âñå ýòè âèäû â óñëîâèÿõ íåâîëè ãèáðèäèçèðóþòñÿ ìåæäó ñîáîé è äàþò ïëîäîâèòîå ïîòîìñòâî, êàæäûé èç íèõ èìååò ñîâåðøåííî ñïåöèôè÷åñêèå ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè, ïîçâîëÿþùèå èõ îäíîçíà÷íî îïðåäåëÿòü, â ïðèðîäå îíè çàíèìàþò ñâîþ îñîáåííóþ ýêîëîãè÷åñêóþ íèøó è íèãäå, äàæå â ìåñòàõ ñîïðèêîñíîâåíèÿ èëè ÷àñòè÷íîãî íàëîæåíèÿ àðåàëîâ, íå îáðàçóþò ïåðåõîäíûõ ôîðì. Ìîæíî ïðîñòî ïîðàæàòüñÿ, íàñêîëüêî íàä¸æíî ôóíêöèîíèðóåò ìåæäó íèìè ðåïðîäóêòèâíàÿ èçîëÿöèÿ! Íàñêîëüêî ìíå èçâåñòíî, äîñòîâåðíûõ ôàêòîâ ãèáðèäèçàöèè ýòèõ ñîêîëîâ â ïðèðîäíûõ óñëîâèÿõ â ìåñòàõ êîíòàêòà èõ åñòåñòâåííûõ àðåàëîâ íå óñòàíîâëåíî. Íå ñîìíåâàþñü, ÷òî, äàæå åñëè òàêèå ôàêòû ïîÿâÿòñÿ, íàïðèìåð – îáðàçîâàíèå ñìåøàííûõ ïàð áàëîáàíîâ ñ êðå÷åòàìè â áîëîòèñòûõ ðàâíèíàõ Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè â äîëèíå ð. Èðòûø, ãäå îáà âèäà ïîñåëÿþòñÿ â èäåíòè÷íûõ áèîòîïàõ è ïî ñâåæèì äàííûì èçâåñòíûå ãí¸çäà îáîèõ âèäîâ ðàçäåëÿþò íå áîëåå 300 êì (Ñîðîêèí, 2009, Ìîøêèí, 2009), – îíè îñòàíóòñÿ åäèíè÷íûìè ýïèçîäàìè è íå ïðèâåäóò ê ðàçìûâàíèþ ãðàíèö ìåæäó âèäàìè. Òàêæå, êàê ýòî íå èìååò ïîñëåäñòâèé, íàïðèìåð, ó âîäîïëàâàþùèõ ïòèö, ñëó÷àè ãèáðèäèçàöèè ó êîòîðûõ â ïðèðîäå øèðîêî èçâåñòíû è, ïî ìåíüøåé ìåðå, íåêîòîðûå èç ýòèõ ãèáðèäîâ âïîëíå ïëîäîâèòû. Ïîÿâèâøèåñÿ â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû â ðàáîòàõ, îñíîâàííûõ íà ìîëåêóëÿðíûõ ìåòîäàõ èññëåäîâàíèé, óòâåðæäåíèÿ î ãåíåòè÷åñêîé áëèçîñòè ñàïñàíîâ ê ñîêîëàì ãðóïïû Hierofalco, ïîä÷åðêèâàþùèåñÿ äàæå ñïåöèàëüíûì òåðìèíîì «ñåñòðèíñêàÿ ãðóïïà», êàê ìíå êàæåòñÿ, íå ïîäòâåðæäàþòñÿ íè ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèìè, íè áèîëîãè÷åñêèìè èëè ýòîëîãè÷åñêèìè ïðèçíàêàìè. Áîëåå

Most researchers agree on the view that the species within the Hierofalco complex are closely related to each other. All of these species give fertile offspring when hybridizing with each other in captivity. However, each of them has its specific morphological features, occupies a certain ecological niche in nature and does not hybridize anywhere, not even in contact zones or in places with partially overlapping distribution. There are no reliable facts on hybridization between these falcons in natural conditions in contact zones of their natural distributions. Interpreting the geographical variation of Saker Falcons, different specialists distinguished two to six subspecies. Most convincing seems to be the division of the Saker Falcons into two subspecies (Vaurie, 1965), although it obviously does not reflect the whole variety of their geographical forms. In fact, if a subspecies is regarded as a step in evolution towards the formation of a new species, one may hardly find a better example than the Western and the Eastern Saker Falcons. The plumage of young Western Saker Falcons hardly differs from those of the adults, they are migrating birds, build their nests mainly on trees, and their preferred prey are different species of sousliks (Spermophilus sp.). In the plumage of adult Eastern Saker Falcons are horizontal markings which distinguish them strongly from the young, they mainly lead a sedentary way of life (only the young birds migrate to the wintering areas in their first year; this is the case for the majority of the populations), nest on rocks, in slopes, occasionally on the ground. Their food consists of small and medium-sized mammals which are available virtually all year (different species of gerbils Meriones & Rhombomys sp., pikas Ochotona sp. and voles Microtus & Lasiopodomys sp.). The division of the Saker Falcons into two groups is seemingly confirmed by the analyses of their DNA (Nittinger, 2004). However, I have difficulties in agreeing with the author on the conclusion that they are located geographically. She wrongly assumes that the distribution ranges of the Western and the Eastern Saker Falcons border on each other along a line from North to South in the region of Altai. Actually, the Western Saker Falcons inhabit a strip of land which mainly consists of forest steppe and steppe, and stretches out from Austria in the West to Eastern Mongolia in the East. In contrast, the Eastern Saker Falcons inhabit mainly mountainous and semi-desert areas from

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ñîêîëîâ ãðóïïû âèäîâ Hierofalco. Distribution of the Hierofalco species.

òîãî, ìíîãèå ýëåìåíòû òîêîâîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ ñàïñàíîâ (ïîçû, àêóñòè÷åñêèå ñèãíàëû) èìåþò íåñîìíåííîå ñõîäñòâî ñ ïîâåäåíèåì ìåëêèõ ñîêîëîâ (ïóñòåëüã F. tinnunculus, F. naumanni, êîá÷èêîâ F. vespertinus, F. amurensis, äåðáíèêîâ F. columbarius è ÷åãëîêîâ F. subbuteo) è, íàïðîòèâ, çàìåòíî îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò ñóùåñòâåííî óïðîù¸ííîãî áðà÷íîãî ðèòóàëà êðå÷åòîâ, áàëîáàíîâ, ëàííåðîâ è ëàããàðîâ. Æ¸ëòàÿ îêðàñêà ëàï è âîñêîâèöû ìîëîäûõ ñàïñàíîâ òàêàÿ æå, êàê ó âñåõ ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ ãðóïï ìåëêèõ ñîêîëîâ è îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ñåðîâàòî-ñèíåé ó ïòèö ãðóïïû Hierofalco. Ñèëóýò è äâèæåíèÿ ëåòÿùèõ ñàïñàíîâ, òàêæå êàê îñîáåííîñòè èõ îõîòíè÷üåãî ïîâåäåíèÿ, ñêîðåå ïîçâîëÿþò óçíàòü â íèõ ïåðåðîñòêîâ-÷åãëîêîâ, ÷åì ÿêîáû áëèçêèõ ðîäñòâåííèêîâ áàëîáàíîâ, ñ êîòîðûìè èõ ñáëèæàþò ðàçâå ÷òî ðàçìåðû. Ëþáîïûòíî, ÷òî â áîëåå ðàííèõ ïóáëèêàöèÿõ ðåêîíñòðóêöèè ôèëîãåíèè ñîêîëîâ íà îñíîâå äàííûõ î ðÿäàõ ìèòîõîíäðèàëüíûõ öèòîõðîì-Â ãåíîâ (Seibold et al., 1993; Wink, 1994) ãîðàçäî áîëüøå ñîîòâåòñòâîâàëè ìîèì ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿì, ïîëó÷åííûì â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîëåâûõ íàáëþäåíèé. Ïðè âñ¸ì ðàçíîîáðàçèè ðàñöâåòêè è ðèñóíêà îïåðåíèÿ áàëîáàíîâ, íåêîòîðûå âàðèàíòû êîòîðûõ èìåþò áîëüøå ñõîäñòâà ñ îïåðåíèåì êðå÷åòîâ, ñàïñàíîâ, ëàííåðîâ, ëàããàðîâ è äàæå øàõèíîâ (F. pelegrinoides), ÷åì ìåæäó ñîáîé, âñåõ îñîáåé ýòîãî âèäà îáúåäèíÿåò öåëûé ðÿä ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðèçíàêîâ (ðàçìåðû, ñèëóýò, äåòàëè ïðîïîðöèé êîíå÷íîñòåé), íå ãîâîðÿ î õàðàêòåðå ïîë¸òà, îñîáåííîñòÿõ îõîòíè÷üåãî ïîâåäåíèÿ, èõ ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé è áèîòîïè÷åñêîé ëîêàëèçàöèè. Îöåíèâàÿ ãåîãðàôè÷åñêóþ èçìåí÷èâîñòü áàëîáàíîâ, ðàçíûå ñïåöèàëèñòû âû-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Anatolia in the West to the mountains of the Great Chingan in Eastern China in the East. On the longitudinal axis, the distributions of these birds match in 80° or nearly 9000 km. As F. Nittinger provides the areas where the samples were collected in the Appendix 9.2 of her study, I tried to compare them with the results of DNA analyses of these birds that are shown in Appendix 9.12, on the basis of the real distribution of Western and Eastern Saker Falcons. In about 85% of the cases the results met the expectations. Thus, the method of DNA analysis as a promising instrument in the research of subspecies structure was rehabilitated for me, whereas the results of F. Nittinger’s research have given me new ideas. The fact that Saker Falcons are divided into two groups whose central haplotypes are separated by six mutational steps shows that the process of differentiation has gone very far already. Interestingly, the central haplotype of the Eastern Saker Falcons, which the Western Saker Falcons do not have, is shared by the Barbary Falcon. It is impossible to explain this phenomenon by recent hybridization between Barbary Falcons and Eastern Saker Falcons. Somewhat more probable seems to me the formation of mixed pairs during the postglacial shift in the distribution borders of these species. However, more plausible seems the idea that the haplotype shared by Eastern Saker Falcons and Barbary Falcons was obtained much earlier from a mutual ancestor. It was “lost” by a group of Saker Falcons which later became those birds that nowadays constitute the Western subspecies. I suppose that the key moment which initiated the separation of the Saker Falcons into Western and Eastern subspecies was the shift made by a part of them to nesting on trees. This shift allowed the future Western Saker Falcons to advance to plains, steppes and forest steppes which formerly were not accessible because of the lack of rocks necessary for breeding. Being very attractive in spring and summer due to a large quantity of prey, these habitats prove to be not very suitable for Saker Falcons during the rest of the year (sousliks hibernate, most bird species migrate to the South, the thick snow-covering makes various species of mouse-like rodents inaccessible). The appropriation of new territories is only possible by giving up the sedentary way of life. The necessity of regular migrations during which the birds had to cross

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 äåëÿëè îò äâóõ äî øåñòè ïîäâèäîâ (Vaurie, 1965, Êîçëîâà, 1975; Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951; Ñòåïàíÿí, 1975 è äð.). Ïðè ýòîì çà÷àñòóþ îäíèìè è òåìè æå íàèìåíîâàíèÿìè íàäåëÿëè ñîâåðøåííî ðàçíûõ ïòèö, ìåñòà îáèòàíèé êîòîðûõ èíîãäà ðàçäåëÿþò òûñÿ÷è êèëîìåòðîâ. È äàæå åñëè ïîä îïðåäåë¸ííûìè íàçâàíèÿìè ïîäâèäîâ ïîäðàçóìåâàëèñü ïòèöû, îáëàäàþùèå ñõîäíûìè âíåøíèìè ïðèçíàêàìè, ãðàíèöû èõ àðåàëîâ ïðîâîäèëèñü â ñîâåðøåííî ðàçíûõ ìåñòàõ. Â öåëîì âñå ýòè ðàçëè÷èÿ îáúÿñíÿþòñÿ òðåìÿ ïðè÷èíàìè – ðàçíèöåé â òîëêîâàíèè ñàìîãî ïîíÿòèÿ ïîäâèä, ñòåïåíüþ èçó÷åííîñòè áàëîáàíîâ íà ìîìåíò ïîïûòêè èõ ñèñòåìàòèçàöèè òåì èëè èíûì àâòîðîì, ëèáî, íàêîíåö, îøèáî÷íîñòüþ èíòåðïðåòàöèè èìåþùåãîñÿ ìàòåðèàëà. Íàèìåíüøèå âîçðàæåíèÿ âûçûâàåò äåëåíèå áàëîáàíîâ íà äâà ïîäâèäà (Vaurie, 1965), õîòÿ è î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî îíî íå îòðàæàåò âñåãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ãåîãðàôè÷åñêè ëîêàëèçîâàííûõ ôîðì. Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, åñëè ðàññìàòðèâàòü ïîäâèä êàê øàã â ýâîëþöèè ê îáðàçîâàíèþ íîâûõ âèäîâ, òðóäíî íàéòè ëó÷øèé ïðèìåð, ÷åì çàïàäíûå è âîñòî÷íûå áàëîáàíû. Êàê áóäåò ïîêàçàíî íèæå, íàçâàíèÿ «çàïàäíûé» è «âîñòî÷íûé» êðàéíå íåóäà÷íû è íå òîëüêî íå îòðàæàþò ðåàëüíîñòè, íî è ìîãóò ïðèâîäèòü ê îøèáî÷íûì âûâîäàì. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ÿ, ñëåäóÿ òðàäèöèè, áóäó ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ èìè â äàëüíåéøåì. Êðàòêî õàðàêòåðèçóÿ îñíîâíûå âíåøíèå è áèîëîãè÷åñêèå ÷åðòû ýòèõ äâóõ ïîäâèäîâ, ìîæíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ó çàïàäíûõ

individual territories of sedentary Saker Falcons or even stay there for longer periods, led, in my opinion, to the changes in the plumage marks – it obtained the features of a young bird’s plumage. The advantages of such mimicry are obvious. Saker Falcons uncompromisingly defend their territories from the intrusion of their adult fellows, but, on the other hand, they show an astonishing tolerance towards young falcons. Possible evidence for the loss of horizontal marks by the adult Western Saker Falcons could be provided by the regular appearance of individuals in different parts of the distribution of the subspecies which carry the typical marks of the Eastern subspecies (Glutz et al., 1971), and which seem to be of an atavistic nature. Interestingly, in contact zones of Eastern and Western Saker Falcons in the Betpakdala region where the distance between neighbouring nests occupied by different subspecies is sometimes not larger than a few kilometres, they do virtually not mix. Eastern Saker Falcons usually form pairs in autumn, stay together during the whole winter in the breeding territory and start laying eggs in March. The Western Saker Falcons return from their wintering areas when the Eastern are already sitting on their eggs. In a short time span they occupy the territory, perform their courtship and start laying eggs approximately a month later than the Eastern Saker Falcons. In other words, the falcons of these subspecies behave like two

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ðàçíûõ ïîäâèäîâ áàëîáàíà ïî Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâó (1951): À – ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë, B – îáëàñòü çèìîâîê, 1 – Falco cherrug danubialis, 2 – F. ch. cherrug, 3 – F. ch. saceroides, 4 – F. ch. coatsi, 5 – F. ch. milvipes, 6 – F. ch. hendersoni. Distribution different subspecies of the Saker Falcon (Dementiev, 1951): À – breeding range, B – wintering range, 1 – Falco cherrug danubialis, 2 – F. ch. cherrug, 3 – F. ch. saceroides, 4 – F. ch. coatsi, 5 – F. ch. milvipes, 6 – F. ch. hendersoni.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Íåéðîííàÿ ñåòü ãàïëîòèïîâ ìèòîõîíäðèàëüíîé ÄÍÊ ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì èññëåäîâàíèé Ô. Íèòòèíãåð (2004). Âåëè÷èíà óçëà ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíà êîëè÷åñòâó îáðàçöîâ. Neural network of mitochondrial haplotypes (Nittinger, 2004). The size of unit is proportional to the number of samples.

áàëîáàíîâ þíîøåñêèé è îêîí÷àòåëüíûé, âçðîñëûé íàðÿä, îäåâàåìûé ïîñëå ïåðâîé ëèíüêè, åäâà îòëè÷àþòñÿ, îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïåðåë¸òíûìè ïòèöàìè, ãí¸çäà óñòðàèâàþò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà äåðåâüÿõ, îñíîâíîé äîáû÷åé èì ñëóæàò ðàçíûå âèäû ñóñëèêîâ (Spermophilus sp.), âïàäàþùèõ â çèìíþþ ñïÿ÷êó. Â íàðÿäå âçðîñëûõ âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåçêî îòëè÷àþùèé èõ îò ìîëîäûõ ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê, îíè âåäóò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî îñ¸äëûé îáðàç æèçíè (ëèøü ìîëîäûå ïòèöû â ïåðâûé ãîä æèçíè â áîëüøèíñòâå ïîïóëÿöèé óëåòàþò íà çèìîâêó), ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà ñêàëàõ è îáðûâàõ, èçðåäêà íà çåìëå, îñíîâó èõ ïèòàíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿþò ìåëêèå è ñðåäíèõ ðàçìåðîâ ìëåêîïèòàþùèå, íå âïàäàþùèå â çèìíþþ ñïÿ÷êó è äîñòóïíûå ïðàêòè÷åñêè êðóãëûé ãîä (ðàçíûå âèäû ïåñ÷àíîê Meriones è Rhombomys sp., ïèùóõ Ochotona sp. è ïîë¸âîê Microtus è Lasiopodomys sp.). Äåëåíèå áàëîáàíîâ íà äâå ãðóïïû êàê áóäòî ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ è èññëåäîâàíèÿìè èõ ÄÍÊ (Nittinger, 2004). Ïðàâäà, òðóäíî ñîãëàñèòüñÿ ñ àâòîðîì â òîì, ÷òî ýòè äâå ëèíèè íå èìåþò ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé ïðèâÿçêè. Àíàëèçèðóÿ çàâèñèìîñòü ðåçóëüòàòîâ àíàëèçà ÄÍÊ îò ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé ëîêàëè-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

different species within this contact zone. However, some facts provide evidence that farther to the North, possibly already in the Tarbagatay region, as well as in the Altai region, Southern Siberia and Northern Mongolia, where the climatic conditions narrow the breeding periods of Eastern and Western subspecies, formation of mixed pairs takes place. The offspring of such mixed pairs have transitional features with great variation. The transitional character of features shows not only in terms of outward appearance, but also in the way these animals lead their lives. It was precisely this type of birds – I would call them “Siberian Saker Falcons” (as an independent subspecies such falcons were described as F. ch. saceroides Âiànñhi, 1907) – which prevailed among the falcons that came to the wintering areas in Southern and Eastern Kazakhstan. They strikingly differed from the regional, sedentary Eastern Saker Falcons through the lack of bluish shades in the colouring of their plumage and less distinctive horizontal markings (fig. 1). Siberian Saker Falcons often hunted pigeons and doves in residential estates. Out of nearly 50 birds whose hunting behaviour I

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 çàöèè ìåñò âçÿòèÿ ïðîá, îíà èñõîäèò èç ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î òîì, ÷òî àðåàëû çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ ãðàíè÷àò ìåæäó ñîáîé âäîëü ëèíèè, ïðîòÿíóâøåéñÿ ñ ñåâåðà íà þã ãäå-òî â ðàéîíå Àëòàÿ. Íà ñàìîì äåëå çàïàäíûå áàëîáàíû îáèòàþò ïîëîñîé, îõâàòûâàþùåé ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ëåñîñòåïíûå è ñòåïíûå ðàéîíû îò Àâñòðèè íà çàïàäå äî Âîñòî÷íîé Ìîíãîëèè íà âîñòîêå, à âîñòî÷íûå áàëîáàíû – ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ãîðíûå è ïîëóïóñòûííûå ðàéîíû îò Àíàòîëèè íà çàïàäå äî Áîëüøîãî Õèíãàíà â Âîñòî÷íîì Êèòàå – íà âîñòîêå. Èíûìè ñëîâàìè, ïåðåêðûòèå àðåàëîâ ýòèõ ïòèö â äîëãîòíîì íàïðàâëåíèè ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 80° èëè ïî÷òè 9000 êèëîìåòðîâ. Ïîñêîëüêó â ðàáîòå Ô. Íèòòèíãåð (2004) â ïðèëîæåíèè 9.2 óêàçàíû ñ áîëüøåé èëè ìåíüøåé òî÷íîñòüþ ìåñòà âçÿòèÿ ïðîá, ìíîãèå èç êîòîðûõ ìíå èçâåñòíû, ÿ ïîïðîáîâàë ñîïîñòàâèòü èõ ñ ðåçóëüòàòàìè èññëåäîâàíèÿ ÄÍÊ ýòèõ ïòèö, èçëîæåííûõ â ïðèëîæåíèè 9.12, èñõîäÿ èç ðåàëüíîãî ðàññåëåíèÿ çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ. Ïðèìåðíî â 85% ñëó÷àåâ ýòè ðåçóëüòàòû ñîâïàëè ñ îæèäàåìûìè. Íå ñîìíåâàþñü, ÷òî äîëÿ ñîâïàäåíèé áûëà áû íàìíîãî âûøå, åñëè áû ìåñòà âçÿòèÿ ïðîá áûëè áû óêàçàíû òî÷íåå è ïðèáëèæàëàñü áû ê 100%, åñëè áû áûëî èçâåñòíî, èìåëà ëè ïòèöà (â ñëó÷àå, åñëè ïðîáà áûëà âçÿòà ó ïòåíöîâ, òî èõ ðîäèòåëè) ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê èëè íåò. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìåòîä àíàëèçà ÄÍÊ, êàê ìíîãîîáåùàþùèé èíñòðóìåíò èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîäâèäîâîé ñòðóêòóðû, áûë äëÿ ìåíÿ ðåàáèëèòèðîâàí, à ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé Ô. Íèòòèíãåð íàòîëêíóëè íà íîâûå èäåè. Âûÿâëåíèå â ðåçóëüòàòå àíàëèçà ìèòîõîíäðèàëüíîé ÄÍÊ òîãî ôàêòà, ÷òî áàëîáàíû äåëÿòñÿ íà äâå áîëüøèå ãðóïïû, öåíòðàëüíûå ãàïëîòèïû êîòîðûõ ðàçäåëÿåò øåñòü ìóòàöèîííûõ øàãîâ, ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ïðîöåññ äèôôåðåíöèàöèè çàø¸ë óæå î÷åíü äàëåêî. Ëþáîïûòíî, ÷òî öåíòðàëüíûé ãàïëîòèï âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, îòñóòñòâóþùèé ó çàïàäíûõ, èìåþò è êðå÷åòû. Îáúÿñíèòü ýòîò ôåíîìåí ðåöåíòíîé ãèáðèäèçàöèåé êðå÷åòîâ ñ âîñòî÷íûìè áàëîáàíàìè íåâîçìîæíî. Íå ãîâîðÿ î òîì, ÷òî òàêèå ôàêòû íåèçâåñòíû, à â ñèëó ðÿäà áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ îñîáåííîñòåé ýòèõ äâóõ âèäîâ äàæå â ìåñòàõ ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ êîíòàêòîâ â çèìíåå âðåìÿ (Àëòàé, Ñàÿíû) êðàéíå ìàëîâåðîÿòíû. È â îñòàëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ îáèòàíèÿ âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ (Òèáåò, Ñðåäíÿÿ Àçèÿ, Èðàí è ò.ä.) ðåöåíòíàÿ ãèáðèäèçàöèÿ äàæå òåîðåòè÷åñêè íåâîçìîæíà. Ãîðàçäî áîëåå âåðîÿòíû

observed, only six lived together as pairs. I see the transitional character in the biology of Siberian Saker Falcons in the fact that during their migration they cover much smaller distances than the Western Saker Falcons. Further, some of them, similar to Eastern Saker Falcons, managed to form pairs in autumn before they migrate to their wintering areas. And finally, some individuals are able to build their nests on trees (I. Karyakin, pers. com.). Some authors divide the Saker Falcons into three subspecies. For instance, E. Kozlova (1975) assumes that birds with a more “primitive” marking, when the plumage of the adult individuals hardly differs from those of the young, predominantly inhabit the Western parts of the distribution of the species. The author concludes that it is precisely in this area, somewhere in the mountains of Eastern Europe, where the roots of the Saker Falcons are to be found. Further east, the markings of the Sakers’ plumage become more complex. At the same time, the age-induced dimorphism increases. According to E. Kozlova, the most “advanced” Saker Falcons inhabit Mongolia, Nanshan, Eastern Tibet and Western China, and constitute the second subspecies. All of the other Saker Falcons that show transitional features between these two subspecies and inhabit Central Siberia, Altai, Eastern Kazakhstan and Central Asia, constitute the third subspecies. If assuming a division into three subspecies, it would seem more logical to classify only the birds from Tibet as the second subspecies. Their plumage shows a fundamental difference from all of the other Eastern Saker Falcons in several features. Consequently, except for the populations listed above, the populations from Mongolia and Western China should also be counted as belonging to the third subspecies. On the basis of DNA analysis, M. Wink (2007) also differentiates between at least three genetic lines of evolution. P. Pfander (2007) proposes to divide the Saker Falcons into three subspecies: the Common (Western), the Tibetan and the Turkestanian. The rest of the magnificent territory from Eastern China to Asia Minor is, in his opinion, inhabited by birds that cannot be related to any subspecies and which are a product of hybridization between the three forms identified by him. With this, he completely ignores the fact that in this particular territory several geographically located forms may be found which have specific features that

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ñë¸òîê áàëîáàíà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Juvenile of the Saker Falcon. Photo by I. Karyakin.

êîíòàêòû, à ñ íèìè è âîçìîæíîñòü îáðàçîâàíèÿ ñìåøàííûõ ïàð, âîçíèêøàÿ â õîäå ïîñòãëÿöèàëüíûõ ñìåùåíèé ãðàíèö àðåàëîâ ýòèõ âèäîâ ïðèìåðíî 10 òûñ. ëåò òîìó íàçàä, êàê ýòî ïðåäïîëàãàåò Ï. Ïôàíäåð (1994), îáúÿñíÿÿ ïðîèñõîæäåíèå àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ. Îäíàêî âîçíèêàåò ðÿä âîïðîñîâ: (1) ïî÷åìó, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, ó êðå÷åòîâ â ðåçóëüòàòå ãèáðèäèçàöèè íå ñîõðàíèëèñü âèäîñïåöèôè÷åñêèå ãàïëîòèïû áàëîáàíîâ è (2) êàê óõèòðèëèñü èçáåæàòü ãèáðèäèçàöèè ñ êðå÷åòàìè çàïàäíûå áàëîáàíû, ïîïóëÿöèè êîòîðûõ â öåëîì ðàñïîëîæåíû ñåâåðíåå, ÷åì ïîïóëÿöèè âîñòî÷íûõ, è ìîæíî áûëî áû ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî îíè ïåðâûìè â ñâî¸ì ïðîäâèæåíèè íà ñåâåð, âñëåä çà îòñòóïàþùèì ëåäîâûì ïàíöèðåì, èìåëè øàíñ âñòðåòèòüñÿ ñ êðå÷åòàìè? Áîëåå âåðîÿòíûì êàæåòñÿ, ÷òî ãàïëîòèï, èìåþùèéñÿ êàê ó âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, òàê è ó êðå÷åòîâ, äîñòàëñÿ èì ãîðàçäî ðàíüøå îò îáùåãî ïðåäêà. È áûë «ïîòåðÿí», ïîâèäèìîìó, èçíà÷àëüíî íåáîëüøîé ãðóïïîé áàëîáàíîâ, äàâøèõ âïîñëåäñòâèè ïòèö, îòíîñèìûõ ñåãîäíÿ ê çàïàäíîìó ïîäâèäó. ß ïðåäïîëàãàþ, ÷òî êëþ÷åâûì ñîáûòèåì, ïîâëåêøèì ðàñùåïëåíèå áàëîáàíîâ íà çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ, ïîñëóæèë ïåðåõîä ÷àñòè èç íèõ íà ãíåçäîâàíèå íà äåðåâüÿõ. Ýòî, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, ïîçâîëèëî áóäóùèì çàïàäíûì áàëîáàíàì ïðîíèêíóòü â ðàâíèííûå ñòåïíûå è ëåñîñòåïíûå ðàéîíû, ðàíåå íåäîñòóïíûå èç-çà îòñóòñòâèÿ ñêàë, íåîáõîäèìûõ äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä. Î÷åíü ïðèâëåêàòåëüíûå âåñíîé è ëåòîì èç-çà îáèëèÿ äîáû÷è, â îñíîâíîì ðàçíûõ âèäîâ ñóñëèêîâ, ñòåïíûå è ëåñîñòåïíûå ðàéîíû â îñòàëüíîå âðåìÿ ãîäà ìàëîïðèãîäíû äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ áàëîáàíîâ (ñóñëèêè â ñïÿ÷êå, áîëüøèíñòâî âèäîâ ïòèö óëåòåëè íà þã, âûñîêèé ñíåæíûé ïîêðîâ äåëàåò íåäîñòóïíûìè ðàçíûå âèäû ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ, îñòàþùèõñÿ àêòèâíûìè è çèìîé). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îñâîåíèå ñòîëü áëàãîïðèÿòíûõ â ïåðèîä ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íîâûõ ðàéîíîâ îêàçàëîñü âîçìîæíûì ëèøü ñ îòêàçîì îò îñ¸äëîñòè. Íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñîâåðøåíèÿ ðåãóëÿðíûõ ïåðåë¸òîâ, êîãäà ïòèöàì â èõ äâèæåíèè ê ìåñòàì çèìîâîê ïðèõîäèëîñü ïåðåñåêàòü èíäèâèäóàëüíûå òåððèòîðèè îáèòàþùèõ þæíåå îñ¸äëûõ áàëîáàíîâ èëè äàæå îñòàâàòüñÿ â èõ ïðåäå-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ are as distinctive as those of the Turkestanian Saker Falcons, for example. The division of one or another species into subspecies is inevitably subjective. Possibly, those researchers are right who differentiate the Western Saker Falcons in Danube and Volga subspecies (Dementiev, 1951, recognized two subspecies of Western Sakers – F. ch. danubialis Êlåinsñhmidt, 1939, and F. ch. cherrug Grày, 1833–34, that were joined by Stepanyan, 1975, in one subspecies F. ch. cherrug). In the large distribution range of the Western Saker Falcons, one could probably even find another one or two geographically located and easily identifiable forms. Due to poor knowledge of the discussed form, the Common Saker Falcon is the only subspecies for me, which does not obtain horizontal markings on the plumage as an adult, predominantly inhabits steppes and forest steppes in Eurasia, specializes on feeding itself with different species of sousliks, prefers nesting on trees to nesting on rocks, and regularly undertakes seasonal migrations. Figure 2 shows such a falcon from Naurzum. It was established long since that for the Eastern Saker Falcons on the whole the age-induced dimorphism in colouring and marking increases in West-East direction. It expresses itself in the increasing degree of development of the horizontal marking and the bluish shade of the plumage of adult birds. Along with the idea that in the original birth place of a species the birds have the most primitive, ancient type of plumage which in the course of migration obtains more progressive features (Stegman even called the Mongolian subspecies of Saker Falcons “progressus”), there is also a theory that the horizontal marking functions as an indicator. The degree of its development depends on how sedentarily the falcons live (Baumgart, 1980). Concerning the first point of view I have difficulties in imagining a species which originates in regions that are least suitable for living. To the contrary, I suppose that the origin of the Saker Falcons lies in the not very high, semi-desert-like mountains of Central and East Asia. There, they have numerous prey animals that are available throughout the year, as well as ideal conditions for hunting and breeding. The conclusions of W. Baumgart do not convince me either. Following his logics, one would not look for Saker Falcons with

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ëàõ íà äëèòåëüíûé ñðîê, ïîâëåêëà, íà ìîé âçãëÿä, èçìåíåíèå â ðèñóíêå èõ îïåðåíèÿ – îíî ïðèîáðåëî ÷åðòû þíîøåñêîãî íàðÿäà. Ïðåèìóùåñòâà ïîäîáíîé ìèìèêðèè î÷åâèäíû. Áóäó÷è èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî òåððèòîðèàëüíûìè ïòèöàìè, áàëîáàíû áåñêîìïðîìèññíî çàùèùàþò ñâîè ó÷àñòêè îò âòîðæåíèé ñâîèõ âçðîñëûõ ñîïëåìåííèêîâ, íî ïðîÿâëÿþò ïðè ýòîì óäèâèòåëüíóþ òåðïèìîñòü â îòíîøåíèè ìîëîäûõ ñîêîëîâ â ïåðâîì ãîäîâîì íàðÿäå. ßðêèé ïðèìåð òàêîé òåðïèìîñòè ìíå ïðèøëîñü íàáëþäàòü â 2006 ã. âî âðåìÿ èíòðîäóêöèè ìîëîäûõ áàëîáàíîâ â ïðèðîäó â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ ýòîãî âèäà â Êàçàõñòàíå. Äëÿ âûïóñêà áûëî ïîäîáðàíî óùåëüå, íàõîäÿùååñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ ó÷àñòêà, êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî ñòàðûì ñàìöîì, êîòîðûé ìíîãî ëåò íå ìîã íàéòè ïàðòí¸ðøó. Ñäåëàíî ýòî áûëî â íàäåæäå, ÷òî åìó «ïðèãëÿíåòñÿ» îäíà èç ìîëîäûõ ñàìîê, ÷òî, êñòàòè, â èòîãå è ïðîèçîøëî. Òàê âîò, õîòÿ âíåçàïíîå ïîÿâëåíèå è äëèòåëüíîå ïðåáûâàíèå áîëåå 30 ìîëîäûõ ñîêîëîâ â ïðåäåëàõ îõðàíÿåìîé òåððèòîðèè îêàçàëîñü äëÿ ñòàðîãî ñàìöà èñòî÷íèêîì ïîñòîÿííîãî ñòðåññà, îí íå ïðåäïðèíÿë íè îäíîé ñåðüåçíîé ïîïûòêè ê èõ èçãíàíèþ. Ëþáîïûòíî, ÷òî äëÿ ìîëîäûõ áàëîáàíîâ þíîøåñêèé íàðÿä âàæåí äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ïèùåé íå òîëüêî òåì, ÷òî èì ïîçâîëÿåòñÿ îõîòèòüñÿ íà ÷óæèõ çàíÿòûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ, íî îí è ñïîñîáñòâóåò óñïåøíîìó êëåïòîïàðàçèòèçìó. Íåêîòîðûå ìîëîäûå áàëîáàíû íà çèìîâêå íåîòñòóïíî ñëåäóþò çà êàêîéíèáóäü âçðîñëîé ïòèöåé è ðåãóëÿðíî îòíèìàþò ó íå¸ äîáû÷ó, íå âñòðå÷àÿ îñîáîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ. Ïî ìîèì íàáëþäåíèÿì (85 ñëó÷àåâ êëåïòîïàðàçèòèçìà), ìîëîäûå ñîêîëû ïðåäïðèíèìàþò ïîïûòêè çàâëàäåòü ÷óæîé äîáû÷åé ïî÷òè â 8 ðàç ÷àùå, ÷åì âçðîñëûå ïòèöû. Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî çàìåòíî ìåíåå âûðàæåííûé, ÷åì ó ñàìöîâ, ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê â íàðÿäå ñàìîê âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, òî åñòü, åãî áîëüøàÿ «èíôàíòèëüíîñòü», òàêæå ïðèçâàí îñëàáèòü àãðåññèâíîñòü ñàìöîâ â ïåðèîä îáðàçîâàíèÿ ïàð (ó îñ¸äëûõ âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ ñàìöû ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîñòîÿííûìè äåðæàòåëÿìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, áîëüøèíñòâî æå ñàìîê ìåíåå òåððèòîðèàëüíû è òîëüêî íà ïåðèîä ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïðèâÿçûâàþòñÿ ê îäíîé èç òåððèòîðèé, êîíòðîëèðóåìûõ ïàðòí¸ðîì). Âñå ýòè ïðèìåðû ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î ïðåèìóùåñòâàõ, êîòîðûå â ïåðèîä ìèãðàöèé äà¸ò þíîøåñêèé èëè ïîõîæèé íà íåãî íàðÿä áàëîáàíîâ. À îäíèì èç âîçìîæíûõ ñâèäåòåëüñòâ òîãî, ÷òî óòðàòà ïîïåðå÷íî-

a strongly developed horizontal marking in Tibet or in Mongolia , but in the South of Central Asia where both adult and young birds are sedentary. I do not doubt that specialities in colouring and marking of Saker Falcons have adaptive character. They are possibly connected with the characteristics of the environment. For instance, it is not mere coincidence that Turkestanian Saker Falcons, Lanner Falcons and Barbary Falcons inhabiting virtually equal habitats and leading similar ways of life show a striking and definitely convergent similarity of appearance. The adult Turkestanian Saker Falcon (F. ch. coatsi Dåmåntiåv, 1945) differs from other subspecies in its bright colouring (fig. 3): the crown is brightly rust-coloured, the upperparts which is covered with sufficiently pronounced although not very contrasting horizontal markings has a strong greyishbluish shade, and the feathers of breast and belly show a perceptible cream-coloured shade. The distribution range of Turkestanian Saker Falcons covers large sand deserts of Central Asia, running from the North-East to the South-West along the ridge of the Karatau, the foothills of the Western Tien-Shan, the Pamiro-Alay, Kopetdag, Balchan and in part to the West of the Elbrus. Their nests are located in niches of high rocks. In South Uzbekistan, they lay their eggs as early as the beginning of February (Mitropolskyi et al., 1987). The adults, and in the Southern part of the territory also the young birds, are sedentary. It has been observed that the portion of birds in the diet is higher than with other subspecies of Saker Falcons (Dementiev, 1951).

Ñàìêà áàëîáàíà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Female of the Saker Falcon. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 ãî ðèñóíêà âçðîñëûìè çàïàäíûìè áàëîáàíàìè äåéñòâèòåëüíî ìîãëà èìåòü ìåñòî, ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü ðåãóëÿðíîå ïîÿâëåíèå â ñàìûõ ðàçíûõ ÷àñòÿõ àðåàëà ýòîãî ïîäâèäà îñîáåé ñ òèïè÷íûì ðèñóíêîì âîñòî÷íîãî ïîäâèäà (Glutz et al, 1971), íîñÿùåå, ïîâèäèìîìó, àòàâèñòè÷åñêèé õàðàêòåð. Ìíå ïîñ÷àñòëèâèëîñü ñîáðàòü ñâåäåíèÿ ïî íåêîòîðûì ÷åðòàì áèîëîãèè çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ â ìåñòàõ ñîïðèêîñíîâåíèÿ èõ àðåàëîâ íà þãî-âîñòîêå ïóñòûíè Áåòïàêäàëà, ãäå îáà ïîäâèäà ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà ñêàëàõ. Ñàìûì íåîæèäàííûì ðåçóëüòàòîì áûëî óñòàíîâëåíèå ôàêòà, ÷òî äàæå â ìåñòàõ êîíòàêòà, ãäå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ãí¸çäàìè, çàíÿòûìè ïàðàìè ðàçíûõ ïîäâèäîâ, èíîãäà íå ïðåâûøàëî íåñêîëüêèõ êèëîìåòðîâ, îíè ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ñìåøèâàëèñü. Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå íåêîòîðûõ ÷åðò ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè, êàê ìíå êàæåòñÿ, ïîçâîëÿåò îáúÿñíèòü ýòîò ôåíîìåí. Âîñòî÷íûå áàëîáàíû îáðàçóþò ïàðû, êàê ïðàâèëî, îñåíüþ, âî âðåìÿ îñåííåãî òîêà, âñþ çèìó îñòàþòñÿ âìåñòå íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå è ê îòêëàäêå ÿèö ïðèñòóïàþò ðàííåé âåñíîé, â íà÷àëå ìàðòà, à èíîãäà óæå è â ôåâðàëå. Çàïàäíûå áàëîáàíû âîçâðàùàþòñÿ ñ çèìîâîê, êîãäà âîñòî÷íûå óæå ñèäÿò íà êëàäêàõ, çàòåì â êðàò÷àéøèå ñðîêè çàíèìàþò òåððèòîðèþ, òîêóþò, îáðàçóþò ïàðû è ïðèñòóïàþò ê îòêëàäêå ÿèö ïðèìåðíî íà ìåñÿö ïîçæå, ÷åì âîñòî÷íûå. Äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè, ñîêîëû ýòèõ ïîäâèäîâ âåäóò ñåáÿ â çîíå êîíòàêòà êàê äâà ðàçíûõ «õîðîøèõ» âèäà. Êîíå÷íî, ìîæíî ïðåäñòàâèòü ñåáå ñèòóàöèþ, êîãäà â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîòåðè îäíîãî èç ïàðòí¸ðîâ ó âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ íà ðàííåì ýòàïå ãíåçäîâîãî öèêëà åãî ìîã áû çàìåíèòü ñîêîë äðóãîãî ïîäâèäà. Îäíàêî, ñóäÿ ïî òîìó, ÷òî â ìåñòàõ íàáëþäåíèé ìíîþ íå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ïòèö, íàðÿä êîòîðûõ èìåë áû îäíîçíà÷íî ïåðåõîäíûé õàðàêòåð, ïðîèñõîäèò ýòî ðåäêî. Âìåñòå ñ òåì, íåêîòîðûå ôàêòû ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î òîì, ÷òî äàëüøå íà ñåâåðå, âîçìîæíî óæå â Òàðáàãàòàå, à òàêæå íà Àëòàå, â Þæíîé Ñèáèðè, ïî ñåâåðó Ìîíãîëèè, ãäå êëèìàòè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ ñáëèæàþò ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ âîñòî÷íûõ è çàïàäíûõ ïîäâèäîâ, îáðàçîâàíèå ñìåøàííûõ ïàð â ìåñòàõ êîíòàêòà èìååò ìåñòî. Íå èñêëþ÷åíî, ÷òî ïîäîáíîå, õîòü è ðåæå, ìîæåò ïðîèñõîäèòü è â äðóãèõ ìåñòàõ, íàïðèìåð, íà çàïàäå Êàçàõñòàíà. Ïîòîìñòâî òàêèõ ñìåøàííûõ ïàð èìååò ïåðåõîäíûå ïðèçíàêè, âàðüèðóþùèå, î÷åâèäíî â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ïðåîáëàäàíèÿ äîëè êðîâè âîñòî÷íûõ èëè çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ, â î÷åíü øèðîêèõ

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ The falcons inhabiting the Ustyurt Plateau and Mangyshlak are usually regarded as related to the same subspecies. However, the colouring of these small-sized falcons strongly differs from the colouring of Turkestanian Saker Falcons: the crown is dirtywhite, the moustache is hardly perceptible, the upperparts have the colour of light clay and the horizontal markings are weakly developed (only on tertails, rump, uppertail coverts and tail). One of the most striking characteristics of these Saker Falcons is their affection for high chalk and sand cliff-faces. Taking up the idea of the Russian painter V. Gorbatov, I named these birds “Chink Saker Falcons”. Chink is the regional name for cliff-faces. Earlier the subspecies was described as Aralocaspian Saker Falcon (F. ch. aralocaspius Êlåinsñhmidt, 1939). A good image of what these Chink Saker Falcons look like, as well as the chinks where they usually nest, can be seen on the picture by V. Gorbatov (fig. 4). Within the borders of the distribution of the Chink Saker Falcons, which is restricted by the coast of the Caspian Sea in the West and covers the desert plains of the Turgay Plateau approximately to the region of the Sarysu river in the East, as well as the Western regions of the sand deserts Kyzylkum and Karakum, the falcons always tend to build their nests in niches of cliff-faces. Only in rare cases do they settle on rocks of small desert mountains, in past years also on the electric poles (Karyakin et al., 2005). Adult Chink Saker Falcons are sedentary; their breeding period starts early, and in their diet different species of gerbils are prevalent. In Western direction, the Eastern Saker Falcons from Asia Minor migrate farther than the other Saker Falcons. I have seen three birds in breeding stations that once had been taken out of nests in the region of the city Konya , and also, in the collection of Moscow University, a sample of an adult bird acquired near Erzerum. With their large size and also the peculiarities of colouring and marking (fig. 5), the Anatolian Saker Falcons (F. ch. anatolicus) (as I decided to call them) showed most similarities to some birds from Central Asia which live nearly 4000 km farther East. In contrast, the closest neighbours – the Turkestanian, Chink and Common Saker Falcons – have little in common with the Anatolian Saker Falcon. Clearly, details of the distribution range, variation of colouring and biological characteristics have to become the subject of future research. However, from

Raptor Research

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Ðèñ. 1. Ñèáèðñêèå áàëîáàíû (Falco cherrug saceroides) íà çèìîâêå â Àëìàòå. Êàçàõñòàí. Ðèñóíîê Â. Ãîðáàòîâà. Fig. 1. Siberian Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug saceroides) wintering in Almata. Kazakhstan. Picture by V. Gorbatov.

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 2. Îáûêíîâåííûé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug cherrug), àòàêóþùèé ñòðåïåòà (Tetrax tetrax) â Íàóðçóìñêîé êîâûëüíîé ñòåïè. Êàçàõñòàí. Ðèñóíîê Â. Ãîðáàòîâà. Fig. 2. Common Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug cherrug) catching Little Bustard (Tetrax tetrax) at the Naurzum feathergrass steppe. Kazakhstan. Picture by V. Gorbatov.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Ðèñ. 3. Òóðêåñòàíñêèé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug coatsi). Êóãèòàíã, Óçáåêèñòàí. Ðèñóíîê Â. Ãîðáàòîâà. Fig. 3. Turkestanian Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug coatsi). Kugitanf Mountains. Uzbekistan. Picture by V. Gorbatov.

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 4. ×èíêîâûé [àðàëîêàñïèéñêèé] áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug aralocaspius) íàä Òóçáàèðîì. Ïëàòî Óñòþðò, Êàçàõñòàí. Ðèñóíîê Â. Ãîðáàòîâà. Fig. 4. Chink [Aralocaspian] Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug aralocaspius) on the Tuzbair soil. Usturt plateau, Kazakhstan. Picture by V. Gorbatov.

Raptor Research

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Ðèñ. 5. Àíàòîëèéñêèé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug anatolicus ssp. nov.). Òóðöèÿ. Ðèñóíîê Â. Ãîðáàòîâà. Fig. 5. Anatolian Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug anatolicus ssp. nov.). Turkey. Picture by V. Gorbatov.

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 6. Öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug milvipes). Ñåðåêòàñ, Êàçàõñòàí. Ðèñóíîê Â. Ãîðáàòîâà. Fig. 6. Centralasian Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug milvipes). Serektas, Kazakhstan. Picture by V. Gorbatov.

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Ðèñ. 7. Ìîíãîëüñêèé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug progressus). Õàíãàé, Ìîíãîëèÿ. Ðèñóíîê Â. Ãîðáàòîâà. Fig. 7. Mongolian Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug progressus). Khangai Mountains, Mongolia. Picture by V. Gorbatov.

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 8. Òèáåòñêèé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug hendersoni). Îçåðî Êóêóíîð, Êèòàé. Ðèñóíîê Â. Ãîðáàòîâà. Fig. 8. Tibetan Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug hendersoni). Kukunor Lake, China. Picture by V. Gorbatov.

Raptor Research

Ðèñ. 9. Àëòàéñêèå ñîêîëû (Falco cherrug altaicus). Ðèñóíîê Â. Ãîðáàòîâà. Fig. 9. Altai [Saker] Falcons (Falco cherrug altaicus). Picture by V. Gorbatov.

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

×èíêîâûé [àðàëîêàñïèéñêèé] áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug aralocaspius). Ïëàòî Óñòþðò, Êàçàõñòàí. 17.04.2004. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Chink [Aralocaspian] Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug aralocaspius). Usturt plateau, Kazakhstan. 17/04/2004. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Ìîíãîëüñêèé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug progressus). Õåíòåé, Ìîíãîëèÿ. 03.05.2002. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Mongolian Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug progressus). Khentey, Mongolia. 03/05/2002. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Òèáåòñêèé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug hendersoni). Òèáåò, Êèòàé. Ìàé 2004. Ôîòî Å. Ïîòàïîâà. Tibetan Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug hendersoni). Tibet, China. May 2004. Photo by E. Potapov.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ïðåäåëàõ. Ñóäÿ ïî âñåìó, ïåðåõîäíûé õàðàêòåð ïðèçíàêîâ ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ íå òîëüêî âî âíåøíîñòè, íî è â îñîáåííîñòÿõ îáðàçà æèçíè. Èìåííî òàêèå ïòèöû, ÿ áû íàçâàë èõ «ñèáèðñêèìè áàëîáàíàìè», ïðåîáëàäàëè ñðåäè ñîêîëîâ, ïðèëåòàâøèõ íà çèìîâêó íà þã è âîñòîê Êàçàõñòàíà (êàê ïîäâèä ïîäîáíûå ñîêîëà áûëè îïèñàíû â êà÷åñòâå F. ch. saceroides Âiànñhi, 1907). Îíè çàìåòíî îòëè÷àëèñü îò ìåñòíûõ îñ¸äëûõ âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ îòñóòñòâèåì ñèçûõ òîíîâ â îêðàñêå îïåðåíèÿ è ìåíåå âûðàæåííûì ïîïåðå÷íûì ðèñóíêîì (íà ðèñ. 1 èçîáðàæåíà ðåàëüíàÿ ïàðà, çèìîâàâøàÿ íåñêîëüêî ëåò â Àëìàòå). Ïåðâûå èç íèõ ïîÿâëÿëèñü óæå â îêòÿáðå, ïîñëåäíèå óëåòàëè â íà÷àëå ìàðòà. Â îòëè÷èå îò ìåñòíûõ âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, êîòîðûå äàæå â ñàìûå ñóðîâûå çèìû ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ïîêèäàëè ñâîèõ ãíåçäîâûõ è îõîòíè÷üèõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ñèáèðñêèå ÷àñòî êîíöåíòðèðîâàëèñü áëèç íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ, ãäå îõîòèëèñü íà äîìàøíèõ ãîëóáåé (Columba sp.) è ãîðëèö (Streptopelia sp.). Èç ïðèìåðíî ïîëóñîòíè òàêèõ ïòèö, çà îõîòíè÷üèì ïîâåäåíèåì êîòîðûõ ÿ íàáëþäàë íà ýëåâàòîðàõ è êîìáèêîðìîâûõ çàâîäàõ, 6 áûëè îáúåäèíåíû â ïàðû, îñòàëüíûå áûëè îäèíî÷êàìè. Ëþáîïûòíî, ÷òî ó îäíîé èç ýòèõ ïàð, êîòîðàÿ â íåèçìåííîì ñîñòàâå ïîÿâëÿëàñü íà Àëìàòèíñêîì ýëåâàòîðå â òå÷åíèå, ïî ìåíüøåé ìåðå, 4-õ çèì, íå áûëî è íàì¸êà íà áðà÷íîå ïîâåäåíèå. È ýòî íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî êîãäà îíè ïðèëåòàëè îñåíüþ, ó ìåñòíûõ ïòèö âîâñþ áóøåâàëè ñòðàñòè îñåííåãî òîêà, à âåñíîé îíè óëåòàëè, êîãäà â ãí¸çäàõ ìåñòíûõ ïòèö óæå ïîÿâëÿëèñü ïåðâûå ÿéöà. Ïðîìåæóòî÷íûé õàðàêòåð â áèîëîãèè ñèáèðñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ ÿ óñìàòðèâàþ â òîì, ÷òî îíè, õîòÿ è ñîâåðøàþò ïåðåë¸òû, íî íà ãîðàçäî ìåíüøåå ðàññòîÿíèå, ÷åì çàïàäíûå áàëîáàíû, â òîì, ÷òî íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ, ïîäîáíî âîñòî÷íûì, óñïåâàëè îñåíüþ, åù¸ äî îòë¸òà íà çèìîâêó, îáðàçîâàòü ïàðû è, íàêîíåö, â òîì, ÷òî íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ ñïîñîáíû ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ (È. Êàðÿêèí, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ýòè ïòèöû åäèíñòâåííûå ñðåäè áàëîáàíîâ, èìåþùèõ âî âçðîñëîì íàðÿäå ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê, êîòîðûå ñîâåðøàþò ðåãóëÿðíûå ïåðåë¸òû (õîòü è íà ñðàâíèòåëüíî íåáîëüøîå ðàññòîÿíèå, íî çà ïðåäåëû ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà) è èíîãäà ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ. Íåêîòîðûå àâòîðû äåëÿò áàëîáàíîâ íà òðè ïîäâèäà. Ñ ïîäîáíîé òî÷êîé çðåíèÿ òîæå ìîæíî ñîãëàñèòüñÿ, èíòåðåñíûì ñòàíîâèòñÿ ëèøü âîïðîñ, ãäå è â ñèëó êàêèõ êðèòåðèåâ ïðîâîäèòñÿ ìåæäó íèìè ãðàíè-

what we know about them today, it is undoubtedly justified to classify them as independent subspecies. The Centralasian Saker Falcons (F. ch. milvipes Jårdîn, 1871) (fig. 6) inhabit the foothills and the lower parts of mountain ridges which restrict the area of Central Asia from Kazakhstan and Siberia in the shape of a strip, which extends from the South West to the North East through Tien-Shan, excluding its Western end, the Dshungarian Alatau, Tarbagatay, Altai and the Sayan region. They differ from the other subspecies of Eastern Saker Falcons described above in their stronger developed horizontal markings. The colouring of the crown has a rustcoloured shade. The basic colour of the upperparts is a greyish brown. The colouring of the horizontal marking and the edge of the feathers ranges from a pale sandy colour to a rusty ochre. The bluish shade is more pronounced in the male individuals and is most perceptible at the rump. Adult falcons are sedentary, young ones migrate to the South beyond the borders of the distribution of the subspecies for over wintering. They build their nests exclusively on rocks of medium and even small height. Sometimes they also live on high mountain plateaus at a height of as much as 2,500 m. Among their prey animals prevail different species of gerbils and, less often, sousliks. Most researchers regard the Mongolian Saker Falcon (F. ch. progressus Stegmann, 1925) as related to the Centralasian Saker Falcon mentioned above (for instance, Stepanyan, 1975). Besides the light colouring and the large size, adult individuals have a very pronounced horizontal marking on the upperparts and a vivid light bluish shade not only at the rump but also on the back and even the tail (fig. 7). Apart from South Transbaikalia and Eastern Mongolia, the distribution range of these birds seems to extend in Eastern direction to the borders of the distribution of the species at the Great Chingan. They inhabit flat and slightly hilly planes or small mountains with small rock spurs. They usually build their nests in niches of rocks but occasionally also on the ground. The Brandt’s vole (Lasiopodomys brandti) is the most important prey of these falcons. Adult falcons are sedentary, the young ones migratory. The Tibetan Saker Falcon (F. ch. hendersoni Íumå, 1871) (fig. 8) lives at elevation of 3,000–5,000 m. The colouring of the adult bird reminds one primarily of the Common Kestrel. The horizontal markings are most

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Ñîâðåìåííîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè ïîäâèäîâ áàëîáàíà (ïî Ð. Ïôåôôåð, È. Êàðÿêèí, Å. Ïîòàïîâ). Modern concept of Saker Falcon subspecies distribution (by R. Pfeffer, I. Karyakin, E. Potapov).

öà. Íàïðèìåð, Å. Êîçëîâà (1975) ïîëàãàåò, ÷òî ïòèöû ñ íàèáîëåå «ïðèìèòèâíûì» ðèñóíêîì, ïðè êîòîðîì âçðîñëûé íàðÿä åäâà îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò þíîøåñêîãî, íàñåëÿþò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî çàïàäíûå ÷àñòè àðåàëà âèäà. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, èìåííî òàì, ãäå-òî â ãîðàõ Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû, ïèøåò àâòîð, ñëåäóåò èñêàòü ðîäèíó áàëîáàíîâ. Äàëåå íà âîñòîê ðèñóíîê îïåðåíèÿ áàëîáàíîâ ïîñòåïåííî óñëîæíÿåòñÿ, ïðèíèìàÿ âñ¸ áîëåå «ïðîãðåññèâíûå» ÷åðòû, îäíîâðåìåííî óñèëèâàåòñÿ è âîçðàñòíîé äèìîðôèçì. Ñàìûå «ïðîãðåññèâíûå» áàëîáàíû, ñîãëàñíî Å. Êîçëîâîé, íàñåëÿþò Ìîíãîëèþ, Íàíüøàíü, Âîñòî÷íûé Òèáåò è Çàïàäíûé Êèòàé è îáðàçóþò âòîðîé ïîäâèä. Âñå îñòàëüíûå áàëîáàíû, èìåþùèå ïðîìåæóòî÷íûå ìåæäó ýòèìè äâóìÿ ïîëþñàìè ïðèçíàêè, îáèòàþùèå â öåíòðàëüíîé Ñèáèðè, íà Àëòàå, íà âîñòîêå Êàçàõñòàíà è â Ñðåäíåé Àçèè, îáðàçóþò òðåòèé ïîäâèä. Íå âäàâàÿñü â äèñêóññèþ î ìåñòå çàðîæäåíèÿ áàëîáàíîâ è ïðèìèòèâíîñòè èëè ïðîãðåññèâíîñòè ðèñóíêà èõ íàðÿäà, ïîëàãàþ, ÷òî åñëè èñõîäèòü èç äåëåíèÿ íà 3 ïîäâèäà, ëîãè÷íåå áûëî áû êî âòîðîìó îòíåñòè òîëüêî ïòèö èç Òèáåòà, íàðÿä êîòîðûõ èìååò íåñêîëüêî ïðèíöèïèàëüíûõ îòëè÷èé îò âñåõ îñòàëüíûõ âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ. Òîãäà ê òðåòüåìó ïîäâèäó, ïîìèìî ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ âûøå, äîëæíû áûëè áû îòîéòè ïîïóëÿöèè èç Ìîíãîëèè è Çàïàäíîãî Êèòàÿ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå àíàëèçà ìèòîõîíäðèàëüíîé ÄÍÊ áàëîáàíîâ Ì. Âèíê (2007) òàêæå âûäåëÿåò ïî ìåíüøåé ìåðå òðè ãåíåòè÷åñêèå ëèíèè ðàçâèòèÿ, íî, î÷åâèäíî ïîâòîðÿÿ îøèáêó Ô. Íèòòèíãåð, òîæå óòâåðæäàåò, ÷òî îíè ãåîãðàôè÷åñêè íå ëîêàëèçîâàíû. Æàëü, ÷òî èç ñòàòüè íåëüçÿ óçíàòü, êàêèå ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðèçíàêè èëè îñîáåí-

developed in the Tibetan Saker Falcon: at the back, its reddish rusty spots merge into the regular shape of stripes which reach up to the neck. At the flanks, trousers and undertail coverts, the blackish spots also form horizontal lines which remind one of the markings of Peregrine Falcons and some subspecies of the Gyrfalcon and the Lanner Falcon. Finally, in contrast to most subspecies of the Saker Falcon, the almost black and brownish black crown is not lighter than the back. Only in the outward appearance of Altai Falcons may some similarities be found. Adult Tibetan Saker Falcons are sedentary, young ones migratory. Their breeding period starts fairly early, they build their nests on rocks; and in their diet supply the dependence on one prey species, the Black-Lipped Pika (Ochotona curzoniae), is remarkable. Among the publications of the previous decades which dealt with the problematic of the Altai Falcons (Hierofalco altaicus Menzbier, 1891; syn.: Hierofàlco lorenzi Ìånzbiår, 1900; Falco gyrfalco altaicils Ìånzbiår, 1891) in one way or another, the articles by P. Pfander (1994 and 1999) stand out already because he describes the distinctive features of the appearance of these birds in detail and, moreover, correctly from the start. In the publications of earlier authors, who had a fairly concrete idea of the appearance of the Altai Falcon, their attempts to solve the riddles presented by these birds were impeded by the lack of material – in more recent publications, however, researchers were hindered by their incorrect assumptions as to the appearance of these birds. In my opinion, only this may explain that the majority of contemporary researchers hold the position that the Altai Falcons are only a variation of the subspecies of the Saker Falcon, differing merely in colour. Figure 9 shows the typical Altai Falcon (F. ch. altaicus Menzbier, 1891) of dark morph and an individual of pale morph (such birds were once referred to as Lorenz Falcons), on whose head the helmet-like marking is fully remained. The birds on the illustration both have a dark, black-brown crown which is not lighter than the colouring of the back. Striking are also the undertail coverts that are lined with hori-

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 íîñòè áèîëîãèè õàðàêòåðèçóþò ïòèö ýòèõ òð¸õ ëèíèé. Î òîì, ÷òî äåëåíèå íà ïîäâèäû âñåãäà â êàêîé-òî ìåðå ñóáúåêòèâíî, à îïðåäåëåíèå ãðàíèö èõ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ïðîèçâîëüíî, è, â îòëè÷èå îò âèäîâ, ìåæäó ïðèçíàêàìè ïîäâèäîâ åñòü îáûêíîâåííî ïîëíàÿ øêàëà ïåðåõîäîâ, ñïðàâåäëèâî ðàññóæäàåò â ñâîåé íàçèäàòåëüíîé ñòàòüå Ï. Ïôàíäåð (2007) è ïðåäëàãàåò ðàçäåëèòü áàëîáàíîâ íà òðè ïîäâèäà – îáûêíîâåííûé (çàïàäíûé) áàëîáàí, òèáåòñêèé è òóðêåñòàíñêèé. Âñþ îñòàëüíóþ ãðàíäèîçíóþ òåððèòîðèþ îò âîñòîêà Êèòàÿ äî Ìàëîé Àçèè íàñåëÿþò, íà åãî âçãëÿä, ïòèöû, êîòîðûõ íåâîçìîæíî îòíåñòè ê êàêîìó-ëèáî ïîäâèäó è ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ ïðîäóêòîì ãèáðèäèçàöèè âûäåëåííûõ èì òð¸õ ôîðì. Ïðè ýòîì àâòîð èãíîðèðóåò íàëè÷èå íà óêàçàííîé òåððèòîðèè íåñêîëüêèõ ãåîãðàôè÷åñêè ëîêàëèçîâàííûõ ôîðì, èìåþùèõ íå ìåíåå âûðàæåííûå ïðèçíàêè, ÷åì, íàïðèìåð, òóðêåñòàíñêèå áàëîáàíû. Êàê óæå óïîìèíàëîñü, ðàçäåëåíèå òîãî èëè èíîãî âèäà íà ïîäâèäû íåèçáåæíî ñóáúåêòèâíî. Íàðÿäó ñ ðàçëè÷èÿìè â îáú¸ìå àíàëèçèðóåìîé èíôîðìàöèè, èìåþò çíà÷åíèå êðèòåðèè, êîòîðûìè ðóêîâîäñòâóåòñÿ òîò èëè èíîé èññëåäîâàòåëü, âûäåëÿÿ ïîäâèä, à òàêæå, ïîëàãàþ, èíäèâèäóàëüíàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ê ðàçëè÷åíèþ äåòàëåé îêðàñêè, ðèñóíêà èëè ïðîïîðöèé èññëåäóåìûõ îáúåêòîâ. Íàïðèìåð, ÿ ïëîõî çíàþ çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ, êîòîðûå ìíå çíàêîìû ëèøü ïî ýïèçîäè÷åñêèì íàáëþäåíèÿì â Áåòïàêäàëå íà þãî-âîñòîêå è â Íàóðçóìå íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå Êàçàõñòàíà. Âîçìîæíî, ïðàâû òå èññëåäîâàòåëè, êîòîðûå äåëÿò èõ íà äóíàéñêèõ è âîëæñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ. Âîçìîæíî, íà îãðîìíîì ïðîòÿæåíèè àðåàëà çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ âïîëíå ìîæíî áûëî áû âûäåëèòü åù¸ îäíó èëè äâå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêè ïðèâÿçàííûå è õîðîøî óçíàâàåìûå ôîðìû (Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951, âûäåëÿë äâà ïîäâèäà çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ – F. ch. danubialis Êlåinsñhmidt, 1939 è F. ch. cherrug Grày, 1833–34, êîòîðûå ïîçæå áûëè ñëèòû Ë.Ñ. Ñòåïàíÿíîì, 1975, â îäèí ïîäâèä F. ch. cherrug). Íàïðèìåð, ìíå äîâåëîñü õîðîøî ðàññìîòðåòü äâóõ ñàìîê ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö, âçÿòûõ èç ãíåçäà â Ñèáèðè áëèç Êðàñíîÿðñêà, êîòîðûå ðåçêî îòëè÷àëèñü îò çàïàäíûõ êàçàõñòàíñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ êîíòðàñòíîé ò¸ìíîé ðàñöâåòêîé ñ î÷åíü çàìåòíûì ñèçûì îòòåíêîì. Íî â ñèëó ïëîõîãî çíàíèÿ îáñóæäàåìîé ôîðìû, äëÿ ìåíÿ îáûêíîâåííûé áàëîáàí (F. ch. cherrug) âñ¸ åù¸ îñòà¸òñÿ åäèíñòâåííûì

zontal marks. Apart from the Altai Falcons, one can observe such a marking only among Tibetan Saker Falcons. Most often, one can meet the Altai Falcons in the regions of Altai and Sayan, but they also migrate as far North as the Minussinsk depression and South to the central regions of Tien-Shan – that is to say, predominantly within the distribution of the Centralasian Saker Falcons. One verified case of an encounter with a breeding Altai Falcon was documented by P. Pfander (1994). It cannot be ruled out that the Altai Falcons are able to get into the distribution of Mongolian Saker Falcons. Among various hypotheses on the origin of the Altai Falcons, the proposal of P. Pfander persuades through its logics. He assumes that at the end of the last glacial period, an isolated population of Gyrfalcons could have remained on the high mountains of the Altai and was assimilated by populations of Saker Falcons migrating north when the climate became warmer. The preservation of some individuals in this region that show features of Gyrfalcons in terms of colouring and marking of the plumage, and possibly in some characteristics of their biology, provides evidence of former hybridization of two closely related species.

Îáûêíîâåííûå áàëîáàíû (Falco cherrug cherrug). Ôîòî c ñàéòà ïðîåêòà “Îõðàíà áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) â Êàðïàòàõ (LIFE06 NAT/HU/000096)”. Common Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug cherrug). Photos from “Conservation of Saker (Falco cherrug) in the Carpathian Basin (LIFE06 NAT/HU/000096)”.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Îáûêíîâåííûé áàëîáàí. Ôîòî Â. Ìîñåéêèíà. Common Saker Falcon. Photo by V. Moseykin.

ïîäâèäîì, êîòîðûé âî âçðîñëîì íàðÿäå íå ïîëó÷àåò ïîïåðå÷íîãî ðèñóíêà. Îí òàêæå íàñåëÿåò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ðàâíèííûå ñòåïíûå è ëåñîñòåïíûå ðàéîíû Åâðàçèè, ñïåöèàëèçèðóåòñÿ íà ïèòàíèè ðàçíûìè âèäàìè ñóñëèêîâ, óñòðàèâàåò ãí¸çäà ÷àùå íà äåðåâüÿõ, ÷åì íà ñêàëàõ è ñîâåðøàåò ðåãóëÿðíûå ñåçîííûå ìèãðàöèè. Íà ðèñóíêå 2 èçîáðàæ¸í òàêîé ñîêîë èç Íàóðçóìà. Ðàçëè÷èÿ â îáëèêå âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, ó êîòîðûõ â öåëîì ñ çàïàäà íà âîñòîê óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ âîçðàñòíîé äèìîðôèçì â îêðàñêå è ðèñóíêå, âûðàæàþùèéñÿ â íàðàñòàíèè ñòåïåíè âûðàæåííîñòè ïîïåðå÷íîãî ðèñóíêà è ñèçîãî îòòåíêà â îïåðåíèè âçðîñëûõ ïòèö, äàâíî ïîäìå÷åíû, õîòÿ îáúÿñíÿþòñÿ ðàçíûìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè ïîðàçíîìó. Íàðÿäó ñ ïðåäñòàâëåíèåì î òîì, ÷òî â ìåñòå çàðîæäåíèÿ âèäà ïòèöû èìåþò ñàìûé ïðèìèòèâíûé, äðåâíèé íàðÿä, êîòîðûé ïî ìåðå ðàññåëåíèÿ ïðèíèìàåò âñ¸ áîëåå ñîâðåìåííûå, ïðîãðåññèâíûå ÷åðòû (Á. Øòåãìàí äàæå íàçâàë ìîíãîëüñêèé ïîäâèä áàëîáàíîâ «F. ch. progressus»), ñóùåñòâóåò ìíåíèå, ÷òî ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê èìååò ñèãíàëüíóþ ôóíêöèþ è ñòåïåíü åãî âûðàæåííîñòè çàâèñèò îò îñ¸äëîñòè ñîêîëîâ (Baumgart, 1980). ×òî êàñàåòñÿ ïåðâîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ, òî ìíå òðóäíî ïðåäñòàâèòü, ÷òî çàðîæäåíèå âèäà ïðîèçîøëî â ðàéîíàõ, íàèìåíåå ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ åãî ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ. Íàïðîòèâ, ðîäèíó áàëîáàíîâ ÿ ñêîðåå ïðåäïîëîæèë áû â ïîëóïóñòûííûõ íåâûñîêèõ ãîðàõ Öåíòðàëüíîé è Âîñòî÷íîé Àçèè, ãäå îíè èìåþò öåëûé ðÿä êîðìîâûõ îáúåêòîâ, äîñòóïíûõ íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåãî ãîäà, à òàêæå èäåàëüíûå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ îõîòû è ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Íå óáåæäàþò è óìîçàêëþ÷åíèÿ Â. Áàóìãàðòà. Ñëåäóÿ åãî ëîãèêå, áàëîáàíîâ ñ íàèáîëåå âûðàæåííûì ïîïåðå÷íûì ðèñóíêîì ñëåäîâàëî áû èñêàòü íà þãå Ñðåäíåé Àçèè, ãäå êàê

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ However, this hypothesis has also some weak points. For instance, one could expect the Altai Falcons to have, apart from specific peculiarities of colouring and marking, a transitional nature in terms of size and proportions. But in this regard they prove to be typical Saker Falcons. The DNA analysis of the Altai Falcons did not show any difference from the regional Saker Falcons, either (Wink et al., 2007). And finally, the obvious similarity of key features of the Altai Falcons to those of the Tibetan Falcons is completely ignored. In my opinion, the Altai and the Tibetan Saker Falcons are more archaic subspecies that possibly have preserved in their outward appearance many features of the mutual ancestor of the Saker Falcons and the Gyrfalcons. According to V. Moseikin (pers. com.), this subspecies was remained in its pure form on a very limited territory of the Russian Altai where it inhabits mountainous taiga regions with a high humidity which are not very attractive for “normal” Saker Falcons. With increasing distance from the core distribution of this subspecies, the zone of hybridization of Saker Falcons with other subspecies shows not as much through gradual decrease of the features of Altai Falcons, but simply through the decline of the number of birds within the population which have the typical “Altai” appearance. Even in the surrounding of Issyk-Kul and Almaty, which are more than 1000 km away from the core of the subspecies, there are typical Altai Falcons breeding. Far off points where one still can meet breeding Saker Falcons that have preserved the outward appearance of Altai Falcons obviously mark out the borders of the former distribution of the subspecies. Summing up, one can identify following subspecies of the Saker Falcon: Common, Tibetan, Altai (disappearing subspecies), Mongolian, Centralasian, Turkestanian, Chink and Anatolian. The differentiation of Saker Falcons of Western and Eastern type has gone so far that they virtually do not hybridize in most contact zones of their distribution. Where this happens, the hybridization zone is comparatively narrow, and the birds within it show a great variety of features, not only in terms of outward appearance, but also with regard to the characteristics of their biology. For this reason I tend to treat these falcons – although I call them “Siberian Saker Falcons” – not as a special subspecies, but rather as a product of the hybridization of “almost-species” – the Western and the Eastern Saker Falcons.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 âçðîñëûå, òàê è ìîëîäûå ïòèöû îñ¸äëû. Íà ñàìîì æå äåëå ïîäîáíûå ñîêîëû îáèòàþò íà Òèáåòå è â Âîñòî÷íîé Ìîíãîëèè. ß íå ñîìíåâàþñü, ÷òî îñîáåííîñòè îêðàñêè è ðèñóíêà áàëîáàíîâ èìåþò àäàïòèâíûé õàðàêòåð, õîòÿ èñêàòü èì ïðîñòûå îáúÿñíåíèÿ – íåáëàãîäàðíîå äåëî. Â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå îíè êàêèì-òî îáðàçîì ñâÿçàíû ñ õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè ñðåäû îáèòàíèÿ. Íå ñëó÷àéíî, íàïðèìåð, ÷òî îáèòàþùèå ïðàêòè÷åñêè â îäèíàêîâûõ áèîòîïàõ è âåäóùèå ñõîäíûé îáðàç æèçíè òóðêåñòàíñêèå áàëîáàíû, ëàííåðû è øàõèíû èìåþò ïîðàçèòåëüíîå ñõîäñòâî âî âíåøíîñòè, èìåþùåå, íåñîìíåííî, êîíâåðãåíòíóþ ïðèðîäó. Ýòî ñõîäñòâî íàñòîëüêî âåëèêî, ÷òî èíîãäà ââîäèò â çàáëóæäåíèå äàæå ñïåöèàëèñòîâ. Òàê, â 1983 ã. Àëìàòèíñêèé çîîïàðê, ïîëó÷èâøèé ëèöåíçèþ íà èçúÿòèå èç ïðèðîäû äëÿ ñâîåé êîëëåêöèè øàõèíîâ, îáðàòèëñÿ çà ïîìîùüþ ê îäíîìó óçáåêñêîìó îðíèòîëîãó, çàíèìàâøåìóñÿ èçó÷åíèåì êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ è çíàâøåìó íåñêîëüêî ãí¸çä ýòèõ ðåäêèõ ïòèö. Òîò ñ ãîòîâíîñòüþ îòêëèêíóëñÿ íà ýòó ïðîñüáó è âñêîðå çîîïàðê äåéñòâèòåëüíî ïîëó÷èë ïòèö, íî íå øàõèíîâ, à ÷åòûð¸õ òóðêåñòàíñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ! Ñïóñòÿ áîëåå 15 ëåò ÿ ïîêàçàë îäíîãî èç ïîòîìêîâ ýòèõ ïòèö ä-ðó Ã. Òðîììåðó, èçâåñòíîìó àâòîðó ìíîãèõ êíèã è ñòàòåé î õèùíûõ ïòèöàõ è, îñîáåííî, êðóïíûõ ñîêîëàõ, êîòîðîãî òðóäíî çàïîäîçðèòü â èõ íåçíàíèè. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ïòèöó â âîëüåðå ìîæíî áûëî îòëè÷íî ðàññìîòðåòü, ìíå òàê è íå óäàëîñü óáåäèòü Òðîììåðà â òîì, ÷òî îíà íå ëàííåð, à áàëîáàí. Âçðîñëîãî òóðêåñòàíñêîãî áàëîáàíà (F. ch. coatsi Dåmåntiåv, 1945), êàê óæå óêàçûâàëîñü, îò äðóãèõ ïîäâèäîâ îòëè÷àåò ÿðêàÿ îêðàñêà (ðèñ. 3): òåìÿ âåí÷àåò ðûæåâàòàÿ øàïî÷êà, âåðõ, èñïåùð¸ííûé äîñòàòî÷íî âûðàæåííûì, õîòÿ è íå î÷åíü êîíòðàñòíûì ïîïåðå÷íûì ðèñóíêîì, èìååò ñèëüíûé ñåðîâàòî-ñèçûé îòòåíîê, íà ïåðüÿõ ãðóäè è áðþøêà çàìåòíûé êðåìîâûé íàë¸ò, ïðîäîëüíûå ïåñòðèíû íà áîêàõ è øòàíàõ ëèøü èçðåäêà ïðèíèìàþò ïîïåðå÷íûé õàðàêòåð â ôîðìå ñåðäöåâèäíûõ êàïåëü. Îêðàñêà ìîëîäûõ òóðêåñòàíñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ äîâîëüíî êîíòðàñòíà è ñèëüíî íàïîìèíàåò îêðàñêó ìîëîäûõ ëàííåðîâ. Ðàçìåðû îòíîñèòåëüíî íåáîëüøèå. Îáëàñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ òóðêåñòàíñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ îãðîìíîé ïîäêîâîé ñ ñåâåðî-âîñòîêà íà þãî-çàïàä ïî õðåáòó Êàðàòàó, ïðåäãîðüÿì Çàïàäíîãî Òÿíü-Øàíÿ, Ïàìèðî-Àëàÿ, Êîïåòäàãà, Áàëõàí è, ïî ìåíüøåé ìåðå, âîñòîêà Ýëüáóðñà îõâàòûâàåò áîëüøèå ïåñ÷àíûå ïóñòûíè Ñðåäíåé Àçèè. Âñå ãí¸çäà,

êîòîðûå ìíå óäàëîñü íàéòè, ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â íèøàõ î÷åíü âûñîêèõ ñêàë. Ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ ïðèñòóïàåò ðàíî, â þæíîì Óçáåêèñòàíå êëàäêè ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ óæå â íà÷àëå ôåâðàëÿ (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé è äð., 1987), à ãíåçäî ïòåíöû ïîêèäàþò â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ìàÿ. Âçðîñëûå è, ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå â þæíîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà ïîäâèäà, ìîëîäûå ïòèöû îñ¸äëû. Äîëÿ ïòèö â ïèòàíèè, ïî íåêîòîðûì íàáëþäåíèÿì, âûøå, ÷åì ó äðóãèõ ïîäâèäîâ áàëîáàíîâ (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951). Ê ýòîìó æå ïîäâèäó îáû÷íî îòíîñÿò è ñîêîëîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ ïëàòî Óñòþðò è Ìàíãûøëàê. Â êîëëåêöèè Èíñòèòóòà çîîëîãèè â Àëìàòå õðàíèëîñü íåñêîëüêî òóøåê ìîëîäûõ è âçðîñëûõ ïòèö èç ýòîãî îòäàë¸ííîãî è òðóäíîäîñòóïíîãî ðàéîíà. Ëèøü õîðîøî óçíàâ òóðêåñòàíñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ, ÿ ïîíÿë, êàê ðàçèòåëüíî îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò íèõ ïòèöû ñ Óñòþðòà. Â îêðàñêå ýòèõ ìåëêèõ ñîêîëîâ íå áûëî íè÷åãî îò ÿðêîñòè ðàñöâåòêè òóðêåñòàíñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ: âìåñòî ÿðêî-ðûæåãî òåìåíè – ãðÿçíîâàòî-áåëîå, âìåñòî ÷¸ðíûõ äëèííûõ óñîâ – åäâà çàìåòíûå òåíè íà ùåêàõ, âìåñòî ñåðîâàòî-ñèçîé ñïèíû – ñâåòëî-ãëèíèñòûå òîíà, äà è ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê åäâà íàìå÷àëñÿ òîëüêî â å¸ íèæíåé ÷àñòè. ×òîáû ëó÷øå óçíàòü ýòèõ ïòèö, ÿ îðãàíèçîâàë íåñêîëüêî ýêñïåäèöèé. Êàê âûÿñíèëîñü, õàðàêòåðíåéøåé îñîáåííîñòüþ óñòþðòñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ áûëà áðîñàþùàÿñÿ â ãëàçà ïðèâÿçàííîñòü ê âûñîêèì ìåëîâûì è ïåñ÷àííèêîâûì îáðûâàì, ïðîòÿíóâøèìñÿ íà Óñòþðòå è Ìàíãûøëàêå ïðè÷óäëèâîé ñåòüþ íà òûñÿ÷è êèëîìåòðîâ è ìàðêèðóþùèì áåðåãîâóþ ëèíèþ ïîñòåïåííî îòñòóïàâøåãî äðåâíåãî ìîðÿ. Ïî ïðåäëîæåíèþ ðîññèéñêîãî õóäîæíèêà è

×èíêîâûé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug aralocaspius). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Chink Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug aralocaspius). Photo by I. Karyakin.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ìîíãîëüñêèé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug progressus). Ôîòî Ãîìáîáàòîðà Ñ. Mongolian Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug progressus). Photo by Gombobàatar S.

ïîñòîÿííîãî ó÷àñòíèêà ýòèõ ýêñïåäèöèé Â. Ãîðáàòîâà ìû íàçâàëè ýòèõ ïòèö «÷èíêîâûìè áàëîáàíàìè» (÷èíê – ìåñòíîå íàçâàíèå îïèñàííûõ âûøå îáðûâîâ). Ðàíåå ïîäâèä áûë îïèñàí êàê àðàëîêàñïèéñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. aralocaspius Êlåinsñhmidt, 1939). Õîðîøåå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î òîì, êàê âûãëÿäÿò ÷èíêîâûå áàëîáàíû, à òàêæå ÷èíêè, â íèøàõ êîòîðûõ îíè îáû÷íî óñòðàèâàþò ñâîè ãí¸çäà, äà¸ò ðèñóíîê 4. Â ïðåäåëàõ àðåàëà ÷èíêîâûõ áàëîáàíîâ, îãðàíè÷åííîãî íà çàïàäå ïîáåðåæüåì Êàñïèéñêîãî ìîðÿ è îõâàòûâàþùåì ïóñòûííûå ðàâíèíû Òóðãàéñêîãî ïëàòî ïðèìåðíî äî ð. Ñàðûñó íà âîñòîêå, à òàêæå çàïàäíûå ðàéîíû ïåñ÷àíûõ ïóñòûíü Êûçûëêóì è Êàðàêóì, ýòè ñîêîëû íåèçìåííî ñòðåìÿòñÿ ãíåçäèòüñÿ â íèøàõ îáðûâîâ – áóäü òî ÷èíêè Óñòþðòà è Ìàíãûøëàêà, îáðûâû âîêðóã ïîáåðåæüÿ Àðàëüñêîãî ìîðÿ, áåðåãîâûå îáðûâû ðåê èëè êàíüîíîïîäîáíûõ ïåðåñîõøèõ ðóñåë, è ëèøü êðàéíå ðåäêî ïîñåëÿþòñÿ â ñêàëàõ íåáîëüøèõ ïóñòûííûõ ãîð, à â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû è íà îïîðàõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Âçðîñëûå ÷èíêîâûå áàëîáàíû îñ¸äëû, ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ ïðèñòóïàþò ðàíî (â 1993 ã. â îäíîì èç ãí¸çä 2 ìàÿ áûëè óæå ïîëíîñòüþ îïåð¸ííûå, ãîòîâûå ê âûëåòó, ïòåíöû), â ïèòàíèè ýòèõ ñîêîëîâ ïðåîáëàäàþò ðàçíûå âèäû ïåñ÷àíîê. Äàëüøå âñåãî íà çàïàä âîñòî÷íûå áàëîáàíû, âçðîñëûå îñîáè êîòîðûõ èìåþò ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê, ïðîíèêàþò â Ìàëîé Àçèè. ß âèäåë â åâðîïåéñêèõ ñîêîëèíûõ ïèòîìíèêàõ òð¸õ æèâûõ ïòèö, èçúÿòûõ íåêîãäà èç ãí¸çä â ðàéîíå ãîðîäà Êîíüÿ, à òàêæå îäíó òóøêó âçðîñëîé ïòèöû, äîáûòîé áëèç Ýðçåðóìà, â êîëëåêöèè Ìîñêîâñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà. Êðóïíîé âåëè÷èíîé, à òàêæå îñîáåííîñòüþ îêðàñêè è ðèñóíêà (ðèñ. 5) àíàòîëèéñêèå áàëîáàíû (F. ch. anatolicus) (òàê ðåøèë ÿ èõ íàçâàòü) áîëüøå âñåãî íàïîìèíàëè íåêîòîðûõ ïòèö èç Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè, áëèæàéøèå ìåñòà îáèòàíèÿ êîòîðûõ íàõîäÿòñÿ â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Òÿíü-Øàíÿ ïî÷òè â 4000 êèëîìåòðîâ äàëüøå íà âîñòîê. Çàòî áëèæàéøèå ñîñåäè – òóðêåñòàíñêèå áàëîáàíû â ãîðàõ Ýëüáóðñà, ÷èíêîâûå – íà âîñòî÷íîì ïîáåðåæüå Êàñïèÿ è óæ òåì áîëåå îáûêíîâåííûå – â Êðûìó èëè íà Áàëêàíàõ, èìåþò ñ àíàòîëèéñêèì áàëîáàíîì î÷åíü ìàëî îáùåãî. Ñâîåîáðàçèå ñîêîëîâ èç Ìàëîé Àçèè îòìå÷àëè è äðó-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ãèå àâòîðû (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1936; Baumgart, 1980). Êîíå÷íî, äåòàëè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ, âàðèàöèé â îêðàñêå è îñîáåííîñòåé áèîëîãèè ýòèõ áàëîáàíîâ äîëæíû ñòàòü ïðåäìåòîì áóäóùèõ èññëåäîâàíèé, íî èç òîãî, ÷òî î íèõ èçâåñòíî íà ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü, íà ìîé âçãëÿä, ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü âûäåëåíèÿ èõ â ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ïîäâèä íå âûçûâàåò ñîìíåíèé. Öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèå áàëîáàíû (F. ch. milvipes Jårdîn, 1871) (ðèñ. 6) íàñåëÿþò ïðåäãîðüÿ è îòðîãè ìîùíûõ õðåáòîâ, îãðàíè÷èâàþùèõ Öåíòðàëüíóþ Àçèþ îò Êàçàõñòàíà è Ñèáèðè ïîëîñîé, ïðîòÿíóâøåéñÿ ñ þãî-çàïàäà íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîê ÷åðåç ÒÿíüØàíü, èñêëþ÷àÿ åãî çàïàäíóþ îêîíå÷íîñòü, Äæóíãàðñêèé Àëàòàó, Òàðáàãàòàé, Àëòàé è Ñàÿíû. Îò äðóãèõ ôîðì âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, îïèñàííûõ âûøå, èõ îòëè÷àþò áîëüøåå ðàçâèòèå ïîïåðå÷íîãî ðèñóíêà, êàê íà ñïèíå, òàê, íåðåäêî, è íà áîêàõ è øòàíàõ. Îêðàñêà òåìåíè, õîòÿ è èìååò ÷àñòî ðæàâ÷àòûé èëè âèííûé îòòåíîê, òåì íå ìåíåå, íå ñîïîñòàâèìà ïî ÿðêîñòè è èíòåíñèâíîñòè ñ îêðàñêîé òåìåíè òóðêåñòàíñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ. Îñíîâíîé òîí âåðõà – ñåðîâàòî-áóðûé, ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê è êàéìû ïåðüåâ – îò áëåäíî-ïåñî÷íîãî öâåòà íà âûãîðåâøèõ ïòèöàõ äî ðûæåâàòîîõðèñòîãî â ñâåæåì ïåðå. Ñèçûé íàë¸ò ñèëüíåå âûðàæåí ó ñàìöîâ è îñîáåííî çàìåòåí íà ïîÿñíèöå. Âçðîñëûå ñîêîëû îñ¸äëû, ìîëîäûå â ïåðâûé ãîä æèçíè óëåòàþò íà çèìîâêó íà þã çà ïðåäåëû àðåàëà ïîäâèäà. Ãí¸çäà óñòðàèâàþò èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà ñêàëàõ, îáû÷íî ñðåäíåé èëè äàæå íåáîëüøîé âûñîòû, â ïðåäãîðüÿõ êðóïíûõ õðåáòîâ èëè â íåâûñîêèõ ñêàëèñòûõ ãîðàõ. Èíîãäà, åñëè ïîçâîëÿþò óñëîâèÿ, æèâóò è íà âûñîêîãîðíûõ ïëàòî (íàèáîëüøàÿ àáñîëþòíàÿ âûñîòà ñðåäè èçâåñòíûõ ìíå ãí¸çä ïðèáëèæàëàñü ê 2,5 òûñ. ì). Ñðåäè êîðìîâûõ îáúåêòîâ ïðåîáëàäàþò ðàçíûå âèäû ïåñ÷àíîê, ðåæå – ñóñëèêè. Ìîíãîëüñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. progressus Stegmann, 1925), îïèñàííûé â êà÷åñòâå ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî ïîäâèäà Á.Ê. Øòåãìàíîì, áîëüøèíñòâîì èññëåäîâàòåëåé îáúåäèíÿåòñÿ ñ ïðåäûäóùèì, öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèì (Ñòåïàíÿí, 1975). Âñå ìîè ñîìíåíèÿ î ïðàâèëüíîñòè òîé èëè èíîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ðàçâåÿëèñü ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ÿ âïåðâûå óâèäåë òóøêè ýòèõ ïòèö â êîëëåêöèè Èíñòèòóòà çîîëîãèè â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãå. Ïîìèìî îáùåé ñâåòëîé îêðàñêè è êðóïíîé âåëè÷èíû, ó âçðîñëûõ îñîáåé â ãëàçà áðîñàëîñü î÷åíü ñèëüíîå ðàçâèòèå ïîïåðå÷íîãî ðèñóíêà âåðõà è èíòåíñèâíûé ñâåòëî-ñèçûé íàë¸ò íå òîëüêî íà ïîÿñíèöå, íî è íà ñïè-

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 íå è äàæå íà õâîñòå. Âñ¸ ýòî ðåçêî îòëè÷àëî èõ îò âñåõ äðóãèõ áàëîáàíîâ, ÷òî ìíå äîâåëîñü âèäåòü ðàíüøå. Ñïóñòÿ äâà ãîäà ÿ óâèäåë, íàêîíåö, è æèâûõ ïòèö. Ïåðâîå âïå÷àòëåíèå – ýòî âîâñå íå áàëîáàí, à êðå÷åò. Èìïîçàíòíàÿ âåëè÷èíà, ìàññèâíàÿ ãîëîâà ñ êðóïíûì, ñâåòëîîêðàøåííûì êëþâîì, ïûøíîå, ãóñòîå îïåðåíèå – âñ¸ ýòî ðàçèòåëüíî íàïîìèíàëî ñåâåðíîãî ñîñåäà (ðèñ. 7). Ïîìèìî Þæíîãî Çàáàéêàëüÿ è Âîñòî÷íîé Ìîíãîëèè, ýòè ïòèöû, ïîâèäèìîìó, èäóò â ñâî¸ì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè íà âîñòîê äî ãðàíèö âèäà íà Áîëüøîì Õèíãàíå. Íàñåëÿþò ïëîñêèå è ñëàáî õîëìèñòûå ðàâíèíû èëè íåâûñîêèå ãîðû ñ âûõîäàìè íåáîëüøèõ ñêàë. Ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàþò îáû÷íî íåâûñîêî â íèøàõ ñêàë, à íåðåäêî – è íà çåìëå. Ìíîãèìè àâòîðàìè ïîë¸âêà Áðàíäòà (Lasiopodomys brandti) åäèíîäóøíî ïðèçíà¸òñÿ âàæíåéøèì êîðìîâûì îáúåêòîì ýòèõ ñîêîëîâ. Âçðîñëûå ïòèöû îñ¸äëû, ìîëîäûå ñîâåðøàþò ìèãðàöèþ äàëåêî çà ïðåäåëû ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà ïîäâèäà. Òèáåòñêèå áàëîáàíû (F. ch. hendersoni, Íumå, 1871) (ðèñ. 8) â ðÿäó ôîðì âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ ñòîÿò îñîáíÿêîì. Èõ íåîáû÷íîñòü ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ è â âûñîêîãîðíîì õàðàêòåðå ìåñòîîáèòàíèé (3000–5000 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ), è â ðàñöâåòêå âçðîñëûõ ïòèö, áîëüøå âñåãî íàïîìèíàþùåé ðàñöâåòêó ïóñòåëüã, è, íàêîíåö, â ðèñóíêå, ïîïåðå÷íûé õàðàêòåð êîòîðîãî èìåííî ó òèáåòñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ íàõîäèò ñâî¸ ìàêñèìàëüíîå âûðàæåíèå: êèðïè÷íîðæàâ÷àòîãî öâåòà ïÿòíà íà ñïèíå ñëèâàþòñÿ â ïðàâèëüíûå ïîëîñû, ïîäíèìàþùèåñÿ äî øåè. Íà áîêàõ è øòàíàõ, à òàêæå íà ïîäõâîñòüå ÷åðíîâàòûå ïÿòíà òàêæå îáðàçóþò ïîïåðå÷íûå ïîëîñû, íàïîìèíàþùèå ðèñóíîê ñàïñàíîâ èëè íåêîòîðûõ ïîäâèäîâ êðå÷åòîâ èëè ëàííåðîâ. Íàêîíåö, ïî÷òè ÷¸ðíîå èëè êîðè÷íåâàòî-÷¸ðíîå òåìÿ, â îòëè÷èè îò îñòàëüíûõ ïîäâèäîâ áàëîáàíîâ, íå ñâåòëåå ñïèíû. Ëèøü âî âíåøíîñòè àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ, î êîòîðûõ ðå÷ü ïîéäåò íèæå, îáíàðóæèâàþòñÿ ñõîäíûå ÷åðòû. Âçðîñëûå òèáåòñêèå áàëîáàíû îñ¸äëû, ìîëîäûå – ïåðåë¸òíû. Ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ ñðàâíèòåëüíî ðàíî, ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà ñêàëàõ, â ïèòàíèè îñîáåííî Òèáåòñêèé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug hendersoni). Ôîòî Å. Ïîòàïîâà. Tibetan Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug hendersoni). Photo by E. Potapov.

âåëèêà çàâèñèìîñòü îò îäíîãî âèäà – ÷åðíîãóáîé ïèùóõè (Ochotona curzoniae). Èç ðàáîò, ïîÿâèâøèõñÿ â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ, êîòîðûå òàê èëè èíà÷å çàòðàãèâàëè ïðîáëåìàòèêó àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ (Hierofalco altaicus Menzbier, 1891; ñèíîíèìû: Hierofàlco lorenzi Ìånzbiår, 1900; Falco gyrfalco altaicils Ìånzbiår, 1891), íà ìîé âçãëÿä, îñîáîãî âíèìàíèÿ çàñëóæèâàþò ñòàòüè Ï. Ïôàíäåðà (1994; 1999) óæå ïîòîìó, ÷òî îí ñ ñàìîãî íà÷àëà ïîäðîáíî è, ãëàâíîå, âåðíî äà¸ò õàðàêòåðèñòèêó âíåøíèõ ïðèçíàêîâ ýòèõ ïòèö. È åñëè â ñòàòüÿõ ñòàðûõ àâòîðîâ, êîòîðûå òàêæå èìåëè ÷¸òêîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î òîì, êàê âûãëÿäÿò àëòàéñêèå ñîêîëà, ëèøü î÷åíü íåçíà÷èòåëüíûé îáú¸ì ìàòåðèàëà, êîòîðûì îíè ðàñïîëàãàëè, çàòðóäíÿë ïîèñêè ðåøåíèÿ çàãàäêè ýòèõ ïòèö, â áîëåå ïîçäíèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ ýòîìó ïðåïÿòñòâîâàëî íåâåðíîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î òîì, ÷òî îíè èç ñåáÿ ïðåäñòàâëÿþò. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, â ìîíîãðàôèè î êðå÷åòàõ Å. Ïîòàïîâà è Ð. Ñåéëà (Potapov, Sale, 2005) íà îáåèõ ôîòîãðàôèÿõ àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ çàïå÷àòëåíû ïðîñòûå áàëîáàíû öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêîãî ïîäâèäà. Òîëüêî ýòèì ÿ ìîãó îáúÿñíèòü óòâåðäèâøóþñÿ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïîçèöèþ, êîòîðóþ çàíÿëè áîëüøèíñòâî èññëåäîâàòåëåé, âèäÿùèõ â àëòàéñêîì ñîêîëå ëèøü öâåòîâóþ âàðèàöèþ îäíîãî èç ïîäâèäîâ áàëîáàíà. Íà ðèñ. 9 èçîáðàæåíû òèïè÷íûé «àëòàåö» ò¸ìíîé îêðàñêè è èíòåðåñíûé âàðèàíò ñâåòëîé îêðàñêè (F. ch. altaicus Menzbier, 1891). Èíòåðåñåí îí òåì, ÷òî íå ÷àñòî ó ñâåòëûõ ïòèö (íàçûâàâøèõñÿ êîãäà-òî ñîêîëîì Ëîðåíöà) íà ãîëîâå ïîëíîñòüþ ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ ò¸ìíûé øëåìîïîäîáíûé ðèñóíîê. Ïîìèìî òîãî, ÷òî îáå ïòèöû íà èëëþñòðàöèè èìåþò ò¸ìíîå, ÷åðíîâàòî-áóðîå òåìÿ, êîòîðîå íå ñâåòëåå ñïèíû, â ãëàçà áðîñàþòñÿ è ïåðüÿ ïîäõâîñòüÿ, èñïåùð¸ííûå ò¸ìíûì ïîïåðå÷íûì ðèñóíêîì. Íå îñòàíàâëèâàÿñü íà íåñêîëüêèõ äðóãèõ õàðàêòåðíûõ, õîòÿ è ìåíåå çàìåòíûõ ïðèçíàêàõ, õî÷ó îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ïðè âñåé âàðèàáåëüíîñòè ðàñöâåòêè è ðèñóíêà áàëîáàíîâ, ïîìèìî àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ, ïòèö ñî ñõîäíûì ðèñóíêîì ìîæíî âñòðåòèòü òîëüêî ñðåäè òèáåòñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ. Ïðè ýòîì àðåàë òèáåòñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ íå ïåðåêðûâàåòñÿ ñ îáëàñòüþ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ïòèö, íàçûâàåìûõ àëòàéñêèìè ñîêîëàìè. Òå, ÷àùå âñåãî âñòðå÷àÿñü íà Àëòàå è â Ñàÿíàõ, ïðîíèêàþò íà ñåâåð äî Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû, à íà þã – äî öåíòðàëüíûõ ðàéîíîâ Òÿíü-Øàíÿ, òî åñòü, îáèòàþò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïðåäåëàõ àðåàëà öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêîãî áàëîáàíà. Ïî ìåíü-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ñàìåö àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà (Falco cherrug altaicus) ò¸ìíîé îêðàñêè íà ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Male of the Altai [Saker] Falcon (Falco cherrug altaicus) dark morph on the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin.

øåé ìåðå îäèí äîñòîâåðíûé ñëó÷àé âñòðå÷è ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà â àðåàëå îáûêíîâåííîãî áàëîáàíà (ê ýòîìó ïîäâèäó ïðèíàäëåæàë è îäèí èç ïàðòí¸ðîâ) îòìå÷åí Ï. Ïôàíäåðîì (1994). Íå èñêëþ÷åíî, ÷òî àëòàéñêèå ñîêîëû ìîãóò ïðîíèêàòü è â àðåàë ìîíãîëüñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ. Ñðåäè ðàçëè÷íûõ ãèïîòåç, îáúÿñíÿþùèõ ñóùåñòâîâàíèå â ïðåäåëàõ àðåàëîâ íåñêîëüêèõ ïîäâèäîâ áàëîáàíîâ ïòèö, ðåçêî îòëè÷àþùèõñÿ öåëûì êîìïëåêñîì ïðèçíàêîâ, ñâîåé ëîãè÷íîñòüþ ïîäêóïàåò ãèïîòåçà, ïðåäëîæåííàÿ â óæå óïîìèíàâøèõñÿ ñòàòüÿõ Ï. Ïôàíäåðîì. Îí ïîëàãàåò, ÷òî â êîíöå ïîñëåäíåãî ëåäíèêîâîãî ïåðèîäà â âûñîêîãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ è Ñàÿí ìîãëà îñòàòüñÿ èçîëèðîâàííàÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿ êðå÷åòîâ, êîòîðàÿ â õîäå ïîòåïëåíèÿ êëèìàòà è ñîïóòñòâóþùåãî åìó îñòåïíåíèþ ðåãèîíà áûëà àññèìèëèðîâàíà ïðîíèêàþùèìè íà ñåâåð ïîïóëÿöèÿìè áàëîáàíîâ. Ñîõðàíåíèå â ýòîì ðàéîíå îñîáåé, îáëàäàþùèõ â ðàñöâåòêå è ðèñóíêå îïåðåíèÿ, à âîçìîæíî è â íåêîòîðûõ ÷åðòàõ áèîëîãèè, íåêîòîðûìè êðå÷åòèíûìè ïðèçíàêàìè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñâèäåòåëüñòâîì áûëîé ãèáðèäèçàöèè äâóõ áëèçêèõ âèäîâ. Íî è ýòà ãèïîòåçà, íà ìîé âçãëÿä, èìååò ñëàáîñòè. Íàïðèìåð, ìîæíî áûëî áû îæèäàòü, ÷òî ïîìèìî ñïåöèôè÷åñêèõ îñîáåííîñòåé ðàñöâåòêè è ðèñóíêà (êîòîðûå, êñòàòè, è ó êðå÷åòîâ âñòðå÷àþòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ðåäêî), àëòàéñêèå ñîêîëû äîëæíû áûëè áû èìåòü ïðîìåæóòî÷íûé õàðàêòåð â ïðîïîðöèÿõ è ðàçìåðàõ. Îäíàêî, îíè â ýòîì îòíîøåíèè – òèïè÷íûå áàëîáàíû. Àíàëèç ÄÍÊ àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ òàêæå íå âûÿâèë íèêàêèõ îòëè÷èé îò ìåñòíûõ áàëîáàíîâ (Wink et al., 2007). È, íàêîíåö, èãíîðèðóåòñÿ ÿâíîå ñõîäñòâî êëþ÷åâûõ ïðèçíàêîâ àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ ñ òàêèìè æå ïðèçíàêàìè òèáåòñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ. Íà ìîé âçãëÿä, àëòàéñêèå ñîêîëû è òèáåòñêèå áàëîáàíû – íàèáîëåå àðõàè÷íûå ïîäâèäû, âîçìîæíî ñîõðàíèâøèå â ñâî¸ì îáëèêå ìíîãèå ÷åðòû îáùåãî äëÿ áàëîáàíîâ è êðå÷åòîâ ïðåäêà. Èìåííî ýòèì îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ íàëè÷èå ðÿäà ïðèçíàêîâ, îòñóòñòâóþùèõ ó äðóãèõ ôîðì áàëîáàíîâ, íî èìåþùèõñÿ ó íåêîòîðûõ êðå÷åòîâ. Èìåÿ õîðîøî èçîëèðîâàííûé àðåàë â âûñîêîãîðüÿõ Òèáåòà, òèáåòñêèé áàëîáàí â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ìåðå ñîõðàíèë èñõîäíûé îáëèê. Àëòàéñêèå ñîêîëû, ñìåøèâàÿñü ñ äðóãèìè áàëîáàíàìè, ïîñòåïåííî ñîêðàùàëè ñâîé àðåàë è, ïî ñâåäåíèÿì Â. Ìîñåéêèíà

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå), ýòîò ïîäâèä â ÷èñòîì âèäå ñîõðàíèëñÿ íà î÷åíü îãðàíè÷åííîé òåððèòîðèè ðîññèéñêîãî Àëòàÿ, ãäå îáèòàåò â ãîðíûõ òà¸æíûõ ðàéîíàõ ñ î÷åíü âûñîêîé âëàæíîñòüþ, êîòîðûå ìàëî ïðèâëåêàòåëüíû äëÿ «íîðìàëüíûõ» áàëîáàíîâ, òî åñòü, ýêîëîãè÷åñêè îò íèõ èçîëèðîâàíû. Ëþáîïûòíî, ÷òî, ïî ìåðå óäàëåíèÿ îò ÿäðà ïîäâèäà, çîíà ñìåøåíèÿ ñ áàëîáàíàìè äðóãèõ ïîäâèäîâ õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ íå ñòîëüêî ïîñòåïåííûì îñëàáëåíèåì ñïåöèôè÷åñêèõ ïðèçíàêîâ àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ, ñêîëüêî ïðîñòûì óìåíüøåíèåì ÷èñëåííîñòè â ïîïóëÿöèè ïòèö, èìåþùèõ òèïè÷íûé îáëèê «àëòàéöåâ». Òî åñòü, äàæå â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Èññûê-Êóëÿ èëè Àëìàòû, êîòîðûå îò ñîõðàíèâøåãîñÿ ÿäðà ïîäâèäà îòäåëÿåò áîëåå 1000 êì, ìîæíî âñòðåòèòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè òèïè÷íûõ àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, ýòî îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíîé äîìèíàíòíîñòüþ êëþ÷åâûõ ïðèçíàêîâ àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ. Íå ñëó÷àéíî äàæå â ñìåøàííûõ ïàðàõ áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ïîòîìñòâà âûãëÿäèò êàê «àëòàéöû». ß îïðîñèë âëàäåëüöåâ ìíîãèõ ïèòîìíèêîâ, êîòîðûå ðàçâîäÿò àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ, è îò âñåõ ïîëó÷èë ïîäòâåðæäåíèå òîìó, ÷òî íàáëþäàë è â ïðèðîäå: åñëè â ïàðå îáà ðîäèòåëÿ èìåþò òèïè÷íûå ïðèçíàêè ïîäâèäà (ïðè ýòîì íå ïðèõîäèòñÿ ñîìíåâàòüñÿ, ÷òî èõ ïðåäêè ìíîãîêðàòíî ñìåøèâàëèñü ñ «íîðìàëüíûìè» áàëîáàíàìè), âñ¸ ïîòîìñòâî èìååò «àëòàéñêóþ» âíåøíîñòü. Êðàéíèå òî÷êè, ãäå âñ¸ åù¸ âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ áàëîáàíû, ñîõðàíèâøèå îáëèê òèïè÷íûõ àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ, î÷åâèäíî, ìàðêèðóþò ãðàíèöû áûëîãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ýòîãî ïîäâèäà. Ðåçþìèðóÿ, ïðèõîäèòñÿ êîíñòàòèðîâàòü,

Ñàìåö àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà câåòëîé îêðàñêè îêîëî ãíåçäà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Male of the Altai [Saker] Falcon pale morph near the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ÷òî îöåíèâàÿ ãåîãðàôè÷åñêóþ èçìåí÷èâîñòü áàëîáàíîâ, ìîæíî âûäåëèòü ñëåäóþùèå ëîêàëüíûå ôîðìû: îáûêíîâåííûé, òèáåòñêèé, àëòàéñêèé (èñ÷åçàþùèé), ìîíãîëüñêèé, öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèé, òóðêåñòàíñêèé, ÷èíêîâûé è àíàòîëèéñêèé áàëîáàíû (ïîñëåäíèé äî ñèõ ïîð íå îïèñûâàëñÿ êàê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ïîäâèä). Äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ áàëîáàíîâ çàïàäíîãî è âîñòî÷íîãî òèïîâ çàøëà íàñòîëüêî äàëåêî, ÷òî â áîëüøèíñòâå ìåñò êîíòàêòà èõ àðåàëîâ îíè ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ñìåøèâàþòñÿ. Òàì æå, ãäå ýòî ïðîèñõîäèò, çîíà ãèáðèäèçàöèè ñðàâíèòåëüíî óçêàÿ, ïòèöû â íåé îòëè÷àþòñÿ, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ïðåîá-

Ïòåíöû àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Chicks of the Altai [Saker] Falcon in the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin.

ëàäàíèÿ äîëè êðîâè òîé èëè èíîé ôîðìû, çíà÷èòåëüíûì ðàçíîîáðàçèåì ïðèçíàêîâ, âûðàæàþùèõñÿ íå òîëüêî âî âíåøíîñòè, íî è â îñîáåííîñòÿõ áèîëîãèè. Ïîäîáíóþ êàðòèíó ìîæíî íàáëþäàòü â çîíå ãèáðèäèçàöèè ìíîãèõ áëèçêèõ âèäîâ, íàïðèìåð ÷¸ðíîé (Corvus corone) è ñåðîé âîðîíû (C. cornix) èëè îáûêíîâåííîãî (Buteo rufinus) è ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (B. hemilasius). Ïîýòîìó ÿ òàêèõ ñîêîëîâ, õîòü è íàçûâàþ «ñèáèðñêèìè áàëîáàíàìè», ñêëîíåí ðàññìàòðèâàòü íå êàê îñîáûé ïîäâèä, à êàê ïðîäóêò ãèáðèäèçàöèè «ïî÷òè âèäîâ» – çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ. Áëàãîäàðíîñòè Àâòîð áëàãîäàðèò âûäàþùåãîñÿ ðîññèéñêîãî õóäîæíèêà-àíèìàëèñòà Âàäèìà Ãîðáàòîâà íå òîëüêî çà ìàñòåðñêè èñïîëíåííûå èëëþñòðàöèè ê ýòîé ñòàòüå, íî è çà äðóæáó è ïîääåðæêó âî ìíîãèõ ñîâìåñòíûõ ýêñïåäèöèÿõ.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä äíåâíûå õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû ÑÑÑÐ. Ò. 3. Ì.–Ë.:, 1936. Ñ. 42–100. Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû ÑÑÑÐ. Ò. 1. Ì., 1951. Ñ. 70–341. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Áàëîáàí â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå: ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé 2003–2004 ãã. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2005. ¹2. Ñ. 42–55. Êîçëîâà Å.Â. Ïòèöû çîíàëüíûõ ñòåïåé è ïóñòûíü Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè. – Òðóäû Çîîë. èí-òà ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ. Ë., 1975. Ò. 59. Ñ. 1–250. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé Î.Â., Ôîòåëëåð Å.Ð., Òðåòüÿêîâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå. – Ïòèöû Óçáåêèñòàíà. Ò. 1. Òàøêåíò, 1987. Ñ. 123–246. Ìîøêèí À.Â. Ïåðâàÿ íàõîäêà áàëîáàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Òþìåíñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2009. ¹15. Ñ. 126–127. Ïôàíäåð Ï.Â. Âíîâü îá «àëòàéñêîì êðå÷åòå». – Selevinia, 1994. Ò. 2. ¹3. Ñ. 5–9. Ïôàíäåð Ï.Â. Îáðàùåíèå ê «ìîëîäîìó ôàóíèñòó». – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2006. Àëìàòû, 2007. Ñ. 189–194. Ñîðîêèí À.Ã. Êîíäî-Àëûìñêàÿ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ àíîìàëèÿ, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2009. ¹15. Ñ. 90–96. Ñòåïàíÿí Ë.Ñ. Ñîñòàâ è ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïòèö ôàóíû ÑÑÑÐ. Íåâîðîáüèíûå. Ì., 1975. 370 ñ. Baumgart W. Der Sakerfalke. Wittenberg Lutherstadt, 1980. 160 p. Glutz v.Blotzheim, U.N., K. Bauer u. E. Bezzel. Handbuch der Vogel Mitteleuropas, Bd. 4. Falconiformes. Frankfurt am Main, 1971. 943 p. Nittinger F. DNA-Analysen zur Populationsstruktur des Sakerfalken (Falco cherrug) und zu seiner systematischen Stellung innerhalb des Hierofalkenkomplexes. Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften an der Fakultat fur Lebenswissenschaften der Universität Wien. Wien, 2004. 123 p. Nittinger, F., A. Gamauf, W. Pinsker, M. Wink & E. Haring. Phylogeography and population structure of the saker falcon (Falco cherrug) and the influence of hybridisation: mitochondrial and microsatellite data. – Molecular Ecology, 2007. ¹16. P. 1497–1517. Pfander P. Neues uber den Altai (ger) falken. – Greifvogel und Falknerei 1998. 1999. P. 131–136. Potapov E., Sale R. The Gyrfalcon. London, 2005. 288 p. Seibold I, Helbig AJ, Wink M. Molecular systematics of falcons (family Falconidae). – Naturwissenschaften, 1993. ¹80. P. 87–90. Vaurie C. The Birds of the Palearctic Fauna. London, 1965. 763 p. Wink M. Molekulare Methoden in der Greifvogelforschung. – Greifvögel und Falknerei 1993/ 1994. P. 17–28. Wink M., H. Sauer-Gurth, A. El-Sayed u. J. Gonzales. Ein Blick durch die Lupe der Genetik: Greifvogel aus der DNA-Perspektive. – Greifvogel und Falknerei 2005/2006. 2007. P. 27–48.

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Peregrine Falcon in the Altai-Sayan Region, Russia САПСАН В АЛТАЕ-САЯНСКОМ РЕГИОНЕ, РОССИЯ Karyakin I.V. (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia) Nikolenko E.G. (Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk, Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Николенко Э.Г. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия)

Àáñòðàêò Â ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîâ â 1999–2009 ãã. Â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â õîäå èññëåäîâàíèé âûÿâëåíî 76 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñàïñàíîâ (Falco peregrinus), èç íèõ íà 43-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà, íà 26-òè ó÷àñòêàõ âñòðå÷åíû áåñïîêîÿùèåñÿ ïòèöû, â òîì ÷èñëå íà 20-òè – ïàðû, íà äâóõ ó÷àñòêàõ – ñë¸òêè è íà ïÿòè ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû õàðàêòåðíûå ïðèñàäû ñîêîëîâ, íî ïòèöû íå âñòðå÷åíû, õîòÿ íà äâóõ èç íèõ ñàïñàíû íàáëþäàëèñü ðàíåå äðóãèìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè. Â ãåîèíôîðìàöèîííóþ ñèñòåìó âíåñåíà èíôîðìàöèÿ îá îïóáëèêîâàííûõ íàõîäêàõ 55-òè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñàïñàíîâ, âûÿâëåííûõ â 80–90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ðàçíûìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè. Íà îñíîâàíèè àíàëèçà îïóáëèêîâàííûõ íàõîäîê è ó÷¸òîâ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà â ðåãèîíå îïðåäåëåíà â 681–1059 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 824 ïàðû. Íàèáîëåå êðóïíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè ñîñðåäîòî÷åíû â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé (24,1%), Àëòàéñêîì êðàå (20,44%) è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå (20,19%). Áîëüøèíñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñàïñàíîâ (ñ ó÷¸òîì ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ) îáíàðóæåíî â ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíå Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà (n=131) – çäåñü âñòðå÷åíî 55,0% ïàð. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî â ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíå Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè ñàïñàíà – 77,18%. Â ðåãèîíå ñàïñàí òÿãîòååò íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ê ïðèðå÷íûì ñêàëàì – ê íèì ïðèóðî÷åíî (n=73) 73,97% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Íà ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ ïî âåðøèíàì õðåáòîâ èëè ïîëîãèõ âîçâûøåííîñòåé ãíåçäèòñÿ 23,29% ïàð, ïðè÷¸ì â îñíîâíîì â ëåñîñòåïíûõ è ñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ. Èç íàéäåííûõ ãí¸çä (áåç ó÷¸òà ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ) 74,42% ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà ïðèðå÷íûõ ñêàëàõ, 20,93% – íà ñêàëàõ ïî âåðøèíàì õðåáòîâ è êóýñòîâûõ ãðÿäàõ, 4,65% – íà ñêàëàõ ïî áåðåãàì îç¸ð. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä âàðüèðóåò îò 0 (ïîäíîæèå ñêàëû) äî 150 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 49,2±35,8 (Ex=0,17). Áîëüøèíñòâî ïàð ñàïñàíîâ ñòàðàåòñÿ óñòðàèâàòü ãí¸çäà â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñêàë – (n=43) 48,84%. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ñàïñàíîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ â íèøàõ áåç êàêèõ-ëèáî ïîñòðîåê – (n=43) 81,4%. Â êëàäêå 2–4, â ñðåäíåì (n=8) 3,38±0,92 ÿèö, â âûâîäêå 1–4, â ñðåäíåì (n=19) 2,53±1,02 ïòåíöîâ. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ñîêîë, ñàïñàí, Falco peregrinus, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ, Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ðåãèîí. Abstract The results of the authors’ field studies in 1999–2009 are presented in the paper. 76 breeding territories of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) were found during surveys in the Altai-Sayan region, nests were discovered in 43 territories, disturbed birds were recorded in 26 territories, among those pairs were noted in 20, fledglings – in 2, perches – in 5 territories, however, no birds were recorded, although the Peregrines have been observed earlier by other researchers in two of them. The information on the published findings of 55 breeding territories of Peregrines that had been revealed in the 80–90s of ÕÕ century by different researchers has been introduced into ArcView GIS. Based on the analysis of the published data and author’s surveys, a total of 681–1059 pairs of Peregrines (824 pairs at average) were estimated to breed in the region. The largest breeding groups were found in the Republic of Altai (24.1%), Altai (20.44%) and Krasnoyarsk (20.19%) Krays. The majority of breeding territories of Peregrines (with regard to the literature data) were found in the mountain forest zone of the Altai-Sayan region (n=131); 55% of all pairs were recorded here. Following our estimations the major part of the regional population of Peregrines (77.18%) seems to be located in the mountain forest zone of the Altai-Sayan region. Here, Peregrines prefer nesting at riverine cliffs where 73.97% (n=73) of breeding territories were located. 23.29% of all pairs nested on cliff outcrops along range ridges or flat uplands, mainly in forest-steppe and steppe regions. 74.42% of all nests revealed were placed on cliffs along range ridges and cuesta ridges, while 4.65% were located on lakeshore cliffs. The height of nest location varied from 0 (cliff foot) to 150 m, averaging 49.2±35.8 m (Ex=0.17). The majority of Peregrine Falcon pairs (n=43, 48.84%) prefer to nest in the upper third of cliffs. The greater part (n=43, 81.4%) of Peregrine Falcons nest in niches without any nest constructing. The average clutch size is average 3.38±0.92 eggs (n=8; range 2–4 eggs); brood size is 2.53±1.02 chicks (n=19; range 1–4 chicks). Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, falcons, Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus, distribution, population status, breeding biology, Altai-Sayan region.

Ââåäåíèå Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) – ðåäêèé âèä, çàíåñ¸ííûé â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè è âî âñå ðåãèîíàëüíûå Êðàñíûå êíèãè ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Èç êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ ýòî âèä ñ íàèáîëåå áëàãîïîëó÷íûì ñòàòóñîì. Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ðåãèîí ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåçåðâàòîì êðóïíîé ïîïóëÿöèè ñàïñàíà, îäíàêî çäåñü äî ñèõ ïîð íå ïðåäïðèíè-

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) is a rare species listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation. The published data have been generalized and the results of the authors’ field studies in the Altai-Sayan Region have been presented in this article. The region under consideration occupies the territory of the Altai-Sayan mountain region and adjacent flatlands within the bounds

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). Photo by I. Karyakin.

ìàëîñü ïîïûòîê öåëåíàïðàâëåííîãî èçó÷åíèÿ ýòîãî ñîêîëà. Ëèøü ïî îòäåëüíûì ðàéîíàì Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ (Áàðàíîâ, 2000) è Òóâû (Êàðòàøîâ, 2003) èìåþòñÿ äàííûå ìíîãîëåòíèõ ó÷¸òîâ è íåîäíîêðàòíûå íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ãíåçäîâûìè ïàðàìè. Â äàííîé ñòàòüå ïðåäïðèíÿòà ïîïûòêà îáîáùèòü ëèòåðàòóðíûå äàííûå è ïðåäñòàâèòü ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé ñàïñàíà àâòîðàìè â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. Ìåòîäèêà Ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé â ñòàòüå ðåãèîí çàíèìàåò òåððèòîðèþ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîé ãîðíîé îáëàñòè è ïðèëåãàþùèõ ðàâíèí (Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ è Êåìåðîâñêàÿ îáëàñòè, Êðàñíîÿðñêèé è Àëòàéñêèé êðàÿ, ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé, Òûâà è Õàêàñèÿ). Êîíòóðû ðåãèîíà ïðîâåäåíû óñëîâíî, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïî àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûì ãðàíèöàì. Ïëîùàäü âûäåëåííîãî ðåãèîíà ñîñòàâëÿåò 751379,7 êì2. Äëÿ àíàëèçà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ è ÷èñëåííîñòè ñàïñàíà â ñðåäå ÃÈÑ (ArcView 3.3 ESRI) ïî êîñìîñíèìêàì Landsat ETM+ è ðàñòðîâûì êàðòàì ìàñøòàáà 1:200000 áûëà ñîñòàâëåíà âåêòîðíàÿ ëàíäøàôòíàÿ êàðòà, íà êîòîðîé ïî òàêèì êðèòåðèÿì, êàê ëåñîïîêðûòîñòü, ðåëüåô, ñîâîêóïíîñòü òèïè÷íûõ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ áûëè âûäåëåíû áëèçêèå ïî ñâîèì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì ïðèðîäíûå ðàéîíû ïëîùàäüþ áîëåå 100 êì2 (ðèñ. 1). Ïîëåâûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ îñóùåñòâëÿëèñü â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòîâ Ñèáýêîöåíòðà è Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ïî èçó÷åíèþ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñîêîëà-áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) è îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca), ôèíàíñèðîâàâøèõñÿ çà ñ÷¸ò ñðåäñòâ Èíñòèòóòà èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîêîëîâ (Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ), Ïðîåêòà ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà» è ðÿäà äðóãèõ îðãàíèçàöèé. Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé 1999–2009 ãã. îáñëåäîâàíû ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ñòåïíûå êîòëîâèíû, à òàêæå íåêîòîðûå òà¸æíûå è âûñîêîãîðíûå ðàéîíû â ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Â õîäå ðàáîòû, ïðîõîäèâøåé ïðåèìóùå-

of Novosibirsk and Kemerovo districts, Krasnoyarsk and Altai Krays, Republics of Altai, Tyva and Khakassiya. The region area is 751,379.7 km2. In 1999–2009 the authors surveyed virtually every steppe depression, as well as certain taiga and high mountain regions in the Russian part of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion. During the research that was predominantly carried out from May to June the territories where habitation of Peregrine is most likely were surveyed. The total length of survey routes was more than 90,000 km. In different research years we set up 43 study plots with a total area of 49,192.4 km2 (fig. 2). The population calculation was performed using GIS software (Arc View 3.3 ESRI) based on the map of typical habitats obtained through the verification of Landsat ETM+ space images and analysis of 1:200,000 scale topographic maps. The feeding was studied by analysis of the remains and pellets in nests and perches of adult birds (a total of 157 objects) in 3 breeding territories in Tyva and 2 territories in Khakassiya in 1999–2000. During the research in the Altai-Sayan Region we found 76 Peregrine breeding territories (table 1, fig. 3), the nests were found in 43 of them. No nests were revealed in 33 Peregrine breeding territories, however, disturbed birds were observed in 26 territories, among them pairs and fledglings, respectively, in 20 and 2 territories. All available published information on records of nests or pairs of Peregrines were analyzed using GIS software. The number of records in the region was 55 (table 1, fig. 3), the major part being in Krasnoyarsk Kray (Baranov, 1988; 2000) and Republic of Tyva (Kartashov, 2003). Of 131 breeding territories of Peregrines known in the region, 55.0% (72 territories) were located in the mountain forest zone, 32.8% (43) and 12.2% (16) – in steppe depressions and mountain forest steppe. In our studies the habitats of the mountain forest zone where 55% of Peregrine breeding territories were found comprised 6% of the total area of all habitats surveyed only. On the Salair Mountains Peregrines were discovered breeding on the Berd’ and Chumysh rivers. The density was 3.34 individuals (2.51 pairs)/100 km of river or 2.5 individuals/100 km2 of valley. The average distance between nearest neighbors on the Berd’ river was 4.25 km (n=2; range 2–6.5 km). On the Kiya river the density was 7.14 pairs/100 km of river or 9.28 pairs/100 km2 of valley. In the Western Say-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ðèñ. 1. Ïðèðîäíûå ðàéîíû Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Fig. 1. Nature regions of the Altai-Sayan Region: 1 – Sayan Mountains, 2 – Kuznetskiy Alatau Mountains, 3 – Northern Altai Mountains, 4 – Salair Mountains, 5 – Obrucheva Mountains, 6 – Sengilen Mountains, 7 – Tannu-Ola Mountains, 8 – Todzhinskaya Depression, 9 – NorthWestern and Central Altai, 10 – Landscapes between rivers Biya and Katun, 11 – Solgonskiy Mountains, 12 – Forest of plain in the right bank of the Ob’ river, 13 – Forest and forest-steppe of plain in the right bank of the Ob’ river, 14 – Achinskaya forest-steppe, 15 – Krasnoyarskaya forest-steppe, 16 – BiyaChumyshskaya Upland, 17 – North-Western Altai Mountains, 18 – Kuznetskaya Depression, 19 – Minussinskaya Depression, 20 – Usinskaya Depression, 21 – Turanskaya Depression, 22 – Tuvinskaya Depression, 23 – Ubsunuurskaya Depression, 24 – South-Eastern Altai Mountains and South-Western Tyva Republic, 25 – Alpine zone of the Altai-Sayan Region, 26 – Forest-steppe and steppe plains in the Ob’ river right side.

ñòâåííî â ìàå–èþëå, îáñëåäîâàëèñü òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòîðûõ âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî îáèòàíèå ñàïñàíà. Íà àâòîìîáèëüíûõ, âîäíûõ è ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòàõ âèçóàëüíî ôèêñèðîâàëèñü âñå âñòðå÷è ñ ñîêîëàìè, ïî ñëåäàì ïîì¸òà âûÿâëÿëèñü ïðèñàäû èëè çàíÿòûå ñîêîëàìè ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè è íèøè íà

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ an on the Ona river the distance between Peregrine nests was 12.2 km with density of 4.26 pairs/100 km of river. In the Eastern Sayan on cliffs of the Mana river Peregrine nests were revealed in 7.34 and 7.69 km away from each other, the density was 6.27 pairs/100 km of river. Following data of A.A. Baranov (2000) in 1985 on the Mana river the Peregrines were registered with density of 5 pairs/100 km of river and of 5.0–5.9 pairs/100 km of river on the site of the Mana river near the Stolby Nature Reserve in 1983–1985. In the lower reach of the Kizir river the density of Peregrines was 7.55 pairs/100 km of river. The density of Peregrines on the southern macroslope of the Sayan at valleys of the Managy and Kara-Khol rivers, including the western bank of the Kara-Khol’ lake amounted to 4.04 pairs/100 km of river. In the Yenisei canyon submerged with waters of the Sayano-Shushenskoye reservoir, the density of Peregrine Falcons varied from 2.22 pairs/100 km of river below the Sayano-Shushenskiy Nature Reserve to 6.15 pairs/100 km of river in the nature reserve above the Usinskiy reach, making an average of 3.75 pairs/100 km of river (Stakheev et. al., 1999; V. A. Stakheev, pers. com.). The density of Peregrine nesting on the rivers of the Todzhinskaya depression is the same. Here, the distance between nearest neighbors varied from 3 to 52 km and strongly depended on the presence of cliff outcrops (Kartashov, 2003). Two Peregrine breeding territories 11.5 km away from each other were found on May 28th, 2001 on the Malyi Yenisei cliffs above the mouth of the Buren river. The density of Peregrines in the mountain forest zone of the southern macroslope of the Sayan, the Obruchev ridge and the Todzhinskaya depression varied from 1.3 to 6.15 pairs/100 km of river, making an average of 3.05 pairs/100 km of river. The maximum density indices were typical for the Yenisei valley (the Malyi and Bolshoi Yenisei rivers in Eastern Tuva). Peregrines become quite rare in mountain forest zone of the Tannu-Ola, Sengilen and Khorumnug-Taiga ranges; only two breeding territories were discovered here, birds were noted in two territories. The distance between Peregrine pairs was 8–16 km in the Katun river valley, which was comparable to that for the Saker (L.I. Konovalov, pers. com). The density of Peregrines registered on study plots (table 2) in the Abaiskaya and Uimonskaya steppes, respectively, were 0.57 and 1.1 pairs/100 km2. The average density at that territory with regard to the study plots where the species

Raptor Research

Ðèñ. 2. Ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè. Fig. 2. Study plots.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

ñêàëàõ. Äëÿ íàáëþäåíèÿ èñïîëüçîâàëèñü áèíîêëè 12–60x. Ìåñòà îáíàðóæåíèÿ ïòèö è èõ ãí¸çä ôèêñèðîâàëèñü ñ ïîìîùüþ ñïóòíèêîâûõ íàâèãàòîðîâ Garmin è âíîñèëèñü â áàçó äàííûõ (Íîâèêîâà, Êàðÿêèí, 2008). Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ýêñïåäèöèîííûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà áîëåå 90 òûñ. êì. Â îñíîâíûõ ìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñàïñàíà â ëåñíîé çîíå ðåãèîíà ðàáîòà âåëàñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ìàðøðóòàõ íåáîëüøîé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè, â òîì ÷èñëå íà äâóõ âîäíûõ ìàðøðóòàõ (ñïëàâ íà áàéäàðêàõ). Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ó÷¸òíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà 3670 êì. Â ðàçíûå ãîäû èññëåäîâàíèé çàëîæåíî 43 ïëîùàäêè îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 49192,4 êì2 (ðèñ. 2), ÷àñòü èç êîòîðûõ ïåðåñåêàëàñü (7 ïëîùàäîê â 1999–2005 ãã. – 32157,8 êì2, 18 ïëîùàäîê â 2008 ã. – 12113,5 êì2, 18 ïëîùàäîê â 2009 ã. – 4921,1 êì2). Îáùàÿ ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü (ïëîùàäü íåïåðåñåêàþùèõñÿ ïëîùàäîê) ñîñòàâèëà 42657,9 êì2. Ïëîùàäêè çàëîæåíû ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ. Òàêîå áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïëîùàäîê â ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõ äëÿ âèäà ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ îáóñëîâëåíî òåì, ÷òî îñíîâíàÿ ðàáîòà áûëà îðèåíòèðîâàíà íà âûÿâëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è ó÷¸ò äðóãîãî êðóïíîãî ñîêîëà – áàëîáàíà. Òåì íå ìåíåå, íà ìíîãèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ýòè âèäû ïåðåñåêàþòñÿ, ïîýòîìó, êàê ìèíèìóì äëÿ ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí, ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîæåò áûòü îïðåäåëåíà äîñòàòî÷íî òî÷íî. Ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè, ïîëó÷åííûå íà ïëîùàäêàõ, ýêñòðàïîëèðî-

was not revealed was 0.45 pairs/100 km2. In the Uimonskaya steppe the average distance between nearest neighbors was 11.2±4.76 km (5.8–15.0 km). In the Katun river valley below the Uimon the density was 8.75 pairs/100 km of river. Peregrine breeding territories were found in the Republic of Altai in the upper reach of the Anui, Peschanaya and Sema rivers, however, we failed to perform adequate counts due to the time limit. In the lower reach of the Peschanaya river near the mouth of the Bystraya river two Peregrine nests were found on July 15th, 2002 with distance between them of 3.73 km and density of 20.24 pairs/100 km of river. The density of Peregrines in the North-Western and Central Altai varied from 6.15 to 19.53 pairs/100 km of river, the average density was 8.22 pairs/100 km of river. On the Seminskiy range on the Babyrgan Mountain and adjacent part of the Katun river valley the average distance between nearest neighbors was 8.3±4.98 km (range 2.12–5.69 km), with density of 1.07 pairs/100 km2. In the middle reach of the Peschanaya river the distances between three Peregrine pairs were 3.04 and 5 km, with density of 12.57 pairs/100 km of river or 1.13 pairs/100 km2. In the middle reach of the Anuy river the distance between four Peregrine pairs amounted to 2.78–12.03 km, the average distance was 7.8±4.68, the density was 8.47 pairs/100 km of river. The density on the western ledge of the Baschelakskiy range and steppe foothills near Ogni village was, respectively, 0.15 and 0.32 pairs/km2. On the Biya-Chumyshskaya upland Peregrines breed dominantly within 50 km belt along the Salair Mountains. Here, two breeding territories 6.58 km away from each other were revealed on July 7–8, 2004 with density of 14.7 pairs/100 km of river. In steppe depressions the Peregrine was revealed only on 37.2% of all study plots (n=43). On the study plots where it was found, its density varied from 0.02 pairs/100 km2 (SouthEastern Altai and South-Western Tuva) to 1.07–1.13 pairs/km2 (the Uimonskaya steppe, the middle reach of the Peschanaya river, Babyrgan Mountain), averaging 0.06 pairs/100 km 2. With respect to the study plots where no breeding Peregrines were found, the density was 0.04 pairs/100 km 2. In the Minusinskaya depression a breeding group with the maximum number of known pairs remains in the Chulymskaya hallow in the north of the depression. Here, 9 territories were revealed on May 21–26,

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 âàëèñü íà ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ ðåãèîíà, àíàëîãè÷íûå òåì, êîòîðûå âêëþ÷àþò ïëîùàäêè. Â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ ïðîâîäèëñÿ ó÷¸ò ñîêîëîâ íà àâòîìîáèëüíûõ è ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòàõ íà íåîãðàíè÷åííîé ïîëîñå ñ ôèêñèðîâàíèåì ðàäèàëüíûõ ðàññòîÿíèé äî âñòðå÷åííûõ ïòèö. Ýòè äàííûå ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàëèñü íà òå áèîòîïû, ÷åðåç êîòîðûå ïðîõîäèëè ìàðøðóòû (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Ðàñ÷¸ò ïðîèçâîäèëñÿ â ñðåäå ÃÈÑ (ArcView 3.3 ESRI) íà îñíîâå êàðòû òèïè÷íûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, ïîäãîòîâëåííîé â ðåçóëüòàòå äåøèôðîâêè êîñìîñíèìêîâ Landsat ETM+ è àíàëèçà òîïîãðàôè÷åñêèõ êàðò Ì 1:200000. Ïðè õàðàêòåðèñòèêå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ èñïîëüçîâàíû òåðìèíû: – çàíÿòûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê – ó÷àñòîê, íà êîòîðîì îòìå÷åíî ïðèñóòñòâèå ïòèö, âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò íàëè÷èÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ; – ïóñòóþùèé, ïîêèíóòûé ëèáî ïðåêðàòèâøèé ñâî¸ ñóùåñòâîâàíèå ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê – ó÷àñòîê, íà êîòîðîì ïòèöû ïåðåñòàëè âñòðå÷àòüñÿ â òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäíèõ òð¸õ ëåò; – óñïåøíûé ó÷àñòîê – ó÷àñòîê, íà êîòîðîì îòìå÷åíî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå. Ê çàíÿòûì ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì â ðåãèîíå â öåëîì ìû îòíîñèì è òå, êîòîðûå íå ïðîâåðÿëèñü ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëüêî ëåò, íî íà ìîìåíò èõ ïîñëåäíåé ïðîâåðêè íà íèõ ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè è/èëè ðàçìíîæàëèñü ïòèöû. Ïèòàíèå èçó÷àëîñü ïóò¸ì àíàëèçà îñòàíêîâ è ïîãàäîê íà ãíåçäå è ïðèñàäàõ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö (âñåãî 157 îáúåêòîâ) íà òð¸õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ â Òóâå è äâóõ – â Õàêàñèè â 1999–2000 ãã. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü ïî ëèòåðàòóðíûì äàííûì Ñàïñàí íàñåëÿåò ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñþ òåððèòîðèþ Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè îò ïîëóïó-

Ñë¸òîê ñàïñàíà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Fledgling of the Peregrine Falcon. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ 2000 and May 27th, 2008. The average distance between nearest neighbors 15.1±9.19 km (n=7; range 4.75–28.31 km; Ex=–1.6). The density in the Chulymskaya hallow was 0.15 pairs/100 km2, while a total of 20–22 pairs are estimated to inhabit the entire northern part of the Minussinskaya depression (13,800 km2). In the southern part of the Minussinskaya depression 2 Peregrine breeding territories were found on July 3–4, 2008 on the cuesta ridges on the left side of the Abakan river near the mouth of the Tashtyp river. The distance between pairs was 3.93 km with density – 0.59 pairs/100 km2. The number of Peregrines in the southern part of the Minusinskaya depression on the left bank of the Abakan river (3792 km2) was estimated as 21–23 pairs, and there is a strong probability that it was overestimated. We found 5 breeding territories (5 pairs/100 km of river) 5.7–26.3 km away from each other in the Yenisei river valley on a 100 km site below Kazantsevo village on June 15th, 1999; May 11th, 2000; and July 13th, 2002. The average distance (n=4) was 14.8±8.53 km. We discovered 3 breeding territories (5.66 pairs/100 km of river) 2.86 and 21.1 km away from each other on the Tuba river on a 53 km site below Kuragino village on June 23th, 2005. A total of 20–34 pairs (at average 25 pairs) are estimated to breed in the Yenisei river valley and its right-side tributaries in the Minussinskaya depression (675.7 km). Eventually the number of Peregrines breeding in the Minussinskaya depression can be estimated as 61–79 pairs, 68 pairs at average. We found 4 Peregrine breeding territories in the Tuvinskaya depression, two of those were revealed in July 1999 on the cliffs of the Verkhniy Yenisei valley between Shagonar and Bayan-Kol (Karyakin, 2000), and two territories on June 18–19, 2000 on the cliffs of the Chyrgaky river in its lower reach and the Khemchik river near the village Khorum-Dag. The distance between Peregrine pairs was 23.66 and 10.14 km, the density – 4.37 and 3.73 pairs/100 km, respectively. Earlier, the number of Peregrines was estimated as 5 pairs for the Yenisei river valley within the Tuvinskaya depression alone (Karyakin, 2000). A recent estimation of Peregrines breeding on the rivers of the Tuvinskaya depression (270 km) with the average density of 4.03 pairs/100 km of river is 10–12 pairs. No Peregrines were observed in the Ubsunuurskaya depression during the breeding season.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ñòûíü (íà þãå) äî àðêòè÷åñêèõ ïóñòûíü (íà ñåâåðå), îòñóòñòâóÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ëèøü â ðîâíûõ ñòåïÿõ. Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ðåãèîí ïîëíîñòüþ âõîäèò â ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë ñàïñàíà (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951; Ñòåïàíÿí, 1990). Â þæíûõ ðàéîíàõ Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ ñàïñàí – äîâîëüíî îáû÷íûé âèä: ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í ïî äîëèíàì ðåê â ãîðíîòà¸æíîì ïîÿñå Ñàÿí, íî â âûñîêîãîðüÿõ íå ãíåçäèòñÿ (Áàðàíîâ, 2000). Íà ãíåçäîâüå íàéäåí â äîëèíå ð. Êàçûð â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Æàðîâñêîå, ó Ãóëÿåâñêîãî ïîðîãà; íà ð. Òóáà ïòèöû âñòðå÷àëèñü 25 àâãóñòà (îäíà îñîáü) íàïðîòèâ îñòðîâîâ Òàñêèí è Îëüãèí è (ïàðà) â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ãîðû Îéõà, 26 àâãóñòà 1994 ã. òðè îñîáè íàáëþäàëèñü íà ñòðåëêå ðð. Øóøü – Òóáà; äâà ãíåçäà ñàïñàíîâ îáíàðóæåíû íà ñêàëüíûõ ïðèðå÷íûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ ð. Êàí â 12–13 êì íèæå ñ. Êàí-Îêëåð, êîòîðûå ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â 1,5–2 êì äðóã îò äðóãà, çäåñü æå, íà ð. Êàí, ïàðû ñàïñàíîâ íàáëþäàëèñü â ðàéîíå ïîðîãà Êîìàðîâñêèé 22 ìàÿ è íèæå óñòüÿ ð. Êàçà÷üÿ 23 ìàÿ 1992 ã.; â äîëèíå ð. Êèçèð ãíåçäîâüÿ èçâåñòíû â ðàéîíå ñ. Àíäðååâêà, îêîëî Ïîêðîâêè, â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Óñòü-Êàñïû è ìåæäó Æóðàâë¸âî è Êîðäîâî; ïî ð. Àãóë ñàïñàíû âñòðå÷åíû â óñòüå ð. Êîðîê (ïðàâûé ïðèòîê Àãóëà), â óñòüå ð. Óëüêà è â 15–17 êì âûøå Èðáåéñêîãî; ãíåçäîâàíèå óñòàíîâëåíî â óðî÷èùå Ïåðåêîï íà ð. Ìàíà (Áàðàíîâ, 1988; Âàëþõ, 1996). Â ïðåäåëàõ çàïîâåäíèêà «Ñòîëáû» è íà ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ñàïñàí òàêæå îáû÷åí, à ìåñòàìè ìíîãî÷èñëåíåí. Çäåñü âûÿâëåíî íåñêîëüêî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ýòîãî ñîêîëà ïî äîëèíàì ðåê Åíèñåé, Ìàíà, Áàçàèõà, Áîë. Ñëèçíåâà è äð. (Áàðàíîâ, 2000). Îäèíî÷íûé ñàïñàí âñòðå÷åí ó îç. Áåëîå (îêðåñòíîñòè äåð. Èâàíîâêà, Óæóðñêèé ðàéîí), à ó ñ. Ìàëûé Èìûøü îòìå÷åíà ïàðà ïòèö, èìåþòñÿ ðåãèñòðàöèè â óñòüå Áîëüøîé ðå÷êè íà ð. Îÿ (Åðìàêîâñêèé ðàéîí), äâà ñîêîëà íàáëþäàëèñü â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (Áàðàíîâ, 1988). Â äîëèíå ð. Ñèñèì 22 èþíÿ 1960 ã. íàéäåíî ãíåçäî ñ òðåìÿ ïóõîâûìè ïòåíöàìè, â äîëèíå ð. Ìàíû ó ï. Æåðæóë 25 èþëÿ 1965 ã. – ãíåçäî ñ äâóìÿ îïåðåííûìè ïòåíöàìè (Êèì, 1988). Íàáëþäàëñÿ íà ð. Áèðþñà, Êðàñíîÿðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå è íèæå óñòüÿ ð. Êàí íà Åíèñåå (Áàðàíîâ, 1998). Îòìå÷åí ïî ðåêàì Øèíäå è Áàëàõòèñîíå (Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé è äð., 2000). Ðåãóëÿðíî íàáëþäàëèñü ñàïñàíû, îõîòÿùèåñÿ íà ãîëóáåé (Columba livia), íà òåððèòîðèè Êðàñíîÿðñêà â ðàéîíå ìåëüêîìáèíàòà (Áàðàíîâ, 2000). Â 80-õ ãã. ñàïñàí îòìå÷åí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè êàê ðåäêèé âèä â

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Ñàìêà ñàïñàíà ó ãíåçäà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Female of the Peregrine Falcon near the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin.

In the South-Eastern Altai and SouthWestern Tuva we noted Peregrines breeding rather dispersal, and unlikely being irregular. The only Peregrine breeding territory in Tuva was found in cliffs of Khindiktig-Khol lake on June 24th, 2000. Despite the fact that Peregrine nesting has been registered in the Kargy river valley by A.A. Baranov (1991) and V.I. Zabelin (1996), no Peregrine was found here in 2000–2008. We noted no Peregrines in the Mogen-Buren river valley as well. In the South-Eastern Altai a bird was observed on July 10th, 2000 in the lower reach of the Kuraika river and a pair in the Chuiskaya steppe on June 13th, 2009. A total of 681–1059 pairs (824 pairs at average) of Peregrines are estimated to breed in the Altai-Sayan region (table 4). The largest breeding populations were found in the Republic of Altai (24.1%), Altai (20.44%) and Krasnoyarsk (20.19%) Krays. The major part of the known Peregrine breeding territories (with regard to the published data) is located in the mountain forest zone of the Altai-Sayan region (n=131); 55% of all pairs were noted here. At the same time, a high ratio of falcon observations in steppe depressions (32.8%) that are suboptimal for the Peregrine was connected with the purposeful monitoring of the depressions under the projects on studying of the Saker Falcon and the Imperial Eagle. On 6% of the plots located in the mountain forest zone, 55% of Peregrine breeding territories were found. This points to the fact that it is the mountain forest zone where the major part of falcons in the region breeds. Despite poor data of counts, the Peregrine number estimation in the region directly indicates the fact that the major part of regional population is concentrated in the mountain

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ãíåçäîâûå ñêàëû ñàïñàíà: êóýñòîâûå ãðÿäû â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (ââåðõó) è ñêàëüíûå îñòàíöû â îòðîãàõ Êîëûâàíñêîãî õðåáòà íà Àëòàå (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nesting cliffs of the Peregrine: cuesta ridges in the Minussinskaya depression (top) and rocky residues on the outskirts of the Kolyvanskiy range on the Altai (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.

ïðåäåëàõ Ñàÿíî-Øóøåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà â ñêàëàõ ïî òåððàñàì Åíèñåÿ (Ñîêîëîâ è äð., 1983; Ïåòðîâ, Ðóäêîâñêèé, 1985). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñàïñàí ãíåçäèòñÿ íà âñ¸ì ïðîòÿæåíèè Åíèñåéñêîãî êàíüîíà: â çàïîâåäíèêå èçâåñòíû 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà þæíåå âïàäåíèÿ ð. Óñ (65 êì), à íèæå Óñà ïî òå÷åíèþ (85 êì) âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå ïàð â óñòüÿõ ðåê Ìàäàðëûê, Òåïñåëü, Àíòðîïêà; íèæå çàïîâåäíèêà íà ïðîòÿæåíèè 90 êì âîäîõðàíèëèùà ñàïñàí ðåãóëÿðíî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ íà Ïàøêèíñêîì è Êàíòåãèðñêîì ïëåñàõ (Ñòàõååâ è äð., 1999). Ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ ñàïñàíîâ íåðàâíîìåðíàÿ, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ íàëè÷èåì ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ìåñò äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä è ñîñòîÿíèåì êîðìîâîé áàçû. Òàê, â ðàéîíå ñ. ÊàíÎêëåð ãí¸çäà ñàïñàíîâ íàõîäèëèñü íà ðàññòîÿíèè 1,5–2 êì îäíî îò äðóãîãî, íà Êàçûðå â 2–5 êì (Áàðàíîâ, 1988). Ïî äîëèíå ð. Êàçûð â 1988 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà ñîñòàâëÿëà 3–4 ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ ïàðû íà 100 êì ðåêè, íà ð. Êèçèð – 3–4 ïàðû, ïî Êàíó – 2–3, íà Àãóëå – 3–4 ïàðû, íà Ïåçî – 1

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ forest zone of the Altai-Sayan region, more specifically, 77.18% (fig. 4). The habitat distribution of the nests found is as follows: 74.42% refer to riverine cliffs, 20.93% – the rocks along range ridges and cuesta ridges, 4.65% – lakeshore cliffs (table 5). There are data obtained in the region on tree-nesting Peregrines (Baranov, 1991; Vasilchenko, 2003), however, there has been no description of these nests, which gives rise to doubt in the correctness of species determination. According to our observations the Peregrine breeds in the region exclusively on cliffs. The height of nest location varied over a wide range from 0 (cliff foot) to 150 m, and amounted to 49.2±35.8 (Ex=0.17) at average. The majority of Peregrine pairs (n=43, 48.84%) prefers to nest in the upper third of cliffs. Approximately one third of all pairs (34.88%) breeds in the middle of cliff outcrops. Breeding in nettle bushes at cliff foot and on mountain ridge is known (1 case for each breeding) (fig. 6). The greater part (n=43, 81.4%) of Peregrines nest in niches without any nest construction. We found 16.3% of the nests on open ledges. The use of other birds’ old nests was noted for two pairs only (4.65%). In one case Peregrines occupied an old nest of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in a niche of cliff outcrop of the range ridge on Babyrgan mountain in the Altai Kray. In another case, a very old and strongly damaged nest of the Raven (Corvus corax) in a rock niche on the range cliff near lake Chernoe in Khakassiya was occupied. The average clutch size was 3.17±0.98 eggs per successful nest (n=6; range 2–4 eggs). With respect to published data, the average clutch size (n=8) was 3.38±0.92 eggs. The average egg size was 53.3±0.85õ40.9±0.09 mm (n=9; range 52.0–54.9õ40.8–41.1 mm). Close data on size of eggs were noted for Taimyr (Kokorev, 2006): (n=25) 44.8–56.3õ39.0–43.6 mm with mass of 44.2–56.0 g. (53.1õ41.9 mm with mass of 50.5 g. at average). The average brood size of the Peregrine was 2.67±0.98 chicks per successful nest (n=12; range 1–4 chicks). A dead brood of two chicks was also found in the Berd’ river in the Novosibirsk district (Karyakin et. al., 2005b). With respect to the published data, the average brood size (n=19) was 2.53±1.02 chicks. The breeding success of the Peregrine in the Altai-Sayan region has not been well studied. Judging by the correspondence between inhabited and empty nests we may

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ïàðà íà 100 êì ðåêè (Áàðàíîâ, 1988). Ïî þæíîé ãðàíèöå çàïîâåäíèêà «Ñòîëáû», â äîëèíå ð. Ìàíû, ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà â 1983 ã. ñîñòàâëÿëà 1 ïàðó íà 18 êì ðåêè, â 1984 ã. îíà ñíèçèëàñü – 1 ïàðà íà 35–40 êì, à â 1985 ã. âíîâü âîçðîñëà – 1 ïàðà íà 17 êì; íèæå ïî òå÷åíèþ ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ ñàïñàíà ñîñòàâëÿëà â ñðåäíåì 1 ïàðó íà 40–50 êì; â âåðõíåì è ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Ìàíû, îò ñ. Âûåçæèé Ëîã äî ïîñ. Áåðåòü, â 1984 ã. ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ ñàïñàíà áûëà 0,12 îñîáåé íà 5 êì ðåêè èëè 1 ïàðà íà 80 êì; â 1985 ã. îíà âîçðîñëà çäåñü â 4 ðàçà è äîñòèãëà â ñðåäíåì 1 ïàðû íà 20 êì ðåêè; íà 240-êèëîìåòðîâîì îòðåçêè äîëèíû ð. Ìàíû â 1985 ã. îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 12 ïàð ñàïñàíîâ (Áàðàíîâ, 2000). Åù¸ áîëåå îáû÷åí ñàïñàí ïî äîëèíå ð. Áàçàèõè, ãäå ÷èñëåííîñòü â 1983 ã. áûëà åù¸ âûøå, ÷åì íà ð. Ìàíå, è ñîñòàâëÿëà 0,7 îñîáåé íà 5 êì èëè 1 ïàðà íà 15 êì, à â 1985 ã. îíà âîçðîñëà äî 1 ïàðû íà 9 êì ðåêè (Ïîëóøêèí, 1988). Åù¸ â 40-õ ãîäàõ ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà áûëà îòìå÷åíà â íèçîâüÿõ ð. Ìàíû, ãäå ïàðû ãíåçäèëèñü èíîãäà íà ðàññòîÿíèè 1–2 êì îäíà îò äðóãîé, è íà Åíèñåå ìåæäó äåðåâíÿìè Áèðþñà è Åçàãàø, à òàêæå îêîëî äåð. Äîííèêîâîé (Þäèí, 1952). Ãíåçäèòñÿ ñàïñàí ïî ðå÷êàì Êàðàóëüíàÿ, Ñîáàêèíà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Êðàñíîÿðñêà: çäåñü ÷èñëåííîñòü ñîñòàâëÿëà â 1993 ã. 1 ïàðó íà 15 êì ìàðøðóòà; íà ð. Ñèñèì 2–3 ïàðû íà 100 êì (Áàðàíîâ, 2000; Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé è äð., 2000). Îäèíî÷íûõ ïòèö îòìå÷àëè â Çàïàäíîì Ñàÿíå, Êóçíåöêîì Àëàòàó è ðåäêî â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â ëåâîáåðåæüå Åíèñåÿ â ïðîøëîì âñòðå÷åí ëèøü â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç. Ìàëûé Êûçûêóëü ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 0,5 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð íà 100 êì2 (Êîõàíîâñêèé, 1991). Ñ.Ì. Ïðîêîôüåâ (1987; 1993) íàáëþäàë ñàïñàíîâ â Õàêàñèè ïî ïåðèôåðèè Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû, íà ðåêàõ Áåëûé è ×¸ðíûé Èþñ è Àáàêàí (êàê ìèíèìóì 10 ìåñò ðåãèñòðàöèè âèäà) è íàø¸ë 4 ãíåçäà, ðàñïîëàãàâøèåñÿ íà òðóäíîäîñòóïíûõ ñêàëàõ. Ïàðà ïòèö ñ ÿâíî ãíåçäîâûì ïîâåäåíèåì ðåãóëÿðíî íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà ó÷àñòêå «Îãëàõòû» Õàêàññêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà (Ïðîêîôüåâ è äð., 2000). Â 70–90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ â ëåâîáåðåæüå Åíèñåÿ â Õàêàñèè ñàïñàí îòìå÷àëñÿ â ëåñîñòåïíûõ, ïîäòà¸æíûõ è ãîðíî-òà¸æíûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 1–3 îñîáè/100 êì2 (Ïðîêîôüåâ, Êóñòîâ, 1997). Èçðåäêà ñàïñàí íàáëþäàëñÿ â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå è â ïðàâîáåðåæüå

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say that at least 70% of the nests were successful. The feeding of Peregrines in the Altai-Sayan region was not particularly different from that in other parts of the species range. We noted more than 35 prey species in the diet of 5 Peregrine pairs in Tyva and Khakassiya in 1999–2000. In the diet birds common for Peregrine breeding territories, i.e. inhabiting wet-lands (43.31%), rocks (5.10%) or valley forests (15.92%), namely, ducks, gulls (mainly terns), shorebirds, pigeons, crows (Mainly Nutcrackers Nucifraga caryocatactes, Choughs Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax and Jackdaws Corvus monedula), and thrushes were absolutely dominant. Short-Eared Owls (Asio flammeus) and Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus & F. naumanni) were noted in feeding almost in every breeding territory, their ratios, respectively, varied from 2.33 to 6.25% (3.82% of all samples) and from 0 to 12.5% (3.82% of all samples). The feeding of different pairs varied notably. In the diet of the Peregrines nesting near human settlements the preferred prey is Rock Doves (Columba livia) (55.81%), for birds nesting in cliffs along the banks of small forest rivers (Kopyevskiy Kupol upland) – ducks (33.33%) and thrushes (27.27%), for birds nesting on large high mountain lakes (Khindiktig-Khol’) – gulls (63.63%) among which the Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) dominated (50%) and ducks (13.64%); the Peregrines nesting in rock massifs of large steppe rivers (the Yenisei river) – ducks (29.94%) and shorebirds (11.26%).

Ãíåçäîâàÿ ñêàëà ñàïñàíîâ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nesting cliff of the Peregrine Falcons. Photo by I. Karyakin.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ãíåçäîâûå ñêàëû ñàïñàíà íà Åíèñåå â òà¸æíîé (ââåðõó) è ñòåïíîé (âíèçó) çîíå. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Nesting cliffs of the Peregrine on the Yenisei river in taiga (top) and steppe (bottom) zones. Photos by E. Nikolenko.

Åíèñåÿ (Êóñòîâ, 1982). Â Òûâå ñàïñàí áûë ðåäîê âñåãäà. Â íà÷àëå âåêà âûâîäêè íàáëþäàëèñü ïî Óëóã-Õåìó è Õåì÷èêó, íà ñåâåðíîì ñêëîíå Òàííó-Îëà ó ð. Óðãà-Èëëèê, ãíåçäîâàíèå óñòàíîâëåíî â áàññåéíå îç. Óðýã-Íóð â ãîðàõ Áàéðèì (Ñóøêèí, 1914; 1938). Ìîëîäóþ ñàìêó èç âûâîäêà äîáûëè 17 èþëÿ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Øàãîíàð (ßíóøåâè÷, 1952). Âçðîñëûé ñàìåö â ñèëüíî îáíîøåííîì ïåðå ñ ëèííûìè ìàõîâûìè áûë äîáûò 19 èþëÿ íà áåðåãó îç. Òåðå-Õîëü Ýðçèíñêîãî ðàéîíà (Ôëèíò, 1962). Â 1969 ã. Ã.Á. Çîíîâ íàø¸ë äâà ãíåçäà ñàïñàíîâ ñ ïòåíöàìè íà õð. Õóðåí-Òàéãà; îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà âñòðå÷åíà â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Õîíà÷à â Ñàãëèíñêîé äîëèíå 28 ìàÿ 1976 ã.; ñ 1980 ã. â ðàçíûõ ðàéîíàõ Òûâû áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî 29 âñòðå÷ ñàïñàíà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïåðèîä ïðîë¸òà (Áàðàíîâ, 1991). Íà îç. Õàäûí 7 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1982 ã. â ïàóòèííóþ ñåòü îòëîâëåíà ìîëîäàÿ ïòèöà, à îñåíüþ 1984 ã. – âçðîñëàÿ (Ñàâ÷åíêî è äð., 1986). Ïî äàííûì À.À. Áàðàíîâà (1991) ïàðó ñàïñàíîâ íàáëþäàëè 20 àâãóñòà 1983 ã. íåñêîëüêî íèæå ñëèÿíèÿ ðåê Õàìñàðà è Áèé-Õåì, à 26 àâãóñòà 1984 ã. ñàïñàí, íàïàäàþùèé íà êðàñíîãîëîâîãî íûðêà (Aythya ferina), îòìå÷åí â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Õàìñàðà;

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ The fish remains that had been taken away from Black Storks (Ciconia nigra) who were nesting on the same cliff 120 m away from the nest of Peregrines were found in one of the nests in the Yenisei river. The main raptor to limit the Peregrine population in nature is the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) who quite often preys on chicks and fledglings. In 2000, we found last year’s remains of the Peregrine chick in the pellets of the Eagle Owl on its breeding territory that was located close to the Peregrine nest in Khakassiya. In 2002, the remains of two Peregrine chicks that had been eaten by the Eagle Owl were found in the Berd’ river in the Novosibirsk district (Karyakin et. al., 2005b). On many cliffs in Khakassiya the Peregrine nests were closely neighboring with living nests of the Eagle Owl or were located in the niches that had previously been occupied by Eagle Owls. The predatory pressure from the Eagle Owl on the Peregrine in the region has not been studied. The competition for nesting cliffs between the Peregrine and the Saker is observed, in which the Peregrine is inferior to the Saker. In most cases the Peregrine distances itself from the Saker by more than 10 km. The nesting distance of less than 10 km away from the Saker was registered for 30.26% Peregrine pairs (n=76). The minimum distances between Sakers and Peregrines varied from 0.83 to 9.45 km and at average amounted to 5.08±2.85 km (n=23). Only 4 Peregrine pairs (5.26%) noted to nest less than 2 km away from the Saker nest. Habitat changes in the region are so far unlikely to have a significant effect on the Peregrine since they occur slowly and locally. Death of falcons on 6–10 kV power lines definitely plays a role in the decrease in population productivity of the species in the Altai-Sayan region. This factor started to be studied in 2009. We found a female bird’s carcass under a concrete electric pole of 10 kV power line near Kosh-Agach in the Chuiskaya steppe on July 19, 2009. Out of 39 Peregrines that were recorded in 2009, 15.4% of the birds were observed sitting on the electric poles of medium voltage power lines, half of those were sitting on concrete electric poles hazardous to birds. Such factor as DDT poisoning has recently almost lost its relevance. The Peregrine definitely suffers from poaching similar to the Saker, however, due to the lower demand for the former species in Middle East countries the pressure on it is low. The situation with the Peregrine looks

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ïàðà ïòèö âñòðå÷åíà 2 ìàÿ 1984 ã. â äîëèíå ð. Êàðãû â 5–6 êì íèæå ïðîòèâî÷óìíîé áàçû (ïòèöû ïðîÿâëÿëè ãíåçäîâîå ïîâåäåíèå). Â.È. Çàáåëèí (1996) óêàçûâàåò íà ãíåçäîâàíèå ñàïñàíà â äîëèíå ð. Êàðãû. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äî êîíöà 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ â Òóâå áûëî âûÿâëåíî êàê ìèíèìóì 6–7 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñàïñàíîâ, èç êîòîðûõ íà 2–3-õ ðàçìíîæåíèå âèäà áûëî âåðîÿòíî â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ. Â 1999 ã. 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ñîêîëîâ, íà êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà ñ ïòåíöàìè, âûÿâëåíû â çîíå ïîäòîïëåíèÿ Ñàÿíî-Øóøåíñêèì âîäîõðàíèëèùåì äîëèíû ð. Âåðõ. Åíèñåé (Óëóã-Õåì); îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà âñòðå÷åíà â äîëèíå ð. Ñîé 17 èþíÿ (Êàðÿêèí, 2000). Â 1990–2002 ãã. â Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ðåêàõ Áèé-Õåì, Õàìñàðà è Àçàñ, âûÿâëåíî 14 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñàïñàíîâ, íà 6-òè èç êîòîðûõ óñòàíîâëåíî ðåãóëÿðíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå ñîêîëîâ (Êàðòàøîâ, 2003). Â äîëèíå ð. Áèé-Õåì áëèç ï. Òîîðà-Õåì óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå ïàðû ñàïñàíîâ èçâåñòíî ñ 1998 ã., â 1999 ã. ãíåçäî ñàïñàíîâ îáíàðóæåíî âáëèçè óñòüÿ ð. ÀêÕåì, îòìå÷åíî ìíîãîëåòíåå ãíåçäîâàíèå ñîêîëîâ â óðî÷èùå Ýí-Ñóã, ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ñàïñàíîâ, íà êîòîðîì ãíåçäî íå îáíàðóæåíî, âûÿâëåí íà ñêàëàõ ãîðû Óëóã-Äàã, âûâîäîê ñàïñàíîâ íàáëþäàëñÿ 2–5 ñåíòÿáðÿ íà îç. Ìþí-Õîëü, â öåëîì ïî ð. Áèé-Õåì ãíåçäèòñÿ íå ìåíåå 5–6 ïàð íà ðàññòîÿíèè íå áëèæå 5–8 êì äðóã îò äðóãà; íà ð. Õàìñàðà ãíåçäîâàíèå ñàïñàíà çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî â 2001 ã. â óð. Óëóã-Õàÿ, ñàïñàíîâ íàáëþäàëè 18 èþëÿ 1996 ã. â îêðåñòíîñòè ï. Õàìñàðà è 26 è 28 èþëÿ 2001 ã. â ðàéîíå óñòüÿ ð. ÊèæèÕåì, 4 ìàÿ è 2 èþíÿ ñàïñàíà âèäåëè íà ð. Ñîðóã áëèç êîðäîíà çàïîâåäíèêà; íà ð. Àçàñ âáëèçè ãîðû Äåìèð-Ýð ñàïñàíû ñ ãíåçäîâûì ïîâåäåíèåì ðåãèñòðèðóþòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè åæåãîäíî ñ 1986 ã., óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå ñîêîëîâ çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Àçàñ â óð. Êîø-Òóðóê, ãäå 6 èþëÿ 2002 ã. íàéäåíî ãíåçäî, íà îç. Àçàñ âûâîäêè ñàïñàíà ðåãèñòðèðóþòñÿ ñ 1990 ã., 1–2 ïàðû ñàïñàíîâ ãíåçäÿòñÿ â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Àçàñ íà ñåâåðíîì ìàêðîñêëîíå õð. Óëóã-Àðãà, ãäå îõîòÿùèõñÿ ïòèö íàáëþäàëè 3 àâãóñòà 1991 ã. è 16 èþëÿ 1995 ã.; ñàïñàíû â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä íàáëþäàþòñÿ òàêæå â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Èëãè-×óë â óð. Õîí è â îêðåñòíîñòè ñ. Àäûð-Êåæèã (Êàðòàøîâ, 2003). Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñàïñàíà â äîëèíå ð. Êàðãû â 70-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ñîñòàâëÿëà 1,1 îñîáè/100 êì2 (Çàáåëèí, 1996). Â

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much better comparing with that for the Saker in the Altai-Sayan region. The increase in Peregrine population in forest steppe and steppe against the decreased population of the Saker is observed in the northern and western parts of the region. According to the data of S.M. Prokofyev (pers. com), the Sakers had been breeding earlier on 4 plots out of 17 (23.53%) that we visited in the Minussinskaya depression and where the breeding Peregrine was found. Over the last few years and only after the Saker has disappeared, the Peregrine emerged on the southern ledge of Kuraiskiy Mountain ridge in the Republic of Altai. Vast taiga areas of the Northern Altai, Kuznetskiy Alatau, Sayans and Eastern Tuva still remain poorly surveyed. The estimation of the Peregrine population obtained (681–1,059 breeding pairs) will be adjusted during further research. There is the high probability that the number was underestimated, so it will increase as new areas of the region are surveyed. The status of the Peregrine in the Altai-Sayan region is successful, no population reduction has been observed, and the population is increasing in a number of areas of the region. The breeding species are under surveillance in Altaiskiy, Kuznetskiy Alatau, Khakasskiy, Stolby, and Azas Nature Reserves. Bird protection measures on power lines which are hazardous to birds, primarily on the steppe depressions of Altai, mountain part of the Altai Kray, the Kuznetskaya and Minussinskaya depressions in the Kemerovo district and the Republic of Khakassiya should be recommended as the environmental actions that promote population growth of the Peregrine.

Ñë¸òîê ñàïñàíà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Fledgling of the Peregrine Falcon. Photo by I. Karyakin.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ãíåçäîâûå ñêàëû ñàïñàíà â Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîì Àëòàå íà ð. Êàòóíü (ââåðõó) è â Öåíòðàëüíîì Àëòàå íà ð. Äæàçàòîð (âíèçó). Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà è È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nesting cliffs of the Peregrine Falcon in the North-Western Altai Mountains on the Katun river (upper) and in Central Altai Mountains on the Dzhazator river (bottom). Photos by R. Bekmansurov and I. Karyakin.

Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè ñàïñàíà íà ðåêàõ ñîñòàâëÿåò îáû÷íî 28–20 êì, âàðüèðóÿ îò 3 êì íà ð. Àçàñ äî 52 êì íà ð. Õàìñàðà (Êàðòàøîâ, 2003). Ïî ýêñïåðòíîé îöåíêå À.À. Áàðàíîâà (1991) â Òûâå â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä â 80-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ îáèòàëî íå áîëåå 30–40 îñîáåé. Â 1999 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà â Òûâå îöåíåíà ìèíèìóì â 15 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, 2000). Ñ ó÷¸òîì ðåçóëüòàòîâ èññëåäîâàíèé êîíöà 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, ïðîâåä¸ííûõ â þæíûõ è öåíòðàëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ Òóâû è íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå ðåñïóáëèêè (â Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå), ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îöåíåíà â 25–30 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð, 15–20 ïàð èç êîòîðûõ ãíåçäèòñÿ â Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä â ðåñïóáëèêå îöåíåíà â 80–100 îñîáåé (Êàðòàøîâ, 2002; 2003). Íàõîäêà ãíåçäà ñàïñàíà ñ ïòåíöàìè â ñôîðìèðîâàííîì ãíåçäîâîì íàðÿäå Â.Â. Ëåîíîâè÷åì â èþíå 1974 ã. è âñòðå÷à ñàìêè ñàïñàíà íà ãíåçäå, ðàñïîëîæåííîì íà ëèñòâåííèöå áëèç îç. ×àãûòàé, Í.Ô. Ãî-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ëîöåâè÷ 14 ìàÿ 1977 ã. (Áàðàíîâ, 1991), ñêîðåå âñåãî, îøèáî÷íû è ïðèíàäëåæàò áàëîáàíàì, òàê êàê ïðèâîäèìûå èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè ñðîêè è ñòåðåîòèïû ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íå ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ñàïñàíàì, çàòî õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ áàëîáàíà. Íà òåððèòîðèè ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé (èç îáçîðà â Êðàñíîé Êíèãå ÐÀ: Èðèñîâà, 1996) ñàïñàíà íàõîäèëè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Êóðàéñêîé ñòåïè ó Áîðîòàëà, íà ïîáåðåæüå Òåëåöêîãî îçåðà (Ñóøêèí, 1938; Äóëüêåéò, 1949), â Óéìîíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ó óñòüÿ ð. Àê-Êåì (Êó÷èí, 1983), áëèç ñ. Îçåðî Êóðååâî (Ìàëåøèí, 1987), â áàññåéíå ð. Ëåáåäü áëèç óñòüÿ ð. ×èáè÷åíü (Òîêàðåâ, Êó÷èí, 1995), íà òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà â óð. Êàíàñ (Ìèòðîôàíîâ, 1995), ïî ×óéñêîìó òðàêòó ñåâåðíåå ×èáèòà (Ìàëêîâ, Ìàëêîâ, 1995). Ïàðû ïòèö âñòðå÷àëè íà Òåëåöêîì îçåðå â óñòüå Êîëäîðà, íà îç. Áóëàíäó-Êîëü, ó ñ¸ë Îíãóäàé è Àéãóëàê, áëèç îç. Äèøòó-Êîëü, â óùåëüå Êûçûíêîð (Ñóøêèí, 1938), ó Òåíüãèíñêîãî îçåðà è â äîëèíå Óðñóëà ó ñ. Åëî (Êó÷èí, 1983), ó Êàðàêîëüñêèõ îç¸ð (Êó÷èí, 1991), â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Ìóëüòà è â äîëèíå Áîëüøîãî Óëåãåìà áëèç ïåðåâàëà ×èêå-Òàìàí (Ìàëêîâ, 1979). Â äîëèíå ñðåäíåãî òå÷åíèÿ ð. Êàòóíü ìåæäó ñ¸ëàìè Êóï÷åãåíü è Èíåãåíü â 1989 ã. ñàïñàí âñòðå÷àëñÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 1 îñîáü/100 êì2 (Ëèâàíîâ è äð., 1990). Íà ×åðíèãîâñêîì õðåáòå ýòîò ñîêîë â 1979 ã. íàáëþäàëñÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 0,2–0,01 îñîáü/1 êì2 (Öûáóëèí, Áîãîìîëîâà, 1983). Â ïåðèîä ñåçîííûõ ìèãðàöèé ñàïñàíû íàáëþäàëèñü ó ïîñ. Îíãóäàé, ïî ð. Êûçûëîçåê íà Êóðàéñêîì õðåáòå, â ðàéîíå Ñàãðàøà è íà âîäîðàçäåëå ïðèòîêîâ Àðãóòà Áîðòóëäàã è Êàèð íà Êàòóíñêîì õðåáòå, ó èñòîêîâ ð. Êàðà-Àëàõà, â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Êàòóíè áëèç Áåëóõè (Ñóøêèí, 1938), â âåðõîâüÿõ Óðñóëà è Ëåáåäè (Êó÷èí, 1991), ïî Áóãóçóíó è Òàðêàòòó (Èðèñîâ, 1981), íà Òåëåöêîì îçåðå (Ðàâêèí, 1973), â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñêà (Ìàëêîâ, Ìàëêîâ, 1995), íà ð. Àëáàñ, ïðèòîêå ð. Ëåáåäü (Êó÷èí, Êó÷èíà, 1995). Â 70-å ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ íà ïîáåðåæüå Òåëåöêîãî îçåðà ãíåçäîâàíèå ñàïñàíà íå óñòàíîâëåíî, õîòÿ ïòèöû íàáëþäàëèñü ðåãóëÿðíî, êàê â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä, òàê è íà ìèãðàöèÿõ: 10 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1971 ã., 9 èþëÿ 1972 ã., 26 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1973 ã., 1 àâãóñòà è 11 îêòÿáðÿ 1974 ã., 17 ìàÿ 1975 ã., 26 ìàÿ, 9 àâãóñòà è 11 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1976 ã., 24 àïðåëÿ 1978 ã., 15 ìàÿ è 10 èþëÿ 1979 ã. (Ñòàõååâ, 2000). Òàêæå â ñåðåäèíå èþëÿ 1976 ã. äâóõ îõîòÿùèõñÿ ñàïñàíîâ íåñêîëüêî ðàç âèäåëè â äîëèíå íèæíåãî ×óëûøìàíà ó óñòüÿ Áàøêàóñà (Ñòàõååâ, 2000).

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 Íà Ñåâåðíîì Àëòàå â 1979–1983 ãã. ñàïñàí íàáëþäàëñÿ â ñðåäíåãîðíîé ÷àñòè ïðîâèíöèè è åãî ñðåäíåëåòíåå îáèëèå, ðàññ÷èòàííîå ïî ìåòîäèêå Þ.Ñ. Ðàâêèíà (1967), â ñðåäíåì ïî ðåãèîíó íå ïðåâûøàëî 0,0008 îñîáè íà îáúåäèí¸ííûé 1 êì2, à ñóììàðíûé çàïàñ îöåíèâàëñÿ âñåãî ëèøü â 7 îñîáåé (Öûáóëèí, 1999). Â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå ïîñëå íàõîäêè Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà (1938) â Êóðàéñêîé ñòåïè íèêàêèõ ñâåäåíèé î ãíåçäîâàíèè âèäà íå ïîñòóïàëî, èçâåñòíû ëèøü âñòðå÷è ñîêîëîâ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, ñ 24 àâãóñòà ïî 9 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1979 ã. òð¸õ ñàïñàíîâ íàáëþäàëè íà îç. Äæóëóêóëü, çäåñü æå È.Ì. Îëèãåð âèäåë ñàïñàíà, ïîéìàâøåãî êåäðîâêó (Nucifraga caryocatactes), 29 àâãóñòà 1979 ã. (Ñòàõååâ, 2000), ïàðà ïòèö íàáëþäàëàñü â äîëèíå Áóãóçóíà (Èðèñîâ, 1981) è îòäåëüíûå ïòèöû – â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè (Ãðàáîâñêèé è äð., 2000) è â Áåðòåêñêîé êîòëîâèíå (Óêîê) (Áîãîìîëîâ, Èãíàòåíêî, 2008). Â ãîðíîé ÷àñòè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè ñàïñàíà â íà÷àëå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ èìååòñÿ òîëüêî ó Â.À. Ñåëåâèíà (1928; 1929), êîòîðûé ïðèâîäèò ýòîãî ñîêîëà â êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ äëÿ òåððèòîðèè íûíåøíåãî Çìåèíîãîðñêîãî ðàéîíà. Â 2001–2005 ãã. ñàïñàí âñòðå÷àëñÿ áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ðåãóëÿðíî â ãîðàõ è ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ ïî äîëèíàì êðóïíûõ ðåê (×àðûø, Àíóé – â ëåâîáåðåæüå Îáè, âåðõíåå òå÷åíèå ×óìûøà – â ïðàâîáåðåæüå), áåðåãà êîòîðûõ èçîáèëóþò ñêàëüíûìè îáíàæåíèÿìè, ëèáî ïî îñòàíöîâûì ìàññèâàì Êîëûâàíñêîãî è Áàùåëàêñêîãî õðåáòîâ: çäåñü áûëî ëîêàëèçîâàíî 9 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ïîäòâåðæä¸ííûõ íàõîäêàìè æèëûõ ãí¸çä (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005à). Â äîëèíå ð. Ïåñ÷àíàÿ ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð ñàïñàíîâ ñîñòàâëÿëî 3,73 êì, â äîëèíå ð. Àíóé – 2,9 êì; â ãîðíî-ëåñíîì ïîÿñå Àëòàÿ ñðåäíÿÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ðå÷íûõ äîëèí, ïðèõîäÿùèõñÿ íà îäíó ïàðó ñàïñàíîâ, ñîñòàâëÿëà 7,12 êì, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà â ãîðíî-ëåñíîì ïîÿñå Îáñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îöåíåíà â 72–111 ïàð, à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Îáñêîì ëåâîáåðåæüå, ñ ó÷¸òîì ëåñîñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðèé, îöåíåíà â 77–121 ãíåçäÿùóþñÿ ïàðó (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005à). Â äîëèíå ð. ×óìûø 2 ãíåçäà ñàïñàíîâ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â 6,58 êì äðóã îò äðóãà, à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Îáñêîì ïðàâîáåðåæüå îöåíåíà â 26 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005à). Ïîçæå ñàïñàí îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà Ñåìèíñêîì õðåáòå – íà ã. Áàáûðãàí â 2005–2007 ãã. âûÿâ-

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ëåíî 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà, ïîäòâåðæä¸ííûõ íàõîäêàìè ãí¸çä, îñìîòðåíî 1 æèëîå ãíåçäî (Âàæîâ, Áàõòèí, 2008). Â 1927–1937 ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ñàïñàí áûë îáû÷íîé, à ìåñòàìè ìíîãî÷èñëåííîé ïòèöåé â Êóçíåöêîé ñòåïè è íà Ñàëàèðå (â ïðåäåëàõ íûíåøíèõ Êåìåðîâñêîé è Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòåé); â ïðåäåëàõ Ñàëàèðà ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü ÷åðåç êàæäûå 4–5 êì, à ìåñòàìè íà òàêîì ðàññòîÿíèè ãíåçäèëèñü ïî 2 ïàðû (Ñêàëîí, 1927; Õàõëîâ, 1937). Â 2002 ã. íà ð. Áåðäü â ïðåäåëàõ Ñàëàèðñêîãî êðÿæà íà òåððèòîðèè Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè âûÿâëåíî 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ñàïñàíîâ (3,34 îñîáè íà 100 êì âîäíîãî ìàðøðóòà); ïëîòíîñòü ñàïñàíà, ðàññ÷èòàííàÿ ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì âñòðå÷, îïðåäåëåíà â 2,5 îñîáåé/100 êì2, ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè ñîñòàâèëî 2,0 è 6,5 êì, ò.å., íà îäíó ïàðó ñàïñàíîâ ïðèõîäèòñÿ â ñðåäíåì 4,25 êì ðåêè èëè 4,67 êì2 ðå÷íîé äîëèíû; ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â äîëèíå ð. Áåðäü îöåíåíà â 4–6 ïàð, à â öåëîì íà ðåêàõ Îáñêîãî ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè – 7–13 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005á). Â Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè ãíåçäîâàíèå ñàïñàíà îòìå÷åíî íà Ñàëàèðñêîì êðÿæå, â Ãîðíîé Øîðèè ïî äîëèíå ð. Òîìü è â Êóçíåöêîì Àëàòàó (Ãàãèíà, 1979). Íà ð. Òîìü â 1984 ã. ãíåçäèëîñü 2 ïàðû ñàïñàíîâ, ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãíåçäÿùèìèñÿ ïàðàìè ñîñòàâëÿëî 10–15 êì (Áåëÿíêèí, 1984). Âåðîÿòíî, ïàðà ñàïñàíîâ ðàçìíîæàëàñü íà ñêàëàõ ð. Óñà áëèç Ìåæäóðå÷åíñêà, â ðàéîíå áèîñòàíöèè ÊåìÃÓ Ëà÷èíîâî â òå÷åíèå ìíîãèõ ëåò ñ 1978 ïî 1991 ãã. ïàðà ñàïñàíîâ ãíåçäèëàñü íà ñêàëàõ, 7 ìàÿ

Ïòåíåö ñàïñàíà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nestling of the Peregrine Falcon in the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ïîñòðîéêå âîðîíû (Corvus corone), ÷òî ñîâåðøåííî íå õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ âèäà â ðåãèîíå, ïðè ýòîì àâòîðîì íå ïðèâîäèòñÿ áîëåå äåòàëüíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î ñòîëü íåîðäèíàðíûõ íàõîäêàõ.

Ãíåçäîâûå ñêàëû ñàïñàíà â ïðåäãîðüÿõ è íèçêîãîðüÿõ Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîãî Àëòàÿ: íà Ñåìèíñêîì õðåáòå (ââåðõó) è â äîëèíå Êàòóíè (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nesting cliffs of the Peregrine Falcon in the foothills and low mountains of North-Western Altai Mountains on the Seminskiy mountain ridge (upper) and the Katun river valley (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.

1993 ã. äâå ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ ïàðû îáíàðóæåíû â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ð. ×åáóëà (Ãàãèíà, Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 2000; Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 2004). Íà ð. Ìðàññó âûøå ï. Óñòü-Àíçàñ ñàïñàí îòìå÷åí 12 àâãóñòà 1994 ã., âåñíîé 1995 ã. ïàðà ñàïñàíîâ çàãíåçäèëàñü íà ñêàëå íà òåððèòîðèè ìóçåÿ-çàïîâåäíèêà «Òîìñêàÿ ïèñàíèöà» (Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 2004). Îäèíî÷íûé ñàïñàí, îõîòèâøèéñÿ íà ÷èáèñà (Vanellus vanellus), âñòðå÷åí 25 ìàÿ 1997 ã. íà ð. Èíÿ (Ðÿáèöåâ, Òàðàñîâ, 1999). Â Êóçíåöêîì Àëàòàó ïî ð. Êèÿ (òåððèòîðèÿ çàïîâåäíèêà «Êóçíåöêèé Àëàòàó») åæåãîäíî ãíåçäèëèñü 2 ïàðû ñàïñàíîâ, çà 10 ëåò èññëåäîâàíèé â 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ îáíàðóæåíî 4 ãíåçäà (Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 1999à, á). Â èþëå 2001 ã. ïðè ñïëàâå ïî ð. Êèÿ îò Ìîñêîâêè äî ñ. ×óìàé íà 105–110 êì ó÷àñòêå ðåêè ó÷òåíî 5 ïàð, äëÿ ÷åòûð¸õ èç êîòîðûõ óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå (Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 2004). Î íàõîäêå äâóõ ãí¸çä ñàïñàíà íà ñåâåðîâîñòî÷íîì ñêëîíå Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó èìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ ó Ñ.Ï. Ãóðååâà (1989). Ãíåçäîâàíèå äâóõ ïàð ñàïñàíîâ íà Øåñòàêîâñêèõ áîëîòàõ (Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 2003) âûçûâàåò ñîìíåíèÿ, ò.ê. ãí¸çäà ñîêîëîâ íàéäåíû íà äåðåâüÿõ, ïðè÷¸ì îäíî – â

Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü Â õîäå íàøèõ èññëåäîâàíèé â ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå âûÿâëåíî 76 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñàïñàíîâ (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 3), èç íèõ íà 43-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà. Íà 33-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ñàïñàíîâ ãí¸çä îáíàðóæèòü íå óäàëîñü, îäíàêî íà 26-òè ó÷àñòêàõ âñòðå÷åíû áåñïîêîÿùèåñÿ ïòèöû, â òîì ÷èñëå íà 20-òè – ïàðû, íà äâóõ ó÷àñòêàõ – ñë¸òêè è íà 5-òè ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû õàðàêòåðíûå ïðèñàäû ñîêîëîâ, íî ïòèöû íå âñòðå÷åíû, õîòÿ íà äâóõ èç íèõ ñàïñàíû íàáëþäàëèñü ðàíåå (Ñ.Â. Âàæîâ, Þ.È. Êóñòîâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Â ÃÈÑ áûëè ïðèâÿçàíû íàõîäêè ãí¸çä è âñòðå÷è ïàð ñàïñàíîâ, èíôîðìàöèÿ î êîòîðûõ äîñòóïíà â ïóáëèêàöèÿõ, êîòîðûå ìîæíî áûëî äîñòàòî÷íî òî÷íî èäåíòèôèöèðîâàòü íà êàðòå ïî îïèñàíèÿì àâòîðîâ. Êîëè÷åñòâî òàêèõ ó÷àñòêîâ â ðåãèîíå – 55 (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 3), áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü èç êîòîðûõ ëåæèò â ïðåäåëàõ Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ (Áàðàíîâ, 1988; 2000) è Òóâû (Êàðòàøîâ, 2003). Ôàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ñàïñàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ñêàëüíûì îáíàæåíèÿì, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïî áåðåãàì ðåê, ïîýòîìó åãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ïåðåñå÷¸ííîñòüþ ìåñòíîñòè è ðàçâèòèåì ãèäðîñåòè. Èç 131-ãî ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà ñàïñàíîâ, âûÿâëåííûõ â ðåãèîíå, 55,0% (72 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà) ïðèóðî÷åíî ê ãîðíîëåñíîé çîíå, 32,8% (43) – ê ñòåïíûì êîòëîâèíàì è 12,2% (16) – ê ëåñîñòåïíûì, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ãîðíûì è ïðåäãîðíûì, ðàéîíàì. Íåñìîòðÿ íà íèçêóþ ñòåïåíü îáñëåäîâàííîñòè ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíû, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî îñíîâíàÿ ÷àñòü ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà ãíåçäèòñÿ èìåííî çäåñü. Íà ýòî óêàçûâàþò êàê äàííûå ðÿäà èññëåäîâàòåëåé (Áàðàíîâ, 2000; Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 2004; Êàðòàøîâ, 2003; Ïðîêîôüåâ, Êóñòîâ, 1997), òàê è íàøè íàáëþäåíèÿ íà òðàíçèòíûõ ìàðøðóòàõ ïî Ñàÿíó, Öåíòðàëüíîìó Àëòàþ, Êóçíåöêîìó Àëàòàó è ó÷¸òíûå ìàðøðóòû íà Ñàëàèðå. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, â íàøèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ áèîòîïû ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíû, ãäå âûÿâëåíî 55% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñàïñàíà, ñîñòàâëÿëè âñåãî 6% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè îáñëåäîâàííûõ.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

109

Òàáë. 1. Âñå èçâåñòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus) â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå.

Ïëîùàäü (òûñ. êì ) Area (thousand km2) 2

Àëòàéñêèé êðàé Altai Kray

Êåìåðîâñêàÿ îáëàñòü Kemerovo District

Ðåñïóáëèêà Õàêàñèÿ Republic of Khakassia

Êðàñíîÿðñêèé êðàé Krasnoyarsk Kray

Ðåñïóáëèêà Òûâà Republic of Tyva

ÍÎ

ÀÊ

ÊÎ

ÐÕ

ÊÊ

ÐÒ

30.3

Êîëè÷åñòâî èçâåñòíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïî äàííûì íàøèõ èññëåäîâàíèé Known breeding territories following data of our research

Êîëè÷åñòâî èçâåñòíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïî ëèòåðàòóðíûì äàííûì* Known breeding territories following published data* Âñå èçâåñòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè All known breeding territories

95.8

61.7

9 4

185.5 168.8

Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé Republic of Altai

Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ îáëàñòü Novosibirsk District

Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûé ðåãèîí / Administrative Region

ÐÀ

Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ðåãèîí (âñå àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûå ðåãèîíû) Altai-Sayan Region (All administrative regions)

Table 1. All known breeding territories of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in the Altai-Sayan Region.

93.1

751.4

131

* – òîëüêî òå ó÷àñòêè, êîòîðûå óäàëîñü òî÷íî ïðèâÿçàòü â ÃÈÑ ïî èíôîðìàöèè èç ëèòåðàòóðíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ, êîòîðûå àâòîðàìè íå ïîñåùàëèñü â õîäå èññëåäîâàíèé / only territories that we have been able to link in GIS according to the published data which were not visited by authors during surveys.

Íà Ñàëàèðñêîì êðÿæå ãíåçäîâàíèå ñàïñàíà óñòàíîâëåíî íà ðåêàõ Áåðäü è ×óìûø. Íà ð. Áåðäü â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè 26 èþëÿ – 2 àâãóñòà 2002 ã. áûëî âûÿâëåíî 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà. Ñàïñàí ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ ñ ÷àñòîòîé 3,34 îñîáè (2,51 ðåãèñòðàöèé) íà 100 êì âîäíîãî ìàðøðóòà. Ïëîòíîñòü ñàïñàíà, ðàññ÷èòàííàÿ ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì âñòðå÷, îïðåäåëåíà â 2,5 îñîáåé/100 êì2 äîëèíû ïðè ñðåäíåé äàëüíîñòè îáíàðóæåíèÿ 1000 ì. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè ñàïñàíà íà ð. Áåðäü ñîñòàâëÿåò 2–6,5 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=2) 4,25 êì. Ò.å., íà îäíó ïàðó ñàïñàíîâ ïðèõîäèòñÿ â ñðåäíåì 4,67 êì2 äîëèíû (ïðè øèðèíå äîëèíû 1,1 êì). Îäíàêî ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ó÷àñòêîâ ïî äîëèíå âûãëÿäèò íåðàâíîìåðíî. Îíè ñîñðåäîòî÷åíû íà ïðîìåæóòêå, ãäå ñêàëû áîëåå âûñîêèå è ïðîòÿæ¸ííûå: 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà ó÷àñòêå ðåêè ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 45,4 êì, ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ñàïñàíà. Çäåñü èìååòñÿ 14 ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé, óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 1,5–6 êì. Ò.å., ¸ìêîñòü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ òàêîâà, ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò âìåñòèòü äî 7 ïàð, à ðåàëüíî æå íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå äîëèíû ðàçìåùàåòñÿ 3 ïàðû ñàïñàíîâ (42,86% îò îïòèìóìà). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðåàëüíî íà îäíó ïàðó ñàïñàíîâ â äîëèíå ð. Áåðäü ïðèõîäèòñÿ 15,1 êì

ãíåçäîïðèãîäíîé ÷àñòè ðåêè èëè 16,61 êì2 äîëèíû. Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ñàïñàíà ðåê â Îáñêîì ïðàâîáåðåæüå Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè ñîñòàâëÿåò 106,13 êì (ïëîùàäü äîëèí 193,743 êì2), èç êîòîðûõ 69,70 êì (76,67 êì2) ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà ð. Áåðäü. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ðåêàõ Îáñêîãî ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè äàííûì ìåòîäîì ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â 7 ïàð, 4 ïàðû èç êîòîðûõ ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà ð. Áåðäü è íà òð¸õ å¸ âòîðîñòåïåííûõ ïðèòîêàõ, ñòåêàþùèõ ñ Ñàëàèðñêîãî êðÿæà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005á). Â äîëèíå ð. ×óìûø ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ñàïñàíîâ âûÿâëåí 7 èþëÿ 2004 ã. áëèç ñ. Ñàðû÷óìûø íà ãðàíèöå Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè è Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Çäåñü ó÷¸ò ñîêîëîâ â äîëèíàõ ðåê íå îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ, îäíàêî, ó÷èòûâàÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå ñàïñàíà ïî äîëèíå ×óìûøà â ïðåäåëàõ Áèå-×óìûøñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü åãî áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ðàâíîìåðíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå ïî âñåé äîëèíå â ïðåäåëàõ Ñàëàèðñêîãî êðÿæà. Ïðèíÿâ âî âíèìàíèå ó÷¸òíûå äàííûå ïî Áåðäè, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå 20–25 ïàð íà Ñàëàèðå, 6–7 ïàð èç êîòîðûõ ãíåçäèòñÿ â äîëèíàõ ðåê þãî-çàïàäíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà â ïðåäåëàõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ è 7–11 ïàð – â äîëèíàõ

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Ðèñ. 3. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus) â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, âûÿâëåííûå â õîäå èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîâ, 2 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, îïèñàííûå â ëèòåðàòóðå. Fig. 3. Distribution of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in the Altai-Sayan Region. Labels: 1 – breeding territories found by authors, 2 – breeding territories described in literature.

ðåê ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà â Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Èç íàøèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ôàêòè÷åñêè âûïàëè Ñåâåðíûé Àëòàé è Êóçíåöêèé Àëàòàó. Â òà¸æíîé çîíå Àëòàÿ ñàïñàí îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ëèøü â íåñêîëüêèõ òî÷êàõ (Ìèòðîôàíîâ, 1995; Òîêàðåâ, Êó÷èí, 1995), òåì íå ìåíåå âèä ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í, âèäèìî, ïî âñåì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿì Ñåâåðíîãî Àëòàÿ, è áûëî áû ïðàâèëüíåå ïðè îïðåäåëåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè ñîêîëîâ îïèðàòüñÿ íà äàííûå, ïîëó÷åííûå â àíàëîãè÷íûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó è Ñàÿíà. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ëèòåðàòóðíûå äàííûå (Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 1999à, á; Ãàãèíà, 1979; Ãàãèíà, Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 2000), â Êóçíåöêîì Àëàòàó ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ñàïñàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ïî âñåì ãîðíûì ðåêàì. Íà ð. Êèÿ ñàïñàí íàáëþäàëñÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 7,14 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè èëè 9,28 ïàðû/100 êì2 äîëèíû. Çäåñü íà ïàðó ïðèõîäèòñÿ 15,4 êì2 äîëèíû, ÷òî î÷åíü áëèçêî ê ïîêàçàòåëÿì äëÿ Áåðäè, íî ñ áîëåå ðàâíîìåðíûì ðàñïðåäåëåíèåì ïàð ïî äîëèíå ðåêè. Íà âîñòî÷íîì ìàêðîñêëîíå Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó ñàïñàí âñòðå÷åí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ïî âñåé ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé ïåðèôåðèè ãîð (ñì. ñòð. 115). Âãëóáü ãîð íàì óäàëîñü âûáðàòüñÿ ëèøü íà Áàòåí¸âñêîì êðÿæå, ãäå 28 ìàÿ 2000 ã. ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ñàïñàíîâ âûÿâëåí íà ð. Áîë. Åðáà. Ãíåçäîâàíèå ñàïñàíà ïî ïåðèôåðèè ãîð è â íèçêîãîðüÿõ íà ìàëûõ ðåêàõ ïðåäïîëàãà-

åò, ÷òî âñå ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå áèîòîïû âîñòî÷íîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó íàñåëåíû ñàïñàíîì. Îñíîâíûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ðåãèñòðàöèè ñàïñàíà â Ñàÿíàõ ïîëó÷åíû ñ åãî ñåâåðíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà. Çäåñü âèä ãíåçäèòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïî âñåì äîëèíàì ðåê, êàê â Çàïàäíîì Ñàÿíå, òàê è â Âîñòî÷íîì. Â Çàïàäíîì Ñàÿíå ïåðâûå äâà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ñîêîëîâ âûÿâëåíû íà ìàðøðóòå âäîëü ð. Îíà 12 èþíÿ 2000 ã. Íà äâóõ ñêàëàõ èç ÷åòûð¸õ, ïðîñìàòðèâàþùèõñÿ ñ òðàññû, áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà ñàïñàíîâ. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè – 12,2 êì. Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 4,26 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè. Ïîçæå, à èìåííî 23 èþíÿ 2001 ã., â 19,4 êì îò îäíîãî èç ãí¸çä íà ð. Îíà, íà ð. Êàðàñèáî âûÿâëåí åù¸ îäèí ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ñàïñàíîâ, ïîäòâåðæä¸ííûé íàõîäêîé æèëîãî ãíåçäà. Â Âîñòî÷íîì Ñàÿíå íà åãî ñåâåðíîì ìàêðîñêëîíå 23 èþíÿ 2005 ã. 3 æèëûõ ãíåçäà ñàïñàíîâ îáíàðóæåíû íà ñêàëàõ ð. Ìàíû â 7,34 è 7,69 êì äðóã îò äðóãà. Íà îáñëåäîâàííîì 48-êèëîìåòðîâîì ó÷àñòêå ðåêè ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ñàïñàíîâ ñîñòàâèëà 6,27 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè. Èç ïðèâîäèìûõ À.À. Áàðàíîâûì (2000) äàííûõ ñëåäóåò, ÷òî â 1985 ã. íà ð. Ìàíà ñàïñàí âñòðå÷àëñÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 5 ïàð/100 êì ðåêè, à íà ó÷àñòêå Ìàíû â ðàéîíå çàïîâåäíèêà «Ñòîëáû» â 1983– 1985 ãã. ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî 5,0–5,9 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè. Íà Êèçèðå â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè ðåêè ïëîòíîñòü ñàïñàíà ñîñòàâëÿëà 7,55 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè. Â öåëîì äëÿ ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíû Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó è ñåâåðíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà Ñàÿíà ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî ñàïñàí ðàñïðåäåë¸í ïî ðåêàì áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ðàâíîìåðíî ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 4,26–7,55, â ñðåäíåì 5,66 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü êðóïíûõ ðåê (äîëèíû øèðèíîé áîëåå 0,5 êì) äëÿ òà¸æíîé çîíû Ñåâåðíîãî Àëòàÿ, Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó è ñåâåðíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà Çàïàäíîãî è Âîñòî÷íîãî Ñàÿíà (3768,1 êì) ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü çäåñü ãíåçäîâàíèå 188–264 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 213 ïàð. Äàííóþ îöåíêó ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäèìî ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü ìèíèìàëü-

Raptor Research

Ãíåçäîâàÿ ñêàëà ñàïñàíîâ íà ð. ×óìûø. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nesting cliffs of the Peregrine on the Chumysh river. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 íîé, ò.ê. îíà ðàññ÷èòàíà ëèøü äëÿ êðóïíûõ ðåê ïî àíàëîãèè ñ èìåþùèìèñÿ ó÷¸òíûìè äàííûìè. Òåì íå ìåíåå, àáñîëþòíî òî÷íî ñàïñàí ãíåçäèòñÿ â íèçêîãîðüÿõ è ñðåäíåãîðüÿõ ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó è Âîñòî÷íîãî Ñàÿíà è íà ìàëûõ ðåêàõ è ðó÷üÿõ ñ øèðèíîé äîëèí ìåíåå 500 ì. Ïðè áîëåå äåòàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ äàííàÿ îöåíêà áóäåò êîððåêòèðîâàòüñÿ, è, âèäèìî, èçìåíÿòüñÿ â ñòîðîíó óâåëè÷åíèÿ. Þæíûé ìàêðîñêëîí Ñàÿíà íàñåë¸í ñàïñàíîì, âåðîÿòíî, ìåíåå ïëîòíî, ÷åì ñåâåðíûé. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè âûÿâëåíû â êîòëîâèíå îç. Êàðà-Õîëü íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå Òûâû: 4 èþíÿ 2000 ã. ãíåçäî ñ êëàäêîé îáíàðóæåíî íà ñêàëàõ, îáðûâàþùèõñÿ â îçåðî, à 5 èþíÿ 2000 ã. – íà ñêàëàõ ð. Ìàíàãû â 19,8 êì îò ïðåäûäóùåãî ãíåçäà. Ïëîòíîñòü â äîëèíàõ ðåê Ìàíàãû è ÊàðàÕîëü, âêëþ÷àÿ çàïàäíûé áåðåã îç. ÊàðàÕîëü, ñîñòàâèëà 4,04 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè. Â äîëèíàõ ð. Êàðà-Ñóã è Àê-Ñóã ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñàïñàíîâ íå âûÿâëåíî, òåì íå ìåíåå, 23 èþíÿ 2001 ã. íà ñêàëàõ ïðàâîãî áåðåãà ð. Àê-Ñóã âñòðå÷åíà îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà, è ýòà âñòðå÷à ïðåäïîëàãàåò ãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà. Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,68 îñîáåé/100 êì ðåêè. Â äîëèíå ð. Óñ ñàïñàí íàáëþäàëñÿ 23 ìàÿ 2001 ã., îäíàêî ãíåçäà òàêæå íå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî. Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 1,3 îñîáåé/100 êì ðåêè. Â êàíüîíå Åíèñåÿ, çàòîïëåííîì âîäàìè Ñàÿíî-Øóøåíñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà, ïëîòíîñòü ñàïñàíà âàðüèðóåò îò 2,22 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè íèæå Ñàÿíî-Øóøåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà äî 6,15 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè â çàïîâåäíèêå âûøå Óñèíñêîãî çàëèâà, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 3,75 ïàð/100 êì ðåêè (Ñòàõååâ è äð., 1999; Â.À. Ñòàõååâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Ñ àíàëîãè÷íîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ñàïñàí ãíåçäèòñÿ íà ðåêàõ Òîäæèí-

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ñêîé êîòëîâèíû. Çäåñü ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè âàðüèðóåò îò 3 äî 52 êì è ñèëüíî çàâèñèò îò íàëè÷èÿ ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé, êîòîðûõ íà íåêîòîðûõ ðåêàõ êîòëîâèíû (íàïðèìåð, ð. Õàìñàðà) íå òàê óæ è ìíîãî (Êàðòàøîâ, 2003). Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî â ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíå õð. Îáðó÷åâà ñàïñàí ãíåçäèòñÿ ñ òîé æå ïëîòíîñòüþ, ÷òî íà ðåêàõ þæíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà Ñàÿíà è Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû, îäíàêî äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ êóäà ìåíåå îáñëåäîâàíà, ÷åì ïðåäûäóùèå. Íàìè 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ñàïñàíîâ, óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 11,5 êì, âûÿâëåíû 28 ìàÿ 2001 ã. íà ñêàëàõ Ìàëîãî Åíèñåÿ âûøå óñòüÿ ð. Áóðåí. Ïëîòíîñòü ñàïñàíà â ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíå þæíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà Ñàÿíà, õð. Îáðó÷åâà è Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå âàðüèðóåò îò 1,3 äî 6,15 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 3,05 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè. Ìàêñèìàëüíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ äîëèíû Åíèñåÿ (Ìàëîãî è Áîëüøîãî Åíèñåÿ â Âîñòî÷íîé Òûâå). Ó÷èòûâàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ðåê, ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ñàïñàíà (3617,3 êì), åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü â òà¸æíîé çîíå þæíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà Ñàÿíà, õð. Îáðó÷åâà è Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 80–180 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 110 ïàð. Êàçàëîñü áû, â ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíå ÒàííóÎëà, Ñåíãèëåíà è õð. Õîðóìíóã-Òàéãà ñàïñàí äîëæåí ãíåçäèòüñÿ êàê ìèíèìóì ñ òîé æå ïëîòíîñòüþ, ÷òî è â Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå è íà ðåêàõ þæíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà Ñàÿíà, îäíàêî çäåñü ýòîò ñîêîë ñòàíîâèòñÿ êðàéíå ðåäêèì. Íà ïðîòÿæåíèè 133 êì ïî ðåêàì Ýðçèí è Íàðûí ñàïñàí íàìè íå íàáëþäàëñÿ. Â äîëèíå ð. Ñîé 17 èþíÿ 1999 ã. ñàïñàí âñòðå÷åí íà ïðèðå÷íîé ñêàëå. Â 2001 ã. çäåñü ëîêàëèçîâàí ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ñîêîëîâ, êîòîðûå ãíåçäèëèñü äî 2005 ã. âêëþ÷èòåëüíî. Â 2002 ã. ñàïñàí âñòðå÷åí â äîëèíå ð. Øóóðìàê íà ñòàðîì ó÷àñòêå áàëîáàíà, ïîêèíóòîì ïòèöàìè, íî ïîçæå çäåñü ãíåçäîâàíèå ñîêîëà íå óñòàíîâëåíî. Íå íàáëþäàëñÿ ñàïñàí â ëåñèñòûõ óùåëüÿõ ñåâåðíîãî ñêëîíà Òàííó-Îëà, êîòîðûå ìåòîäè÷íî îáñëåäîâàëèñü â 1999–2001 ãã. Íå âñòðå÷åí ñàïñàí è â äîëèíàõ ðåê Óíãåø è Ýëåãåñò â ïðåäåëàõ ëåñíîãî ïîÿñà ÒàííóÎëà. Åäèíñòâåííàÿ âñòðå÷à ñ ñàïñàíîì ïðîèçîøëà â äîëèíå ð. Óëóã-Õîíäåðãåé 10 èþíÿ 2001 ã., îäíàêî, íåñìîòðÿ íà òèïè÷íûé äëÿ âèäà ãíåçäîâîé áèîòîï (ïðèðå÷íûå îáëåñåííûå ñêàëû), ìû íå ñêëîííû ñ÷èòàòü ýòó âñòðå÷ó ãíåçäîâîé, ò.ê. ïîçæå çäåñü ñîêîë íå íàáëþäàëñÿ, õîòÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ïîñåùàëàñü ðåãóëÿðíî â 2002–2008 ãã. Åäèíñòâåííûé íà Òàííó-Îëà âåðîÿòíûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ñàïñàíîâ âûÿâëåí

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ãíåçäîâûå ñêàëû ñàïñàíà íà ñåâåðíîì (ââåðõó) è þæíîì ìàêðîñêëîíå Ñàÿíà (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nisting rocks of the Peregrine on the northern (upper) and southern macroslope of the Sayan (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.

Ë.È. Êîíîâàëîâûì 29 ìàÿ 2000 ã. â äîëèíå ð. Øóé (ëåâûé ïðèòîê ð. Áàðëûê) – çäåñü âñòðå÷åíà áåñïîêîèâøàÿñÿ íàä ñêàëàìè ïòèöà. Âñå âûøåïðèâåäåííûå äàííûå óêàçûâàþò íà òî, ÷òî ñàïñàí íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ õàðàêòåðíûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âèäîì Òàííó-Îëà è ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíû þãî-âîñòîêà Òûâû, åãî ðàçìíîæåíèå çäåñü íîñèò, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð, à ÷èñëåííîñòü âðÿä ëè ïðåâûøàåò 5 ïàð. Öåíòðàëüíûé è Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíûé Àëòàé äîñòàòî÷íî ñèëüíî îáëåñåíû, îäíàêî ìíîãèå øèðîêèå äîëèíû ðåê çäåñü îñòåïíåíû, ïîýòîìó òåððèòîðèÿ áëàãîïðèÿòíà êàê äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñàïñàíà, òàê è äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà. Çäåñü ñàïñàí ãíåçäèòñÿ íå òîëüêî íà ïðèðå÷íûõ ñêàëàõ, íî è íà ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ ïî ñêëîíàì è âåðøèíàì íåáîëüøèõ õðåáòîâ íà âûñîòàõ äî 1800 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ. Â äîëèíå Êàòóíè ýòè âèäû

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ãíåçäÿòñÿ áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ðàâíîìåðíî, ÷åðåäóÿñü äðóã ñ äðóãîì. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè ñàïñàíîâ çäåñü ñîñòàâëÿåò 8–16 êì, ÷òî ñðàâíèìî ñ ïîäîáíûìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè äëÿ áàëîáàíà (Ë.È. Êîíîâàëîâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Íî ïî ìåðå ïðîäâèæåíèÿ íà þãî-çàïàä ïî ãîðíûì ðàéîíàì ñàïñàí íà÷èíàåò ÿâíî äîìèíèðîâàòü. Ëèøü â ÓñòüÊàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ñàïñàí óñòóïàåò áàëîáàíó, íî â Àáàéñêîé è Óéìîíñêîé ñòåïÿõ áàëîáàí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íå îáíàðóæåí, çàòî â 2009 ã. ëîêàëèçîâàíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñàïñàíà. Ïëîòíîñòü ñàïñàíà ïî ó÷¸òó íà ïëîùàäêàõ (òàáë. 2) â Àáàéñêîé ñòåïè ñîñòàâèëà 0,57 ïàðû/100 êì2, â Óéìîíñêîé ñòåïè – 1,1 ïàðû/100 êì2. Â ñðåäíåì ïî òåððèòîðèè, ñ ó÷¸òîì ïëîùàäîê, íà êîòîðûõ âèä îáíàðóæåí íå áûë, ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 0,45 ïàðû/100 êì2. Â Óéìîíñêîé ñòåïè ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè ñîñòàâèëî 5,8–15,0, â ñðåäíåì 11,2±4,76 êì. Â äîëèíå Êàòóíè íèæå Óéìîíà ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 8,75 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ñàïñàíà âûÿâëåíû â ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé â âåðõîâüÿõ ðåê Àíóé, Ïåñ÷àíàÿ è Ñåìà, îäíàêî ïîëíîöåííûõ ó÷¸òîâ ýòîãî âèäà îñóùåñòâèòü çäåñü íå óäàëîñü èç-çà ëèìèòà âðåìåíè. Â íèçîâüÿõ ð. Ïåñ÷àíîé áëèç óñòüÿ ð. Áûñòðàÿ 15 èþëÿ 2002 ã. îáíàðóæåíû 2 ãíåçäà ñàïñàíîâ, ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó êîòîðûìè ñîñòàâèëî 3,73 êì, ïëîòíîñòü – 20,24 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè. Ïëîòíîñòü ñàïñàíà â Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîì è Öåíòðàëüíîì Àëòàå âàðüèðóåò îò 6,15 äî 19,53 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 8,22 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè. Ìàêñèìàëüíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ äîëèíû Êàòóíè è íèçîâèé å¸ êðóïíûõ ïðèòîêîâ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ðåê, ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ñàïñàíà (2599,9 êì), åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü â äàííîì ðàéîíå îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 160–289 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 214 ïàð. Ïðè ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè äàííûõ ïî ïëîòíîñòè ñàïñàíà (0,45 ïàð/100 êì2) ñ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê íà ïëîùàäü ïðèðîäíîãî ðàéîíà, îãðàíè÷åííóþ ïî âûñîòíîìó äèàïàçîíó (47074,1 êì2, 93,42% îò ïëîùàäè ðàéîíà), îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ñîñòàâëÿåò 142–233 ïàðû, â ñðåäíåì 194 ïàðû. Öèôðû ïîëó÷àþòñÿ áëèçêèìè, ÷òî, âèäèìî, ãîâîðèò îá èõ äîñòàòî÷íî íàäåæíîé òî÷íîñòè. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ó÷èòûâàÿ áîëåå íàäåæíóþ òî÷íîñòü îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè äëÿ ðåê è ãíåçäîâàíèå ñàïñàíà íà ñêàëàõ âíå ðå÷íûõ äîëèí, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå â Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîì è Öåíòðàëüíîì Àëòàå 200–300 ïàð, èç êîòîðûõ 60–90 ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ è 140–210 ïàð – â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé. Â ëåñîñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ ñàïñàí

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Òàáë. 2. Ðåçóëüòàòû ó÷¸òà ñàïñàíà íà ïëîùàäêàõ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê â òàáëèöå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 2. Table 2. Results of the Peregrine counts on plots in the Altai-Sayan region. Numbers of plots in the table are similar ones in the fig. 2.

Ïëîùàäü Area

Êîëè÷åñòâî èçâåñòíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïî äàííûì èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîâ Known breeding territories following data of our research

Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/100 êì2) Density (pairs/100 km2)

2358.8

0.08

1, 9

5922.6

0.15

353.9

0.57

6, 23

3563.9

0.03

6601.7

0.02

266.6

1.13

678.3

0.15

315.6

0.32

279.6

1.07

131.1

0.76

348.9

0.29

1883.8

0.05

174.8

0.57

454.9

1.10

4236.1

0.02

306.4

0.33

27877.0

0.06

42657.92

0.04

Ïëîùàäêà Plots

7, 24, 26 28 Âñåãî (áåç ó÷¸òà ïëîùàäîê, íà êîòîðûõ âèä íå îáíàðóæåí) Total (without plots where the species was not found) Âñåãî (ñ ó÷¸òîì ïëîùàäîê, íà êîòîðûõ âèä íå îáíàðóæåí) Total (including plots where the species was not found)

ãíåçäèòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíî ïî îáëåñåííûì äîëèíàì ðåê, îäíàêî, ïî ìåðå ïàäåíèÿ äîëè ëåñèñòîñòè, ïàäàåò è ïëîòíîñòü âèäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè. Õîòÿ ñîêîë è ïðîäîëæàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ïðèðå÷íûõ ñêàëàõ âïëîòü äî Ïðåäàëòàéñêîé ðàâíèíû, çäåñü åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü íåâûñîêà. Â ëåñîñòåïíûõ è ñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ ñóùåñòâåííî áîëüøå ïàð ñàïñàíîâ, ÷åì â ëåñíîé çîíå Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé, ãíåçäèòñÿ íà ñêàëàõ ïî âåðøèíàì õðåáòîâ. Â ÷àñòíî-

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ñòè, ãíåçäîâàíèå ñàïñàíà íà ñêàëüíûõ ãðÿäàõ Êîëûâàíñêîãî õðåáòà óñòàíîâëåíî 28 èþëÿ 2003 ã., íà Áàùåëàêñêîì õðåáòå – 2 èþíÿ 2009 ã., íà Ñåìèíñêîì õðåáòå – 16– 18 ìàÿ 2009 ã. Íà Ñåìèíñêîì õðåáòå íà ã. Áàáûðãàí è ïðèëåãàþùåé ÷àñòè äîëèíû Êàòóíè ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãíåçäàìè ñàïñàíà ñîñòàâèëî 2,12–5,69 êì, â ñðåäíåì 8,3±4,98 êì, ïëîòíîñòü – 1,07 ïàðû/100 êì2. Â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Ïåñ÷àíàÿ ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó òðåìÿ ïàðàìè ñàïñàíîâ ñîñòàâèëî 3,04 è 5 êì, ïëîòíîñòü 12,57 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè èëè 1,13 ïàðû/100 êì2. Â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Àíóé ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ÷åòûðüìÿ ïàðàìè ñàïñàíîâ ñîñòàâèëî 2,78–12,03 êì, â ñðåäíåì 7,8±4,68 êì, ïëîòíîñòü – 8,47 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè. Ïëîòíîñòü íà çàïàäíîì øëåéôå Áàùåëàêñêîãî õðåáòà ñîñòàâèëà 0,15 ïàðû/100 êì2, â ñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ áëèç ñ. Îãíè – 0,32 ïàðû/100 êì2. Ïðè ñðåäíåé ïëîòíîñòè 9,85 ïàðû/100 êì íà ó÷àñòêàõ ðåê, ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ñàïñàíà, ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 200 êì, ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ 17–25 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 20 ïàð. Ïðè ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè äàííûõ ïî ïëîòíîñòè ñàïñàíà (0,52 ïàðû/100 êì2) ñ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê íà ïëîùàäü ïðèðîäíîãî ðàéîíà, îãðàíè÷åííóþ íåïðåðûâíûìè ó÷àñòêàìè ïëàêîð (11081,36 êì2, 37,84% îò ïëîùàäè ðàéîíà), îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ñîñòàâëÿåò 45–79 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 58 ïàð. Äàííàÿ îöåíêà âûøå òîé, ÷òî ïîëó÷åíà äëÿ ðåê ïðèðîäíîãî ðàéîíà, ÷òî, âèäèìî, îòðàæàåò ñèòóàöèþ ñ ãíåçäîâàíèåì 65% ïàð ñàïñàíîâ íà ñêàëàõ âíå ðå÷íûõ äîëèí, õîòÿ â õîäå ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé òàêèå ïàðû âûÿâëÿëèñü çíà÷èòåëüíî ðåæå (n=16, 31,25%) èç-çà áîëüøåé ñëîæíîñòè èõ âûÿâëåíèÿ, â îòëè÷èå îò ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ïðèðå÷íûõ ñêàëàõ (68,75%). Â 2005 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà äëÿ ãîðíîëåñíîé çîíû Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ (ñþäà æå áûëè ñóììèðîâàíû äîëèíû ×àðûøà, Àíóÿ è Ïåñ÷àíîé, â ïðåäåëàõ çîíû ëåñîñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðèé) íà îñíîâàíèè ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ ïî Ïåñ÷àíîé è Àíóþ (ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü 14,04 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè) áûëà îöåíåíà â 72–111 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005à). Ñîâðåìåííàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ ïî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ è ïëîòíîñòè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ñàïñàíà íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè ïîçâîëÿåò ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî äàííàÿ îöåíêà áûëà íåñêîëüêî çàâûøåíà, îäíàêî â öåëîì ïî ãîðíîé ÷àñòè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ îíà ñèòóàöèè íå ìåíÿåò, ò.ê. îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè â 5–10 ïàð äëÿ ïîëîñû ëåñîñòåïíûõ è ñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðèé (áåç ó÷¸òà äîëèí ×àðûøà, Àíóÿ è Ïåñ÷àíîé) íà òîò ïåðèîä áûëà ñèëüíî çàíèæåíà. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ñàïñàí. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Peregrine Falcon. Photo by I. Karyakin.

â ãîðàõ Îáñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ â ïðåäåëàõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 105–169 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 133 ïàðû. Â ëåñîñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ ðåãèîíà (Áèå×óìûøñêàÿ âîçâûøåííîñòü, À÷èíñêàÿ è Êðàñíîÿðñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïè) ïðèñóòñòâèå ñàïñàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îïðåäåëÿåò â îñíîâíîì áëèçîñòü ãîð è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, íàëè÷èå ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé. Íà Áèå×óìûøñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè âèä ãíåçäèòñÿ â îñíîâíîì â 50-òè-êèëîìåòðîâîé ïîëîñå âäîëü Ñàëàèðñêîãî êðÿæà. Çäåñü 7–8 èþëÿ 2004 ã. âûÿâëåíî 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà, óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 6,58 êì, ïëîòíîñòü íà îñìîòðåííîì ó÷àñòêå ðåêè ñîñòàâèëà 14,7 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè. ×èñëåííîñòü äëÿ Áèå-×óìûøñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè, âêëþ÷àÿ ïåðèôåðèþ Ñàëàèðñêîãî êðÿæà, íî áåç ó÷¸òà åãî ïîëíîñòüþ ëåñíûõ ðàéîíîâ, îöåíåíà â 20 ïàð. Â À÷èíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè ñàïñàí ñâÿçàí â îñíîâíîì ñ äîëèíîé ×óëûìà, ãäå èìåþòñÿ ñêàëüíûå îáíàæåíèÿ. Çäåñü âûÿâëåí åäèíñòâåííûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê, ïîýòîìó ìîæíî ëèøü ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå 4–8 ïàð ñàïñàíîâ. Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ñàïñàíîì â Êðàñíîÿðñêîé ëåñîñòåïè, ãäå îñíîâíûì ðàéîíîì åãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ äîëèíà ð. Êàí. Çäåñü ñàïñàíû íàáëþäàëèñü ó Èâàíîâêè è ×àðãè, ãäå èõ ãíåçäîâàíèå âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî. Â ïðåäåëàõ îãðàíè÷åííîé äîëèíîé Êàíà òåððèòîðèè ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå 8–10 ïàð ñàïñàíîâ. Â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ ñàïñàí ãíåçäèòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïî èõ ïåðèôåðèè (×óëûìñêàÿ âïàäèíà â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, Óéìîíñêàÿ ñòåïü) ëèáî â ñêàëüíûõ ìàññèâàõ êðóïíûõ ðåê, ðàññåêàþùèõ ïî öåíòðó ýòè êîòëîâèíû (Åíèñåé â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, Òîìü â Êóçíåöêîé êîòëîâèíå). Çäåñü âèä âñòóïàåò â æ¸ñòêóþ êîíêó-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ðåíöèþ ñ áàëîáàíîì çà ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è ïðîèãðûâàåò ïîñëåäíåìó. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, â ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ ñ âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ áàëîáàíà ñàïñàí ëèáî âîîáùå íå îáíàðóæåí (Óáñóíóðñêàÿ è Óðýãíóðñêàÿ êîòëîâèíû), ëèáî ãíåçäèòñÿ ñïîðàäè÷íî èëè íåðåãóëÿðíî (×óéñêàÿ ñòåïü, Êóðàéñêàÿ ñòåïü, Áåðòåêñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà). Â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ ñàïñàí âûÿâëåí ëèøü íà 37,2% ïëîùàäîê (n=43). Íà ïëîùàäêàõ, ãäå îí îáíàðóæåí (òàáë. 2, ðèñ. 2), åãî ïëîòíîñòü âàðüèðóåò îò 0,02 ïàðû/100 êì2 (Þãî-Âîñòî÷íûé Àëòàé è Þãî-Çàïàäíàÿ Òûâà) äî 1,07–1,13 ïàðû/100 êì2 (Óéìîíñêàÿ ñòåïü, ñðåäíåå òå÷åíèå ð. Ïåñ÷àíàÿ, ã. Áàáûðãàí), ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 0,06 ïàð/100 êì2. Ñ ó÷¸òîì ïëîùàäîê, íà êîòîðûõ ñàïñàí íå îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè, ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,04 ïàðû/100 êì2. Äàííûå ïîêàçàòåëè íåñîìíåííî íåëüçÿ ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàòü íà âñå ñòåïíûå êîòëîâèíû è ëåñîñòåïíûå ïðåäãîðüÿ è íèçêîãîðüÿ ðåãèîíà èç-çà èõ ñèëüíîé áèîòîïè÷åñêîé íåîäíîðîäíîñòè, òåì íå ìåíåå ÷èñëåííîñòü äëÿ ñòåïíûõ è ëåñîñòåïíûõ ðàéîíîâ ðåãèîíà (ïëîùàäüþ 275,35 òûñ. êì2), â 70–150 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 110 ïàð, ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü íåêîé îòïðàâíîé òî÷êîé. Íåáîëüøèå ñòåïíûå êîòëîâèíû Àëòàÿ ìû ðàññìàòðèâàëè âíóòðè êðóïíîãî ïðèðîäíîãî ðàéîíà «Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíûé è Öåíòðàëüíûé Àëòàé», ò.ê. â ïëîòíîñòè ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ñàïñàíà â ýòèõ êîòëîâèíàõ è íà ðåêàõ â ëåñíîì ïîÿñå äàííîãî ðàéîíà îñîáîé ðàçíèöû çàìå÷åíî íå áûëî. Îòäåëüíî ìû áóäåì ðàññìàòðèâàòü è ×óéñêóþ, è Êóðàéñêóþ ñòåïè, âõîäÿùèå â ïðèðîäíûé ðàéîí «Þãî-Âîñòî÷íûé Àëòàé è Þãî-Çàïàäíàÿ Òûâà». Çäåñü æå êîñí¸ìñÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ñàïñàíà â êðóïíûõ ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ. Â Êóçíåöêîé êîòëîâèíå èçâåñòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå ñàïñàíà íà ð. Òîìü è ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ íà ð. Èíÿ. Ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê, íå ïîäòâåðæä¸ííûé íàõîäêîé ãíåçäà, íà êîòîðîì ðåãóëÿðíî â òå÷åíèå ðÿäà ëåò íàìè è äðóãèìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè (À.Â. Äóáûíèí, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) îòìå÷àëèñü âçðîñëûå ïòèöû ñ ãíåçäîâûì ïîâåäåíèåì, âïåðâûå âûÿâëåí 3 èþíÿ 2004 ã. áëèç ñ. Áîëîòíîå è ïîñåùàëñÿ â 2005 è 2008 ãã. Ó÷¸òíûìè äàííûìè äëÿ Êóçíåöêîé êîòëîâèíû ìû íå ðàñïîëàãàåì, ïîýòîìó çäåñü ìîæíî ëèøü ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå 10–15 ïàð íà îñíîâàíèè àíàëèçà ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ, àíàëîãè÷íûõ òåì, â êîòîðûõ óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå äâóõ ïàð. Â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ñàïñàí ãíåçäèòñÿ ïî âñåé ïåðèôåðèè Êóçíåöêîãî

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Òàáë. 3. Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷¸òà ÷èñëåííîñòè ñàïñàíà íà ðåêàõ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ ðàéîíîâ â òàáëèöå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 1. Table 3. Results of the calculation of the Peregrine number on rivers of the Altai-Sayan Region. Numbers of nature regions in the table are similar ones in the fig. 1.

Ïðèðîäíûé ðàéîí Nature region

Äëèíà ðåê (êì) Length of rivers (km)

Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/100 êì ðåêè) Density (pairs/100 km of river)

Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè (â ïàðàõ) Estimated numbers (pairs)

308.0

6.67

21 (20–22)

Ñàëàèðñêèé êðÿæ Salair Mountains

1, 2, 3

Êóçíåöêèé Àëàòàó, Ñåâåðíûé Ñàÿí, Ñåâåðíûé Àëòàé Kuznetskiy Alatau Mountains, Northern Sayan Mountains, Northern Altai Mountains

3768.1

5.66

213 (188–264)

1, 5, 8

Þæíûé Ñàÿí, Òîäæèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà, õð. Îáðó÷åâà Southern Sayan Mountains, Todzhinskaya Depression, Obrucheva Mountains

3617.3

3.05

110 (80–180)

Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíûé è Öåíòðàëüíûé Àëòàé North-Western and Central Altai

2599.9

8.22

214 (160–289)

6, 7

Òàííó-Îëà è Ñåíãèëåí Tannu-Ola Mountains, Sengilen Mountains

932.5

0.35

3 (1–5)

Ïðåäãîðüÿ è íèçêîãîðüÿ Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîãî Àëòàÿ North-Western Altai Mountains

200.1

9.85

20 (17–25)

Áèå-×óìûøñêàÿ âîçâûøåííîñòü Biya-Chumyshskaya Upland

135.2

14.7

Ìèíóñèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà / Minussinskaya Depression

1598.3

3.77

60 (48–80)

Òóâèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà / Tuvinskaya Depression

270.0

4.03

Âñåãî Total

13429.4

4.15

11 (10–12) 557 (403–671) 672 (524–876)*

* – ñóììà îöåíîê ÷èñëåííîñòè / sum of estimated numbers

Àëàòàó, â äîëèíå Åíèñåÿ è åãî ïðàâîáåðåæíûõ ïðèòîêîâ, íà ïîñëåäíèõ òÿãîòåÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ê 50-òè-êèëîìåòðîâîé ïîëîñå âäîëü ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíû Ñàÿíà. Òåððèòîðèÿ êðàéíå íåîäíîðîäíà, ïðè ýòîì âèä çäåñü ãíåçäèòñÿ è âíå ðå÷íûõ äîëèí, ïîýòîìó ïåðåñ÷¸ò ïîêàçàòåëåé ïëîòíîñòè íà ðåêàõ (3,77 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè), ïîëó÷åííûõ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû, íà âñþ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ñàïñàíà ðåê â êîòëîâèíå (1598,3 êì) äà¸ò íå ñîâñåì êîððåêòíóþ îöåíêó (48–80, â ñðåäíåì 60 ïàð) (òàáë. 3). Áîëåå êîððåêòíûå öèôðû ïîëó÷àþòñÿ ïðè ðàçäåëüíîé ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè ïîêàçàòåëåé ïëîòíîñòè, ïîëó÷åííûõ íà ðàçíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ êîòëîâèíû, íà ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ó÷àñòêè. Ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà ñ íàèáîëüøèì êîëè÷åñòâîì èçâåñòíûõ ïàð ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ â ×óëûìñêîé âïàäèíå íà ñåâåðå êîòëîâèíû. Çäåñü 21–26 ìàÿ 2000 ã. âûÿâëåíî 8 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñàïñàíîâ, à 27 ìàÿ 2008 ã. îáíàðóæåí 9-é ó÷àñòîê. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè âàðüèðóåò îò 4,75 äî 28,31 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=7) 15,1±9,19 êì (Ex=–1,6). Â âûáîðêå íà-

áëþäàåòñÿ äâà äèàïàçîíà äèñòàíöèé: ïåðâûé – îò 4,75 äî 8,66 êì, õàðàêòåðíûé äëÿ ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé íåáîëüøèõ ðå÷åê, ðàññåêàþùèõ èçîëèðîâàííûå îáëåñåííûå âîçâûøåííîñòè (Êîïüåâñêèé êóïîë) èëè êðóïíûõ ðåê, ñòåêàþùèõ ñî ñêëîíîâ Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó (×¸ðíûé Èþñ, Áåëûé Èþñ), âòîðîé – îò 17,21 äî 28,31 êì, õàðàêòåðíûé äëÿ êóýñòîâûõ ãðÿä íàä îç¸ðàìè è áîëîòàìè. Âî âòîðîì òèïå áèîòîïîâ ñàïñàí êîíêóðèðóåò çà ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñ áàëîáàíîì è èñïûòûâàåò õèùíè÷åñêèé ïðåññ ôèëèíà, ïîýòîìó âûíóæäåí äèñòàíöèðîâàòüñÿ îò íèõ, òåì ñàìûì íåðàâíîìåðíî ðàñïðåäåëÿÿñü ïî ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûì ñêàëàì. Ïëîòíîñòü â ×óëûìñêîé âïàäèíå ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,15 ïàðû/100 êì2, à ÷èñëåííîñòü äëÿ âñåé ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû (13800 êì2) îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 20–22 ïàðû. Â þæíîé ÷àñòè Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ñàïñàíîâ âûÿâëåíû 3–4 èþëÿ 2008 ã. íà êóýñòîâûõ ãðÿäàõ â ëåâîáåðåæüå Àáàêàíà áëèç óñòüÿ ð. Òàøòûï. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè ñîñòàâèëî 3,93 êì, à ïëîòíîñòü ïî ó÷¸òó íà ìàðøðóòàõ – 0,59 ïàðû/100 êì2. ×èñëåííîñòü

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Ñàìåö ñàïñàíà â äîëèíå ×óè áëèç ñ. ÊîøÀãà÷. 13.06.2009 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Male of the Peregrine Falcon in the Chuya river valley near KoshAgach. 13/06/2009. Photo by I. Karyakin.

ñàïñàíà â þæíîé ÷àñòè Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû â ëåâîáåðåæüå Àáàêàêà (3792 êì2) îöåíåíà â 21–23 ïàðû è, âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî ýòà îöåíêà çàâûøåíà. Â öåíòðå ëåâîáåðåæíîé ÷àñòè Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû â ïåðèôåðèéíîé ÷àñòè Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó ñàïñàí îáíàðóæèòü íå óäàëîñü, êàê ñîáñòâåííî íå óäàëîñü åãî îáíàðóæèòü è íà þãå êîòëîâèíû â ïðàâîáåðåæüå ð. Àáàêàí. Â äîëèíå Åíèñåÿ íà 100 êì ó÷àñòêå íèæå ñ. Êàçàíöåâî 15 èþíÿ 1999 ã., 11 ìàÿ 2000 ã. è 13 èþëÿ 2002 ã. âûÿâëåíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (5 ïàð/100 êì ðåêè), óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 5,7–26,3 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=4) 14,8±8,53 êì. Íà ð. Òóáà 23 èþíÿ 2005 ã. íà 53-õ êì ó÷àñòêå íèæå ñ. Êóðàãèíî âûÿâëåíî 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà (5,66 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè), óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 2,86 è 21,1 êì. ×èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè äëÿ äîëèíû Åíèñåÿ è åãî ïðàâîáåðåæíûõ ïðèòîêîâ â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (675,7 êì) îïðåäåëåíà â 20–34 ïàðû, â ñðåäíåì 25 ïàð. Â èòîãå ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â 61–79, â ñðåäíåì 68 ïàð. Â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ñàïñàí íàáëþäàëñÿ 23 ìàÿ 2001 ã., îäíàêî ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà âûÿâëåíî íå áûëî. Íà âñåõ îñìîòðåííûõ ñêàëàõ ãíåçäèëèñü áàëîáàíû – çäåñü áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ýòèõ ñîêîëîâ. Âèäèìî, â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ íå áîëåå 1 ïàðû ñàïñàíîâ. Â Òóðàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå åäèíñòâåííûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ñàïñàíîâ âûÿâëåí íà ñêàëàõ ð. Áîë. Åíèñåé 25 ìàÿ 2001 ã.; 24–25 ìàÿ 2001 ã. áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà äîñòàòî÷íî áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü äîëèíû ð. Óþê è

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ïðèäîëèííûõ ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé, íî ñàïñàíà âñòðåòèòü íå óäàëîñü. Â ñâåòå ýòîãî ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå â Òóðàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå íå áîëåå 3-õ ïàð ñàïñàíîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïî ïåðèôåðèè êîòëîâèíû. Â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå âûÿâëåíî 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ñàïñàíîâ, äâà èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû â èþëå 1999 ã. íà ñêàëàõ äîëèíû ð. Âåðõ. Åíèñåé íà ó÷àñòêå Øàãîíàð – Áàÿí-Êîë (Êàðÿêèí, 2000) è 2 ó÷àñòêà – 18–19 èþíÿ 2000 ã. íà ñêàëàõ ð. ×ûðãàêû â å¸ íèæíåì òå÷åíèè è ñêàëàõ ð. Õåì÷èê áëèç ñ. Õîðóì-Äàã. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè ñàïñàíîâ ñîñòàâèëî 23,66 è 10,14 êì, ïëîòíîñòü – 4,37 è 3,73 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ðàíåå ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà òîëüêî äëÿ äîëèíû Åíèñåÿ â ïðåäåëàõ Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû îöåíåíà â 5 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, 2000). Ñîâðåìåííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ñàïñàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè äëÿ ðåê Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû (270 êì) ïðè ñðåäíåé ïëîòíîñòè 4,03 ïàðû/100 êì ðåêè ñîñòàâëÿåò 10–12 ïàð. Â Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå ñàïñàí â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä íå íàáëþäàëñÿ íàìè çà âåñü ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé ñ 1999 ïî 2008 ãã. Â ñâÿçè ñ ïëîòíûì ãíåçäîâàíèåì íà ñêàëàõ áàëîáàíà (Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2008), ãíåçäîâàíèå ñàïñàíà çäåñü âðÿä ëè âîçìîæíî. Â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå è Þãî-Çàïàäíîé Òûâå ñàïñàí ãíåçäèòñÿ êðàéíå ñïîðàäè÷íî è, âåðîÿòíî, åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå çäåñü íå íîñèò ðåãóëÿðíîãî õàðàêòåðà. Â Òóâå åäèíñòâåííûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ñàïñàíîâ âûÿâëåí íà ñêàëàõ îç. Õèíäèêòèã-Õîëü 24 èþíÿ 2000 ã. Ë.È. Êîíîâàëîâûì, à ïîçæå ïîñåùàëñÿ è íàìè. Íåñìîòðÿ íà óêàçàíèÿ À.À. Áàðàíîâà (1991) è Â.È. Çàáåëèíà (1996) íà ãíåçäîâàíèå ñàïñàíà â äîëèíå ð. Êàðãû, íàìè ýòîò ñîêîë çäåñü íå íàáëþäàëñÿ â 2000–2008 ãã., íå âñòðå÷åí íàìè ñàïñàí è â äîëèíå ð. Ìîãåí-Áóðåí. Â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü ãíåçäîâàíèå ñàïñàíà â äîëèíå ð. Áóãóçóí, ãäå îí íàáëþäàëñÿ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ðàíåå (Èðèñîâ, 1981), îäíàêî âñòðåòèòü ýòèõ ñîêîëîâ çäåñü íå óäàëîñü, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî äîëèíà îáñëåäîâàíà â 2000, 2002, 2003 è 2008 ãã. Íå íàéäåí çäåñü ñàïñàí è â õîäå ðàáîò Ñèáýêîöåíòðà ïî îáñëåäîâàíèþ ÊÎÒÐ «Ìàññèâ Òàëäóàèð» â èþíå 2008 ã. (Áàðàøêîâà è äð., 2009). Îäèíî÷íûé ñàïñàí âñòðå÷åí 10 èþëÿ 2000 ã. â Êóðàéñêîé ñòåïè â íèçîâüÿõ Êóðàéêè, îäíàêî óùåëüå Êóðàéêè äî ñèõ ïîð íå îáñëåäîâàíî è ãíåçäîâàíèå çäåñü ñàïñàíà íå óñòàíîâëåíî, õîòÿ âåñü-

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

117

Òàáë. 4. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ñàïñàíà (â ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàðàõ) â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ ðàéîíîâ â òàáëèöå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 1. Table 4. Estimation of number of the Peregrine breeding pairs in the Altai-Sayan Region. Numbers of nature regions in the table are similar ones in the fig. 1.

Ðåñïóáëèêà Õàêàñèÿ Republic of Khakassia

Êðàñíîÿðñêèé êðàé Krasnoyarsk Kray

Ðåñïóáëèêà Òûâà Republic of Tyva

Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé Republic of Altai

ÍÎ

ÀÊ

ÊÎ

ÐÕ

ÊÊ

ÐÒ

ÐÀ

1, 2, 3

Ñåâåðíûé Ñàÿí, Êóçíåöêèé Àëàòàó è Ñåâåðíûé Àëòàé Northern Sayan Mountains, Kuznetskiy Alatau Mountains, Northern Altai Mountains

Ñàëàèðñêèé êðÿæ / Salair Mountains

1, 5, 8

Þæíûé Ñàÿí, õðåáåò Îáðó÷åâà, Òîäæèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà Southern Sayan Mountains, Obrucheva Mountains, Todzhinskaya Depression

6, 7

Õðåáåò Ñåíãèëåí, õðåáåò Òàííó-Îëà Sengilen Mountains, Tannu-Ola Mountains

Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíûé è Öåíòðàëüíûé Àëòàé North-Western and Central Altai

75 (60–90)

Ìåæäóðå÷üå Áèè è Êàòóíè Landscapes between Biya and Katun rivers

9 (8–10)

Ñîëãîíñêèé êðÿæ / Solgonskiy Mountains

Ëåñà ðàâíèíû Îáñêîãî ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Forest plains of the Ob’ river right side

Ëåñíîå è ëåñîñòåïíîå Çàîáüå / Forest and forest-steppe plains of the Ob’ river right side

À÷èíñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü Achinskaya forest-steppe

Êðàñíîÿðñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü Krasnoyarskaya forest-steppe

Áèå-×óìûøñêàÿ âîçâûøåííîñòü Biya-Chumyshskaya Upland

Ïðåäãîðüÿ è íèçêîãîðüÿ Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîãî Àëòàÿ / North-Western Altai Mountains

Êóçíåöêàÿ êîòëîâèíà Kuznetskaya Depression

Ìèíóñèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà Minussinskaya Depression

53 40 (47–66) (36–50) 7

6–7

96 (85–119)

Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ðåãèîí (âñå àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûå ðåãèîíû) Altai-Sayan Region (All administrative regions)

Êåìåðîâñêàÿ îáëàñòü Kemerovo District

Ïðèðîäíûé ðàéîí Nature region

Àëòàéñêèé êðàé Altai Kray

Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ îáëàñòü Novosibirsk District

Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûé ðåãèîí Administrative Region

23 (21–29)

212 (189–264) 22 (20–25)

9 (7–11) 22 110 (16–36) (80–180)

132 (96–216)

3 (1–5)

3 (1–5) 175 (140–210)

250 (200–300) 9 (8–10) 8 (7–9)

8 (7–9)

0 1–2

5 (3–6)

6 (4–8)

9 (8–10)

58 (45–79)

2 (1–3)

13 (10–15)

11 (9–12) 40 (37–43)

68 (61–79)

28 (24–36)

0–1

Óñèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà / Usinskaya Depression

Òóðàíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà Turanskaya Depression

2 (1–3)

Òóâèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà Tuvinskaya Depression

11 (10–12)

Óáñóíóðñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà Ubsunuurskaya Depression

Þãî-Âîñòî÷íûé Àëòàé è Þãî-Çàïàäíàÿ Òûâà / South-Eastern Altai Mountains and South-Western Tyva Republic

Âûñîêîãîðüÿ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíà Alpine zone of the Altai-Sayan Region

Ëåñîñòåïü è ñòåïü ðàâíèíû Îáñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ / Forest-steppe and steppe plains of the Ob’ river right side

Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ðåãèîí (âñå ïðèðîäíûå ðàéîíû) Altai-Sayan Region (All nature regions)

0–1

9 (8–10)

1–2

0–1

1–3

168 (139–206)

74 80 168 127 198 824 (64–91) (73–93) (143–217) (93–202) (161–240) (681–1059)

118

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Ðèñ. 4. Ïðèóðî÷åííîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñàïñàíà ê ïðèðîäíûì çîíàì Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà: ââåðõó – íà îñíîâàíèè íàáëþäåíèé àâòîðîâ è ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ, âíèçó – íà îñíîâàíèè îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â ðåãèîíå ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ àâòîðîâ. Fig. 4. Distribution of Peregrine breeding territories in different natural zones of the Altai-Sayan region: according to the authors’ observations and published data (top), and based on the estimation of species number in the region according to authors’ surveys (bottom).

âàíèå 1–3 ïàð íà òåððèòîðèè äàííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî ðàéîíà. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà â ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 681– 1059 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 824 ïàðû (òàáë. 4). Íàèáîëåå êðóïíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè ñîñðåäîòî÷åíû â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé (24,1%), Àëòàéñêîì êðàå (20,44%) è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå (20,19%).

ìà âåðîÿòíî, òàê êàê çäåñü æå íà ñòîëáàõ âäîëü òðàññû ñîêîëà íàáëþäàë Ñ.Â. Âàæîâ (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè çà âðåìÿ íàøèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ñàïñàí âïåðâûå âñòðå÷åí 13 èþíÿ 2009 ã. – ñàìåö ñèäåë íà äåðåâÿííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ âäîëü òðàññû áëèç Êîø-Àãà÷à íàä ïîéìîé ×óè. Ïðåäïîëàãàåìûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ñîêîëîâ ðàñïîëàãàëñÿ, âèäèìî, â óùåëüå Êóðàéñêîãî õðåáòà â 9 êì îò ìåñòà âñòðå÷è ñîêîëà. Çäåñü åù¸ â êîíöå 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ îïóñòåëè ó÷àñòêè áàëîáàíîâ, îòëîâëåííûõ áðàêîíüåðàìè, ÷òî, âèäèìî, è ñîçäàëî óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ïîÿâëåíèÿ ñàïñàíîâ. Îäíàêî, ðàçìíîæåíèå ñîêîëîâ áûëî áåçóñïåøíûì ïî ïðè÷èíå ãèáåëè ñàìêè, òðóï êîòîðîé áûë îáíàðóæåí ïîä áåòîííîé îïîðîé ËÝÏ áëèç Êîø-Àãà÷à â 4-õ êì îò ìåñòà âñòðå÷è ñàìöà. Îñíîâûâàÿñü íà âûøåïðèâåäåííûõ ôàêòàõ âñòðå÷ ñàïñàíà íà þãî-âîñòîêå Àëòàÿ è þãî-çàïàäå Òûâû ìîæíî ëèøü ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäî-

Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû, ãí¸çäà Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñàïñàíîâ (ñ ó÷¸òîì ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ) ïðèóðî÷åíà ê ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíå Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà (n=131) – çäåñü âñòðå÷åíî 55,0% ïàð. Â òî æå âðåìÿ, âûñîêàÿ äîëÿ âñòðå÷ ñîêîëîâ â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ (32,8%), ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõ äëÿ ñàïñàíà, ñâÿçàíà ñ öåëåíàïðàâëåííûì îáñëåäîâàíèåì êîòëîâèí â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòîâ ïî èçó÷åíèþ áàëîáàíà è ìîãèëüíèêà. Óæå òî, ÷òî âñåãî íà 6% ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäåé, ëåæàùèõ â ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíå, âûÿâëåíî 55% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñàïñàíà (ñì. ñòð. 108), ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî èìåííî â ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíå ãíåçäèòñÿ îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ñîêîëîâ â ðåãèîíå. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ñêóäíîñòü ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ, îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ñàïñàíà â ðåãèîíå ïðÿìî óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî â ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíå Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè, à èìåííî – 77,18% (ðèñ. 4). Êàê óæå íåîäíîêðàòíî îòìå÷àëîñü âûøå, â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ñàïñàí òÿãîòååò íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ê ïðèðå÷íûì ñêàëàì – ê íèì ïðèóðî÷åíî (n=73) 73,97% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (ðèñ. 5). Â ñóùåñòâåííî ìåíüøåì êîëè÷åñòâå ñàïñàíû ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà ñêàëàõ ïî áåðåãàì îç¸ð (2,74%, õîòÿ ñ ó÷¸òîì ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà êóýñòîâûõ ãðÿäàõ íàä îç¸ðàìè, èõ äîëÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò 8,22%). Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ ðåäêîñòüþ îç¸ð â ðåãèîíå, à òåì áîëåå Ðèñ. 5. Ïðèóðî÷åííîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñàïñàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ê ðàçíûì òèïàì ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé. Fig. 5. Distribution of Peregrine nesting sites in the Altai-Sayan region on different types of cliff outcrops.

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Òàáë. 5. Õàðàêòåð ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñàïñàíà íà ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ñêàë. Table 5. Peregrine nest locations on different types of cliffs.

Òèï ñêàëüíîãî îáíàæåíèÿ Type of cliff and rock

Íèøà Niche

Ïîëêà Ledge

Âåðøèíà Top

Âñåãî Total

Ïðèîç¸ðíîå ñêàëüíîå îáíàæåíèå Lakeshore cliff

Ïðèðå÷íîå ñêàëüíîå îáíàæåíèå Riverine cliff

9 (20.93%)

35 (81.4%)

7 (16.3%)

1 (2.3%)

43 (100%)

Ãðÿäîâîå ñêàëüíîå îáíàæåíèå Rocks Âñåãî Total

2 (4.65%) 32 (74.42%)

îç¸ð ñî ñêàëüíûìè îáíàæåíèÿìè. Íà ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ ïî âåðøèíàì õðåáòîâ èëè ïîëîãèõ âîçâûøåííîñòåé ãíåçäèòñÿ 23,29% ïàð, ïðè÷¸ì â îñíîâíîì â ëåñîñòåïíûõ è ñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ, ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ ñóáîïòèìàëüíûìè äëÿ ñàïñàíà. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà ïðèðå÷íûõ ñêàëàõ ñàïñàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íàõîäèëè è äðóãèå èññëåäîâàòåëè â Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè (Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 2004), Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå (Áàðàíîâ, 1988; Âàëþõ, 1996), Õàêàñèè è Òóâå (Êàðòàøîâ, 2003). Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñîîòíîøåíèå íàéäåííûõ ãí¸çä (áåç ó÷¸òà ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ): 74,42% – íà ïðèðå÷íûõ ñêàëàõ, 20,93% – íà ñêàëàõ ïî âåðøèíàì õðåáòîâ è êóýñòîâûõ ãðÿäàõ, 4,65% – íà ñêàëàõ ïî áåðåãàì îç¸ð (òàáë. 5). Èç ðåãèîíà èìåþòñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè ñàïñàíà íà äåðåâüÿõ. Â ÷àñòíîñòè ñàìêà ñàïñàíà íà ãíåçäå, ðàñïîëîæåííîì íà ëèñòâåííèöå áëèç îç. ×àãûòàé â Òûâå, íàáëþäàëàñü Í.Ô. Ãîëîöåâè÷ 14 ìàÿ 1977 ã. (Áàðàíîâ, 1991), à íà Øåñòàêîâñêèõ áîëîòàõ â Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè À.À. Âàñèëü÷åíêî (2003) îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà ñîêîëîâ íà äåðåâüÿõ, ïðè÷¸ì îäíî – â ïîñòðîéêå âîðîíû. Ïðè îòñóòñòâèè áîëåå ïîäðîáíûõ îïèñàíèé òàêèõ ãí¸çä âîçíèêàåò ñîìíåíèå â ïðàâèëüíîñòè îïðåäåëåíèÿ âèäà. Ïî íàøèì íàáëþäåíèÿì, ñàïñàí â ðåãèîíå ãíåçäèòñÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà ñêàëàõ. Íà ñåâåðå ðåãèîíà, â ÷àñòíîñòè â äîëèíå Îáè è ×óëûìà, âîçìîæíî ãíåçäîâàíèå ñàïñàíîâ íà çåìëå, ñðåäè îáøèðíûõ áîëîò. Òàêèå ãí¸çäà èçâåñòíû íà ïðèëåãàþùèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ Íîâîñèáèðñêîé è Îìñêîé îáëàñòåé, îäíàêî â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, â ãðàíèöàõ êîíòóðà, ïðèâåä¸ííîãî íà ðèñ. 1, òàêèå ãí¸çäà íå âûÿâëåíû. Ïðè âûáîðå ñàïñàíàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ñêàë èõ âûñîòà è ýêñïîçèöèÿ îñîáîé ðîëè íå

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èãðàþò. Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå òî, ÷òî âûáèðàþòñÿ íàèáîëåå îòâåñíûå è âûñîêèå ñêàëû, êàê ïðàâèëî, ðàñïîëîæåííûå íàïðîòèâ îòêðûòîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà ïîéìû èëè òåððàñû. Â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ è ëåñîñòåïè ñàïñàí òÿãîòååò ê ñêàëàì ïî ìàêñèìóìó ïîêðûòûì ëåñîì, â òàéãå æå, îñîáåííî â òàéãå ñåâåðíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà Çàïàäíîãî è Âîñòî÷íîãî Ñàÿíà, ñîêîëû íàîáîðîò ñòàðàþòñÿ ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ñêàëàõ ñ áîëåå ðàçðåæåííûì ëåñîì ëèáî îñòåïí¸ííûõ. Íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå Àëòàÿ ñàïñàí îïðåäåë¸ííî òÿãîòååò ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ íà ñêàëàõ, ïîêðûòûõ ñîñíîâûì ëåñîì, íî òàì, ãäå ñîñíà ïåðåñòà¸ò âñòðå÷àòüñÿ, ýòîò ïðèçíàê ïåðåñòà¸ò ðàáîòàòü. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä âàðüèðóåò â øèðîêèõ ïðåäåëàõ – îò 0 (ïîäíîæèå ñêàëû) äî 150 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 49,2±35,8 (Ex=0,17). Íåçàâèñèìî îò òèïà è âûñîòû ñêàë áîëüøèíñòâî ïàð ñàïñàíîâ ñòàðàåòñÿ óñòðàèâàòü ãí¸çäà â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé – (n=43) 48,84%, îêîëî òðåòè âñåõ ïàð (34,88%) ãíåçäèòñÿ â ñåðåäèíå ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé. Èçâåñòíû ñëó÷àè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â çàðîñëÿõ êðàïèâû â ïîäíîæèè ñêàëû è íà âåðøèíå ñêàëû – ïî îäíîìó ñëó÷àþ (ðèñ. 6). Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ñàïñàíîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ â íèøàõ áåç êàêèõëèáî ïîñòðîåê – (n=43) 81,4% (òàáë. 5). Íà îòêðûòûõ ïîëêàõ, êàê ïðàâèëî, çàäåðí¸ííûõ, îáíàðóæåíî 16,3% ãí¸çä. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñòàðûõ ïîñòðîåê ïòèö îòìå÷åíî òîëüêî ó äâóõ ïàð (4,65%): â îäíîì ñëó÷àå íà ã. Áàáûðãàí â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå ñàïñàíû çàíÿëè ñòàðîå ãíåçäî áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) â íèøå ñêàëüíîãî îáíàæåíèÿ âåðøèíû õðåáòà, â äðóãîì áëèç îç. ×¸ðíîå â Õàêàñèè – î÷åíü ñòàðóþ è ñèëüíî ðàçðóøåííóþ ïîñòðîéêó âîðîíà (Corvus corax) â íèøå ñêàëû íà êóýñòîâîé ãðÿäå. Ãí¸çäà ñàïñàíîâ â Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, îïèñàííûå Í.Ä. Êàðòàøîâûì (2003), íå âûäåëÿþòñÿ èç îáùåé âûáîðêè ïî ðåãèîíó. Â äîëèíå ð. Áèé-Õåì áëèç ÒîîðàÕåìà ñàïñàíû çàíèìàëè îñòåïí¸ííûé þãî-âîñòî÷íûé ñêëîí äîëèíû ñî ñêàëüíûìè âûõîäàìè, à ãíåçäî ðàçìåùàëîñü íà óçêîì óñòóïå (78õ46 ñì) ñêàëû â 30 ì îò ïîäíîæèÿ ñêëîíà, îáùàÿ âûñîòà êîòîðîãî 80 ì. Íà ð. Õàìñàðà â óð. Óëóã-Õàÿ ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â íèøå îòâåñíîé ñêàëû íà âûñîòå 15 ì. Â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Àçàñ â óð. Êîø-Òóðóê ãíåçäî ðàçìåùàëîñü íà ñêàëüíîì óñòóïå (86õ64 ñì) â 60 ì îò îñíîâàíèÿ ñêàëû. Í.Ä. Êàðòàøîâ (2003) òàêæå óêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ñàïñàíû èçðåäêà çàíèìàþò ãí¸çäà âîðîíà íà ñêàëàõ, îäíàêî îïèñàíèé òàêèõ ãí¸çä íå ïðèâîäèò.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Ðèñ. 6. Õàðàêòåð óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ñàïñàíà íà ðàçíûõ ÷àñòÿõ ñêàë. Fig. 6. Peregrine nest locations in different parts of cliffs.

Îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Ñàïñàí â ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïåðåë¸òíûì. Îòäåëüíûå ïòèöû íàáëþäàþòñÿ â ðàçíûõ îáëàñòÿõ ðåãèîíà è â çèìíèé ïåðèîä, îäíàêî ýòî ÿâëåíèå íîñèò ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð. Òàê Ñ.Ì. Ïðîêîôüåâ (1993) ïèøåò î âñòðå÷àõ ñàïñàíà çèìîé â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Â Òûâå ñàïñàíû íàáëþäàëèñü 23 îêòÿáðÿ 1983 ã. íà áåðåãó îç. Òåðå-Õîëü Ýðçèíñêîãî ðàéîíà è 26 ÿíâàðÿ 1976 ã. â ïîéìå ð. Îðòà-Õàëûûí â Ñàãëèíñêîé äîëèíå (Áàðàíîâ, 1991). Â ôåâðàëå–ìàðòå 2008 ã. îäèíî÷íûå ñàïñàíû äâàæäû íàáëþäàëèñü â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Áèéñêà â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå (Âàæîâ, Áàõòèí, 2009). Ïåðâûå ïòèöû íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ óæå 15–20 ìàðòà. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ñàïñàíîâ â ðåãèîíå ïðèáûâàåò íà ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè â òå÷åíèå ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíû àïðåëÿ. Ïîçäíåå âñåõ áëèç ñâîèõ ãí¸çä ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ ñàïñàíû â òà¸æíîé çîíå Âîñòî÷íîãî Ñàÿíà è Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû. Ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì Í.Ä. Êàðòàøîâà (2003) ïðèë¸ò ñàïñàíîâ íà ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê íà ã. Óëóã-Äàã â 1988 ã. îòìå÷åí 19 àïðåëÿ, íà ìíîãîëåòíåì ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå ñîêîëîâ íà ð. Áèé-Õåì ó ï. Òîîðà-Õåì íàèáîëåå ðàííèé ïðèë¸ò ñàïñàíîâ îòìå÷åí 6 àïðåëÿ 1999 ã., à íàèáîëåå ïîçäíèé – 18 àïðåëÿ 2000 ã. Âåñü àïðåëü èä¸ò èíòåíñèâíûé ïðîë¸ò ñàïñàíîâ. Â ýòîò ïåðèîä èõ ìîæíî íàáëþäàòü òàì, ãäå îíè íå ãíåçäÿòñÿ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, íà ðàâíèíàõ â öåíòðå ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí. Íåêîòîðûå ïòèöû ëåòÿò ÷åðåç ðåãèîí äî 10 ìàÿ, îäíàêî, îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ìàéñêèõ âñòðå÷ ïðèíàäëåæèò âñ¸ æå ìåñòíûì ïòèöàì. Ñðîêè íà÷àëà îòêëàäêè ÿèö ñèëüíî çàâèñÿò îò õîäà âåñíû. Â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå ñàïñàíû ðàíüøå âñåõ â ðåãèîíå ïðèñòóïàþò ê êëàäêàì. Çäåñü ïåðâûå êëàäêè íàáëþäàþòñÿ óæå 10–15 àïðåëÿ, à ìàññîâàÿ îòêëàäêà ÿèö â ðàçíûå ñåçîíû ïðîèñõîäèò 25 àïðåëÿ – 1 ìàÿ. Â ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíå Òóâû, Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ è Õàêàñèè íàèáîëåå ðàííèå êëàäêè ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ â êîíöå àïðåëÿ, à îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ñàïñàíîâ îòêëàäûâàåò

ÿéöà 1–10 ìàÿ. Ïîçäíèå êëàäêè ìîãóò áûòü îòëîæåíû âïëîòü äî 15–20 ìàÿ, îäíàêî íå ñîâñåì ÿñíî, ïåðâûå îíè èëè ïîâòîðíûå. Ïòåíöû íà÷èíàþò âûëóïëÿòüñÿ ñ 10 ìàÿ. Ìàññîâîå âûëóïëåíèå ïòåíöîâ ïðîèñõîäèò 25 ìàÿ – 10 èþíÿ. Ïòåíöû èç ïîçäíèõ âûâîäêîâ âûëóïëÿþòñÿ 15–20 èþíÿ. Ïåðâûå ñë¸òêè, ïîêèíóâøèå ãí¸çäà, íà÷èíàþò íàáëþäàòüñÿ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå 25 èþíÿ. Â ïåðèîä ñ 1 ïî 25 èþëÿ ïðîèñõîäèò ìàññîâûé âûëåò ïòåíöîâ ñàïñàíà, ïðè÷¸ì â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ñë¸òêîâ ïîêèäàåò ãí¸çäà äî 10 èþëÿ, à â Òóâå è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå – ïîñëå 10 èþëÿ. Íàèáîëåå ïîçäíèå ñðîêè âûëåòà ïòåíöîâ ñàïñàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå äàòèðóþòñÿ 29 èþëÿ – 5 àâãóñòà. Ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì Í.Ä. Êàðòàøîâà (2003) â Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â ãíåçäå íà ð. Áèé-Õåì â 2000 ã. ïóõîâûå ïòåíöû â âîçðàñòå 3–5 ñóòîê îáíàðóæåíû 15 èþíÿ, à ñë¸òêè ïîêèíóëè ãíåçäî ñ 18 ïî 25 èþëÿ, â ãíåçäå íà ð. Õàìñàðà 16 èþëÿ 2001 ã. ðîäèòåëè êîðìèëè ïòåíöîâ, êîòîðûå åù¸ íàõîäèëèñü â ãíåçäå, íà ð. Àçàñ â óð. ÊîøÒóðóê 6 èþëÿ 2002 ã. íàõîäèëèñü ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûå ïòåíöû, ñòàðøèé èç êîòîðûõ áûë ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ îïåð¸í è âûïðûãíóë èç ãíåçäà ïðè åãî îñìîòðå. Â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå íà ã. Áàáûðãàí â 2007 ã. â ãíåçäå ñàïñàíà 6 ìàÿ îáíàðóæåíà êëàäêà, 6 èþíÿ – ïóõîâûå ïòåíöû, 7 èþëÿ – ñë¸òêè, óæå ïîêèíóâøèå ãíåçäî, íî ëåòàâøèå ïëîõî (Âàæîâ, Áàõòèí, 2008). Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1914) âñòðå÷àë âûëåòåâøèõ ïòåíöîâ â ïîñëåäíèõ ÷èñëàõ èþëÿ, â 20-õ ÷èñëàõ àâãóñòà íàáëþäàë ñàïñàíîâ, êîòîðûå îõîòèëèñü ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî, íî åù¸ äåðæàëèñü âûâîäêîì. Ïî äàííûì Ê.À. Þäèíà (1952) â þæíîé ÷àñòè Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ ïóõîâûå ïòåíöû â ãí¸çäàõ ñàïñàíà íàáëþäàëèñü ñ ñåðåäèíû èþíÿ, ñë¸òêè – â êîíöå èþëÿ – íà÷àëå àâãóñòà. Äîêàðìëèâàíèå ë¸òíûõ âûâîäêîâ ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ â òå÷åíèå 2–3-õ íåäåëü. Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ (ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíå) âåñü ýòîò ïåðèîä ñàïñàíû äåðæàòñÿ íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå, îäíàêî â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ (áîëåå ÷àñòî â ëåñîñòåïíûõ è ñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ) íàáëþäàåòñÿ îòêî÷¸âêà âûâîäêà ê áëèæàéøèì âîäî¸ìàì, áîãàòûì ïòèöåé. Îòë¸ò ñàïñàíîâ èç ãîð ïðîèñõîäèò â íà÷àëå – ñåðåäèíå ñåíòÿáðÿ, õîòÿ â Àëòàé-

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ñêîì êðàå è Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé âîçìîæíî è ïîçæå – â êîíöå ñåíòÿáðÿ. Â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå íà ã. Áàáûðãàí 29–30 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2007 ã. 2 ïàðû ñàïñàíîâ íàáëþäàëèñü åù¸ íà ñâîèõ ó÷àñòêàõ, íî óæå 2–5 íîÿáðÿ èõ çäåñü íå îáíàðóæåíî (Âàæîâ, Áàõòèí, 2008). Â Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå åù¸ íåðàñïàâøèéñÿ âûâîäîê íà îç. Ìþí-Õîëü áûë âñòðå÷åí 2–5 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1999 ã., õîòÿ ïàðà, ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ íà ð. Áèé-Õåì, ïîêèäàëà ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê 2–10 ñåíòÿáðÿ (Êàðòàøîâà, 2003); â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà îç. Õàäûí 7 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1982 ã. ÿâíî ïðîë¸òíàÿ ìîëîäàÿ ïòèöà îòëîâëåíà â ïàóòèííóþ ñåòü (Ñàâ÷åíêî è äð., 1986). Â Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå ìîëîäûõ ïòèö âäàëè îò ãí¸çä âñòðå÷àëè ñ ñåðåäèíû àâãóñòà, à ïîñëåäíÿÿ âñòðå÷à ñàïñàíà äàòèðóåòñÿ 11 îêòÿáðÿ (Þäèí, 1952). Ïðîë¸ò ïòèö â ïðåäãîðüÿõ íà÷èíàåò âèçóàëüíî íàáëþäàòüñÿ ñ êîíöà ñåíòÿáðÿ – íà÷àëà îêòÿáðÿ è ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ, âèäèìî, âïëîòü äî íîÿáðÿ, êîãäà ïðîëåòàþò ïîñëåäíèå òóíäðîâûå ïòèöû.

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Â ïîëíûõ êëàäêàõ ñàïñàíà (n=6) 2–4 ÿéöà, â ñðåäíåì 3,17±0,98 ÿéöà íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî. Â Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà ð. Áèé-Õåì 22 ìàÿ 2000 ã. áûëà îñìîòðåíà êëàäêà èç 4-õ ÿèö (Êàðòàøîâà, 2003). Íà ã. Áàáûðãàí â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå â ãíåçäå, îñìîòðåííîì 6 ìàÿ 2007 ã., îáíàðóæåíî 4 ÿéöà (Âàæîâ, Áàõòèí, 2008). Ó÷èòûâàÿ ëèòåðàòóðíûå äàííûå, ñðåäíÿÿ êëàäêà ñîñòàâëÿåò (n=8) 3,38±0,92 ÿéöà. Ðàçìåð ÿèö (n=9): 52,0–54,9õ40,8–41,1 ìì, â ñðåäíåì 53,3±0,85õ40,9±0,09 ìì. Áëèçêèå ðàçìåðû ÿèö ñàïñàíà ïðèâîäèò ß.È. Êîêîðåâ (2006) äëÿ Òàéìûðà: (n=25) 44,8–56,3 õ 39,0–43,6 ìì, ìàññà – 44,2– 56,0 ã (â ñðåäíåì – 53,1 õ 41,9 ìì, ìàññà – 50,5 ã). Â âûâîäêàõ ñàïñàíà (n=12) îò 1-ãî äî 4-õ ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì 2,67±0,98 ïòåíöà íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî. Íà ð. Áåðäü â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè òàêæå íàáëþäàëñÿ ïîãèáøèé âûâîäîê èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005á). Â Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå âûâîäêè ñàïñàíà ñîñ÷èòàíû íà äâóõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ çà ðÿä ëåò (Êàðòàøîâ, 2003): èç ãíåçäà â äîëèíå ð. Áèé-Õåì â 1998– 2002 ãã. âûëåòàëî 1, 2, 3, 2, 1 ñë¸òîê, â ãíåçäå íà ð. Àçàñ â 2002 ã. îáíàðóæåíû 3 ïòåíöà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñðåäíèé âûâîäîê â Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â 1998–2002 ãã. ñîñòàâèë 2,0±0,89 ñë¸òêîâ. Â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå â ãíåçäå íà ã. Áàáûðãàí â 2007 ã. îáíàðóæåíî 4 ïòåíöà, êîòîðûå óñïåøíî âûëåòåëè (Âàæîâ, Áàõòèí, 2008). Ó÷èòûâàÿ ëèòåðàòóðíûå äàííûå, ñðåäíèé âûâîäîê ñîñòàâëÿåò (n=19) 2,53±1,02 ïòåíöà. Ðàçìåð êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ â ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå òàêîé æå, êàê è â äðóãèõ ÷àñòÿõ àðåàëà âèäà â Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Íà Òàéìûðå â êëàäêå ñàïñàíà â 70–80-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ áûëî â ñðåäíåì 3,23 ÿéöà, â âûâîäêå ïåðåä âûëåòîì – 2,43 ïòåíöà, îòõîä ÿèö è ïòåíöîâ ñîñòàâëÿë îêîëî 25% (ßêóøêèí è äð., 1983), â 1996–98 ãã. ñðåäíèé ðàçìåð êëàäêè áûë (n=18) 3,5 ÿéöà, ñðåäíèé ðàçìåð âûâîäêà ïî ãîäàì âàðüèðîâàë îò 1,6 äî 3,0 ïòåíöîâ íà ãíåçäî, â ïåðèîä íàñèæèâàíèÿ êëàäêè è âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ äî 2-õ-íåäåëüíîãî âîçðàñòà ñîñòàâëÿë 15–26% (Êîêîðåâ, 2006). Â ãîðàõ Óðàëà â 1989–1997 ãã. ïðè ñðåäíåé êëàäêå Ãíåçäî ñàïñàíà, óñòðîåííîå â ñòàðîé ïîñòðîéêå áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) â íèøå ñêàëû, ñ êëàäêîé (ââåðõó) è ñë¸òêàìè (âíèçó). Àëòàéñêèé êðàé. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nest of the Peregrine Falcon with clutch (upper) and fledglings (bottom) in the Golden Eagle’s (Aquila chrysaetos) old nest in a niche on the rock. Altai Kray. Photos by I. Karyakin.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Ãí¸çäà ñàïñàíà ñ êëàäêîé â öåíòðå ñêàëû (ââåðõó) è ñ ïòåíöîì â ïîäíîæèè ñêàëû (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Peregrine nests with eggs in the center of cliff (top) and with a chick at cliff foot (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.

ïðèñàäå è íàáëþäàåò çà èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà äèñòàíöèÿ äî ãíåçäà íå ñîêðàùàåòñÿ äî íåñêîëüêèõ ìåòðîâ, ïîñëå ÷åãî íà÷èíàåò àêòèâíî áåñïîêîèòüñÿ, ëåòàÿ ñ êðèêàìè. Â 10% ñëó÷àåâ âñïóãíóòàÿ ñ êëàäêè ïòèöà ñàäèòñÿ íà ïðèñàäó è íå ïðîÿâëÿåò áåñïîêîéñòâà äàæå ïðè îñìîòðå ãíåçäà. Ïðè ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöàõ ó 70% ïàð áåñïîêîéñòâî íàðàñòàåò, è ïòèöû áîëåå àêòèâíî áåñïîêîÿòñÿ, íî â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ (ó 30% ïàð) áåñïîêîéñòâî çàòóõàåò è ñàïñàíû íà÷èíàþò âåñòè ñåáÿ ó ãíåçäà ìîë÷àëèâî. Â òàêèõ ïàðàõ ñàìêà, ïîêèíóâøàÿ ãíåçäî â ðåçóëüòàòå áåñïîêîéñòâà ÷åëîâåêîì â ýòîò ïåðèîä, êàê ïðàâèëî, îòëåòàåò îò íåãî è, ñåâ â íåáîëüøîì óäàëåíèè â ïðåäåëàõ âèäèìîñòè ãíåçäà, ìîë÷à íàáëþäàåò çà ïðîèñõîäÿùèì. Èíîãäà áåñïîêîèòñÿ ñàìåö, ïðèëåòåâøèé ê ãíåçäó â ýòè ìîìåíòû, îäíàêî, ñäåëàâ íåñêîëüêî êðóãîâ ñ ðåäêèìè êðèêàìè, îí òîæå ñàäèòñÿ íà ïðèñàäó ó ãíåçäà è çàòèõàåò. Ê ìîìåíòó âûëåòà ïòåíöîâ èëè ïðè ñë¸òêàõ âñå âçðîñëûå ïòèöû, ïîáåñïîêîåííûå ó ãíåçäà, àêòèâíî êðè÷àò è ëåòàþò êðóãàìè, èíîãäà èìèòèðóÿ àòàêó íà íàáëþäàòåëåé íà âûñîòå îò 100 äî 10 ì.

(n=44) 3,1 ÿéöà â âûâîäêàõ íàáëþäàëîñü 2,4 ïòåíöà è 2,2 ñë¸òêà, îòõîä ÿèö ñîñòàâëÿë 23%, ïòåíöîâ – 8%, à îáùèé óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ – 71% (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñàïñàíà â ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå íå èçó÷åí. Ïî ñîîòíîøåíèþ æèëûõ è ïóñòûõ ãí¸çä â êîíöå ñåçîíà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî íå ìåíåå 70% ãí¸çä ÿâëÿþòñÿ óñïåøíûìè. Ïîâåäåíèå ñàïñàíîâ ó ãíåçäà äîñòàòî÷íî èíäèâèäóàëüíî, õîòÿ åìó è ïðèñóùè îáùèå ÷åðòû. Â ïåðèîä êëàäêè ñîêîëû ó ãí¸çä âåäóò ñåáÿ äîâîëüíî ñêðûòíî, âûäåðæèâàÿ äèñòàíöèþ âñïóãèâàíèÿ îò 100 äî 10 ì. Ñàìåö ïîêèäàåò êëàäêó íà ñóùåñòâåííî áîëüøåé äèñòàíöèè, ÷åì ñàìêà. Áóäó÷è âñïóãíóòûìè, è ñàìêà, è ñàìåö â 65% ñëó÷àåâ ñðàçó æå ïðîÿâëÿþò áåñïîêîéñòâî, ëåòàÿ êðóãàìè, ñ êðèêàìè, ïðè÷¸ì ñàìêà áåñïîêîèòñÿ áîëåå àêòèâíî, ëåòàÿ íà ìåíüøåé äèñòàíöèè ê èññëåäîâàòåëÿì, ÷åì ñàìåö. Â 25% ñëó÷àåâ ïòèöà, ïîêèíóâøàÿ ãíåçäî íà äèñòàíöèè îò 50 äî 100 ì, çàòàèâàåòñÿ íà

Ïèòàíèå Ïèòàíèå ñàïñàíîâ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå îñîáî íå îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ïèòàíèÿ ñàïñàíîâ â äðóãèõ ÷àñòÿõ àðåàëà âèäà. Â ðàöèîíå ïÿòè ïàð ñàïñàíîâ â Òóâå è Õàêàñèè â 1999–2000 ãã. îïðåäåëåíî áîëåå 35 âèäîâ: êðÿêâà (Anas platyrhynchos), ÷èðîêòðåñêóíîê (Anas querquedula), ÷èðîêñâèñòóíîê (Anas crecca), íûðîê êðàñíîãîëîâûé (Aythya ferina), êðîõàëü áîëüøîé (Mergus merganser), òóðïàí ãîðáîíîñûé (Melanitta deglandi), ïåðåâîç÷èê (Actitis hypoleucos), ÷åðíûø (Tringa ochropus), áåêàñ àçèàòñêèé (Gallinago stenura), ëåñíîé äóïåëü (Gallinago megala), êðà÷êà ðå÷íàÿ (Sterna hirundo), ÷àéêà ñèçàÿ (Larus canus), õîõîòóíüÿ (Larus cachinnans mongolicus), ïóñòåëüãà îáûêíîâåííàÿ (Falco tinnunculus), ïóñòåëüãà ñòåïíàÿ (F. naumanni), ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus), ðÿá÷èê (Tetrastes bonasia), êóðîïàòêà áîðîäàòàÿ (Perdix dauurica), ãîëóáü ñèçûé (Columba livia), ãîëóáü ñêàëèñòûé (Columba rupestris), êóêóøêè (Cuculus sp.), ñîâà áåëàÿ (Nyctea scandiaca), ñîâà áîëîòíàÿ

Raptor Research

Îñòàòêè ïèùè ñàïñàíà íà ïðèñàäå áëèç ãíåçäà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Remains of a Peregrine Falcon’s prey on a perch near the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 (Asio flammeus), ñîâà óøàñòàÿ (Asio otus), íåÿñûòü äëèííîõâîñòàÿ (Strix uralensis), äÿòåë áîëüøîé ï¸ñòðûé (Dendrocopos major), óäîä (Upupa epops), âîðîíà ÷¸ðíàÿ (Corvus corone), ãàëêà (Corvus monedula), êåäðîâêà (Nucifraga caryocatactes), êëóøèöà (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax), êîíüêè (Anthus sp.), òðÿñîãóçêà ãîðíàÿ (Motacilla cinerea), æàâîðîíêè (Alaudidae sp.), äðîçäû (Turdus sp.). Àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóþò ïòèöû, áîëüøåé ÷àñòüþ ìàññîâûå äëÿ ðàéîíîâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ò.å., ñâÿçàííûå ñ âîäíî-áîëîòíûìè êîìïëåêñàìè (43,31%), ñêàëüíûìè ìàññèâàìè (5,10%) èëè äîëèííûìè ëåñàìè (15,92%): óòêè, ÷àéêîâûå (â îñíîâíîì, êðà÷êè), êóëèêè, ãîëóáè, âðàíîâûå (â îñíîâíîì, êåäðîâêè, êëóøèöû è ãàëêè), äðîçäû. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè íà êàæäîì ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå ïðèñóòñòâóþò â ïèòàíèè áîëîòíûå ñîâû – îò 2,33 äî 6,25%, 3,82% äëÿ âñåé âûáîðêè è ïóñòåëüãè – îò 0 äî 12,5%, 3,82% äëÿ âñåé âûáîðêè, îäíàêî îñîáîé ðîëè â ðàöèîíå îíè íå èãðàþò. Çàìåòíî ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ ïèòàíèå ðàçëè÷íûõ ïàð. Ñàïñàíû, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ áëèç íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ, ñïåöèàëèçèðóþòñÿ íà ñèçûõ ãîëóáÿõ – 55,81%, æèâóùèå íà ñêàëàõ ïî áåðåãàì íåáîëüøèõ ëåñíûõ ðå÷åê (Êîïüåâñêèé êóïîë) – íà óòêàõ (33,33%) è äðîçäàõ (27,27%), îáèòàþùèå íà êðóïíûõ âûñîêîãîðíûõ îç¸ðàõ (îç. Õèíäèêòèã-Õîëü) – íà ÷àéêîâûõ (63,63%), ñðåäè êîòîðûõ äîìèíèðóåò ðå÷íàÿ êðà÷êà (50%), è óòêàõ (13,64%), ñåëÿùèåñÿ â ñêàëüíûõ ìàññèâàõ êðóïíûõ ñòåïíûõ ðåê (ð. Åíèñåé) – íà óòêàõ (29,94%) è êóëèêàõ (11,26%). Â îäíîì èç ãí¸çä íà Åíèñåå îáíàðóæåíû îñòàòêè ðûáû, êîòîðóþ ñàïñàíû îòáèðàëè ó ÷¸ðíûõ àèñòîâ (Ciconia nigra), ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà òîé æå ñêàëå â 120 ì îò ãíåçäà ñîêîëîâ.

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Â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå íà ã. Áàáûðãàí ó ãíåçäà ñàïñàíà â 2007 ã. ñîáðàíû îñòàíêè ñëåäóþùèõ æåðòâ ñàïñàíà: ÷¸ðíàÿ âîðîíà – 15 ýêç. (41,6%), ñîðîêà (Pica pica) – 6 ýêç. (16,6%), îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà – 6 ýêç. (16,6%), ìåëêèå âîðîáüèíûå ïòèöû (âèäû íå èäåíòèôèöèðîâàíû) – 3 ýêç. (8,3%), óøàñòàÿ ñîâà – 2 ýêç. (5,6%), êóëèê (âèä íå îïðåäåë¸í), ãàëêà, ÷åðíîãîëîâûé ùåãîë (Carduelis carduelis), ìåëêîå ìëåêîïèòàþùåå (âèä íå îïðåäåë¸í) – ïî 1 ýêç. (ïî 2,7%) (Âàæîâ, Áàõòèí, 2008). Â Òîäæèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà ð. Áèé-Õåì â 1998–2002 ã. îñíîâó ïèòàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ ñàïñàíà ñîñòàâëÿëè êóëèêè (÷åðíûø, ÷èáèñ, ïåðåâîç÷èê è áåêàñû), âîäîïëàâàþùèå è èõ ïòåíöû (ãîãîëü Bucephala clangula, ãîðáîíîñûé òóðïàí, ÷èðîê-òðåñêóíîê è ÷èðîê-ñâèñòóíîê), äðîçäû (ïåâ÷èé, äåðÿáà, êðàñíîçîáûé), âðàíîâûå (êåäðîâêà, ÷¸ðíàÿ âîðîíà); èç ïèùåâûõ îñòàòêîâ ó ãíåçäà îáíàðóæåíû òàêæå ïåðüÿ è êîñòè òåòåðåâèíûõ, ãîëóáåé, äÿòëîâûõ, ñëàâêîâûõ è ìóõîëîâêîâûõ; íà ð. Àçàñ â 2002 ã. îñíîâíûì êîðìîì ïòåíöîâ ñëóæèëè ìåëêèå óòêè, è â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè, âîðîáüèíûå (ñíåãèðü Pyrrhula pyrrhula, êåäðîâêà, êîíüêè, îëèâêîâûé äðîçä Turdus obscurus è ñâèðèñòåëü Bombysilla garrulus), à â ãíåçäå ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè â áîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå îñòàòêè õàðèóñîâ (Thymallus arcticus), êîòîðûõ ñîêîëû îòáèðàëè, âåðîÿòíî, ó ñêîï (Pandion haliaetus) (Êàðòàøîâ, 2003). Ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà (1914) ñàïñàíû â Òóâå îõîòÿòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî çà ìåëêèìè ïòèöàìè, ÷òî íå ñîâñåì ñòûêóåòñÿ ñ íàøèìè äàííûìè. Âîçìîæíî, ìåëêèå ïòèöû èãðàþò âàæíóþ ðîëü â ïèòàíèè çèìóþùèõ ïòèö. Ïî äàííûì Ê.À. Þäèíà (1952) íà þãå Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ â ïèòàíèè ñàïñàíà áîëüøóþ ðîëü èãðàþò äÿòëû (Picidae), êåäðîâêè, ñîéêè (Garrulus glandarius), äðîçäû, îñåíüþ – ãîëóáè; èçâåñòåí ñëó÷àé, êîãäà âûâîäîê ñàïñàíîâ áûë âûêîðìëåí ïðàêòè÷åñêè íà îäíèõ êåäðîâêàõ, êîòîðûõ âçðîñëûå ïòèöû ëîâèëè â äîëèíå Åíèñåÿ. Óãðîçû Åñòåñòâåííûìè ôàêòîðàìè, îïðåäåëÿþùèìè çàíÿòîñòü ó÷àñòêîâ è óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñàïñàíîâ, ÿâëÿþòñÿ êëèìàòè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ è êîëåáàíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè îñíîâíûõ îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ (ïòèö). Îäíàêî, â ñâÿçè ñ òåì, ÷òî ðàöèîí ñàïñàíà áîëåå ðàçíîîáðàçåí, è îí íå ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàí äîñòàòî÷íî óçêî íà êàêîì-òî îïðåäåë¸ííîì âèäå, êàê áàëîáàí, äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ, êîòîðûìè îí ïèòàåòñÿ, íå

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ñë¸òêè ñàïñàíà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Fledglings of the Peregrine Falcon. Photo by I. Karyakin.

ïðèâîäÿò ê ñèëüíîìó ïàäåíèþ çàíÿòîñòè ó÷àñòêîâ. Ïîýòîìó îñíîâíûì ôàêòîðîì, âëèÿþùèì íà çàíÿòîñòü ó÷àñòêîâ è óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñàïñàíà, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîãîäíûå óñëîâèÿ. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, ïðè õîëîäíîé è ïîçäíåé âåñíå ó ñàïñàíîâ ãèáíåò çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü êëàäîê èëè æå ïòèöû ïðîñòî íå ïðèñòóïàþò ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ. Îñíîâíûì õèùíèêîì, ëèìèòèðóþùèì ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà â ïðèðîäå, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôèëèí (Bubo bubo), êîòîðûé äîâîëüíî ÷àñòî äîáûâàåò ïòåíöîâ è ñë¸òêîâ. Â 2000 ã. â Õàêàñèè ïðîøëîãîäíèå îñòàíêè ïòåíöà ñàïñàíà áûëè îáíàðóæåíû â ïîãàäêàõ ôèëèíà íà ó÷àñòêå ýòîãî õèùíèêà, ðàñïîëàãàâøåìñÿ â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò ãíåçäà ñàïñàíà. Â 2002 ã. îñòàíêè äâóõ ïòåíöîâ ñàïñàíà, ñúåäåííûõ ôèëèíîì, îáíàðóæåíû íà ð. Áåðäü â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005á). Íà ìíîãèõ ñêàëàõ â Õàêàñèè ãí¸çäà ñàïñàíà òåñíî ñîñåäñòâîâàëè ñ æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè ôèëèíà ëèáî âîîáùå ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â íèøàõ, ðàíåå çàíèìàâøèõñÿ äëÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíàìè. Õèùíè÷åñêèé ïðåññ ôèëèíà íà ñàïñàíà â ðåãèîíå íå èçó÷åí. Èçó÷àëñÿ ïðåññ ôèëèíà íà áàëîáàíà â Òóâå. Â ðåçóëüòàòå áûëî âûÿñíåíî, ÷òî ëèøü â 20,5% ñëó÷àåâ áåçóñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áàëîáàíà ïðè÷èíîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ õèùíè÷åñòâî ôèëèíà, ïîëíûé îòõîä ïîòîìñòâà áàëîáàíà ïî âèíå ôèëèíà çà 10 ëåò íàáëþäàëñÿ â 5,8% ñëó÷àåâ, çà 10 ëåò èññëåäîâàíèé ôèëèíû ðàñôîðìèðîâàëè 9% ïàð áàëîáàíîâ, óíè÷òîæàÿ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö, ÷òî â 3% ñëó÷àåâ ÿâèëîñü ïðè÷èíîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ èç 429 ïîñåù¸ííûõ (Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2008). Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íà ñàïñàíà ôèëèí îêàçûâàåò òàêîé æå ïðåññ, êàê è íà áàëîáàíà, à ìîæåò äàæå è áîëüøèé, òàê êàê â ïðèäîëèííûõ ñêàëüíûõ ìàññèâàõ, ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ îñíîâíûìè ãíåçäîâûìè áèîòîïàìè ñàïñàíà, ãîðàçäî ìåíüøå âîçìîæíîñòåé äëÿ ýòèõ õèùíèêîâ äèñòàíöèðîâàòüñÿ äðóã îò äðóãà íà áåçîïàñíîå ðàññòîÿíèå, ÷åì â ñêàëüíûõ ìàññèâàõ îïóñòûíåííûõ è ñòåïíûõ ðàéîíîâ áàëîáàíó è ôèëèíó. Ñ áàëîáàíîì ó ñàïñàíà íàáëþäàåòñÿ îñòðàÿ êîíêóðåíöèÿ çà ãíåçäîâûå ñêàëû, â êîòîðîé ñàïñàí óñòóïàåò áàëîáàíó. Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ñàïñàí äèñòàíöèðóåòñÿ îò áàëîáàíà íà ðàññòîÿíèå áîëåå 10 êì, õîòÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå áàëîáàíà è ñàïñàíà äîñòàòî÷íî áëèçêî äðóã ê äðóãó. Íà ðàññòîÿíèè ìåíåå 10 êì îò áàëîáàíîâ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ãíåçäèòñÿ 30,26% ïàð ñàïñàíîâ èç 76. Ìèíèìàëüíûå äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó ïàðàìè áàëîáàíîâ è ñàïñàíîâ âàðüèðóþò îò 0,83 êì äî 9,45 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 5,08±2,85 êì. Íà ðàññòîÿíèè ìåíåå 2 êì îò ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà ãíåçäèòñÿ ëèøü 4 ïàðû ñàïñàíîâ (5,26%). Òàêèå ñëó÷àè èçâåñòíû íà Ñåìèíñêîì õðåáòå â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå (830 ì) è â Õàêàñèè â äîëèíå Åíèñåÿ íà ó÷àñòêå Õàêàññêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Îãëàõòû» (1,4 êì), íà êóýñòàõ íàä ð. Áåëûé Èþñ (1,08 êì) è íàä îç. Îøêîëü (1,89 êì). Èçìåíåíèå ìåñòîîáèòàíèé â ðåçóëüòàòå äåÿòåëüíîñòè ÷åëîâåêà â ðåãèîíå ïîêà âðÿä ëè îêàçûâàåò ñóùåñòâåííîå âëèÿíèå íà ñàïñàíà, ò.ê. ïðîèñõîäèò ëîêàëüíî è íå áûñòðûìè òåìïàìè. Ïîêà íå ïîëó÷åíî äîñòîâåðíûõ ôàêòîâ êàêîãî-ëèáî îòðèöàòåëüíîãî âëèÿíèÿ íà ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ñàïñàíà â ðåçóëüòàòå ñòðîèòåëüñòâà àâòîìîáèëüíûõ èëè æåëåçíûõ äîðîã ÷åðåç ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ýòîãî ñîêîëà, õîòÿ â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ îíî ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ. Â äîëèíå ð. Ìàíû ñàïñàí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè âäîëü æåëåçíîé äîðîãè íàáëþäàëñÿ ñ òàêîé æå ïëîòíîñòüþ, ÷òî è â íåíàðóøåííîé ÷àñòè äîëèíû. Òî æå ñàìîå ìîæíî ñêàçàòü î ð. Îíà, ãäå ãíåçäîâàíèå ñàïñàíà âäîëü òðàññû íàáëþäàåòñÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ, àíàëîãè÷íîé ïëîòíîñòè íà íåíàðóøåííîé ÷àñòè ðåêè, îäíàêî íà ð. Óñ, âäîëü òðàññû Àáàêàí – Êûçûë, âèä îòñóòñòâóåò íà ãíåçäîâàíèè, õîòÿ íà óäàë¸ííûõ îò òðàññû ó÷àñòêàõ äîëèíû åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå óñòàíîâëåíî. Ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì ðÿäà èññëåäîâàòåëåé, íå ïðîèñõîäèò ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ñàïñàíîâ â ðåçóëüòàòå çàòîïëåíèÿ äîëèí ãîðíûõ ðåê, ïðè óñëîâèè ñîõðàíåíèÿ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ñêàë âûøå óðîâíÿ ïîäïîðà. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, ïðè çàòîïëåíèè ðóñëà Åíèñåÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ñàÿíî-Øóøåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå ñóùåñòâåííî íå èçìåíèëàñü (Ñòàõååâ è äð., 1999). Ãèáåëü ñîêîëîâ íà ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ îïðåäåë¸ííî èãðàåò ðîëü â ñíèæåíèè ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, íèçêàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ñàïñàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ, îïóòàííûõ ñåòüþ ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ, ÿâëÿåòñÿ îò÷àñòè ñëåäñòâèåì ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ýòèõ ËÝÏ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Äàííûé ôàêòîð òîëüêî íà÷àë èçó÷àòüñÿ â 2009 ã. Òàê, ïàðà â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè áûëà ðàñôîðìèðîâàíà â ðåçóëüòàòå ãèáåëè ñàìêè, òðóï êîòîðîé íàéäåí ïîä áåòîííîé îïîðîé ËÝÏ-10 áëèç Êîø-Àãà÷à 19 èþëÿ 2009 ã. Èç 39 ñàïñàíîâ, âñòðå÷åííûõ â 2009 ã., 15,4% ïòèö íàáëþäàëèñü ñèäÿùèìè íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè, â òîì ÷èñëå ïîëîâèíà èç íèõ – íà áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî â 5–10-êèëîìåòðîâîé çîíå îò ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ, â ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïàõ, ãèáåëü ñàïñàíà äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêà è, êàê ìèíèìóì, íà ïîëîâèíå òàêèõ òåððèòîðèé ñîêîë îòñóòñòâóåò íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ïî ïðè÷èíå ãèáåëè íà ËÝÏ. Òàêîé ôàêòîð, êàê îòðàâëåíèå ÄÄÒ – îäèí èç îñíîâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ, ïîâëåêøèõ âûìèðàíèå ñàïñàíà íà îáøèðíûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâàõ àðåàëà â 70–80-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïîòåðÿë àêòóàëüíîñòü êàê â ðåãèîíå, òàê è íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè òåððèòîðèè àðåàëà âèäà çà ïðåäåëàìè ðåãèîíà. Ñàïñàí îïðåäåë¸ííî ñòðàäàåò îò áðàêîíüåðñêîãî îòëîâà, ïîäîáíî áàëîáàíó, îäíàêî, â ñâÿçè ñ ìåíüøèì ñïðîñîì íà ýòîò âèä â ñòðàíàõ Áëèæíåãî Âîñòîêà, ïðåññ íà íåãî íåçíà÷èòåëåí. Äàæå ïðè óñèëåíèè ñïðîñà íà ñàïñàíà, êàê íà ëîâ÷óþ ïòèöó, åãî ïîïóëÿöèè áóäóò òåðïåòü ìåíüøèé óðîí îò èçúÿòèÿ ïòåíöîâ, ÷åì ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà, â ñâÿçè ñ ìåíüøåé äîñòóïíîñòüþ èõ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Êàê óãðîæàþùèé ìîæåò áûòü ëèøü îòëîâ ïòèö íà ïðîë¸òå è çèìîâêàõ, îäíàêî âëèÿíèå ýòîãî ôàêòîðà íà ïîïóëÿöèþ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà íå èçó÷åíî. Ñóäÿ ïî äàííûì àíàëèçà ñîêîëîâ ðàçíûõ âèäîâ, ïîñòóïàþùèõ â ãîñïèòàëü êðóïíåéøåãî ñîêîëèíîãî öåíòðà â Ýð-Ðèÿäå (Ñàóäîâñêàÿ Àðàâèÿ), íà ðóêàõ ó àðàáñêèõ ñîêîëüíèêîâ êîëè÷åñòâî ñàïñàíîâ â 1998–2002 ãã. âàðüèðîâàëî îò 12,8 äî 14,7% â ãîä, ñîñòàâèâ çà 5 ëåò (n=6169) 13,3% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà ñîêîëîâ (Naldo, Samour, 2003). Îïðåäåë¸ííî, ÷àñòü èç 823 ñàïñàíîâ, ïðîøåäøèõ ÷åðåç ãîñïèòàëü â 1998–2002 ãã., – ýòî âû-

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ðàùåííûå â ïèòîìíèêàõ ïòèöû è ñàïñàíû òóíäðîâîãî ïîäâèäà. Â ñâåòå ýòîãî ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî óðîâåíü íåçàêîííîãî îòëîâà ñàïñàíà äëÿ ñîêîëèíîé îõîòû â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå îòíîñèòåëüíî íèçêèé è ñîâåðøåííî íå ñðàâíèì ñ óðîâíåì îòëîâà áàëîáàíà. Â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ñàïñàíîì âûãëÿäèò ãîðàçäî ëó÷øå, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ñèòóàöèåé ñ áàëîáàíîì. Â ñåâåðíîé è çàïàäíîé ÷àñòÿõ ðåãèîíà, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, ïî-âèäèìîìó ïðîèñõîäèò ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè ñàïñàíà â ëåñîñòåïè è ñòåïè íà ôîíå ñîêðàòèâøåéñÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà. Ïî äàííûì Ñ.Ì. Ïðîêîôüåâà (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) íà 4-õ ó÷àñòêàõ èç 17 (23,53%),

Ñàïñàí, ñèäÿùèé íà áåòîííîé îïîðå ïòèöåîïàñíîé ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ áëèç ñ. Ìèõàéëîâêà Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ 21 èþëÿ 2009 ã. (ââåðõó), è ñàìêà ñàïñàíà, ïîãèáøàÿ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè áëèç ñ. Êîø-Àãà÷ Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé 19 èþëÿ 2009 ã. (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. A Peregrine sitting on a concrete electric pole of 6–10 kV overhead power line which is hazardous to birds, near the village Mikhailovka, Altai Kray on July 21, 2009 (top); and a female Peregrine electrocuted in the Chuiskaya steppe near the village Kosh-Agach, the Republic of Altai on July 19, 2009 (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 êîòîðûå ìû ïîñåòèëè â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå è ãäå îáíàðóæèëè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ñàïñàíà, ðàíåå ãíåçäèëèñü áàëîáàíû. Îïðåäåë¸ííî ëèøü â ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëüêî ëåò è òîëüêî ïîñëå èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ áàëîáàíà ñàïñàí ïîÿâèëñÿ íà þæíîì øëåéôå Êóðàéñêîãî õðåáòà â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé. Âñåëåíèå ñàïñàíà â ëåñîñòåïíîé ëàíäøàôò, ðàíåå íàñåë¸ííûé áàëîáàíàìè, íà ôîíå ðåçêîãî ïàäåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîñëåäíèõ, ïðîèñõîäèò è â Ïðèáàéêàëüå, ãäå â 1999 ã. íàéäåíî 3 ãíåçäà ýòîãî âèäà â òèïè÷íûõ äëÿ áàëîáàíà ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ (Ryabtsev, 2003). Çàêëþ÷åíèå Îáøèðíûå òà¸æíûå ðàéîíû Ñåâåðíîãî Àëòàÿ, Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó, Ñàÿí è Âîñòî÷íîé Òûâû îñòàþòñÿ äî ñèõ ïîð ïëîõî

Ñàïñàí. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Peregrine Falcon. Photo by I. Karyakin.

îáñëåäîâàííûìè, ÷òî íå ïîçâîëÿåò òî÷íî îöåíèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü ñàïñàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ðåãèîíå. Ïîëó÷åííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ñàïñàíà â 681–1059 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ìîæåò ñ÷èòàòüñÿ íåêîé ñòàðòîâîé, êîòîðàÿ áóäåò êîððåêòèðîâàòüñÿ â õîäå äàëüíåéøèõ èññëåäîâàíèé. Ñ áîëüøîé äîëåé âåðîÿòíîñòè ýòà îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè çàíèæåíà, è ïî ìåðå îáñëåäîâàíèÿ íîâûõ ðàéîíîâ ðåãèîíà è ïîïîëíåíèè ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ îíà áóäåò ëèøü óâåëè÷èâàòüñÿ. Íåèçâåñòíûìè îñòàþòñÿ ìåñòà çèìîâîê è ïóòè ìèãðàöèè àëòàå-ñàÿíñêèõ ñàïñàíîâ, ïîýòîìó ïðè ïëàíèðîâàíèè äàëüíåéøèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ýòîãî âèäà â ðåãèîíå èìååò ñìûñë âêëþ÷àòü â íèõ ñïóòíèêîâóþ òåëåìåòðèþ ñîêîëîâ. Ñàïñàí, íåñîìíåííî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåäêèì âèäîì Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà è òðåáóåò ê ñåáå ñïåöèàëüíîãî âíèìàíèÿ. Òåì íå ìåíåå, åãî ñòàòóñ îòíîñèòåëüíî áëàãîïîëó÷åí, ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè íå íàáëþäàåòñÿ, à â ðÿäå ðàéîíîâ ðåãèîíà îíà ðàñò¸ò. Âèä îõðàíÿåòñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â çàïîâåäíèêàõ «Àëòàéñêèé», «Êóçíåöêèé Àëàòàó», «Õàêàññêèé», «Ñòîëáû» è «Àçàñ».

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Â êà÷åñòâå ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé, ñïîñîáñòâóþùèõ óâåëè÷åíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè ñàïñàíà, ñëåäóåò ðåêîìåíäîâàòü ðåàëèçàöèþ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé íà ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ Àëòàÿ, ãîðíîé ÷àñòè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ, Êóçíåöêîé è Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ â Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè è Ðåñïóáëèêå Õàêàñèÿ. Áëàãîäàðíîñòè Õî÷åòñÿ âûðàçèòü áëàãîäàðíîñòü âñåì êîëëåãàì, ïîìîãàâøèì ñîáèðàòü ìàòåðèàë ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà, â òîì ÷èñëå ïî ñàïñàíó, îñîáåííî Àííå Áàðàøêîâîé, Ñåðãåþ Âàæîâó, Ìàêñèìó Ãðàáîâñêîìó, Àíòîíó Ãðèøèíó, Ëåîíèäó Êîíîâàëîâó, Ðîìàíó Ëàïøèíó, Àëåêñåþ Îðëåíêî, Àíäðåþ Ïóðåõîâñêîìó, Àíàñòàñèè Ðûáåíêî, Èëüå Ñìåëÿíñêîìó è Àííå Øåñòàêîâîé, ó÷àñòâîâàâøèì â ýêñïåäèöèÿõ, äèðåêòîðó Ñàÿíî-Øóøåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà À.Ã. Ðàññîëîâó, áûâøåìó äèðåêòîðó Õàêàññêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà Ã.Â. Äåâÿòêèíó è áûâøåìó çàì. äèðåêòîðà ïî ÍÈÐ çàïîâåäíèêà «Óáñóíóðñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà», íûíå äèðåêòîðó çàïîâåäíèêà «Àçàñ» Ì.Ì. Êûíûðàà, âñåöåëî ïîìîãàâøèì â îðãàíèçàöèè ýêñïåäèöèé â 1999–2001 ãã., à òàêæå âîäèòåëÿì Ìèõàèëó Êîæåâíèêîâó è Àíäðåþ Ñåì¸íîâó, íà ïëå÷è êîòîðûõ ë¸ã îñíîâíîé òðóä ïî ýêñòðåìàëüíîìó âîæäåíèþ â ãîðàõ. Ëèòåðàòóðà Áàðàíîâ À.À. Ðåäêèå è èñ÷åçàþùèå æèâîòíûå Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ. Ïòèöû è ìëåêîïèòàþùèå: Ó÷åá. ïîñîáèå. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 1988. 127 ñ. Áàðàíîâ À.À. Ðåäêèå è ìàëîèçó÷åííûå ïòèöû Òóâû: Ìîíîãðàôèÿ. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 1991. 320 ñ. Áàðàíîâ À.À. Ñàïñàí. – Ïòèöû Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè. 2000 (http://birds.krasu.ru/index.php?f= species&ids=86). Áàðàøêîâà À.Í., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Òîìèëåíêî À.À. Íåêîòîðûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêàõ ÊÎÒÐ «Ìàññèâ Òàëäóàèð», ÞãîÂîñòî÷íûé Àëòàé, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009. ¹15. Ñ. 80–89. Áåëÿíêèí À.Ô. Ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ è áèîëîãèè ñàïñàíà â äîëèíå ð. Òîìè. – Îòðàæåíèå äîñòèæåíèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé íàóêè â ó÷åáíîì ïðîöåññå ñðåäíèõ øêîë è âóçîâ è íàðîäíîì õîçÿéñòâå: òåçèñû 4-ãî ñîâåùàíèÿ îðíèòîëîãîâ Ïîâîëæñêî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Ïåðìü, 1984. Ñ. 109–110. Áîãîìîëîâ Ä.Â., Èãíàòåíêî Á.Í. Íàáëþäåíèÿ çà õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè ïëàòî Óêîê. – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû V ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Èâàíîâî, 4–7 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 ã. Èâàíîâî, 2008. Ñ. 193–195. Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áàõòèí Ð.Ô. Î âñòðå÷àõ ðåäêèõ

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Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 âèäîâ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ (Falconiformes) â Àëòàéñêîì è Ñîâåòñêîì ðàéîíàõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. – Áèîðàçíîîáðàçèå, ïðîáëåìû ýêîëîãèè Ãîðíîãî Àëòàÿ è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ ðåãèîíîâ: íàñòîÿùåå, ïðîøëîå, áóäóùåå. Ìàòåðèàëû Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè. Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñê, 2008. Ñ. 56–60. Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áàõòèí Ð.Ô. Âñòðå÷è ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â îêðåñòíîñòè ãîðîäà Áèéñêà, Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009. ¹15. Ñ. 112–113. Âàëþõ Â.Í. Ðàçìåùåíèå è ñîñòîÿíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè íåêîòîðûõ ðåäêèõ è ìàëîèçó÷åííûõ âèäîâ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ. – Ôàóíà è ýêîëîãèÿ æèâîòíûõ Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè. Ìåæâóç. ñá. íàó÷í. òð. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 1996. Ñ. 40–47. Âàñèëü÷åíêî À.À. Ñïèñîê ïòèö çàïîâåäíèêà (õàðàêòåð ïðåáûâàíèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå). – Çàïîâåäíèê «Êóçíåöêèé Àëàòàó». Êåìåðîâî, 1999à. Ñ. 145–155. Âàñèëü÷åíêî À.À. Ðåäêèå æèâîòíûå Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó. Ïòèöû. – Çàïîâåäíèê «Êóçíåöêèé Àëàòàó». Êåìåðîâî, 1999á. Ñ. 196–244. Âàñèëü÷åíêî À.À. Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö â äðåâíåé ïîéìå ðåêè Êèÿ (Øåñòàêîâñêèé áîëîòíûé ìàññèâ â ñåâåðíîé ëåñîñòåïè Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè). – Ñîâðåìåííûå ïðîáëåìû îðíèòîëîãèè Ñèáèðè è Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû II Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè. ×. 1. Óëàí-Óäý, 2003. Ñ. 69–72. Âàñèëü÷åíêî À.À. Ïòèöû Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Êåìåðîâî, 2004. 488 ñ. Ãàãèíà Ò.Í. Ïòèöû Ñàëàèðî-Êóçíåöêîé ãîðíîé ñòðàíû (Êåìåðîâñêàÿ îáëàñòü). – Âîïðîñû ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíû ïðèðîäû. Êåìåðîâî, 1979. Ñ. 5–17. Ãàãèíà Ò.Í., Âàñèëü÷åíêî À.À. Ñàïñàí. – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Êåìåðîâî, 2000. Ñ. 96–97. Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Öûáóëèí Ñ.Ì., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, õàðàêòåð ïðåáûâàíèÿ è ÷èñëåííîñòü ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ. – Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíã è îõðàíà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Ðîññèè. Â. 2. Ìàòåðèàëû ñîâåùàíèé ïî ïðîãðàììå «Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè» (1998–2000 ãã.). Ïîä ðåä. Ñ.À. Áóêðååâà, Â.À. Çóáàêèíà, Ò.Â. Ñâèðèäîâîé. Ì., 2000. Ñ. 85–93. Ãóðååâ Ñ.Ï. Âåëè÷èíà êëàäêè è óñïåøíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïòèö â Êóçíåöêîì Àëàòàó. – Áèîïðîäóêòèâíîñòü è áèîöåíîòè÷åñêèå ñâÿçè íàçåìíûõ ïîçâîíî÷íûõ þãî-âîñòîêà Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Òîìñê, 1989. Ñ. 56–74. Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà. Ì., 1951. Ò. 1. Ñ. 70–341. Äóëüêåéò Ã.Ä. Íîâûå ìëåêîïèòàþùèå è ïòèöû íà áåðåãàõ Òåëåöêîãî îçåðà. – Çàìåòêè ïî ôëîðå è ôàóíå Ñèáèðè. Òîìñê, 1949. Âûï. 7. Ñ. 3–8. Çàáåëèí Â.È. Ïòèöû Òóâû: èçìåíåíèÿ â ôàóíå è íàñåëåíèè çà ïîñëåäíèå 50 ëåò. – Ïðèðîäà è ÷åëîâåê (Áîéäóñ Áîëãàø Êèæè). Êûçûë, 1996. ¹1. Ñ. 42–46. Èðèñîâ Ý.À. Îðíèòîãåîãðàôèÿ Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ è å¸ îöåíêà ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ýïè-

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äåìèîëîãèè. – Îêðóæàþùàÿ ñðåäà è çäîðîâüå ÷åëîâåêà: Òåç. äîêë. ê êîíô. Áàðíàóë, 1981. Ñ. 23–25. Èðèñîâà Í.Ë. Ñàïñàí. – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé. Æèâîòíûå. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1996. Ñ. 149–151. Êàðòàøîâ Í.Ä. Ñàïñàí. – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðåñïóáëèêè Òûâà: Æèâîòíûå. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 2002. Ñ. 91–92. Êàðòàøîâ Í.Ä. Ê ýêîëîãèè ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus Tunst.) â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà. – Ñîâðåìåííûå ïðîáëåìû îðíèòîëîãèè Ñèáèðè è Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû II Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè. ×. 2. ÓëàíÓäý, 2003. Ñ. 128–133. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà: Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (Falconiformes), Ñîâîîáðàçíûå (Strigiformes). Ïåðìü, 1998. 483 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2004. 351 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) è áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà. – Ñîâðåìåííûå ïðîáëåìû îðíèòîëîãèè Ñèáèðè è Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû I Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè. ÓëàíÓäý, 2000. Ñ. 58–61. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ïîïóëÿöèé áàëîáàíà â ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â 2008 ã., Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 63–84. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Åãîðîâà À.Â. Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005à. ¹3. Ñ. 28–51. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Íîâûå äàííûå ïî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ è ÷èñëåííîñòè íåêîòîðûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö è ñîâ â Îáñêîì ïðàâîáåðåæüå Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005á. ¹3. Ñ. 54–64. Êèì Ò.À. Ðåäêèå è èñ÷åçàþùèå ïòèöû Ñàÿí, Ïðèñàÿíüÿ è èõ îõðàíà. – Ðåäêèå íàçåìíûå ïîçâîíî÷íûå Ñèáèðè. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1988. Ñ. 113–119. Êîêîðåâ ß.È. Ñàïñàí íà Òàéìûðå, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹6. Ñ. 26–33. Êîõàíîâñêèé Í.À. Ê ýêîëîãèè õèùíûõ ïòèö þæíîé ÷àñòè Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè. – Òåððèòîðèàëüíîå ðàçìåùåíèå è ýêîëîãèÿ ïòèö þãà Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 1991. Ñ. 81–88. Êóñòîâ Þ.È. Õèùíûå ïòèöû Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû. – Ìèãðàöèè è ýêîëîãèÿ ïòèö Ñèáèðè. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1982. Ñ. 49–59. Êó÷èí À.Ï. Ïòèöû Àëòàÿ. Áàðíàóë, 1976. 232 ñ. Êó÷èí À.Ï. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Àëòàÿ, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÑÑÑÐ. – Îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö: Ìàò-ëû I Ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö (Ìîñêâà, 16– 18 ôåâðàëÿ 1983 ã.). Ì., 1983. Ñ. 134–136. Êó÷èí À.Ï. Ðåäêèå æèâîòíûå Àëòàÿ. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1991. 210 ñ. Êó÷èí À.Ï., Êó÷èíà Í.À. Íîâûå ìàòåðèàëû ïî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ, ÷èñëåííîñòè è ýêîëî-

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Ñàâ÷åíêî À.Ï., Åìåëüÿíîâ Â.È., Áàáàøêèí Ê.Í. Î íåêîòîðûõ ðåäêèõ è ìàëîèçó÷åííûõ ïåðåë¸òíûõ ïòèöàõ Òóâèíñêîé ÀÑÑÐ. – Ìèãðàöèè ïòèö â Àçèè. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1986. Ñ. 204–206. Ñåëåâèí Â.À. Î ïòèöàõ îêðåñòíîñòåé Çìåèíîãîðñêà. – Uragus. 1928. Êí. VIII. ¹3–4. Ñ. 14–18. Ñåëåâèí Â.À. Äîïîëíåíèå ê îðíèòîôàóíå Ïðèàëåéñêîé ñòåïè. – Uragus. 1929. Êí. IX. ¹1. Ñ. 15–23. Ñêàëîí Â.Í. Ïòèöû ð. Èíè (Êóçíåöêîãî îêðóãà). – Uragus. 1927. ¹2(3). Ñ. 16–23. Ñîêîëîâ Ã.À., Ïåòðîâ Ñ.Þ., Áàëàãóðà Í.Í., Ñòàõååâ Â.À., Çàâàöêèé Á.Ï. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ôàóíèñòè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà è ýêîëîãèÿ íåêîòîðûõ ôîíîâûõ âèäîâ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ è ïòèö. – Ñàÿíî-Øóøåíñêèé ãîñ. çàïîâ. (Ìàò-ëû ïî Ïðîåêòó ¹2 Ñîâ. íàö. ïðîãðàììû ÌÀÁ). Êðàñíîÿðñê, 1983. Ñ. 30–54. Ñòàõååâ Â.À., Ñîííèêîâà À.Å., Çàâàöêèé Á.Ï., Æèòëóõèíà Ò.È., Ðàññîëîâ À.Ã., Êóâàåâ Â.Á., Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé Å.Å., Øòèëüìàðê Ô.Ð. ÑàÿíîØóøåíñêèé çàïîâåäíèê. – Çàïîâåäíèêè Ñèáèðè. Ì, 1999. Ò. 1. Ñ. 116–127. Ñòåïàíÿí Ë.Ñ. Êîíñïåêò îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ôàóíû ÑÑÑÐ. Ì., 1990. 728 ñ. Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Ìèíóñèíñêîãî êðàÿ, Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà è Óðÿíõàéñêîé çåìëè. Ì., 1914. 551 ñ. Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Àëòàÿ è ïðèëåæàùèõ ÷àñòåé Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè. Ò. 1–2. Ì. – Ë., 1938. 754 ñ. Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé Å.Å., Ðîãà÷åâà Ý.Â., Ñàâ÷åíêî À.Ï., Ñîêîëîâ Ã.À., Áàðàíîâ À.À., Åìåëüÿíîâ Â.È. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ. Ðåäêèå è íàõîäÿùèåñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âèäû æèâîòíûõ. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 2000. 248 ñ. Òîêàðåâ Â.È., Êó÷èí À.Ï. Õèùíûå ïòèöû áàññåéíà ðåêè Ëåáåäè. Ðóêîïèñü. 1995. Ôëèíò Â.Å. Ê îðíèòîôàóíå Òóâû. – Îðíèòîëîãèÿ. Ì., 1962. Âûï. 5. Ñ. 144–146. Õàõëîâ Â.À. Êóçíåöêàÿ ñòåïü è Ñàëàèð (Ïòèöû). ×. 1–2. – Ó÷åí. çàï. Ïåðì. ïåä. èí-òà. 1937. Âûï. 1. Ñ. 1–243. Öûáóëèí Ñ.Ì. Ïòèöû Ñåâåðíîãî Àëòàÿ. – Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1999. 519 ñ. Öûáóëèí Ñ.Ì., Áîãîìîëîâà È.Í. ×èñëåííîñòü è ðàñïðåäåëåíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö íà Ñåâåðíîì Àëòàå. – Ýêîëîãèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö: Ìàòëû I Ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö (Ìîñêâà, 16–18 ôåâðàëÿ 1983 ã.). Ì., 1983. Ñ. 152–155. Þäèí Ê.À. Íàáëþäåíèÿ íàä ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèåì è áèîëîãèåé ïòèö Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ. – Òð. Çîîë. èí-òà ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ. Ë., 1952. Ò. 9. ×. 1. Ñ. 1029–1060. ßêóøêèí Ã.Ä., Äîðîãîâ Â.Ô., Áîðæîíîâ Á.Á., Êóêñîâ Â.À., Êîëïàùèêîâ Ë.À. Ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèè ñîêîëà-ñàïñàíà íà Òàéìûðå. – Ïòèöû Òàéìûðà. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1983. Ñ. 42–45. ßíóøåâè÷ À.È. Ôàóíà ïîçâîíî÷íûõ Òóâèíñêîé îáëàñòè. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1952. 142 ñ. Naldo J.L., Samour J.H. Update from the Fahad Bin Sultan Falcon Center. – Falco. 2003. ¹21. P. 13–14. Ryabtsev V.V. Peregrine Falcon in Pribaikal Region. – Falco. 2003. ¹22. P. 3–4.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

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Imperial Eagle in the Altai Mountains: Results of the Research in 2009, Russia МОГИЛЬНИК В ГОРАХ АЛТАЯ: РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ 2009 ГОДА, РОССИЯ Karyakin I.V. (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia) Nikolenko E.G. (Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk, Russia) Vazhov S.V. (Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia) Bekmansurov R.H. (NP "Nizhnyaya Kama", Elabuga, Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Николенко Э.Г. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия) Важов С.В. (Алтайский государственный университет, Барнаул, Россия) Бекмансуров Р.Х. (Национальный парк «Нижняя Кама», Елабуга, Россия)

Àáñòðàêò Â ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîâ â 2009 ã. Â ñåçîí 2009 ã. â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ áûëî âûÿâëåíî 122 íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) (35 â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå è 87 â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé). Íà 109 ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíî 154 ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè îðëîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå 54 æèëûõ ãíåçäà, íà êîòîðûõ íàáëþäàëèñü âçðîñëûå ïòèöû, 4 ãíåçäà ñ æèâûìè êëàäêàìè è 3 – ñ ïîãèáøèìè, 22 ãíåçäà ñ æèâûìè ïòåíöàìè è 1 – ñ ïîãèáøèìè, 16 ãí¸çä áûëè çàíÿòû ïòèöàìè, íî ïóñòîâàëè â ìîìåíò èõ îáíàðóæåíèÿ ïî ïðè÷èíå íåóäà÷íîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ èëè åãî îòñóòñòâèÿ. Ó÷òåíî 212 âçðîñëûõ ïòèö, â òîì ÷èñëå 19 ïòèö â âîçðàñòå 4–5-òè ëåò, ó÷àñòâóþùèõ â ðàçìíîæåíèè, 18 ïòèö â âîçðàñòå 3–4-õ ëåò, íå ïðèâÿçàííûõ ê ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì è 19 ñë¸òêîâ ïðîøëîãî ãîäà, 3 èç êîòîðûõ íàáëþäàëèñü íà ó÷àñòêàõ ñ ðàçìíîæàþùèìèñÿ âçðîñëûìè ïòèöàìè. Ïîìèìî ýòîãî, â ðàìêàõ ìîíèòîðèíãà, ïðîâåðåíî 36 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ (25 â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå è 11 â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé), âñòðå÷åíî 58 âçðîñëûõ ïòèö íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ è 11 ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, íå ïðèâÿçàííûõ ê êàêîé-ëèáî òåððèòîðèè. Ïîäòâåðæäåíà îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäîâîé ïîïóëÿöèè ìîãèëüíèêà â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ â 683–811 ïàð, ñäåëàííàÿ ðàíåå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ìîãèëüíèê, Aquila heliaca, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ, Àëòàé. Abstract Paper is based on data of researches of authors in 2009. We observed 122 new breeding territories of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) (35 territories in the Altai Kray and 87 territories in the Republic of Altai). There are 154 nests discovered in 109 territories including 54 living nests with only adult birds, 4 nests with alive and 3 with dead clutches, 22 nests with alive and 1 with dead chicks; also 16 nests had been occupied by birds, but was empty during the moment of their inspection owing to no or unsuccessful breeding. We recorded 212 adults including 19 breeding birds in the age of 4–5 years, 18 non-breeding birds in the age of 3–4 years and 19 subadults 1 year old, 3 from which were observed on territories occupied breeding pairs. Besides this 36 breeding territories known earlier were monitored (25 – in the Altai Kray and 11 – in the Republic of Altai); 58 adults on breeding territories and 11 non-breeding subadults were noted. Our earlier estimation of the breeding population number in the Altai mountains at 683–811 pairs (Karyakin at al., 2009) has been confirmed. Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Imperial Eagle, Aquila heliaca, distribution, population status, breeding biology, Altai Mountains.

Ìåòîäèêà Â 2009 ã. ñ 15 ìàÿ ïî 21 èþëÿ ýêñïåäèöèîííîé ãðóïïîé Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è Ñèáèðñêîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà ïðîäîëæåíà ðàáîòà ïî èçó÷åíèþ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòè è ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ. Ñ öåëüþ ìîíèòîðèíãà ïîïóëÿöèè ïîñåùàëèñü ðàíåå âûÿâëåííûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ìîãèëüíèêà íà òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ (ñðåäíåå òå÷åíèå ð. ×àðûø è ð. Àíóé, à òàêæå èõ íàèáîëåå êðóïíûå ïðèòîêè) è Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé (âåðõíåå òå÷åíèå ð. Àíóé, Óñòü-Êàíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà, äîëèíà ð. Åëî, Êóðàéñêàÿ ñòåïü). Äëÿ áîëåå äåòàëüíîãî èçó÷åíèÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ è óâåëè÷åíèÿ òî÷íîñòè

The field party of the Center of Field Studies and the Siberian Environmental Center continued studies of distribution, number and breeding biology of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the Altai Mountains on 15 May – 21 July, 2009. Monitoring the population the breeding territories of the Imperial Eagle had been revealed earlier in the territory of the Altai Kray and the Republic of Altai were visited. New territories were also surveyed to make the estimated number of the Imperial Eagle and its distribution more exact. We set up 18 study plots with a total area of 5041.6 km2. The technique of the Imperial Eagle’s breeding territory revealing and nest searching was described earlier (Karyakin et al., 2009).

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Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Elvira Nikolenko NGO Siberian Environmental Center P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk 630090 Russia tel.: +7 383 363 00 59 elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru Sergey Vazhov Altai State University P.O. Box 25, Biysk 659300 Russia tel.: +7 3854 35 72 52 v_c85@list.ru Rinur Bekmansurov National Park “Nizhnyaya Kama” Neftyanikov str., 175 Elabuga Republic of Tatarstan 423600 Russia tel.: +7 85557 4 33 56 rinur@yandex.ru

îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà ïîñåùàëèñü íîâûå òåððèòîðèè: ñðåäíåå òå÷åíèå ð. Ïåñ÷àíîé è å¸ ëåâîáåðåæíûå ïðèòîêè, ñåâåðî-çàïàäíàÿ ÷àñòü Ñåìèíñêîãî õðåáòà (Àëòàéñêèé êðàé), âåðõíåå òå÷åíèå ðåê Ïåñ÷àíàÿ, Àíóé, äîëèíà ð. Êàðàêîë (ïðèòîê ð. Àíóé), çàïàäíàÿ ÷àñòü Óñòü-Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíû, Àáàéñêàÿ è Óéìîíñêàÿ ñòåïè, íèæíåå òå÷åíèå ð. Êîêñà è äîëèíû å¸ ïðèòîêîâ Êàðàãàé è Áàííàÿ, äîëèíà Êàòóíè âäîëü ×óéñêîãî òðàêòà îò óñòüÿ ð. ×óÿ äî óñòüÿ ð. Áîë. Èëüãóìåíü, äîëèíû ðåê Òàðõàòà, Äæàçàòîð, Êàëãóòû, âåðõíåå òå÷åíèå ðåê Àê-Àëàõà è Àðãóò (Àëòàé). Çàëîæåíî 18 ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 5041,6 êì2. Âûÿâëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêà è ïîèñê ãí¸çä ïðîâîäèëñÿ ïî òîé æå ìåòîäèêå, ÷òî è ðàíåå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). Ðåçóëüòàòû è èõ îáñóæäåíèå Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé c 15 ìàÿ ïî 21 èþëÿ 2009 ã. óäàëîñü âûÿâèòü 122 íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ (35 â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå è 87 â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé) (ðèñ. 1). Íà 109 ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíî 154 ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè îðëîâ: 9 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê íå ïðîâåðåíû, 54 – îêàçàëèñü æèëûìè, íà êîòîðûõ íàáëþäàëèñü âçðîñëûå ïòèöû, íî ñîäåðæèìîå ãí¸çä íå áûëî ïðîâåðåíî, â 4-õ ãí¸çäàõ íàõîäèëèñü íàñèæèâàåìûå êëàäêè, â 3-õ – ïîãèáøèå, 3 ãíåçäà áûëî ðàçðóøåíî, â òîì ÷èñëå 2 èç íèõ – â ïðîöåññå íàñèæèâàíèÿ êëàäîê, â 22-õ ãí¸çäàõ íàáëþäàëèñü ïòåíöû, â 1-ì ãíåçäå – ïîãèáøèé âûâîäîê, 16 ãí¸çä áûëî çàíÿòî ïòèöàìè, íî ïóñòîâàëî â ìîìåíò èõ îáíàðóæåíèÿ ïî ïðè÷èíå íåóäà÷íîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ èëè åãî îòñóòñòâèÿ (â îäíîì ñëó÷àå äîñòîâåðíî ïîãèá íà ËÝÏ îäèí èç ïàðò-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ For the period of current surveys 122 new breeding territories of the Imperial Eagle were found (35 in the Altai Kray and 87 in the Republic of Altai) (fig. 1). We revealed 154 nest in 109 territories: 9 nests were not checked up, 54 were occupied, where adult birds were observed, but contents of nests were not checked up, 4 nests were with hatched clutches, 3 – with dead clutches, 3 nests were destroyed, including 2 of them during hatching; nestlings were recorded in 22 nests, and a dead brood was noted in one nest, 16 nests were empty at the moment of their inspection due to unsuccessful breeding or its absence (in one case one of partners was authentically electrocuted) but had been occupied by birds; 42 nests were old, 38 of them were located in the occupied breeding territories of eagles (4 nests were found in empty territories of eagles). We recorded 212 adults, including 19 birds of 4–5 years old participating in the breeding, 18 birds of 3–4 years old unattached to any breeding territory and 19 subadults, 3 of which were observed in the territories of breeding adult birds. Also monitoring the population we checked 36 eagles’s breeding territories known earlier (25 in the Altai Kray and 11 in the Republic of Altai); recorded 58 adult birds in breeding territories and 11 young birds unattached to any territory. In the Altai Kray we examined 16 occupied and 5 empty nests, while one nest had contained the dead clutch, one – the dead brood, and 3 nests were not checked up; 10 old nests, 8 from which were in the occupied by Imperial Eagles territories, and 2 nests were located in the territories left by birds (both of empty territories had been occupied by Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos, and in one territory the Golden Eagle had successfully bred in an old nest of the Imperial Eagle). In 9 territories eagle’s nests known earlier had been destroyed, while in 5 territories we found new nests occupied by eagles, in two we registered pairs near the destroyed nests and 2 territories seemed to be derelict. In the Republic of Altai we examined 8 occupied and 2 empty nests, one of which was with a dead clutch, in another one of partners was authentically electrocuted; 4 old nests, 3 of which were on the territories occupied by eagles and one territory with the nest seemed to

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca). Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). Photo by E. Nikolenko.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ. Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, îáíàðóæåííûå âïåðâûå â 2009 ã., 2 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, îáíàðóæåííûå â 2000–2008 ãã. è ïðîâåðåííûå â 2009 ã., 3 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, îáíàðóæåííûå â 2000–2008 ãã., íî íå ïîñåùàâøèåñÿ â 2009 ã. Fig. 1. Distribution of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the Altai Mountains. Labels: 1 – breeding territories discovered in 2009, 2 – breeding territories discovered in 2000–2008 and inspected in 2009, 3 – breeding territories discovered in 2000–2008, but not inspected in 2009.

í¸ðîâ), 42 ïîñòðîéêè îêàçàëèñü ñòàðûìè: 38 èç íèõ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà çàíÿòûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îðëîâ è 4 – íà ïóñòóþùèõ. Ó÷òåíî 212 âçðîñëûõ ïòèö, â òîì ÷èñëå 19 ïòèö â âîçðàñòå 4–5-òè ëåò, ó÷àñòâóþùèõ â ðàçìíîæåíèè, 18 ïòèö â âîçðàñòå 3–4-õ ëåò, íå ïðèâÿçàííûõ ê ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì è 19 ñë¸òêîâ ïðîøëîãî ãîäà, 3 èç êîòîðûõ íàáëþäàëèñü íà ó÷àñòêàõ ñ ðàçìíîæàþùèìèñÿ âçðîñëûìè ïòèöàìè. Ïîìèìî ýòîãî, â ðàìêàõ ìîíèòîðèíãà, ïðîâåðåíî 36 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ (25 â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå è 11 â

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be abandoned, 2 territories were found with destroyed nests that known earlier, however we found the new occupied nest in one territory, another territory seemed to be abandoned, also we reveal a territory, where the pair performing courtship was observed. Following data obtained the occupancy of the Imperial Eagle’s breeding territories in the Altai Mountains remains stable. For earlier surveyed territories we can confirm 5 breeding territories abandoned and occurrence of 4 new territories. According to counts in 2009 the average distance between the nearest neighbors (table 1) was 4.73±3.45 km (n=126; range 0.9–18.38 km; Ex=4.18). The minimal distances were observed in the Ust-Kanskaya depression (plots ¹10–11) – 0.9–3.3 km, on the average (n=22) 2.07±0.67 km, and also in the upper reaches of the Anuy river (plot ¹9) – 1.36–4.75 km, on an average (n=20) 2.8±0.95 km and in the Abayskaya steppe (plot ¹13) – 1.4–6.88 km, on the average (n=11) 2.92±1.6 km. In the Altai Kray the territory of low mountains covered mainly by birch forests seemed to be the least densely populated by Imperial Eagles. Surveying 6 study plots (fig. 2) we revealed 53 pairs distributed with the average density of 2.33 pairs/100 km2 of total area (0.62–3.28 pairs/100 km2 of total area). The minimal density was revealed in the foothills in the transitional zone of Altai Mountains and the Prealtai plain at the site Novokalmanovka – Ogni – Mikhailovka villages – 0.62 pairs/100 km2 of total area. In the northwest part of the Seminskiy Mountain ridge the Imperial Eagle was not found breeding in a forest zone of top parts of the ridge. In a zone of low mountains the density varied from 2.45 up to 3.28 pairs/100 km2 of total area (on the average 2.89 pairs/100 km2 of total area), actually increasing on that sites where larch predominated in the forest canopy. In the Republic of Altai (fig. 2) 90 pairs of eagles were noted on 9 study plots. The average density varied from 1.61 pairs/100 km2 varies (range 1.44–1.77 pairs/100 km2 of total area) in the Katun river valley lower the Chuya river mouth in the Uymonskaya steppe to 11.5 pairs/100 km2 of total area (range 10.81–13.78 pairs/100 km2) in the Ust-Kanskaya depression. In the upper Ìîãèëüíèê è ÷¸ðíàÿ âîðîíà (Corvus corone). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Imperial Eagle and Carrion Crow (Corvus corone). Photo by I. Karyakin.

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Ðèñ. 2. Ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè â òàáë. 1. Fig. 2. Study areas. Numbers of study areas are similar ones in the table 1.

Òèïè÷íîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêà íåäàëåêî îò ôåðìû. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Typical location of the Imperial Eagle’s nest near a farm. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ reaches of Anuy (including the Karakol river valley) and Peschanaya river as well as in the Abayskaya steppe the density amounted to 5.21–6.66 pairs/100 km2 of total area, making an average of 5.84 pairs/100 km2. Thus parameters of density seem to be close to data obtained in 2008. It is new revealed fact that the Imperial Eagle has regular distribution to breed in the Katun river valley lower the Chuya river mouth that allows assuming not less than 30–40 pairs to breed. At the same time the Imperial Eagle was not found breeding in larch forests of Tarkhata, Dzhazator and Argut rivers and especially in the forestless Bertekskaya depression of the Ukok Plateau. Larch forests in those territories are located significantly higher than the Imperial Eagle prefers to nest usually. Thus, earlier known facts on the Imperial Eagle breeding in the Ukok should be considered as erroneous. Considering new data on distribution and number of the Imperial Eagle we has confirmed our previous estimation of number: 683–811 pairs breeding in the Russian part of the Altai Mountains, on the average 747 pairs (Karyakin et al., 2009). Now 370 breeding territories occupied by eagles that make 49.9% of the estimated number are known. Probably the main territories of the Imperial Eagle densest breeding in region have already revealed completely. According to data of current surveys in the Altai Mountains 85.62% of eagle’s nests (n=313) are located on larches, 12.78% – on birches, 1.28% – on poplars, 0.32% – and on pines (fig. 4). The majority of pairs build their own nests in the upper fork of tree (n=313) – 46.65% and in the top third of trunk – 30.35% (fig. 5). The average height of nest location was 16.31±4.26 m (n=313; range 4–28 m; Ex=0.18). The average clutch size was (including dead) 2.08±0.67 eggs (n=12; range1–3). The average brood size (including juveniles registered near the nest) was 1.6±0.58 chicks (n=89; range 1–3). Broods consisting of 2 chicks were observed at 50.56% of pairs (fig. 6). Our surveys in 2009 once again have proved the global value of Altai for conservation of the Eastern Imperial Eagle populations. We would pay attention to the fact that almost all known breeding territories of the Imperial Eagle are located out of protected areas, thus the population remains vulnerable. It should be considered at the developing of system of protected areas in the Republic of Altai.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Òèïè÷íîå ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà íà ëèñòâåííèöå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Typical nest of the Imperial Eagle on a larch. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé), âñòðå÷åíî 58 âçðîñëûõ ïòèö íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ è 11 ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, íå ïðèâÿçàííûõ ê êàêîé-ëèáî òåððèòîðèè. Â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå îñìîòðåíî 16 æèëûõ ãí¸çä, 5 ïóñòóþùèõ (â îäíîì èç íèõ ïîãèáëà êëàäêà, â îäíîì – âûâîäîê, ñîäåðæèìîå òð¸õ ãí¸çä íå áûëî ïðîâåðåíî), 10 ñòàðûõ ïîñòðîåê, 8 èç êîòîðûõ íàõîäèëèñü íà çàíÿòûõ ìîãèëüíèêàìè ó÷àñòêàõ è 2 – íà ó÷àñòêàõ, îñòàâëåííûõ ïòèöàìè (îáà ïóñòóþùèõ ó÷àñòêà áûëè çàíÿòû áåðêóòàìè Aquila chrysaetos, ïðè÷¸ì â îäíîì ñëó÷àå áåðêóò óñïåøíî ðàçìíîæàëñÿ â ñòàðîé ïîñòðîéêå ìîãèëüíèêà), íà 9 ó÷àñòêàõ ðàíåå èçâåñòíûå ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ îêàçàëèñü ðàçðóøåííûìè, ïðè÷¸ì íà 5 ó÷àñòêàõ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû íîâûå ïîñòðîéêè, çàíÿòûå îðëàìè, íà äâóõ âñòðå÷åíû ïàðû áëèç ðàçðóøåííûõ ãí¸çä è íà äâóõ ó÷àñòêàõ íå óäàëîñü îáíàðóæèòü íîâûõ ãí¸çä èëè âñòðåòèòü ïòèö. Â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé îñìîòðåíî 8 æèëûõ ãí¸çä, 2 ïóñòóþùèõ, â îäíîì èç êîòîðûõ ïîãèáëà êëàäêà, à â äðóãîì äîñòîâåðíî ïîãèá íà ËÝÏ îäèí èç ïàðòí¸ðîâ, 4 ñòàðûõ ïîñòðîéêè, 3 èç êîòîðûõ íàõîäèëèñü íà çàíÿòûõ ìîãèëüíèêàìè ó÷àñòêàõ è 1 – íà ó÷àñòêå, îñòàâëåííîì ïòèöàìè, íà äâóõ ó÷àñòêàõ ðàíåå èçâåñòíûå ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ îêàçàëèñü ðàçðóøåííûìè, ïðè÷¸ì íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî íîâîå ãíåçäî, çàíÿòîå îðëàìè, à íà äðóãîì ó÷àñòêå íå óäàëîñü îáíàðóæèòü íîâîãî ãíåçäà èëè âñòðåòèòü ïòèö, âûÿâëåí òàêæå îäèí ó÷àñòîê, íà êîòîðîì âñòðå÷åíà ïàðà òîêóþùèõ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö. Â öåëîì ñèòóàöèÿ ñ çàíÿòîñòüþ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêà â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ îñòà¸òñÿ ñòàáèëüíîé. Äëÿ ðàíåå îáñëåäîâàííûõ òåððèòîðèé ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î ïðåêðàùåíèè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà íà ïÿòè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ è ïîÿâëåíèè ÷åòûð¸õ íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ.

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Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ 2009 ã. (òàáë. 1) âàðüèðóåò îò 0,9 äî 18,38 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=126) 4,73±3,45 êì (Ex=4,18). Ìèíèìàëüíûå äèñòàíöèè, êàê è ðàíåå, íàáëþäàþòñÿ â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (ïëîùàäêè ¹¹10–11) – 0,9–3,3 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=22) 2,07±0,67 êì, à òàêæå â âåðõîâüÿõ Àíóÿ (ïëîùàäêà ¹9) – 1,36–4,75 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=20) 2,8±0,95 êì è â Àáàéñêîé ñòåïè (ïëîùàäêà ¹13) – 1,4–6,88 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=11) 2,92±1,6 êì. Â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå, êàê è îæèäàëîñü, íàèìåíåå ïëîòíî çàñåë¸ííîé ìîãèëüíèêàìè îêàçàëàñü òåððèòîðèÿ ïîëîñû íèçêîãîðèé, ïîêðûòàÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî áåð¸çîâûìè ëåñàìè. Áîëåå èëè ìåíåå äåòàëüíûé îñìîòð 6 ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê (ðèñ. 2) ïîçâîëèë âûÿâèòü 53 ïàðû, ðàñïðåäåë¸ííûõ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 0,62–3,28 ïàðû/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè, â ñðåäíåì 2,33 ïàðû/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè. Äàííûé ïîêàçàòåëü âûøå

Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà ñ ïîãèáøåé êëàäêîé, ðàçðóøåííîå âåòðîì. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. The nest of the Imperial Eagle with dead clutch destroyed by wind. Photos by I. Karyakin.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 1. Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð è äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) íà ïëîùàäêàõ â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 2. Table 1. Density of breeding pairs and distances between the nearest neighbor nests of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) on study plots in the Altai Mountains. Numbers of study plots are similar ones in the fig. 2.

¹ 1

3 4 5

7 8 9 10

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Ðåãèîí Íàçâàíèå ïëîùàäêè Administrative Name of plot region Ñðåäíåå òå÷åíèå ð. Ïåñ÷àíàÿ â îêðåñò- Àëòàéñêèé êðàé íîñòÿõ ñ¸ë Êóÿãàí è Êóÿ÷à Altai Kray Middle part of the Peschanaya river near settl. Kuyagan and Kuyacha Âîäîðàçäåë â ëåâîáåðåæüå ñðåäíåãî òå- Àëòàéñêèé êðàé ÷åíèÿ ð. Ïåñ÷àíàÿ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ¸ë Altai Kray Áóëàòîâî è Êàðïîâî Watershed at the left side of the middle reaches of the Peschanaya river in vicinities of Bulatovo and Karpovo villages Ñðåäíåå òå÷åíèå ð. Àíóé Àëòàéñêèé êðàé Middle part of the Anuy river Altai Kray Ñðåäíåå òå÷åíèå ð. ×àðûø Àëòàéñêèé êðàé Middle part of the Charysh river Altai Kray Ïðåäãîðüÿ Àëòàÿ íà ó÷àñòêå ñ. Íîâîêàë- Àëòàéñêèé êðàé Altai Kray ìàíêà – ñ. Îãíè – ñ. Ìèõàéëîâêà Foothills of Altai on the site Hovokolmanka – Ogni – Mikhaylovka villages Ñåâåðî-çàïàäíàÿ îêîíå÷íîñòü Ñåìèíñêî- Àëòàéñêèé êðàé Altai Kray ãî õðåáòà (ã. Áàáûðãàí, äîëèíà ð. Àÿ) Northern-Western edge of the Seminskiy ridge (Babyrgan Mountain, Aya river valley) Âåðõîâüÿ ð. Ïåñ÷àíàÿ Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé Upper reaches of the Peschanaya river Altai Republic ð. Êàðàêîë / Karakol river Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé Altai Republic Âåðõîâüÿ ð. Àíóé Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé Upper reaches of the Anuy river Altai Republic Óñòü-Êàíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé ñ. ßêîíóð / Ust-Kanskaya depression near Altai Republic the Yakonur village Çàïàäíàÿ ÷àñòü Óñòü-Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíû Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé Western part of the Ust-Kanskaya Altai Republic depression Äîëèíû ðð. Êîêñà, Êàðàãàé, Áàííàÿ Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé Koksa, Karagay, Bannaya river valleys Altai Republic Àáàéñêàÿ ñòåïü / Abayskaya steppe Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé Altai Republic Óéìîíñêàÿ ñòåïü / Uymonskaya steppe Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé Altai Republic ð. Êàòóíü íèæå óñòüÿ ×óè Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé Katun river lower the Chuya river mouth Altai Republic ð. Òàðõàòà / Tarkhata river Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé Altai Republic ð. Äæàçàòîð / Dzhazator river Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé Altai Republic ð. Êàëãóòû / Kalguty river Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé Altai Republic

Ïàðû Pairs

Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/100 êì2) Density (pair/100 êì2)

Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè (êì) Distances between the nearest neighbors (km) (n) M±SD (Lim)

274.398

3.28

(n=8) 4.93±1.75 (1.93–7.46)

128.926

566.089

694.316

323.049

288.396

135.109

95.903

359.095

50.808

13.78

166.588

10.81

261.565

3.06

180.252

6.66

470.74

1.70

276.875

1.44

(n=16) 2.04±0.75 (0.9–3.3) (n=6) 4.55±1.77 (2.36–6.49) (n=11) 2.92±1.6 (1.4–6.88) (n=7) 6.14±1.9 (4.18–9.44) (n=3) 10.83±3.44 (6.87–13.09)

77.13

–

306.38

–

386.02

–

Ïëîùàäü (êì2) Area (km2)

(n=3) 6.82±1.03 (6.0–7.98) (n=18) 7.25±4.47 3.18 (3.11–18.0) (n=13) 7.01±2.88 2.45 (29–11.57) 3.10

0.62

(n=1) 14.26

(n=2) 11.48±9.76 (4.58–18.38) (n=8) 3.08±1.43 6.66 (1.45–5.13) (n=4) 4.08±1.83 5.21 (2.37–5.95) (n=20) 2.8±0.95 5.29 (1.36–4.75) 1.04

(n=6) 2.15±0.43 (1.4–2.69)

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ïëîòíîñòè (1,9 ïàðû/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè), ïîëó÷åííîé íà îñíîâàíèè ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ 2002–2003 ãã. (ñì. Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005), ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ áîëåå ïîëíûì îáñëåäîâàíèåì ïðèäîëèííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è, â ìåíüøåé ñòåïåíè, âîäîðàçäåëîâ, íà êîòîðûõ ìîãèëüíèê ïðàêòè÷åñêè îòñóòñòâóåò, îäíàêî ìåíüøå ðàñ÷¸òíûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé 2008 ã. (4,15 ïàðû/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè; ñì. Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009), ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ áîëåå øèðîêèì îõâàòîì äîëèí, ëåæàùèõ âíå îïòèìóìà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà (êðàé Ïðåäàëòàéñêîé ðàâíèíû, ñåâåðîçàïàäíàÿ îêîíå÷íîñòü Ñåìèíñêîãî õðåáòà), à òàêæå èñ÷åçíîâåíèåì äâóõ ïàð ïî ïðè÷èíå âûòåñíåíèÿ èõ áåðêóòàìè. Ìèíèìàëüíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü âûÿâëåíà â ïîëîñå ïðåäãîðèé íà ñòûêå ãîð è ïðåäàëòàéñêîé ðàâíèíû íà ó÷àñòêå ñ. Íîâîêàëìàíêà – ñ. Îãíè – ñ. Ìèõàéëîâêà – 0,62 ïàðû/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè. Â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ñåìèíñêîãî õðåáòà ìîãèëüíèê íå îáíàðóæåí â ëåñíîì ïîÿñå âåðøèííûõ ÷àñòåé õðåáòà. Çäåñü ýòîò îð¸ë ãíåçäèòñÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî â äîëèíàõ ðåê, íàïðîòèâ ëåòíèõ ëàãåðåé ñêîòà. Äëÿ ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ñåìèíñêîãî õðåáòà ïëîòíîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îïðåäåëåíà â 1,04 ïàðû/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè. Â ïîëîñå íèçêîãîðèé ïëîòíîñòü âàðüèðóåò îò 2,45 äî 3,28 ïàðû/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè (â ñðåäíåì 2,89 ïàðû/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè), çàêîíîìåðíî ïîâûøàÿñü â ïîÿñå äîìèíèðîâàíèÿ ëèñòâåííèöû. Â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé (ðèñ. 2) íà 9 ïëîùàäêàõ ó÷òåíî 90 ïàð ìîãèëüíè-

Ðèñ. 3. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà, óñòðîåííûõ íà ðàçíûõ äåðåâüÿõ, â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ. Fig. 3. Distribution of the Imperial Eagle’s nests located on different trees in the Altai Mountains.

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Ìîëîäîé ìîãèëüíèê. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Young Imperial Eagle. Photo by I. Karyakin.

êîâ. Ïëîòíîñòü âàðüèðóåò îò 1,44–1,77 ïàðû/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè (â ñðåäíåì 1,61 ïàðû/100 êì2) â äîëèíå Êàòóíè, íà ó÷àñòêå íèæå ×óè è â Óéìîíñêîé ñòåïè, äî 10,81–13,78 ïàðû/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè (â ñðåäíåì 11,5 ïàðû/100 êì2) â ÓñòüÊàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, â å¸ çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè è áëèç ßêîíóðà. Â âåðõîâüÿõ Àíóÿ (âêëþ÷àÿ äîëèíó Êàðàêîëà), â âåðõîâüÿõ Ïåñ÷àíîé è Àáàéñêîé ñòåïè ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâëÿåò 5,21– 6,66 ïàðû/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè (â ñðåäíåì 5,84 ïàðû/100 êì2). Â öåëîì ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè áëèçêè ê ïîëó÷åííûì â 2008 ã. Èç íîâîãî, âûÿâëåííîãî â ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè ìîãèëüíèêà, óñòàíîâëåíî åãî ðàâíîìåðíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå â äîëèíå Êàòóíè íèæå óñòüÿ ×óè, ÷òî ïðåäïîëàãàåò çäåñü ãíåçäîâàíèå íå ìåíåå 30–40 ïàð. Â òî æå âðåìÿ ìîãèëüíèê íå îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ëèñòâåííè÷íèêàõ äîëèí ðåê Òàðõàòû, Äæàçàòîðà, Àðãóòà è, òåì áîëåå, â áåçëåñíîé Áåðòåêñêîé êîòëîâèíå ïëîñêîãîðüÿ Óêîê. Ëèñòâåííè÷íèêè çäåñü ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà âûñîòàõ 1500–2000 ì – çà ïðåäåëàìè âûñîòíîãî äèàïàçîíà, â êîòîðîì ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà íîñèò íîðìàëüíûé õàðàêòåð. Â ñâåòå ýòîãî ïðåæíèå óêàçàíèÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà íà Óêîêå (Áîãîìîëîâ, Èãíàòåíêî, 2008) ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü îøèáî÷íûìè. Â äàííîì ñëó÷àå, ñêîðåå âñåãî, àâòîðàìè çà ìîãèëüíèêîâ ïðèíèìàëèñü ñòåïíûå îðëû (Aquila nipalensis), êîòîðûå íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà âåðøèíàõ ëèñòâåííèö ó âåðõíåãî ïðåäåëà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ëåñà è ïî ïåðèôåðèè ñòåïíûõ äîëèí. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî â âåðõíåì òå÷åíèè Àðãóòà, âêëþ÷àÿ ñòåïü Ñàìàõó, íàìè âîîáùå íå îáíàðóæåíû íà ãíåçäîâàíèè êàêèå-ëèáî âèäû êðóïíûõ îðëîâ ïî ïðè÷èíå îòñóòñòâèÿ çäåñü ðîþùèõ ãðûçóíîâ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ íîâûå äàííûå ïî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ è ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà, ìû

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ñêëîííû ñ÷èòàòü íàøó ïðåæíþþ îöåíêó ÷èñëåííîñòè äîñòîâåðíîé: â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ â åãî ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè ãíåçäèòñÿ 683–811 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 747 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çäåñü èçâåñòíî 370 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. çàíèìàåìûõ îðëàìè, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 49,9% îò ðàñ÷¸òíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè, ïðè òîì, ÷òî îñíîâíûå ìåñòà íàèáîëåå ïëîòíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â ðåãèîíå, âèäèìî, óæå ïîëíîñòüþ âûÿâëåíû.

Ðèñ. 4. Õàðàêòåð óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà íà ðàçíûõ âèäàõ äåðåâüåâ â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ. Fig. 4. Character of the Imperial Eagle’s nest location on different tree species in the Altai Mountains.

Ðèñ. 5. Õàðàêòåð ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà íà äåðåâüÿõ. Fig. 5. Location characteristic of the Imperial Eagle’s nests on trees.

Ðèñ. 6. Êîëè÷åñòâî ÿèö â êëàäêàõ (ââåðõó) è ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ ìîãèëüíèêà (âíèçó). Fig. 6. Number of eggs in clutches (upper) and chicks in broods of the Imperial Eagle (bottom).

Ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ Â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ äîìèíèðóåò ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëîâ íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ ïî ïåðèôåðèè ñòåïíûõ äîëèí. Êàê ïðàâèëî, âñå ãí¸çäà õîðîøî ïðîñìàòðèâàþòñÿ èç äîëèí, òàê êàê ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â âåðõíèõ ÷àñòÿõ êðîí äåðåâüåâ, íà êðàéíèõ äåðåâüÿõ íà îïóøêàõ ìàññèâîâ ëåñà ëèáî âîîáùå íà îäèíî÷íûõ äåðåâüÿõ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). Ñ ó÷¸òîì èññëåäîâàíèé òåêóùåãî ãîäà íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ (n=313) 85,62% ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêîâ, íà áåð¸çàõ – 12,78%, íà òîïîëÿõ – 1,28% è íà ñîñíàõ – 0,32% (ðèñ. 4). Ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïî âñåé ïîëîñå íèçêîãîðèé ñóùåñòâóåò íåøèðîêèé (20–30 êèëîìåòðîâûé) ðàçðûâ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ãðóïïèðîâêàìè ìîãèëüíèêà, â êîòîðûõ ïòèöû òÿãîòåþò ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ íà ëèñòâåííèöå è áåð¸çå. Äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêîå ñìåøåíèå ñòåðåîòèïîâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ òîëüêî â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ×àðûøà è Ïåñ÷àíîé (ðèñ. 3). Â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ íà òåððèòîðèè Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé îáíàðóæåíî åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà, óñòðîåííîå íà áåð¸çå â Óéìîíñêîé ñòåïè. Áîëüøèíñòâî ïàð óñòðàèâàåò ãí¸çäà â ïðåäâåðøèííûõ ðàçâèëêàõ äåðåâüåâ (n=313) – 46,65% è â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà – 30,35% (ðèñ. 5). Íåñîìíåííî, ìîãèëüíèê ñòðåìèòñÿ óñòðàèâàòü ãí¸çäà íà âåðøèíàõ äåðåâüåâ, ñëîìîâ ñòâîëà èëè â âåðøèííûõ ìóòîâêàõ (11,82%), îäíàêî ñïåöèôèêà êðîí ëèñòâåííèö, à òåì áîëåå áåð¸ç è òîïîëåé, â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ íå ïîçâîëÿåò ýòîãî, ïîýòîìó è íàáëþäàåòñÿ äîìèíèðîâàíèå òèïà óñòðîéñòâà â íàèáîëåå ìîùíûõ ðàçâèëêàõ, ëèáî â îñíîâàíèè âåòâåé ó ñòâîëà íåñêîëüêî íèæå âåðøèíû. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä âàðüèðóåò îò 4 äî 28 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=313) 16,31±4,26 ì (Ex=0,18). Êëàäêè ìîãèëüíèêà (ñ ó÷¸òîì ïîãèáøèõ) ñîñòîÿò èç 1–3, â ñðåäíåì (n=12) 2,08±0,67 ÿéöà. Â âûâîäêàõ ìîãèëüíèêà (ñ ó÷¸òîì ë¸òíûõ âûâîäêîâ, äåðæàùèõñÿ áëèç ãíåçäà) 1–3, â ñðåäíåì (n=89) 1,6±0,58 ïòåí-

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 öà. Âûâîäêè èç äâóõ ïòåíöîâ íàáëþäàþòñÿ ó 50,56% ïàð (ðèñ. 6). Ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà äîñòàòî÷íî òèïè÷íû äëÿ âèäà – ñë¸òêè íà÷èíàþò âñòðå÷àòüñÿ ñ 15 èþëÿ, â ìàññå âûëåòàþò 25 èþëÿ – 5 àâãóñòà è âïëîòü äî 15 àâãóñòà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). Ñðîêè âûëåòà ïòåíöîâ â íèçêîãîðíîé ÷àñòè Àëòàÿ (Àëòàéñêèé êðàé), êàê ïðàâèëî, çàïàçäûâàþò íà íåäåëþ ïî

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà ñ êëàäêàìè (ñëåâà) è âûâîäêàìè (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Imperial Eagle with clutches (left) and broods (right). Photos by I. Karyakin.

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ñðàâíåíèþ ñî ñðîêàìè âûëåòà â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ Àëòàÿ (Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé), õîòÿ â îòäåëüíûå ãîäû ìîæåò íàáëþäàòüñÿ è îáðàòíàÿ êàðòèíà. Â 2009 ã. 22 èþíÿ â Àáàéñêîé ñòåïè íàáëþäàëèñü ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ îïåðåííûå ïòåíöû ìîãèëüíèêà â âîçðàñòå 50 äíåé, âûëåò êîòîðûõ äîëæåí áûë ïðîèçîéòè â ïåðèîä ñ 5 ïî 10 èþëÿ. Ýòîò ñëó÷àé ñëåäóåò ðàñöåíèâàòü êàê àíîìàëüíûé, è ñâÿçàí îí, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ñ

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ õðàíåíèÿ ãåíîôîíäà âîñòî÷íîãî ìîãèëüíèêà. Õî÷åòñÿ îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå èçâåñòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ìîãèëüíèêîâ ëåæàò çà ïðåäåëàìè îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ïðèðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèé (ÎÎÏÒ), ïîýòîìó ïîïóëÿöèÿ îñòà¸òñÿ óÿçâèìîé ê ðÿäó àíòðîïîãåííûõ ôàêòîðîâ, òàêèõ êàê ðóáêè, äîáû÷à ïîëåçíûõ èñêîïàåìûõ, ðàçâèòèå èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è, íåêîíòðîëèðóåìàÿ ðåêðåàöèÿ è èçìåíåíèå õàðàêòåðà èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïàñòáèù. Ýòî íåîáõîäèìî ó÷èòûâàòü ïðè ðàçâèòèè ñèñòåìû ÎÎÏÒ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé è ðåàëèçàöèè èíûõ êîìïëåêñíûõ ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé. Ëèòåðàòóðà

Ïòåíöû ìîãèëüíèêà. Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà è È. Êàðÿêèíà. Chicks of the Imperial Eagle. Photos by R. Bekmansurov and I. Karyakin.

òåì, ÷òî ïàðà ãíåçäèëàñü íàïðîòèâ êðóïíîãî íàñåë¸ííîãî ïóíêòà, â å¸ ïèòàíèè äîìèíèðîâàëà äîìàøíÿÿ ïòèöà, ïîýòîìó ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå áûëè æ¸ñòêî ñâÿçàíû ñ âûõîäîì ñóñëèêîâ (Spermophilus undulatus) èç íîð è äîñòóïíîñòüþ õîìÿêà (Cricetus cricetus) è àëòàéñêîãî öîêîðà (Myospalax myospalax). Êðàñíîù¸êèé (Spermophilus erythrogenys) è äëèííîõâîñòûé ñóñëèêè, õîìÿê è àëòàéñêèé öîêîð ÿâëÿþòñÿ îñíîâíûìè îáúåêòàìè ïèòàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ. Ïòèöû â ïèòàíèè ìîãèëüíèêîâ ñîñòàâëÿþò ñóùåñòâåííóþ ÷àñòü ðàöèîíà ó ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â àðåàëå êðàñíîù¸êîãî ñóñëèêà, è ýòî ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ìîëîäûå ãðà÷è, êîòîðûõ îðëû äîáûâàþò â ìàññå ïîñëå èõ âûëåòà, â ïåðèîä íà÷àëà ðåãóëÿðíûõ êî÷¸âîê ãðà÷èíûõ ñòàé ïî ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûì óãîäüÿì. Â ÓñòüÊàíñêîé ñòåïè ïòèöû â ðàöèîíå îðëîâ ðåäêè è ïðèñóòñòâóþò ó ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ áëèç íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ èëè ËÝÏ. Ïðè÷¸ì, â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå íàáëþäàåòñÿ ðåãóëÿðíîå ïîåäàíèå îðëàìè ïîãèáøèõ íà ËÝÏ ÿñòðåáîâ (Accipiter gentilis, A. nisus) è êîðøóíîâ (Milvus migrans lineatus). Çàêëþ÷åíèå Èññëåäîâàíèÿ 2009 ã. ëèøíèé ðàç äîêàçàëè îáùåìèðîâóþ öåííîñòü Àëòàÿ äëÿ ñî-

Áîãîìîëîâ Ä.Â., Èãíàòåíêî Á.Í. Íàáëþäåíèÿ çà õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè ïëàòî Óêîê. – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû V ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Èâàíîâî, 2008. Ñ. 193–195. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Ìîãèëüíèê â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2009. ¹15. Ñ. 66–79. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Åãîðîâà À.Â. Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2005. ¹3. Ñ. 28–51.

Ìîãèëüíèê è ÷åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus) â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé ñòåïè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Imperial Eagle and Black-Eared Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus) in the Ust-Kanskaya steppe. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

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Number and Distribution of the Common Buzzard in the Kerzhenskiy State Nature Reserve, Russia ЧИСЛЕННОСТЬ И РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ КАНЮКА В КЕРЖЕНСКОМ ЗАПОВЕДНИКЕ, РОССИЯ Novikova L.M. (State Biosphere Nature Reserve "Kerzhenskiy", N. Novgorod, Russia) Новикова Л.М. (Государственный природный биосферный заповедник «Керженский», Н.Новгород, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ëþäìèëà Íîâèêîâà Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïðèðîäíûé áèîñôåðíûé çàïîâåäíèê «Êåðæåíñêèé» Ðîññèÿ 603001 Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Ðîæäåñòâåíñêàÿ, 23–6 òåë.: +7 83159 39 232 lyudovik14@yandex.ru Contact: Lyudmila Novikova State Biosphere Nature Reserve “Kerzhenskiy” Rozhdestvenskaya str., 23–6 Nizhniy Novgorod Russia 603001 tel.: +7 83159 39 232 lyudovik14@yandex.ru

Àáñòðàêò Â ñòàòüå ïðåäñòàâëåíû äàííûå ïî ãíåçäîâàíèþ êàíþêà (Buteo buteo) â Êåðæåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå, ðàñïîëîæåííîì â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðà â 2006–2009 ãã. è ìàòåðèàëàì Ëåòîïèñè ïðèðîäû çàïîâåäíèêà çà 2005–2007 ãã. Ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíû ïàðàìåòðû ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ è äèíàìèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè êàíþêà, à òàêæå ðàçìåùåíèå ìåñòîîáèòàíèé â ðàñòèòåëüíîì ïîêðîâå íà òð¸õ ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûõ óðîâíÿõ: ëàíäøàôòíîì, öåíîòè÷åñêîì è îðãàíèçìåííîì. Íà òåððèòîðèè çàïîâåäíèêà âûÿâëåíî 15 ãí¸çä êàíþêà, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ íà 11 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Â 2005–2009 ãã. ãíåçäèëîñü îò 2 äî 7 ïàð êàíþêîâ, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì 2008 ã., êîãäà íå áûëî îòìå÷åíî íè îäíîãî ñëó÷àÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – 0,6 ïàðû/100 êì2. Öåíòðû ñîñåäíèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â ñðåäíåì â 4,8 êì äðóã îò äðóãà, æèëûå ãí¸çäà ðàçíûõ ïàð – â 3,8 êì; ìèíèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè – 1,7 êì. Íà ëàíäøàôòíîì óðîâíå ïðè âûáîðå ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé êàíþêè ïðåäïî÷èòàþò äîëèíû ìàëûõ è ñðåäíèõ ðåê. Íà öåíîòè÷åñêîì óðîâíå ïðè âûáîðå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ íàèáîëåå ïðåäïî÷èòàåìû îëüøàíèêè, ïî âîçðàñòó äðåâîñòîÿ – îò 50 äî 80 ëåò. Ïðè âûáîðå ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ êàíþêè íàèáîëüøóþ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü ïðîÿâëÿþò ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ëèïå è åëè. Ïðåäïî÷èòàåìûé äèàìåòð ñòâîëà ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ (ñîãëàñíî èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè Èâëåâà-Äæåêîáñà) – 45–55 ñì, ñðåäíèé äèàìåòð – 33,6 ñì. Ïî îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêîìó ñîñòîÿíèþ êàíþêè ïðîÿâëÿþò èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ñòàðîâîçðàñòíûì äåðåâüÿì. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, êàíþê, Buteo buteo, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ. Abstract The article summarizes the data about the Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) nesting in the Kerzhenskiy State Nature Reserve in the Nizhniy Novgorod district. It is the results of research of the author carried out in 2006–2009 and data of the Annals of Nature of the Kerzhenskiy State Nature Reserve for 2005–2007. Parameters of spatial distribution and dynamics of the Common Buzzard number, and also habitat locations of in the mosaic vegetation are analyzed at three spatial levels: level of landscapes (breeding territories), level of plants communities (nesting sites) and level of organisms (nesting trees). A total of 15 nests of the Common Buzzard located in 11 nest sites in the territory of the Reserve were discovered. The number of the Common Buzzard pairs breeding in 2005–2009 ranged from 2 to 7 pairs, excepting 2008 when no one living nest was noted. The average density was 0.6 pairs/100 km2. The average distance between centers of the neighbor nest sites was 4.8 km, between living nests of different pairs – in 3.8 km; the minimal distance between living nests was 1.7 km. At the level of landscapes choosing breeding territories Common Buzzards seem to prefer valleys of small and middle rivers. On the level of plant communities choosing nesting sites birds mostly prefer alder forests of the age of 50–80 years. Choosing nesting trees the Common Buzzards are discovered to show the greatest selectivity in relation to linden and spruce. Preferred diameter of nesting tree trunk (according to Ivlev-Jacobs selectivity) is 45–55 cm, the average diameter – 33.6 cm. The Common Buzzards show selectivity in relation to old-age trees. Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Common Buzzard, Buteo buteo, distribution, population status, breeding biology.

Ââåäåíèå Ðàçðàáîòêà ñòðàòåãèè è òàêòèêè îõðàíû õèùíûõ ïòèö – îäíîãî èç íàïðàâëåíèé ðåãèîíàëüíîé çîîëîãèè – áàçèðóåòñÿ íà çíàíèè çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ è äèíàìèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäîâ, îáèòàþùèõ â ðåãèîíå (Ìåëüíèêîâ, 1999). Êðîìå òîãî, â îñíîâå ðàçðàáîòêè ïðèíöèïîâ ñîõðàíåíèÿ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé õèùíûõ ïòèö ëåæèò èçó÷åíèå òîïè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçåé ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â ðàñòèòåëüíîì ïîêðîâå, âûÿâëåíèå êëþ÷åâûõ äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ âèäîâ ïàðàìåòðîâ ñðåäû è îïðåäåëåíèå èõ îïòèìàëüíûõ è ãðàíè÷íûõ çíà÷åíèé (Ñèìêèí, 1988). Çäåñü íà ïåðâûé ïëàí âûõîäÿò êîëè÷åñòâåííûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ

Introduction The aim of our research is to study spatial distribution and dynamics of the Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) number in the Kerzhenskiy State Nature Reserve as well as to reveal the main peculiarities of distribution of the Common Buzzard habitats in the mosaic vegetation at three spatial levels: level of landscapes (breeding territories), level of plant communities (nesting sites) and level of organisms (nesting trees). The State Biosphere Nature Reserve “Kerzhenskiy” is located in the northern half of the Nizhniy Novgorod district. Its area is 468.6 êì2. Pine forests prevail in the territory, most of them being young as a

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ consequence of a large forest fire in 1972, which affected up to 90% of the area of the Kerzhenskiy Reserve (Averina, 2001).

Êàíþê (Buteo buteo). Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo). Photo by A. Levashkin.

ïðåäïî÷èòàåìûõ ïòèöàìè ìåñòîîáèòàíèé (Ðîìàíîâ, 2001á). Ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêîé îñíîâîé èññëåäîâàíèÿ òîïè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçåé ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñîâðåìåííûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ îá èåðàðõè÷åñêîé ñòðóêòóðå áèîöåíîòè÷åñêîãî ïîêðîâà – êîíöåïöèÿ öèêëè÷åñêîé ìîçàè÷íîñòè ýêîñèñòåì (The mosaic-cycle…, 1992) è ãýï-ïàðàäèãìà (Êîðîòêîâ, 1991). Ñîãëàñíî ýòèì ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿì, áèîöåíîòè÷åñêèé ïîêðîâ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ðÿäû âëîæåííûõ ìîçàèê ðàçëè÷íîãî óðîâíÿ. Ñîñòàâíûìè ýëåìåíòàìè ëàíäøàôòíîé ìîçàèêè ÿâëÿþòñÿ áèîãåîöåíîçû, öåíîòè÷åñêîé – ïàðöåëëû, âíóòðèïàðöåëëÿðíîé – îòäåëüíûå äåðåâüÿ. Ïðè âûáîðå ãíåçäîâûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé õèùíûå ïòèöû äåìîíñòðèðóþò èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü, êîòîðàÿ ðåàëèçóåòñÿ ïàðàëëåëüíî â ðàçíûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûõ ìàñøòàáàõ (óðîâíÿõ îðãàíèçàöèè ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ïîêðîâà). Íà ëàíäøàôòíîì

Methods The analyzed data are the results of field studies of the author in the Kerzhenskiy State Nature Reserve in 2006–2009 and the data of the Annals of Nature of the Kerzhenskiy State Nature Reserve for 2005–2007 (The Annals of Nature …, 2006, 2007, 2008). Common Buzzard habitats were discovered during pedestrian routes. The total length of routes in 2006–2009 was about 1470 km: in 2006 – 270 km, in 2007 – 452 km, in 2008 – 288 km, in 2009 – 360 km. Also nests of middle size raptors were monitored in 2007–2009. Thus 27 nests were checked up in 2007, 59 nests – in 2008, 58 nests – in 2009. The description of 15 nests of the Common Buzzard was carried out using a technique developed by M.S. Romanov (2001b, 2005) to study location of raptor habitats in mosaic vegetation. We analyzed 14 parameters. For breeding territories we recorded their location in landscape; for nesting sites – age of forests, habitat and spatial structure of forest communities; for nesting trees – species, size and age of tree and also location of a nest on the tree. The Ivlev-Jacobs index of selectivity was calculated for estimation of selectivity of the Common Buzzard concerning various parameters of habitat. Parameters of nesting trees compared with parameters of 4 nearest trees.

Òàáë. 1. Ïîðîäíûé ñîñòàâ ëåñîâ çàïîâåäíèêà. Table 1. Species structure of the Kerzhenskiy Reserve forests.

Ïëîùàäü íàñàæäåíèé, êì2 Forests area, êì2

Äîëÿ ïëîùàäè íàñàæäåíèé, % Forests area per total area, %

Ñîñíà / Pine

306.7

73.2

Åëü / Spruce

2.0

0.5

Äóá / Oak

1.2

0.3

78.4

18.7

Ïðåîáëàäàþùàÿ ïîðîäà Dominating tree species

Áåð¸çà / Birch Îñèíà / Aspen

4.8

1.2

Èâà (íåñêîëüêî âèäîâ, ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ äðåâîâèäíûìè ôîðìàìè) / Willow (several arborescent species)

0.7

0.2

21.1

5.0

Ëèïà/ Linden

1.8

0.4

Êóñòàðíèêè / Bushes

2.0

0.5

418.7

100.0

Îëüõà ÷¸ðíàÿ / Black alder

Èòîãî / Total

Results The Common Buzzard is a common breeding raptor species in the Kerzhenskiy Reserve. In the territory of the Reserve 15 nests of the Common Buzzard have been known, located in 11 breeding territories (fig. 1). The median of distances between centers of neighbor nesting sites of the Common Buzzard (n=7) – 4.8 km (25th percentile = 2.5 km, 75th percentile = 6.3 km). The median of distances between living nests of different pairs of the Common Buzzard (n=4) – 3.8 km (25th percentile = 2.6 km, 75th percentile = 4.5 km). The minimal distance between living nests – 1.7 km. During 2005–2009 from 2 to 7 pairs of the Common Buzzard (table 2) were known to breed in the territory of the Reserve, excepting 2008 when no one living nest was noted. The average breeding density was

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Êàíþê íà ãíåçäå. Ôîòî Ë. Íîâèêîâîé. The Common Buzzard in the nest. Photo by L. Novikova.

óðîâíå ïðîèñõîäèò âûáîð ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé, íà öåíîòè÷åñêîì – âûáîð ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà îðãàíèçìåííîì – ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ (Ðîìàíîâ, 2001a, 2001á, 2005). Öåëüþ äàííîé ðàáîòû ÿâëÿåòñÿ èçó÷åíèå ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ è äèíàìèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè êàíþêà (Buteo buteo) â Êåðæåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå, à òàêæå âûÿâëåíèå îñíîâíûõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ðàçìåùåíèÿ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé êàíþêà â ðàñòèòåëüíîì ïîêðîâå íà òð¸õ ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûõ óðîâíÿõ: ëàíäøàôòíîì, öåíîòè÷åñêîì è îðãàíèçìåííîì.

Ãí¸çäà êàíþêà íà áåð¸çå (ñëåâà) è íà ñîñíå â ìóòîâêå âåòâåé (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî Ë. Íîâèêîâîé. Nests of the Common Buzzard on a birch tree (left) and a pine tree in a fork of branches (right). Photos by L. Novikova.

1. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ðàéîíà èññëåäîâàíèé Ðàéîí ïðîâåäåíèÿ èññëåäîâàíèé – òåððèòîðèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî áèîñôåðíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Êåðæåíñêèé», îáðàçîâàííîãî â 1993 ã. Çàïîâåäíèê ðàñïîëîæåí â ñåâåðíîé ïîëîâèíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â 54 êì ê ñåâåðî-âîñòîêó îò ã. Íèæíåãî Íîâãîðîäà. Ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå êîîðäèíàòû öåíòðà – 56,50 ñ.ø., 45,00 â.ä. Ïëîùàäü çàïîâåäíèêà – 468,6 êì2. Òåððèòîðèÿ Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà ïðèíàäëåæèò ê ïîÿñó ïîëåñèé è îïîëèé Ðóññêîé ðàâíèíû. Ïîëîæåíèå çàïîâåäíèêà ïî÷òè â ñàìîì öåíòðå Âîëæñêî-Âåòëóæñêîé íèçìåííîñòè ïðåäîïðåäåëèëî èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ïîëåññêèé õàðàêòåð åãî ëàíäøàôòîâ (Âîëêîâà è äð., 2006). Ïî äàííûì ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà 1998–99 ãã. ëåñîïîêðûòûå çåìëè çàïîâåäíèêà çàíèìàþò 89,5% ïëîùàäè (Ïðîåêò îðãàíèçàöèè..., 2000). Áèîòîïè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ ëåñíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ çàïîâåäíèêà (Ïðîåêò îðãàíèçàöèè..., 2000) ïðåäñòàâëåí â òàáëèöå 1.

0.6 pairs/100 km2. Study of nest location (n=15) in landscape has shown buzzard mostly preferring valleys of the small and middle rivers (67% of nests, 55% of nesting territories, IvlevJacobs index = 0.9). For watersheds IvlevJacobs index is –0.9. The analysis of habitat structure of nesting sites (fig. 2) shown obvious preference of alder forests (Ivlev-Jacobs index = 0.7). Birch forests are used proportionally to their abundance (Ivlev-Jacobs index = 0.0). Some degree of avoidance was noted for pine forests (Ivlev-Jacobs index = –0.3). The median age of forests in nesting sites of the Common Buzzard (n=15) is 50 years (25th percentile = 35 years, 75th percentile = 70 years) (fig. 3). The most preferred age interval of forests for Common Buzzard nesting sites is 50–80 years, younger forests are avoided (fig. 4). The Ivlev-Jacobs index increases with the forest age increasing. However for forests of age more than 80 years index decreases to the zero, meaning absence of selectivity. For ages more than 80 years some degree of avoiding was observed. Perhaps it would be explained that forests of more than 80 years are generally locate on oligotrophic and mesotrophic swamps where buzzards avoid to breed. The median density of tree canopy in nesting sites of the Common Buzzard (in radius of 20 m around of nests) is 0.7 (25th percentile = 0.7, 75th percentile = 0.8) (fig. 5). As regards the choice of trees for nesting, the greatest preference was recorded for a linden (Ivlev-Jacobs index = 0.7) and a spruce (0.3). Buzzards use a pine for nesting proportionally to its abundance (IvlevJacobs index = 0.1), and a birch is a little avoided (–0.2). In the Kerzhenskiy Reserve buzzards seem to prefer old-age trees (Ivlev-Jacobs index = 0.4) and avoid middle-age trees

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãí¸çä êàíþêà (Buteo buteo) íà òåððèòîðèè Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà â 2009 ã. Fig. 1. The Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) nest location in the Kerzhenskiy State Nature Reserve in 2009.

Ëåñà â âîçðàñòå ìîëîäíÿêîâ çàíèìàþò 64% òåððèòîðèè çàïîâåäíèêà (Ïðîåêò îðãàíèçàöèè..., 2000). Ïðåîáëàäàíèå ìîëîäíÿêîâ ñâÿçàíî ñ ïðîøåäøèì â 1972 ã. ëåñíûì ïîæàðîì, îäíèì èç ñàìûõ êðóïíûõ íà åâðîïåéñêîé òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè â XX âåêå, îõâàòèâøèì äî 90% ïëîùàäè çàïîâåäíèêà (Àâåðèíà, 2001). Â ñîñòàâå ìîëîäíÿêîâ àáñîëþòíî ïðåîáëàäàþò ñîñíÿêè (89%). Ïëîùàäü ïðèñïåâàþùèõ, ñïåëûõ è ïåðåñòîéíûõ íàñàæäåíèé ñîñòàâëÿåò âñåãî 3% ïîêðûòûõ ëåñîì çåìåëü. Â ýòèõ âîçðàñòíûõ ãðóïïàõ ïðåîáëàäàþò òàêæå ñîñíîâûå íàñàæäåíèÿ (58%) (Ïðîåêò îðãàíèçàöèè..., 2000). Ãèäðîãðàôè÷åñêóþ ñåòü çàïîâåäíèêà îáðàçóþò ðåêè, îç¸ðà è áîëîòà. Âñå 5 ìàÒàáë. 2. ×èñëî ìåñò ðåãèñòðàöèè êàíþêîâ íà òåððèòîðèè Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà â 2005–2009 ãã. Table 2. Number of the Common Buzzard registrations in the Kerzhenskiy Reserve.

×èñëî ìåñò ðåãèñòðàöèè / Number of registrations

Æèëûå ãí¸çäà Living nests

Ñëó÷àè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ (ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, íà êîòîðûõ ïðîèñõîäèëî ðàçìíîæåíèå)* Cases of nesting (breeding territories where breeding were noted

Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè** All breeding territories

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Ãîä Year

* – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, íà êîòîðûõ èçâåñòíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà è/èëè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû ñë¸òêè / breeding territories where living nests are known and/or fledglings were noted; ** – â ò.÷. ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè òîëüêî ñî âñòðå÷àìè âçðîñëûõ ïòèö è/èëè ñëåäàìè æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè / including breeding territories where adult birds or signs of bird’s occupancy were registered only.

when old trees are available (Ivlev-Jacobs index = –0.4). We noted 10 nests placing on middle-aged trees (71%) and 4 nests on old trees (29%). The average height of nesting trees in the Kerzhenskiy Reserve (n=15) was 16.2±4.1 m (fig. 7). The average height of nest location on a tree (n=15) was 9.3±3.1 m (fig. 8). The average diameter of nesting tree trunk (n=14) was 33.6±9.1 cm (fig. 9). The index of selectivity increases with the tree diameter increasing (fig. 10). The most preferred diameter of nesting tree trunk was 45–55 sm. In the Reserve some deficiency of trees with such diameter is noted, thus the average diameter of nesting trees is 33.6 cm. The Common Buzzard also seems to suffer from lack of large trees, as the mean “power” (relation of the trunk diameter to the tree height) of nesting trees was 2.1 but most preferred interval was from 2.5 to 3.0 (fig. 11). Analyzing nest location on a tree in the Reserve we noted buzzards preferring to build their own nests on different variants of tree forks (table 5) in and in the bottom and middle parts (5 nests per each) of a tree crown and also under the crone (4 nests) (n=15). Only a nest was located at the top of tree (fig. 12). Conclusions Following the results of our analysis at the present stage of development of plant communities in the Reserve we cannot estimate the conditions for the Common Buzzard breeding as optimal. The species seems to suffer from lack of old-age forest communities and of trees of greatest size. As a result of deficiency of cleared spaces and glades in the territory of the Reserve Common Buzzards are compelled to nest in river valleys rivers mainly.

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Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Ðèñ. 2. Èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü êàíþêîâ â îòíîøåíèè áèîòîïè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà ëåñà â ïðåäåëàõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (n=15). Fig. 2. The Common Buzzard nesting preference of habitats (n=15).

Ãí¸çäà êàíþêà íà ñîñíå (ñëåâà) è åëè (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî Ë. Íîâèêîâîé. Nests of the Common Buzzard on a pine tree (left) and spruce tree (right). Photos by L. Novikova.

ëûõ ðåê ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðèòîêàìè ð. Êåðæåíåö, ïî êîòîðîé ïðîõîäèò çàïàäíàÿ ãðàíèöà çàïîâåäíèêà. Äëèíà ïðèòîêîâ – îò 5 äî 29 êì. Îç¸ðà ïðåäñòàâëåíû â îñíîâíîì ñòàðèöàìè è ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â ïîéìàõ ðåê. Â çàïîâåäíèêå èçâåñòíî áîëåå 30 òîðôÿíûõ áîëîò îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 3816,3 ãà. Ïðåîáëàäàþò áîëîòà íåáîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà (äåñÿòêè ãà), íåñêîëüêî áîëîò ñðåäíåé âåëè÷èíû (ìåíåå 1 òûñ. ãà), è òîëüêî Âèøåíñêîå è Ìàñëîâñêîå – êðóïíûå (áîëåå 1 òûñ. ãà) (Ïðîåêò îðãàíèçàöèè..., 2000). 2. Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäèêà èññëåäîâàíèé Ìàòåðèàëîì ïîñëóæèëè ðåçóëüòàòû ïîëåâûõ ðàáîò àâòîðà â Êåðæåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå â 2006–2009 ãã. è äàííûå Ëåòîïè-

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ñåé ïðèðîäû çàïîâåäíèêà çà 2005–2007 ãã. (Ëåòîïèñü ïðèðîäû…, 2006, 2007, 2008). Âûÿâëåíèå ìåñò îáèòàíèÿ êàíþêà îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü íà ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòàõ ïóò¸ì ðåãèñòðàöèè âñòðå÷ âçðîñëûõ è ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, ïîèñêà ãí¸çä, ôèêñàöèè ìåñò íàõîäîê ëèííûõ ïåðüåâ, ïîãàäîê, ïîåäåé (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Îáùàÿ äëèíà ìàðøðóòîâ â 2006– 2009 ãã. ñîñòàâèëà îêîëî 1470 êì; èç íèõ â 2006 ã. ïðîéäåíî 270 êì, â 2007 ã. – 452 êì, â 2008 ã. – 288 êì, â 2009 ã. – 360 êì. Êðîìå òîãî, â 2007–2009 ãã. ïðîâîäèëñÿ ìîíèòîðèíã çàñåë¸ííîñòè ãí¸çä äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö ñðåäíèõ ðàçìåðîâ. Â 2007 ã. áûëî ïðîâåðåíî 27 ãí¸çä, â 2008 ã. – 59, â 2009 ã. – 58. Ïðèâÿçêà ãí¸çä, ìåñò ðåãèñòðàöèè ïòèö è ñëåäîâ æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü ñ ïîìîùüþ GPS-íàâèãàòîðà. Áûëî ñîñòàâëåíî îïèñàíèå 15-òè èçâåñòíûõ íà òåððèòîðèè çàïîâåäíèêà ãí¸çä êàíþêà ïî ìåòîäèêå, ðàçðàáîòàííîé Ì.Ñ. Ðîìàíîâûì (2001á, 2005), íàïðàâëåííîé íà èçó÷åíèå òîïè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçåé õèùíûõ ïòèö â ìîçàèêå ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ïîêðîâà. Çà îñíîâó îáðàáîòêè ìàòåðèàëà áûëà âçÿòà òàêæå ìåòîäèêà Ì.Ñ. Ðîìàíîâà (2001á, 2005). Áûëè ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíû 14 ïàðàìåòðîâ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé êàíþêà. Ïðè õàðàêòåðèñòèêå ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé îïðåäåëÿëàñü èõ ëàíäøàôòíàÿ ïðèóðî÷åííîñòü, íàëè÷èå îòêðûòûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ. Ïðè èçó÷åíèè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ àíàëèçèðîâàëèñü âîçðàñò ëåñíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ, èõ áèîòîïè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ è ïðîñòðàíñòâåííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà äðåâîñòîÿ â ðàäèóñå 20 ì îò ãíåçäà. Ïðè õàðàêòåðèñòèêå ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ èçó÷àëèñü èõ âèäîâàÿ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü, ðàçìåðû è âîçðàñò, à òàêæå ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãíåçäà íà äåðåâå. Ïðè îïèñàíèè ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ èñïîëüçîâàíà øêàëà îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ñîñòîÿíèé ðàñòåíèé (Äèàãíîçû…, 1989). Â êà÷åñòâå ïîêàçàòåëÿ ìîùíîñòè ãíåçäîâîãî äåðåâà è ðàçâèòîñòè åãî êðîíû èñïîëüçîâàëè èíäåêñ ìîùíîñòè – îòíîøåíèå äèàìåòðà ñòâîëà íà âûñîòå 1,3 ì, âûðàæåííîãî â ñàíòèìåòðàõ, ê âûñîòå äåðåâà â ìåòðàõ (Ðîìàíîâ, 2001á). Â êà÷åñòâå îäíîãî èç ïàðàìåòðîâ ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä íà äåðåâå èñïîëüçîâàíî ïîíÿòèå «óêðûòîñòü», ïðè îöåíêå êîòîðîé ãí¸çäà îòíîñèëèñü ê îäíîé èç òð¸õ êàòåãîðèé: õîðîøî óêðûòûå, ñðåäíåóêðûòûå è ïëîõî óêðûòûå (Ãàëóøèí, Ñîñêîâà, 1976). Äëÿ îöåíêè èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè êàíþêà â îòíîøåíèè ðàçëè÷íûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé èñïîëüçîâàëè èíäåêñ Èâëåâà-

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íåíèè äîëè ðåñóðñà â ñïåêòðå èñïîëüçóåìûõ æèâîòíûì ðåñóðñîâ è äîëè ýòîãî æå ðåñóðñà â îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäå è âû÷èñëÿåòñÿ ïî ôîðìóëå:

Ðèñ. 3. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå âîçðàñòà äðåâîñòîÿ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ êàíþêîâ (n=15). Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò íîðìàëüíîãî. Fig. 3. The Common Buzzard nest distribution depending on forest age in nesting sites (n=15). Distribution differs from normal.

Ðèñ. 4. Èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü êàíþêîâ â îòíîøåíèè âîçðàñòà äðåâîñòîÿ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (n=15). Ëèíèÿ òðåíäà äëÿ èíäåêñà Èâëåâà-Äæåêîáñà – ïîëèíîìèàëüíàÿ (ïîëèíîì âòîðîé ñòåïåíè). Fig. 4. Selectivity of the Buzzard concerning forest age in the nesting sites (n=15). The trend for Ivlev-Jacobs index – a polynom of the second degree.

Äæåêîáñà, øèðîêî ïðèìåíÿåìûé â ìèðîâîé ïðàêòèêå äëÿ îöåíêè ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿ ðåñóðñà. Ïðîñòîå ïðîöåíòíîå ñîîòíîøåíèå åù¸ íå ãîâîðèò î ïðåäïî÷òåíèè òîãî èëè èíîãî èñïîëüçóåìîãî ðåñóðñà, åñëè íå ó÷èòûâàåòñÿ äîëÿ ýòîãî ðåñóðñà ñðåäè âñåõ äîñòóïíûõ. Èíäåêñ îñíîâàí íà ñðàâ-

ãäå U – äîëÿ ðåñóðñà ñðåäè ðåñóðñîâ, èñïîëüçóåìûõ æèâîòíûì; P – äîëÿ ýòîãî æå ðåñóðñà ñðåäè âñåõ äîñòóïíûõ ðåñóðñîâ. Îí âàðüèðóåò â ïðåäåëàõ îò -1 äî +1. Íîëü îçíà÷àåò îòñóòñòâèå èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê äàííîìó ðåñóðñó (ò.å., ðåñóðñ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî ñâîåìó îáèëèþ), +1 îçíà÷àåò ìàêñèìàëüíóþ ñòåïåíü ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿ ðåñóðñà, à -1 – ñòðîãîå èçáåãàíèå; ïðîìåæóòî÷íûå çíà÷åíèÿ èíäåêñà ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ñòåïåíè ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿ/ èçáåãàíèÿ. Ýòè ñâîéñòâà îáåñïå÷èâàþò îòíîñèòåëüíóþ íåçàâèñèìîñòü èíäåêñà îò òèïîâ ðåñóðñîâ (ïèùà, ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ è ò. ï.) è, òàêèì îáðàçîì, äåëàþò ñðàâíèìûìè çíà÷åíèÿ èíäåêñà, ïîëó÷åííûå â ðàçíûõ òî÷êàõ, â ðàçíûõ óñëîâèÿõ è äëÿ ðàçíûõ âèäîâ (Ðîìàíîâ, 2001á, 2005). Ïðè èçó÷åíèè ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ èõ ïàðàìåòðû ñðàâíèâàëèñü ñ ïàðàìåòðàìè 4-õ áëèæàéøèõ äåðåâüåâ, âõîäÿùèõ â ïåðâûé ÿðóñ äðåâîñòîÿ. Äëÿ ýòîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâî âîêðóã ãíåçäîâîãî äåðåâà äåëèëè íà 4 ðàâíûõ ñåêòîðà ïî 900, îðèåíòèðîâàííûõ ïî ñòîðîíàì ñâåòà, è â êàæäîì ñåêòîðå ïðîèçâîäèëè ïðîìåðû áëèæàéøåãî ê ãíåçäîâîìó ñîñåäíåãî äåðåâà (Ðîìàíîâ, 2001á, 2005). Äàííûå ïî áèîòîïàì çàïîâåäíèêà áûëè âçÿòû èç ìàòåðèàëîâ ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà çàïîâåäíèêà 1998–99 ãã. Ñòàòèñòè÷åñêàÿ îáðàáîòêà äàííûõ ïðîâåäåíà â ïðîãðàììå Statistica 6.0. Ïîëó÷åííûå â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîëåâûõ îïèñàíèé ïàðàìåòðû ïîäâåðãàëèñü ïðîâåðêå íà íîðìàëüíîñòü ñ ïîìîùüþ êðèòåðèÿ Øàïèðî-Óèëêà. Íîðìàëüíî ðàñïðåäåë¸ííûå ïðèçíàêè îïèñûâàëèñü ñðåäíåé àðèôìåòè÷åñêîé è ñòàíäàðòíûì îòêëîíåíèåì. Ïðèçíàêè, ðàñïðåäåëåíèå êîòîðûõ îòëè÷àëîñü îò íîðìàëüíîãî, õàðàêòåðèçîâàëèñü çíà÷åíèÿìè ìåäèàíû, à òàêæå íèæíåãî (25%) è âåðõíåãî (75%) êâàðòèëåé. 3. Ðåçóëüòàòû è èõ îáñóæäåíèå 3.1. Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå è äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè êàíþêà Êàíþê – îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä çàïîâåäíèêà. Ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ 2005–2006 ãã. â çàïîâåäíèêå âûÿâëåíî 28 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-

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Ðèñ. 5. Ñîìêíóòîñòü äðåâîñòîÿ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ êàíþêà (n=15). Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò íîðìàëüíîãî. Fig. 5. Density of forest canopy in the Buzzard’s nesting sites (n=15). Distribution differs from normal.

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ìè ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð êàíþêà ðàññòîÿíèå (n=4) ñîñòàâëÿåò 3,8 êì (2,6–4,5 êì). Ìèíèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè – 1,7 êì. Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëà ðåãèñòðàöèé êàíþêà íà òåððèòîðèè çàïîâåäíèêà çà 2005–2009 ãã., â òîì ÷èñëå ñëó÷àåâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ïîêàçàíà â òàáëèöå 2. Â 2005–2009 ãã. ãíåçäèëîñü îò 2 äî 7 ïàð êàíþêîâ, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì 2008 ã., êîãäà íå áûëî îòìå÷åíî íè îäíîãî ñëó÷àÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – 0,6 ïàðû/100 êì2. Ðåçêèé ñêà÷îê ÷èñëà ñëó÷àåâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êàíþêà â 2009 ã., âåðîÿòíåé âñåãî, îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ âñïëåñêîì ÷èñëåííîñòè ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ. Ó÷¸òû ÷èñëåííîñòè ãðûçóíîâ â çàïîâåäíèêå â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû íå ïðîâîäèëèñü, îäíàêî â 2009 ã. áûëî îòìå÷åíî îáèëèå ìûøåé è ïîë¸âîê (Å.Í. Êîðøóíîâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Â 2009 ã. íà îäíîì èç ó÷àñòêîâ êàíþêè ïîñòðîèëè 2 íîâûõ ãíåçäà, ïîýòîìó ÷èñëî ñëó÷àåâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà îäíî ìåíüøå, ÷åì ãí¸çä. Âòîðîå ãíåçäî áûëî ïîñòðîåíî êàíþêàìè âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå èþíÿ è áûëî ïî ñâîåìó ðàñïîëîæåíèþ íå ñîâñåì òèïè÷íî: íà ñòâîëå óïàâøåé áåð¸çû, çàâèñøåé ïîä óãëîì 450, â ìåñòå ñîïðèêîñíîâåíèÿ å¸ ñòâîëà ñî ñòîÿùåé áåð¸çîé. Ðàçìíîæåíèå ýòîé ïàðû áûëî íåóäà÷íûì ïî íåèçâåñòíîé ïðè÷èíå. 3.2. Ðàçìåùåíèå ìåñòîîáèòàíèé êàíþêà â ðàñòèòåëüíîì ïîêðîâå Çàêîíîìåðíîñòè ðàçìåùåíèÿ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé êàíþêà â ðàñòèòåëüíîì ïîêðîâå Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà ðàññìîòðåíû íà òð¸õ ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûõ óðîâíÿõ: ãíåçäîâàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ, ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê, ãíåçäîâîå äåðåâî.

Ðèñ. 6. Èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü êàíþêîâ â îòíîøåíèè âèäîâ ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ (÷èñëî ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ n=15, ÷èñëî ñîñåäíèõ n=52). Fig. 6. Selectivity of the Common Buzzard concerning species of nesting trees (number of nesting trees n=15, number of the neighbor trees n=52).

êîâ êàíþêà (Ëåòîïèñü ïðèðîäû…, 2007). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íà òåððèòîðèè çàïîâåäíèêà èçâåñòíî 15 ãí¸çä êàíþêà, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ íà 11 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (ðèñ. 1). Ìåäèàíà ðàññòîÿíèé ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ñîñåäíèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ êàíþêà (n=7) – 4,8 êì (25-é ïðîöåíòèëü = 2,5 êì, 75-é ïðîöåíòèëü = 6,3 êì). Ìåæäó æèëû-

3.2.1. Âûáîð ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî êàíþê â ñâî¸ì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè òÿãîòååò ê ïîëóîòêðûòûì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿì. Â ñëàáî îñâîåííûõ ëåñàõ, äëÿ êîòîðûõ õàðàêòåðíî îòñóòñòâèå âûðóáîê è ïîëÿí, ãíåçäèòñÿ â îñíîâíîì ïî äîëèíàì ðåê (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Â Êåðæåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå ïî ëàíäøàôòíîé ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè (n=15) ïðåîáëàäàþò ãí¸çäà êàíþêà â äîëèíàõ ìàëûõ è ñðåäíèõ ðåê (67% ãí¸çä, 55% ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé); îòêðûòûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà (ïîëÿíû) èìåþòñÿ òîëüêî íà 4-õ ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ (36% òåððèòîðèé). Îòêðûòûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà â çàïîâåäíèêå â îñíîâíîì ïðåäñòàâëåíû âåðõîâûìè è ïåðåõîäíûìè áîëîòàìè, à òàêæå ïóñòîøàìè, ïåðèôåðèè êîòîðûõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ äëÿ êà-

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Òàáë. 3. Äèàìåòðû ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ êàíþêà è ñîñåäíèõ ñ íèìè äåðåâüåâ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Table 3. Diameters of the Common Buzzard’s nesting trees and neighbor trees in a nesting site.

Âûáîðêà äåðåâüåâ Sample of trees Ãíåçäîâûå / Nesting Ñîñåäíèå / Neighbors

Ðèñ. 7. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ êàíþêà ïî âûñîòå (n=15). Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå áëèçêî ê íîðìàëüíîìó. Fig. 7. Distribution of heights of the Common Buzzard’s nesting tree (n=15). Distribution is close to normal.

Ðèñ. 8. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ êàíþêà ïî âûñîòå ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäà (n=15). Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå áëèçêî ê íîðìàëüíîìó. Fig. 8. Distribution of heights of the Common Buzzard’s nest location (n=15). Distribution is close to normal.

íþêà ñóáîïòèìàëüíûìè ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿìè (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Èíäåêñ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè ÈâëåâàÄæåêîáñà äëÿ äîëèí ðåê ðàâåí 0,9 (67% ãí¸çä ïðè äîëå ïîéì îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè

Äèàìåòð, ñì Diameter, sm N M±SD (lim) 14 33.6±9.1 (20–56) 52 29.2±7.4 (15–50)

çàïîâåäíèêà, ðàâíîé 14%). Äëÿ âîäîðàçäåëîâ, íàïðîòèâ, âûÿâëåíà çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü èçáåãàíèÿ – èíäåêñ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè ðàâåí -0,9 (33% ãí¸çä ðàçìåùåíî íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ, çàíèìàþùèõ 86% ïëîùàäè çàïîâåäíèêà). Ïî-âèäèìîìó, äëÿ êàíþêà òàêîé ïàðàìåòð, êàê âîçìîæíîñòü õîðîøåé óêðûòîñòè ãí¸çä, íå âëèÿåò íà âûáîð äîëèí â êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé, â îòëè÷èå îò òåòåðåâÿòíèêà (Íîâèêîâà, 2008), ïîñêîëüêó ïëîõî óêðûòûå ãí¸çäà ïðåîáëàäàþò è â äîëèíàõ (56%), è íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ (80%), à äîëÿ õîðîøî óêðûòûõ ïðèìåðíî ðàâíà (ïî 20%). 3.2.2. Âûáîð ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ Íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìûìè äëÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè ëåñíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ èõ áèîòîïè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ, âîçðàñò è ïðîñòðàíñòâåííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà äðåâîñòîÿ (Âëàäûøåâñêèé, 1980). Àíàëèç èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè ïî áèîòîïè÷åñêîìó ñîñòàâó ëåñíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ ïðè âûáîðå êàíþêîì ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïðîâîäèëñÿ ïóò¸ì ñðàâíåíèÿ äîëè ïëîùàäè áèîòîïà â çàïîâåäíèêå è äîëè ÷èñëà ãí¸çä, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â äàííîì áèîòîïå (ðèñ. 2). Íàèáîëåå ïðåäïî÷èòàåìû êàíþêîì îëüøàíèêè (èíäåêñ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè 0,7). Áåðåçíÿêè èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî èõ îáèëèþ (èíäåêñ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè 0,0). Äëÿ ñîñíÿêîâ âûÿâëåíà íåêîòîðàÿ ñòåïåíü èçáåãàíèÿ (èíäåêñ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè ðàâåí -0,3). Èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü êàíþêà ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê áèîòîïè÷åñêîìó ñîñòàâó ëåñà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñõîäíà ñ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòüþ òåòåðåâÿòíèêà, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì åëüíèêîâ, äëÿ êîòîðûõ ó ïîñëåäíåãî íàáëþäàåòñÿ âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿ (Íîâèêîâà, 2008). Â çàïîâåäíèêå «Áðÿíñêèé ëåñ» äëÿ êàíþêà õàðàêòåðíî ïðåäïî÷òåíèå äóáðàâ, ñìåøàííûõ ëåñîâ, îëüøàíèêîâ è îñèííèêîâ, à òàêæå èçáåãàíèå áåðåçíÿêîâ è ñîñíÿêîâ. Íà Âåðõíåäîíñêîì ñòàöèîíàðå (Ëèïåöêàÿ îáëàñòü) êàíþê ãíåçäèòñÿ

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Ðèñ. 9. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ êàíþêà ïî äèàìåòðó (n=14). Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå áëèçêî ê íîðìàëüíîìó. Fig. 9. Distribution of diameters of Common Buzzard’s nesting trees (n=14). Distribution is close to normal.

Ðèñ. 10. Èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü êàíþêà â îòíîøåíèè äèàìåòðà ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ (÷èñëî ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ n=14, ÷èñëî ñîñåäíèõ äåðåâüåâ n=52). Ëèíèÿ âûáîðêè ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ëèíåéíîé çàâèñèìîñòè (êîýôôèöèåíò êîððåëÿöèè Ñïèðìåíà = 0,93; p=0,0025). Fig. 10. Selectivity of the Common Buzzard concerning diameter of nesting trees (number of nesting trees n=14, number of neighbor trees n=52). The line of sample corresponds to linear dependence (Spearman correlation factor = 0.93; p=0.0025).

âî âñåõ áèîòîïàõ, íî ÷àùå – â äóáðàâàõ. (Ðîìàíîâ, 2001á). Íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ êàíþêà ìåäèàííûé âîçðàñò äðåâîñòîÿ (n=15) ñîñòàâëÿåò 50 ëåò (25-é ïðîöåíòèëü = 35 ëåò,

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75-é ïðîöåíòèëü = 70 ëåò). Â çàïîâåäíèêå «Áðÿíñêèé ëåñ» (Ðîìàíîâ, 2001á) ñðåäíèé âîçðàñò äðåâîñòîÿ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ êàíþêà – 36–75 ëåò. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå âîçðàñòà äðåâîñòîåâ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ êàíþêà â Êåðæåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå ïîêàçàíî íà ðèñóíêå 3. Àíàëèç èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè êàíþêà â îòíîøåíèè âîçðàñòà äðåâîñòîÿ âûïîëíåí ïî ìàòåðèàëàì ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà. Äëÿ ýòîãî ëåñíûå âûäåëû çàïîâåäíèêà áûëè ðàçáèòû íà 5 ãðóïï ïî âîçðàñòó ïåðâîãî ÿðóñà äðåâîñòîÿ: âûäåëà âîçðàñòîì äî 36 ëåò, îò 36 äî 50 ëåò, îò 51 äî 65 ëåò, îò 66 äî 80 ëåò, áîëåå 80 ëåò. Áûëè ðàññ÷èòàíû çíà÷åíèÿ èíäåêñîâ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè Èâëåâà-Äæåêîáñà íà îñíîâå ñðàâíåíèÿ âîçðàñòíîãî ñîñòàâà äðåâîñòîåâ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ è íà âñåé òåððèòîðèè çàïîâåäíèêà. Íà ðèñóíêå 4 ïðåäñòàâëåíà èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü êàíþêà â îòíîøåíèè âîçðàñòà äðåâîñòîÿ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Íàèáîëåå âûñîêèå çíà÷åíèÿ èíäåêñà èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè äëÿ âîçðàñòà äðåâîñòîÿ ó êàíþêà ëåæàò â èíòåðâàëå îò 50 äî 80 ëåò, áîëåå ìîëîäûå äðåâîñòîè èçáåãàþòñÿ; òàêèå æå ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿ áûëè âûÿâëåíû è ó ÿñòðåáà-òåòåðåâÿòíèêà (Íîâèêîâà, 2008). Èíäåêñ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè ðàñò¸ò ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì âîçðàñòà äðåâîñòîÿ. Îäíàêî äëÿ âîçðàñòà ñòàðøå 80 ëåò íàáëþäàåòñÿ ñíèæåíèå èíäåêñà äî íóëÿ, îçíà÷àþùåãî îòñóòñòâèå èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè, ÷òî, âèäèìî, ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî äðåâîñòîè âîçðàñòîì áîëåå 80 ëåò â çàïîâåäíèêå â îñíîâíîì ïðåäñòàâëåíû íà âåðõîâûõ è ïåðåõîäíûõ áîëîòàõ – áèîòîïàõ, íå ïîäõîäÿùèõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êàíþêà. Â çàïîâåäíèêå «Áðÿíñêèé ëåñ» äëÿ êàíþêà âûÿâëåíî ïðåäïî÷òåíèå ñòàðîëåñèé – ëåñíûõ âûäåëîâ âîçðàñòîì 70–89 è, îñîáåííî, 90–160 ëåò (Ðîìàíîâ, 2001á). Ìåäèàííàÿ ñîìêíóòîñòü ïîëîãà äðåâîñòîÿ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ êàíþêà (â ðàäèóñå 20 ì âîêðóã ãí¸çä) ðàâíà 0,7 (25-é ïðîöåíòèëü = 0,7, 75-é ïðîöåíòèëü = 0,8). Ðàçáðîñ ñîìêíóòîñòè ïîëîãà ïîêàçàí íà ðèñóíêå 5. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãí¸çä â ñîîáùåñòâå ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî ãíåçäîâûå äåðåâüÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö, êàê ïðàâèëî, ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ âáëèçè îêíà â ïîëîãå ëåñà, îáåñïå÷èâàþùåãî êðóïíûì ïòèöàì õîðîøèé îáçîð, ïîäë¸ò è ìàí¸âðû âîêðóã ãíåçäà (Ãàëóøèí, 1971; Âëàäûøåâñêèé, 1980; Ðîìàíîâ, 2001à, 2001á). Â Êåðæåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå îêíà ïðèñóòñòâóþò íà 11 èç 13 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ êàíþêà.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 4. Èíäåêñû ìîùíîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ êàíþêà è ñîñåäíèõ ñ íèìè äåðåâüåâ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Table 4. Indexes of power of the Common Buzzard’s nesting trees and neighbor trees in a nesting site.

Èíäåêñ ìîùíîñòè äåðåâà Index of power; M (lim)

25-é – 75-é ïðîöåíòèëü 25th – 75th percentile

Ãíåçäîâûå / Nesting

2.1 (1.7–2.9)

1.8 – 2.5

Ñîñåäíèå / Neighbors

1.7 (1.0–3.3)

1.5 – 2.1

Âûáîðêà äåðåâüåâ Sample of trees

3.2.3. Âûáîð ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ Èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü êàíþêà ïðè âûáîðå ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ îöåíèëè ïî òð¸ì ïàðàìåòðàì: âèäû ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ, èõ îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêîå ñîñòîÿíèå è ðàçìåðû, à òàêæå ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàëè ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãí¸çä íà äåðåâüÿõ. Èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü êàíþêà â îòíîøåíèè âèäîâ ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ èçó÷àëàñü ïóò¸ì ñðàâíåíèÿ ñïåêòðà ïîðîä ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ ñî ñïåêòðîì ïîðîä äåðåâüåâ íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå (ãíåçäîâîå äåðåâî âìåñòå ñ 4-ìÿ ñîñåäíèìè) (ðèñ. 6). Íàèáîëåå ïðåäïî÷èòàåìûìè êàíþêîì ïîðîäàìè äåðåâüåâ îêàçàëèñü ëèïà (èíäåêñ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè ðàâåí 0,7) è åëü (0,3). Ñîñíà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ êàíþêîì äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãíåçä ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî å¸ îáèëèþ (0,1), à áåð¸çà íåñêîëüêî èçáåãàåòñÿ (-0,2). Â çàïîâåäíèêå «Áðÿíñêèé ëåñ» (Ðîìàíîâ, 2001á) âûÿâëåíî ïðåäïî÷òåíèå êàíþêîì äóáà è åëè (èíäåêñ Èâëåâà-Äæåêîáñà ðàâåí 0,7 è 0,8, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî), îëüõó è îñèíó êàíþê èñïîëüçóåò ïðîïîðöèîíàëü-

Ðèñ. 11. Èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü êàíþêîâ â îòíîøåíèè èíäåêñà ìîùíîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ (÷èñëî ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ n=14, ÷èñëî ñîñåäíèõ äåðåâüåâ n=52). Fig. 11. Selectivity of the Common Buzzard concerning an index of power of nesting trees (number of nesting trees n=14, number of the next trees n=52).

íî èõ îáèëèþ â ðàñòèòåëüíîì ïîêðîâå (èíäåêñ Èâëåâà-Äæåêîáñà ðàâåí 0), à ñîñíó è áåð¸çó êàíþê èçáåãàåò. Ì.Ñ. Ðîìàíîâ (2001á) ñâÿçûâàåò ðàçìåùåíèå ãí¸çä ïåðíàòûìè õèùíèêàìè ñ îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêèì ñîñòîÿíèåì äåðåâà, à íå åãî âîçðàñòîì. Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî, íåñìîòðÿ íà ðàçíûå òåìïû ðàçâèòèÿ è ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü æèçíè, ôàçû îíòîãåíåçà è ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü èõ ïðîõîæäåíèÿ ó ðàçíûõ âèäîâ äåðåâüåâ ñîâïàäàþò. Òàêîé ïîäõîä äà¸ò âîçìîæíîñòü «ñèíõðîíèçèðîâàòü» áèîëîãè÷åñêîå âðåìÿ äåðåâüåâ, îòñ÷èòûâàÿ åãî íå ãîäàìè, à âîçðàñòíûìè ôàçàìè, ò.å., îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêèìè ñîñòîÿíèÿìè. Øêàëà îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ñîñòîÿíèé ðàñòåíèé áûëà ïðåäëîæåíà è ðàçðàáîòàíà îòå÷åñòâåííîé øêîëîé ïîïóëÿöèîííûõ ýêîëîãîâ (Äèàãíîçû…, 1989). Ñîãëàñíî ýòîé êîíöåïöèè, âñå âèäû äåðåâüåâ ïðîõîäÿò â ñâî¸ì ðàçâèòèè ðÿä ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûõ ôàç èëè âîçðàñòíûõ îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ñîñòîÿíèé – îò ïðîðîñòêà äî ñòàðîãî ãåíåðàòèâíîãî è ñåíèëüíîãî. Â ãåíåðàòèâíîì ïåðèîäå âûäåëÿþò ñëåäóþùèå îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ: ìîëîäûå ãåíåðàòèâíûå äåðåâüÿ, ñðåäíåâîçðàñòíûå ãåíåðàòèâíûå è ñòàðûå ãåíåðàòèâíûå. Ïî îáùåïðèçíàííîìó ìíåíèþ, áîëüøèíñòâî âèäîâ ëåñíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ïðåäïî÷èòàþò ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà íàèáîëåå ñòàðûõ äåðåâüÿõ (Ãàëóøèí, 1971; Èâàíîâñêèé, 1985; Ðîìàíîâ, 2001á; Øåïåëü, 1992 è äð.). Â Êåðæåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå íà ñðåäíåâîçðàñòíûõ äåðåâüÿõ ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ 10 ãí¸çä êàíþêà (71%), íà ñòàðûõ äåðåâüÿõ – 4 ãíåçäà (29%). Äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ, íà Áðÿíñêîì ñòàöèîíàðå íà ìîëîäûõ äåðåâüÿõ ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ 18,3% ãí¸çä êàíþêà, íà ñðåäíåâîçðàñòíûõ – 50,0%, íà ñòàðûõ – 29,8%. Íà Âåðõíåäîíñêîì ñòàöèîíàðå íà ìîëîäûõ äåðåâüÿõ – 22,2% ãí¸çä, íà ñðåäíåâîçðàñòíûõ – 75,0% (Ðîìàíîâ, 2001á). Àíàëèç èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè êàíþêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â Êåðæåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå, â îòíîøåíèè îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ äåðåâà áûë ïðîâåä¸í íà îñíîâå ñðàâíåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ (n=14) è ñîñåäíèõ íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå âìåñòå ñ ãíåçäîâûìè (÷èñëî ñîñåäíèõ n=52). Ïîëó÷åííûå çíà÷åíèÿ èíäåêñîâ Èâëåâà-Äæåêîáñà ïîêàçûâàþò ïðåäïî÷òåíèå ñòàðîâîçðàñòíûõ äåðåâüåâ (èíäåêñ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè ðàâåí 0,4), ñðåäíåâîçðàñòíûå äåðåâüÿ êàíþê, ïðè íàëè÷èè ñòàðîâîçðàñòíûõ, èçáåãàåò (èíäåêñ ðàâåí -0,4). Ñðåäíÿÿ âûñîòà ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ êà-

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Òàáë. 5. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä êàíþêà ïî ñïîñîáàì ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ íà äåðåâå. Table 5. Distribution of the Common Buzzard’s nests according to location on the tree.

Êîëè÷åñòâî ãí¸çä Nest numbers Ñïîñîá ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäà íà äåðåâå Nest location

×èñëî Number

Äîëÿ, % Portion, %

Íà áîêîâûõ âåòâÿõ, ïðèìûêàåò ê ñòâîëó On lateral branches close to a trunk

46.6

Íà èñêðèâë¸ííîì ñó÷êå íà ìóòîâêå âåòâåé â 0–35 ñì îò ñòâîëà / On the curved branch in a branch fork in 0–35 cm from a trunk

26.6

Íà ñó÷êå â 15 ñì îò ñòâîëà On a lateral branch in 15 cm from a trunk

6.7

Â ðàçâèëêå ñòâîëà / In a trunk fork

6.7

Íà îäíîì èç íàêëîí¸ííûõ ñòâîëîâ â ìåñòå åãî èçãèáà On an inclined trunk in a place of its bending

6.7

Íà ñòâîëå óïàâøåãî äåðåâà â ìåñòå ñîïðèêîñíîâåíèÿ ñî ñòîÿùèì äåðåâîì On a trunk of the fallen tree in a place of its contact with another standing tree

6.7

íþêà â Êåðæåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå (n=15) – 16,2±4,1 ì. Ñðåäíÿÿ âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäà (n=15) – 9,3±3,1 ì. Ðàçáðîñ âûñîò ïîêàçàí íà ðèñóíêàõ 7 è 8. Â çàïîâåäíèêå «Áðÿíñêèé ëåñ» âûñîòà ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ êàíþêà – 23,5±0,49 ì, íà Âåðõíåäîíñêîì ñòàöèîíàðå – 24,3±1,1 ì (Ðîìàíîâ, 2001á).

Ðèñ. 12. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä êàíþêà ïî õàðàêòåðó ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ (n=15). Fig. 12. Distribution of nests of the Common Buzzard according to character of location (n=15).

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Ñðåäíèé äèàìåòð ñòâîëà ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ êàíþêà (n=14) ðàâåí 33,6±9,1 ñì (òàáë. 3). Ñîîòíîøåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà äåðåâüåâ ðàçíûõ êëàññîâ äèàìåòðà ïðåäñòàâëåíî íà ðèñóíêå 9. Â çàïîâåäíèêå «Áðÿíñêèé ëåñ» ñðåäíèé äèàìåòð ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ êàíþêà – 48,4±1,28 ñì, íà Âåðõíåäîíñêîì ñòàöèîíàðå – 37,4±1,86 ñì (Ðîìàíîâ, 2001á). Ïî äèàìåòðó ñòâîëà ãíåçäîâûå äåðåâüÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö, êàê ïðàâèëî, çíà÷èòåëüíî êðóïíåå îêðóæàþùåãî äðåâîñòîÿ (Ðîìàíîâ, 2001á). Ñðàâíåíèå äèàìåòðîâ ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ êàíþêà ñ ñîñåäíèìè äåðåâüÿìè (òàáë. 3) ïðîâåëè òàêæå ïî ìåòîäèêå Ì.Ñ. Ðîìàíîâà (2001á) ïîñðåäñòâîì âû÷èñëåíèÿ èíäåêñà èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè Èâëåâà-Äæåêîáñà è ïîñòðîåíèÿ ãðàôèêà çàâèñèìîñòè èíäåêñà èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè îò äèàìåòðà (ðèñ. 10). Ãðàôèê íà ðèñóíêå 10 ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü âîçðàñòàåò ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì äèàìåòðà äåðåâà. Íàèáîëåå ïðåäïî÷èòàåìûé äèàìåòð ñòâîëà ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ – 45–55 ñì. Äåðåâüåâ òàêîãî äèàìåòðà â çàïîâåäíèêå äîñòàòî÷íî ìàëî – ñðåäíèé äèàìåòð ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ 33,6 ñì, ÷òî ãîâîðèò î ÿâíîì íåäîñòàòêå òîëñòûõ äåðåâüåâ. Çíà÷åíèå èíäåêñîâ ìîùíîñòè ñóùåñòâåííî ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ ó ãíåçäîâûõ è ñîñåäíèõ äåðåâüåâ, ó ïåðâûõ îíî ìîæåò áûòü â íåñêîëüêî ðàç áîëüøå (Ðîìàíîâ, 2001á). Ïî äàííûì Ì.Ñ. Ðîìàíîâà (2001á) êàíþêè ïðîÿâëÿþò ïðåäïî÷òåíèå áîëåå ìîùíûõ äåðåâüåâ. Íàøè äàííûå ïîäòâåðæäàþò ýòî ïîëîæåíèå (òàáë. 4, ðèñ. 11). Âåðîÿòíî, â Êåðæåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå êàíþêè èñïûòûâàþò íåäîñòàòîê äåðåâüåâ áîëüøîé ìîùíîñòè, ïîñêîëüêó ïðè ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ, ðàâíîé 2,1, áîëåå ïðåäïî÷èòàåìûå çíà÷åíèÿ èíäåêñà 2,5–3,0. Ïî ñïîñîáàì ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ íà äåðåâå ïðåîáëàäàþò ãí¸çäà êàíþêà, ïðèìûêàþùèå ê ñòâîëó íà áîêîâûõ âåòâÿõ, íà âòîðîì ìåñòå ïî ÷èñëó – ãí¸çäà, ïîñòðîåííûå íà èñêðèâëåííîì ñó÷êå â ìóòîâêå âåòâåé (òàáë. 5). Ïî ðàñïîëîæåíèþ â êðîíå (n=15) ïðåîáëàäàþò ïîñòðîéêè, ðàçìåùåííûå â íèæíåé è ñðåäíåé ÷àñòÿõ êðîíû (ïî 5 ãí¸çä), à òàêæå ïîä êðîíîé (4 ãíåçäà). Â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû ðàñïîëîæåíî òîëüêî 1 ãíåçäî (ðèñ. 12). Âûâîäû Íà òåððèòîðèè çàïîâåäíèêà âûÿâëåíî 15 ãí¸çä êàíþêà, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ íà 11-òè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Åæåãîäíî ãíåçäèòñÿ 0–7

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 ïàð êàíþêà, â ñðåäíåì 2,8 ïàðû; ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – 0,6 ïàðû/100 êì2. Öåíòðû ñîñåäíèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ êàíþêà ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â ñðåäíåì â 4,8 êì äðóã îò äðóãà, æèëûå ãí¸çäà ðàçíûõ ïàð – â 3,8 êì; ìèíèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè – 1,7 êì. Íà ëàíäøàôòíîì óðîâíå ïðè âûáîðå ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé âûÿâëåíî ïðåäïî÷òåíèå äîëèí ìàëûõ è ñðåäíèõ ðåê (èíäåêñ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè Èâëåâà-Äæåêîáñà ðàâåí 0,9). Íà öåíîòè÷åñêîì óðîâíå ïðè âûáîðå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ íàèáîëåå ïðåäïî÷èòàåìû êàíþêîì ïî áèîòîïè÷åñêîìó ñîñòàâó – îëüøàíèêè (èíäåêñ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè ðàâåí 0,7), ïî âîçðàñòó äðåâîñòîÿ – îò 50 äî 80 ëåò. Ïðè âûáîðå ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ êàíþêè íàèáîëüøóþ ñòåïåíü ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿ îêàçûâàþò ëèïå (èíäåêñ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè ðàâåí 0,7) è åëè (0,3). Ïðåäïî÷èòàåìûé äèàìåòð ñòâîëà ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ – 45–55 ñì, ñðåäíèé äèàìåòð – 33,6 ñì. Ïî îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêîìó ñîñòîÿíèþ êàíþêè ïðîÿâëÿþò èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ñòàðîâîçðàñòíûì äåðåâüÿì (èíäåêñ Èâëåâà-Äæåêîáñà ðàâåí 0,4). Íà ñîâðåìåííîì ýòàïå ðàçâèòèÿ ðàñòèòåëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ çàïîâåäíèêà óñëîâèÿ íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ àáñîëþòíî îïòèìàëüíûìè äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ êàíþêà. Ýòîò âèä èñïûòûâàåò íåêîòîðûé íåäîñòàòîê ñòàðîâîçðàñòíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ è äåðåâüåâ áîëüøîé âûñîòû è äèàìåòðà. Ïî ïðè÷èíå îòñóòñòâèÿ âûðóáîê è ïîëÿí, êàíþêè âûíóæäåíû ãíåçäèòüñÿ â îñíîâíîì ïî äîëèíàì ðåê. Ëèòåðàòóðà Àâåðèíà È.À. Ïîæàðû íà òåððèòîðèè Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Ïðèðîäíûå óñëîâèÿ Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà è íåêîòîðûå àñïåêòû îõðàíû ïðèðîäû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. – Òðóäû Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Êåðæåíñêèé». Ò. 1. Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2001. Ñ. 404–414. Âëàäûøåâñêèé Ä.Â. Ýêîëîãèÿ ëåñíûõ ïòèö è çâåðåé (êîðìîäîáûâàíèå è åãî áèîöåíîòè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå). Íîâîñèáèðñê: Íàóêà, 1980. 264 ñ. Âîëêîâà Í.È., Ãðàäîáîåâ À.À., Æó÷êîâà Â.Ê., Êîçëîâ Ä.Í., Êðóøèíà Þ.Â., Øåéêî Ñ.Í., Êîðàáëåâà Î.Â., Óðáàíàâè÷óòå Ñ.Ï., Ïîïîâ Ñ.Þ. Ëàíäøàôòíàÿ êàðòà çàïîâåäíèêà «Êåðæåíñêèé». – Òðóäû Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî áèîñôåðíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Êåðæåíñêèé». Ò. 3. Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2006. Ñ. 5–11. Ãàëóøèí Â.Ì. ×èñëåííîñòü è òåððèòîðèàëüíîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö Åâðîïåéñêîãî öåíòðà ÑÑÑÐ. – Òðóäû Îêñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Ì., 1971. Âûï. 8. Ñ. 5–132. Ãàëóøèí Â.Ì., Ñîñêîâà Å.À. Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îáûêíîâåííîãî êàíþêà â óñëîâèÿõ çàïîâåäíîãî è îáùåãî ðåæèìà. – Òåçèñû äîêëàäîâ Âñåñîþçíîé íàó÷íîé êîíôåðåíöèè çîîëîãîâ ïåäâóçîâ. Ïåðìü, 1976. Ñ. 220–223. Äèàãíîçû è êëþ÷è îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ñîñòîÿíèé äåðåâüåâ. Ì: ÌÃÏÈ, 1989. 40 ñ. Èâàíîâñêèé Â.Â. Ðåäêèå õèùíûå ïòèöû Áåëîðóññêîãî ïîîçåðüÿ è ïóòè èõ îõðàíû. Äèññ… ê.á.í. Ì., 1985. 250 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2004. 351 ñ. Êîðîòêîâ Â.Í. Íîâàÿ ïàðàäèãìà â ëåñíîé ýêîëîãèè. – Áèîëîãè÷åñêèå íàóêè. 1991. ¹7. Ñ. 7–19. Ëåòîïèñü ïðèðîäû Êåðæåíñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. 2005. Êí. 12. Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2006. 223 ñ. (Ðóêîïèñü ÃÏÁÇ «Êåðæåíñêèé»). Ëåòîïèñü ïðèðîäû Êåðæåíñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. 2006. Êí. 13. Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2007. 218 ñ. (Ðóêîïèñü ÃÏÁÇ «Êåðæåíñêèé»). Ëåòîïèñü ïðèðîäû Êåðæåíñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. 2007. Êí. 14. Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2008. 253 ñ. (Ðóêîïèñü ÃÏÁÇ «Êåðæåíñêèé»). Ìåëüíèêîâ Â.Í. Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå âîñòî÷íîãî Âåðõíåâîëæüÿ: ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå, äèíàìèêà íàñåëåíèÿ. Äèññ. … êàíä. áèîë. íàóê. Èâàíîâî, 1999. 141 ñ. Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. Ðàçìåùåíèå ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ÿñòðåáà-òåòåðåâÿòíèêà â ðàñòèòåëüíîì ïîêðîâå Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 96–107. Ïðîåêò îðãàíèçàöèè è âåäåíèÿ çàïîâåäíîãî äåëà ÃÏÇ «Êåðæåíñêèé». Ò. 1. Êí. 1. ×. 1. Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2000. 241 ñ. Ðîìàíîâ Ì.Ñ. Ìîçàèêà ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ïîêðîâà êàê ôàêòîð, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèé ãíåçäîâàíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö. – Àêòóàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïòèö Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè (IX Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ). Êàçàíü, 2001a. Ñ. 534–536. Ðîìàíîâ Ì.Ñ. Òîïè÷åñêèå ñâÿçè ëåñíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö â ìîçàèêå ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ïîêðîâà. Äèññ. … êàíä. áèîë. íàóê. Ì.: ÌÏÃÓ. 2001b. 225 ñ. Ðîìàíîâ Ì.Ñ. Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ÷¸ðíûé àèñò â ðàñòèòåëüíîì ïîêðîâå Íåðóññî-äåñíÿíñêîãî Ïîëåñüÿ. – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Áðÿíñêîé îáëàñòè. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî âåäåíèþ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Áðÿíñêîé îáëàñòè. Âûï. 1. Òðóá÷åâñê, 2005. Ñ. 190–210. Ñèìêèí Ã.Í. Íà ïóòè ê ðàçðàáîòêå íîâûõ ñòðàòåãèé îõðàíû è ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé îïòèìèçàöèè ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû. – Áþëë. ÌÎÈÏ. Îòä. áèîë., 1988. Ò. 93. Ñ. 11–23. Øåïåëü À.È. Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû Ïåðìñêîãî Ïðèêàìüÿ. Èðêóòñê, 1992. 296 ñ. The mosaic-cycle concept of ecosystems. Ecological Studies. Analysis and synthesis. 1991. V. 85. 169 p.

Raptor Research

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Notes About Distribution of Birds of Prey in the Eravninskiy Region of the Republic of Burjatia, Russia К РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЮ ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ ЕРАВНИНСКОГО РАЙОНА РЕСПУБЛИКИ БУРЯТИЯ, РОССИЯ Popov V.V. (Baikalian Field Study Center "Wildlife of Asia", Irkutsk, Russia) Ananin A.A. (State Nature Biosphere Reserve "Barguzinskiy", Russia) Попов В.В. (Байкальский центр полевых исследований «Дикая природа Азии», Иркутск, Россия) Ананин А.А. (Государственный природный биосферный заповедник «Баргузинский», Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Âèêòîð Ïîïîâ Áàéêàëüñêèé öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé «Äèêàÿ ïðèðîäà Àçèè» Ðîññèÿ 664022 Èðêóòñê ïåð. Ñèáèðñêèé, 5–2l òåë.: +7 3952 48 04 03 vpopov@irk.ru Àëåêñàíäð Àíàíèí Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïðèðîäíûé áèîñôåðíûé çàïîâåäíèê «Áàðãóçèíñêèé» a_ananin@mail.ru Contact: Viktor Popov Baikalian Field Study Center “Wildlife of Asia” Sibirskiy per., 5–12 Irkutsk 664022 Russia tel.: +7 3952 48 04 03 vpopov@irk.ru Alexander Ananin State Nature Biosphere Reserve “Barguzinskiy” a_ananin@mail.ru

Àáñòðàêò Â ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû îáñëåäîâàíèÿ êîòëîâèíû Åðàâíèíñêèõ îç¸ð (Åðàâíèíñêèé ðàéîí, Ðåñïóáëèêà Áóðÿòèÿ). Ïîëåâûå ðàáîòû ïðîâîäèëèñü ñ 6 ïî 11 èþíÿ è ñ 28 èþëÿ ïî 25 àâãóñòà 2008 ã. Âñåãî çà ýòîò ïåðèîä âñòðå÷åíî 15 âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ñ ó÷¸òîì ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ (Èçìàéëîâ, 1967) â ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû ñâåäåíèÿ î 18 âèäàõ. Îòìå÷åíû õîõëàòûé îñîåä (Pernis ptilorhynchus), ÷åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus), ïîëåâîé ëóíü (Circus cyaneus), çàïàäíûé è âîñòî÷íûé áîëîòíûé ëóíè (C. aeruginosus, C. spilonotus), òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis), ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (A. nisus), êàíþê (Buteo buteo), ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (B. hemilasius), áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos), ìîãèëüíèê (A. heliaca), îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla), ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus), ÷åãëîê (F. subbuteo) è ïóñòåëüãà (F. tinnunculus). Ïðåäñòàâëÿåò èíòåðåñ íàõîäêà ãíåçäà îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü â Åðàâíèíñêîì ðàéîíå âûñîêóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö – ÷åðíîóõîãî êîðøóíà, êàíþêà, ÷åãëîêà, îáûêíîâåííîé ïóñòåëüãè è îñîáåííî òàêîãî ðåäêîãî âèäà, êàê îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, õèùíûå ïòèöû, Áóðÿòèÿ. Abstract The results of the field studies in the depression of Eravninskie lakes (Eravninskiy region, Republic of Burjatia) are presented in the paper. Field research was carried out from 6 June to 11 June and from 28 July to 25 August 2008. During this period a total of 15 birds of prey species were observed; in the paper we declare the data on 18 species including published data (Izmailov, 1967). Oriental Honey Buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus), Black-Eared Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus), Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus), Western and Eastern Marsh Harriers (C. aeruginosus, C. spilonotus), Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), Upland (Buteo hemilasius) and Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo), Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), Hobby (Falco subbuteo), and Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) are noted. The discovery of a nest of White-Tailed Eagle is of interest. We should note the high number of certain raptor s species, namely, Black-Eared Kite, Buzzard, Hobby, Kestrel, and particularly such rare species as White-Tailed Eagle in the Eravninskiy region. Keywords: raptors, birds of prey, Burjatia.

Ðàéîí èññëåäîâàíèé Êîòëîâèíû Åðàâíèíñêèõ îç¸ð, â êîòîðûõ ïðîâîäèëèñü èññëåäîâàíèÿ, èìåþò òèïè÷íûé îáëèê äëÿ Âèòèìñêîãî ïëîñêîãîðüÿ: ÷åðåäîâàíèå ñðàâíèòåëüíî íåâûñîêèõ (äî 1200–1300 ì í.ó.ì.) õðåáòîâ-óâàëîâ è ìåæãîðíûõ ïîíèæåíèé (800–900 ì í.ó.ì.), âûòÿíóòûõ ñ þãî-çàïàäà íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîê, îòñóòñòâèå ìîëîäûõ ôîðì ðåëüåôà, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ íåäàâíèìè òåêòîíè÷åñêèìè äâèæåíèÿìè. Õðåáòû-óâàëû, îáðàçóþùèå âîäîðàçäåëû, èìåþò ìÿãêèå î÷åðòàíèÿ ãðåáíåâûõ ëèíèé è ñðàâíèòåëüíî ïîëîãèå è ñëàáî ðàñ÷ëåí¸ííûå ñêëîíû, íà êîòîðûõ ïîâñþäó ãîñïîäñòâóþò ëèñòâåííè÷íûå ëåñà, â þæíîé ÷àñòè ñ ïðèìåñüþ áåð¸çû. Äíèùà ìåæãîðíûõ ïîíèæåíèé çàíÿòû ëèñòâåííè÷íûìè êîëêàìè, çàðîñëÿìè êóñòàðíèêîâûõ áåð¸ç è èâ – åðíèêàìè è ñûðûìè ëóãàìè, ÷àñòî çàáîëî÷åííûìè è

Field research was carried out from 6 June to 11 June and from 28 July to 25 August 2008. During this period a total of 15 birds of prey species were observed; in the paper we declare the data on 18 species including published data (Izmailov, 1967). Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) Was observed in the Eravninskie lakes only once by Izmailov (1967). Oriental Honey Hawk (Pernis ptilorhynchus) Single birds were recorded on 10 June and 11 August. Black-Eared Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus) is a common breeding species. We suppose that at least 7–10 pairs inhabit the Zaza river valley. In the second half of summer

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ the density on Turkhul lake and in the Zaza river basin varies from 0.4 to 3.9 ind./km2. The Black-Eared Kite is the most common raptor species in the Eravninskaya depression. During 6 June – 11 June 17 birds were recorded, and 34 were recorded from 28 July to 25 August 2008. The majority of records were made in the forest-meadow zone of the Eravninskaya depression (47), the Kites were appreciably uncommon in larch taiga (4). In the second half of summer the density on Khorga, Gunda, and Isinga lakes is 2.0–3.7 ind./km2. We should note that Kites typically preferred the reservoir banks, although they have been also recorded in suburbs of human settlements.

Ðàéîí ðàáîò. Surveyed area.

çàêóñòàðåííûìè. Âñå ðåêè ïðèíàäëåæàò áàññåéíó ð. Ëåíû, â òîì ÷èñëå å¸ êðóïíîãî ïðèòîêà – ð. Âèòèì. Äîëèíà ð. Çàçà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñåâåðíûì ôîðïîñòîì ëåñîñòåïè, îñíîâó ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè â äîëèíå ñîñòàâëÿþò ëèñòâåííè÷íûå êîëêè, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèå ÷åðåäîâàíèå ðîù ëèñòâåííèöû ñ îòêðûòûìè áåçëåñíûìè ó÷àñòêàìè, ïîêðûòûìè íèçêîðîñëûìè çàðîñëÿìè èâ, ëóãîâîé, áîëîòíîé è ñòåïíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ. Õîðîøî ïðåäñòàâëåíû ëèñòâåííè÷íûå ïîéìåííûå ëåñà ñ ó÷àñòèåì èâ è ïðèðå÷íûõ êóñòàðíèêîâ. Ëèñòâåííè÷íàÿ òàéãà ñî ñëàáî ðàçâèòûì ïîäëåñêîì, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî èç áîëîòíîãî áàãóëüíèêà è êóñòàðíèêîâûõ áåð¸çîê, ïðèóðî÷åííàÿ ê ñðàâíèòåëüíî ïîëîãèì ñêëîíàì è íåâûñîêèì âîäîðàçäåëàì, øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíà íà ñêëîíàõ äîëèíû ð. Çàçà, îñîáåííî â ñðåäíåì è âåðõíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Åõý-Ãîðõîí. Â ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè áàññåéíà íàõîäèòñÿ ãðóïïà ñòåïíûõ îç¸ð, èç êîòîðûõ íàèáîëåå êðóïíîå – îç. Òóðõóë. Â Åðàâíèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ðàñïîëîæåííîé íà âîäîðàçäåëå ðåê Óäû è Âèòèìà, èìååòñÿ ñâûøå 10 ìåëêîâîäíûõ êðóïíûõ è áîëåå 200 ìåëêèõ îç¸ð îêðóãëîé ôîðìû ñ î÷åíü íèçêèìè áåðåãàìè. Ê þãó è þãîçàïàäó îò Åðàâíèíñêèõ îç¸ð, â óñëîâèÿõ õîëìèñòîãî, ÷àñòî ðàâíèííîãî ðåëüåôà, ñðåäè ëóãîâ, ëóãîâûõ ñòåïåé è ïàøåí, íàõîäÿòñÿ ëèñòâåííè÷íî-áåð¸çîâûå ðîùè. Ñòåïíûå ó÷àñòêè â Åðàâíèíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè âêðàïëåíû îòäåëüíûìè ïÿòíàìè è ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ïîâûøåííûì ýëåìåíòàì ðåëüåôà («áóãðàì»), ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû ó îç. Èñèíãà, Áîëüøîå è Ìàëîå Åðàâíîå, âîçëå ï. Ñîñíîâîîçåðñê. Çàáîëî÷åííûå è ñóõèå ëóãà ïî áåðåãàì îç¸ð ïðèóðî÷åíû ê íàèáîëåå ïîíèæåííûì è ðàâíèííûì áåðåãàì îç¸ð

Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus) A common possibly nesting species. During the period from 6 June to 11 June 8 birds were recorded and 21 birds (8 males, 12 females, in 8 sexes non-determined) were recorded in the Eravninskaya depression on 28 July – 25 August, 2008. 27 and 2 birds were recorded in the forest-meadow zone of the Eravninskaya depression and larch forests with the dwarf birch in the Zusy range, respectively. In the second half of summer the density on Khorga and Isinga lakes reached 3.7–3.9 ind./km2. Western and Eastern Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus and C. spilonotus) Rare, possibly breeding species. A possibly breeding pair was registered on July 31st on a swampy meadow on the bank of Khorga lake. The majority of Marsh Harriers, except for a female recorded on 16 August, were C. spilonotus. Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) Single birds were recorded on 2 August in swampy larch forest in the upper reach of the Ekhe-Gorkhon river, and twice in small larch forests of the Zaza river valley on 11 August. An old Goshawk nest was found in a larch forest in the medium reach of the Ehke-Gordon river on 8 June. Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) A breeding species. Was numerously recorded. Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) A single bird was observed on the northern side of Maloe Eravnoe lake on 16 August. Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) A common breeding species. 5 and 11

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 Åðàâíèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû ñ ìåñòàìè çàêóñòàðåííîé çëàêîâî-îñîêîâîé è çëàêîâîðàçíîòðàâíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ. Ìåòîäèêà Ïîëåâûå ðàáîòû ïðîâîäèëèñü ñ 6 ïî 11 èþíÿ è ñ 28 èþëÿ ïî 25 àâãóñòà 2008 ã. Îáñëåäîâàíà Åðàâíèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà ñ îêðåñòíîñòÿìè îç¸ð Èñèíãà, Õîðãà, Ìàëàÿ Õîðãà, Ãóíäà, Ýêñåíä, Áîëüøîå è Ìàëîå Åðàâíîå, Ñîñíîâîå è äðóãèõ, áîëåå ìåëêèõ. Òàêæå îáñëåäîâàíû âîäîðàçäåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü õðåáòà Çóñû ìåæäó èñòîêàìè ð. Ãóíäóé-Õîëîé, Ïðàâûé Ñóðõýáò è ÅõýÃîðõîí è äîëèíà ð. Çàçà îò îçåðà Òóðõóë äî óñòüÿ è ïðèëåãàþùèé ó÷àñòîê äîëèíû ð. Âèòèì. Ïðîéäåíî âñåãî îêîëî 180 êì ïåøèõ êîìïëåêñíûõ ó÷¸òíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ (73 êì â ïåðâóþ ïîëîâèíó ëåòà è 113 – âî âòîðóþ ïîëîâèíó ëåòà); äëèíà àâòîìîáèëüíûõ îáçîðíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà îêîëî 1030 êì (350 êì â ïåðâóþ ïîëîâèíó ëåòà è 680 – âî âòîðóþ ïîëîâèíó ëåòà). Ñåòüþ ìàðøðóòîâ áûëè îõâà÷åíû âñå òèïû ìåñòîîáèòàíèé â ïðåäåëàõ êàæäîãî èç ÷åòûð¸õ ó÷àñòêîâ (Åðàâíèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà, äîëèíà ð. Çàçà, ãîðíàÿ òàéãà è ó÷àñòîê îòâîäà). Íåêîòîðûå ìàðøðóòû ïðîéäåíû ìíîãîêðàòíî. Íà ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòàõ ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü âñå âèçóàëüíûå âñòðå÷è ïòèö è çâåðåé. Êðîìå òîãî, ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü ãîëîñà ïòèö è âñå ñëåäû æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè íàçåìíûõ ïîçâîíî÷íûõ. Îöåíêà îáèëèÿ ïòèö îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü íà îñíîâå ìåòîäèêè ìàðøðóòíîãî ó÷¸òà íà ïîëîñå íåôèêñèðîâàííîé øèðèíû ñ ïåðåñ÷¸òîì ïî ôîðìóëå, ïðåäëîæåííîé Þ.Ñ. Ðàâêèíûì (1967) è øèðîêî èñïîëüçóåìîé â ïðàêòèêå ñèáèðñêèõ îðíèòîëîãîâ:

N = (40À+10Â+3Ñ+D)/L, ãäå N – ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ, îñîáåé íà 1 êì2, À – ÷èñëî ôàêòè÷åñêè ó÷ò¸ííûõ îñîáåé â ïîëîñå 25 ì, Â – ÷èñëî ôàêòè÷åñêè ó÷ò¸ííûõ îñîáåé â ïîëîñå 100 ì, Ñ – ÷èñëî ôàêòè÷åñêè ó÷ò¸ííûõ îñîáåé â ïîëîñå 300 ì, D – ÷èñëî ôàêòè÷åñêè ó÷ò¸ííûõ îñîáåé â ïîëîñå 1000 ì, L – îáùàÿ äëèíà ìàðøðóòà â êì. Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèÿ Âñåãî çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé âñòðå÷åíî 15 âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ñ ó÷¸òîì ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ (Èçìàéëîâ, 1967) ïî äàííîìó ðåãèîíó ïðèâîäÿòñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ î 18 âèäàõ.

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records were made during 6–11 June and 28 July – 15 August, respectively. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) A subadult (2-year-old) Golden Eagle was recorded in forest steppe to north-east from Maloe Eravnoe lake on 16 August. Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) Two nests of the same pair were found in neighborhood of Sosnovo-Ozerskoe lake on the larch tops at a height of 5–6 m 400 m away from each other (Izmailov, 1967). A single Imperial Eagle was recorded to the south from Sosnovoe lake in neighborhood of the Sosnovo-Ozerskoe village on 25 August, 2008. White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) A breeding territory of the White-Tailed Eagle was found on 14 August, 1956 on the edge of larch forest. Two nests were located on the lateral brunches of huge larch trees, the third one was found on the broken top of a dry larch tree. A freshly gnawed skeleton of a juvenile Eagle was found under one of the nests (Izmailov, 1967). At the same territory we recorded 2 adult birds on the southern side of Turkhul lake on 23 August, and managed to distinguish a White-Tailed Eagle nest on its opposite side using binocular glass. Another nest was found in a birch-larch forest near Malaya Khorga lake on an old larch tree at a height of 10 m on 7 June. There were two chicks aged at least 25–30 days and an adult bird in the nest. An adult pair was recorded near Isinga lake on 3 August, a juvenile with two adult birds was observed at the same place on 4 August. We suppose that at least 4–5 pairs of this rare species are breeding on the surveyed territory. Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) Was recorded twice, on 9 May, 1956 on the bank of Bol’shoe Eravnoe lake and on 12 September, 1958 on Isinga lake (Izmailov, 1967). On 21 August we observed a single Peregrine on the Vitim river 3 km to the north from the Zaza river mouth. Hobby (Falco subbuteo) A common nesting species (Izmailov, 1967). We made 13 records (18 individuals) during the period from July 28th to August 15th. Merlin (Falco columbarius) Was once caught near Isinga lake on August 28th, 1959 (Izmailov, 1967).

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ñêîïà (Pandion haliaetus) Íà Åðàâíèíñêèõ îç¸ðàõ âñòðå÷åíà âñåãî îäèí ðàç, È.Â. Èçìàéëîâûì (1967).

Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis) Was recorded only in September 1958 near Isinga lake (Izmailov, 1967).

Õîõëàòûé îñîåä (Pernis ptilorhynchus) Îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû âñòðå÷åíû 10 èþíÿ íà îïóøêå ñóõîãî çàêóñòàðåííîãî ëèñòâåííè÷íîãî ëåñà (ñòàðûé êàðüåð), âáëèçè òðàññû îò âàõòîâîãî ïîñ¸ëêà ê áûâøåìó ïîñ. Íàçàðîâêà è 11 àâãóñòà â ëèñòâåííè÷íîì ëåñó ñ åðíèêîì, â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà.

Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) A common breeding species. The density in neighborhood of Turkhul lake and the Zaza river valley varies from 1.6 to 9.4 ind./km2. The total number in the Zaza river valley can amount to at least 10 pairs. During the period from 28 July to 15 August 42 records were made (61 birds). Single birds were permanently preying along the auto road between villages Sosnovo-Ozerskoe and Ozernyi, on the banks of Khorga (2.2 ind./km2), Gunda, Isinga, Surkhebt, and Eksend lakes.

×åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus) Îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä. Ñòàÿ èç 40 êîðøóíîâ âñòðå÷åíà 7 èþëÿ 1958 ã. ó îç. Èñèíãà. Ñêîïëåíèå èç íå ìåíåå 30 ïòèö îòìå÷åíî 1 èþëÿ 1960 ã. íà îïóøêå ëèñòâåííè÷íîé ðîùè ñåâåðíåå îç. Ìàëîå Åðàâíîå. Òàêîå æå ñêîïëåíèå âèäåëè â ñòåïè ó ñ. Ñîñíîâî-Îçåðñêîå 18–19 èþíÿ 1961 ã. (Èçìàéëîâ, 1967). Â áàññåéíå ð. Çàçà 2 àâãóñòà 2009 ã. ýòîò êîðøóí âñòðå÷åí â äîëèíå ð. Åõý-Ãîðõîí, 5 àâãóñòà – 2 ïòèöû è 6 àâãóñòà – 4 ïòèöû. Ãíåçäî ñ ì¸ðòâîé ïòèöåé íàéäåíî 6 àâãóñòà (ïîãèáëà 1,5–2 ìåñÿöà íàçàä) ïî äîðîãå îò ð. Çàçà äî áûâøåãî ïîñ. Êîë÷åäàííîãî. Ïî îäíîìó êîðøóíó íàáëþäàëè 9 àâãóñòà íà ð. Çàçà íà Òóðõóëüñêîì áðîäå è â äîëèíå ðåêè, à íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü ÷åòûð¸õ ïòèö – â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç. Òóðõóë. Ïî îäíîé ïòèöå âñòðå÷åíî 12 àâãóñòà íà ð. Çàçà â óñòüå ð. Àðàíãàòà è â óñòüå ð. Çàçà. Â äîëèíå ð. Âèòèì â óñòüå ð. Çàçà 13 àâãóñòà îòìå÷åíî 3 êîðøóíà, à íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü – åù¸ 4 ïòèöû. Òàì æå ïî äâå ïòèöû âèäåëè 21 è 22 àâãóñòà. Ïî îäíîìó êîðøóíó îòìå÷åíî â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà 20 àâãóñòà â óñòüå ð. Øàðà-Ãîðõîí è 22 àâãóñòà â óñòüå ð. Åõý-Ãîðõîí. Ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî, â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà îáèòàåò íå ìåíåå 7–10 ïàð ýòîãî âèäà. Ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ âî âòîðóþ ïîëîâèíó ëåòà äîñòèãàëà: â ëèñòâåííè÷íûõ êîëêàõ îç. Òóðõóë – 2,9 îñîáåé/êì 2 è â ëèñòâåííè÷íûõ êîëêàõ äîëèíû ð. Çàçà – 0,4 îñîáåé/êì2, â ðå÷íûõ óðåìàõ ð. Çàçà – 1,8 îñîáåé/êì2 è íà ëóãàõ ñ èâíÿêàìè âáëèçè óñòüÿ ð. Çàçà – 3,9 îñîáåé/êì2. Â Åðàâíèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ÷åðíîóõèé êîðøóí – íàèáîëåå îáû÷íûé âèä õèùíûõ ïòèö. Â ïåðèîä ñ 6 ïî 11 èþíÿ çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû 17 âñòðå÷ è ñ 28 èþëÿ ïî 15 àâãóñòà – 34 âñòðå÷è êîðøóíîâ. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü âñòðå÷ ïðèóðî÷åíà ê ëåñîëóãîâîé çîíå Åðàâíèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû (47 âñòðå÷), çíà÷èòåëüíî ðåæå êîðøóíîâ âèäåëè â ëèñòâåííè÷íîé òàéãå (4 âñòðå÷è). Ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ âî âòîðóþ ïîëîâèíó ëåòà äîñòèãàëà (â îñîáÿõ/êì2): íà îç. Õîð-

We should note the high number of certain raptor species, namely, Black-Eared Kite, Buzzard, Hobby, and Kestrel. The high number of such rare species as White-Tailed Eagle is of particular interest.

×åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Black-Eared Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus). Photo by I. Karyakin.

ãà – 3,1, íà îç. Ãóíäà – 2,0, íà îç. Èñèíãà – 3,7. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî â îñíîâíîì êîðøóíû ïðèäåðæèâàëèñü ïîáåðåæèé âîäî¸ìîâ, èìåþòñÿ âñòðå÷è òàêæå è íà îêðàèíàõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ. Ïîçäíåå îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû è ïàðû âñòðå÷åíû: 15 àâãóñòà – 3 êîðøóíà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîñ. Ìîæàéñê, 16 àâãóñòà – íà îç. Ýêñåíä, íà ð. Ãóíäóé-Õîëîé, íà îç. Ãóíäà, â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîñ. Òóëäóí è íà îç. Ìàëîå Åðàâíîå ó óñòüÿ ð. Òóëäóí, 17 àâãóñòà – â äîëèíå ð. Õîëîé, íà ð. Áóðåõòà, íà ð. Äûìøèêòà è íà îç. Èñèíãà, 20 àâãóñòà – íà ð. Ñóáà è íà ð. Øàðà-Ãîðõîí, 24 àâãóñòà – íà ð. Ëåâûé

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 Ñóðõýáò è íà ð. Õîëîé è 25 àâãóñòà – íà ìàðøðóòå îò ïîñ. Îç¸ðíûé ê ïîñ. Ñîñíîâîîçåðñê ó ïîâîðîòà íà ïîñ. Òóëäóí è íà îç. Ñîñíîâîå. Ïîëåâîé ëóíü (Circus cyaneus) Îáû÷íûé, âîçìîæíî ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ, âèä: 9 ìàÿ 1956 ã. íà îç. Ñîñíîâîå âñòðå÷åíî 2 ïàðû ïîëåâûõ ëóíåé, ëåòîì è îñåíüþ 1958 ã. íà Åðàâíå, â ñâÿçè ñ ìàññîâûì ðàçìíîæåíèåì ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ, îòìå÷åíà âûñîêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîëåâûõ ëóíåé, â ñåíòÿáðå âîçëå îç. Èñèíãà åæåäíåâíî íàáëþäàëè 2–4 ïòèöû, íà áåðåãó îç. Èñèíãà â òå÷åíèå íåäåëè íàéäåíî 3 ëóíÿ, óáèòûõ è áðîøåííûõ îõîòíèêàìè (Èçìàéëîâ, 1967). Â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà 8 èþíÿ 2009 ã. ñàìåö âñòðå÷åí â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Åõý-Ãîðõîí; 6 àâãóñòà äâîèõ ñàìöîâ âèäåëè â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà è îäíîãî – ïî äîðîãå îò ð. Çàçà íà ïîñ. Êîë÷åäàííûé. Ñàìöà íàáëþäàëè 8 àâãóñòà â åðíèêå â äîëèíå ð. Åõý-Ãîðõîí; 10 àâãóñòà åù¸ äâóõ ñàìöîâ âñòðåòèëè íà ð. Çàçà è ñàìêó – â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç. Òóðõóë. Íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü 2 ñàìêè îòìå÷åíû â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà, 22 àâãóñòà ê ñåâåðó îò ìåòåîñòàíöèè «ÓñòüÇàçà» â äîëèíå ð. Âèòèì âñòðå÷åíà ñàìêà. Â Åðàâíèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â ïåðèîä ñ 6 ïî 11 èþíÿ çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû 8 âñòðå÷ è ñ 28 èþëÿ ïî 15 àâãóñòà – 21 âñòðå÷à ëóíåé (8 ñàìöîâ, 12 ñàìîê, 8 – ïîë íå îïðåäåë¸í), 27 âñòðå÷ îòìå÷åíî â ëåñî-ëóãîâîé çîíå Åðàâíèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû è 2 âñòðå÷è – â ëèñòâåííè÷íûõ ëåñàõ ñ åðíèêàìè íà õð. Çóñû. Ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ âî âòîðóþ ïîëîâèíó ëåòà äîñòèãàëà: íà îç. Õîðãà – 3,9 îñîáåé/êì2, îç. Èñèíãà – 3,7 îñîáåé/êì2. Âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå àâãóñòà îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû âñòðå÷åíû: 16 àâãóñòà – ó îç. Ñóðõýáò, ó îç. Ýêñåíä è ó îç. Õîëèíêà, 17 àâãóñòà – ìåæäó îç. Èñèíãà è îç. Õîðãà, 24 àâãóñòà – â äîëèíå ð. Õîëîé è 25 àâãóñòà – ó ìîñòà ÷åðåç ð. Õîëîé. Çàïàäíûé è âîñòî÷íûé áîëîòíûå ëóíè (Circus aeruginosus, C. spilonotus) Â íà÷àëå èþëÿ 1960 ã. áîëîòíîãî ëóíÿ íàáëþäàëè â Åðàâíå íàä íåáîëüøèì ëóãîâûì îçåðêîì, ãäå îí íàïàäàë íà âûâîäîê êðÿêâ (Anas platyrhynchos) (Èçìàéëîâ, 1967). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ âîñòî÷íûé áîëîòíûé ëóíü – ðåäêèé, âîçìîæíî ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ, âèä. Ãíåçäîâàíèå çàïàäíîãî áîëîòíîãî ëóíÿ òàêæå âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî â ñìåøàííûõ ïàðàõ ñ âîñòî÷íûì. Ïàðà âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ âîñòî÷íûõ áîëîòíûõ ëóíåé âñòðå÷åíà 31 èþëÿ íà çàáîëî÷åííîì ëóãîâîì ó÷àñòêå íà áåðåãó îç. Õîðãà âáëèçè óñòüÿ ð. Ëåâûé Ñóðõýáò, 3 àâãóñòà ñàìåö äâàæäû îòìå÷åí â ýòîì æå ìåñòå è ñàìêà – íà

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ïðîòîêå èç îç. Õîðãà â îç. Èñèíãà, à ñàìåö çàðåãèñòðèðîâàí 4 àâãóñòà íà ñûðîì ëóãó íà áåðåãó ð. Óëçûòý; 17 àâãóñòà ñàìêà – íà ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîì áåðåãó îç. Èñèíãà è ñàìåö íà îç. Õîðãà â óñòüå ð. Óëçûòý. Ñàìêà çàïàäíîãî áîëîòíîãî ëóíÿ âñòðå÷åíà 16 àâãóñòà íà áåðåãó îç. Ìàëîå Åðàâíîå. Òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis) Æèëîå ãíåçäî òåòåðåâÿòíèêà íàéäåíî â ëèñòâåííè÷íîì ëåñó ñåâåðíåå îç. Èñèíãà 6 èþíÿ 1960 ã. Îíî íàõîäèëîñü íà ïîëóñóõîé ëèñòâåííèöå ìåæäó ñòâîëîì è áîêîâûìè âåòêàìè íà âûñîòå 5–6 ì è ñîäåðæàëî êëàäêó èç òð¸õ ÿèö. Îäíî ÿéöî ðàçáèëè – â í¸ì îáíàðóæåí âïîëíå ñôîðìèðîâàâøèéñÿ ïòåíåö, à 21 èþíÿ â ãíåçäå íàõîäèëîñü 2 ïóõîâè÷êà (Èçìàéëîâ, 1967). Îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû âñòðå÷åíû 2 àâãóñòà 2008 ã. â ñëàáî çàáîëî÷åííîì ëèñòâåííè÷íîì ëåñó ñ åðíèêàìè, â âåðõíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Åõý-Ãîðõîí è 11 àâãóñòà äâàæäû – â ëèñòâåííè÷íûõ êîëêàõ äîëèíû ð. Çàçà. Ñòàðîå ãíåçäî òåòåðå-

Òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). Photo by I. Karyakin.

âÿòíèêà, íå çàíÿòîå â ýòîì ãîäó, íàéäåíî 8 èþíÿ â ëèñòâåííè÷íîì ëåñó â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Åõý-Ãîðõîí. Îäèíî÷íàÿ îñîáü çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíà 22 àâãóñòà â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà âáëèçè óñòüÿ ð. Åõý-Ãîðõîí. Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus) Ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä: 6 àâãóñòà 1956 ã. â ëèñòâåííè÷íîì ëåñó ó ïîñ. Óñòü-Çàçà íàéäåíî ãíåçäî ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà ñ îäíèì ïòåíöîìïîäëåòêîì, à 22 àâãóñòà âñòðå÷åíà ñåìüÿ èç äâóõ âçðîñëûõ è äâóõ ìîëîäûõ, ïëîõî ëåòàþùèõ, ïòèö (Èçìàéëîâ, 1967). Â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà ïåðåïåëÿòíèê âñòðå÷åí 14 àâãóñòà 2008 ã. â çàáîëî÷åííîì ëèñòâåííè÷-

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 íîì ëåñó ñ åðíèêîì íà ìàðøðóòå îò óñòüÿ ð. Çàçà ê Òàëèíñêîìó óãîëüíîìó êàðüåðó. Ïî îäíîé ïòèöå îòìå÷åíî 18 àâãóñòà 2008 ã. â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Ëåâûé Ñóðõýáò è ð. ØàðàÃîðõîí, 21 àâãóñòà – 1 ÿñòðåá â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà ó óñòüÿ ð. Àðàíãàòà, 24 àâãóñòà – îäèíî÷íàÿ îñîáü â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Ëåâûé Ñóðõýáò. Â Åðàâíèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà âèäåëè 9 èþíÿ â ïîñ. Îç¸ðíûé, 17 àâãóñòà – îäíîãî ó ñëèÿíèÿ ðåê Äûìøèêòà è Õîëîé è äâå îñîáè ìåæäó ð. Õîëîé è 25-ûì êèëîìåòðîì àâòîäîðîãè. Îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà âñòðå÷åíà 24 àâãóñòà â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Ëåâûé Ñóðõýáò. Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius) Îäíà ïòèöà âñòðå÷åíà íà ñåâåðíîì áåðåãó îç. Ìàëîå Åðàâíîå 16 àâãóñòà 2008 ã. Êàíþê (Buteo buteo) Îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä. Â Åðàâíå â 1956 ã. ïåðâàÿ âñòðå÷à äàòèðîâàíà 6 ìàÿ. Îñåíüþ ó îç. Èñèíãà âñòðå÷åí 13 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1958 ã. (Èçìàéëîâ, 1967), à â ïåðèîä ñ 6 ïî 11 èþíÿ 2008 ã. – 5 âñòðå÷ è ñ 28 èþëÿ ïî 15 àâãóñòà – 11 âñòðå÷ êàíþêîâ. Ïàðà ïòèö çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíà â ëèñòâåííè÷íîì êîëêå, íà ó÷àñòêå ìåæäó îç. Òàëà è Òàëèíñêèì óãîëüíûì êàðüåðîì, 9 èþíÿ è äâóõ ïòèö âèäåëè ó ñëèÿíèÿ ðåê Äûìøèêòà è Õîëîé 17 àâãóñòà. Âñå îñòàëüíûå âñòðå÷è îòìå÷åíû â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà è å¸ ïðèòîêîâ. Êàíþêè îòìå÷åíû â çàáîëî÷åííîì ëèñòâåííè÷íîì ëåñó ñ åðíèêàìè â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Åõý-Ãîðõîí (8 èþíÿ – 3 âñòðå÷è, â òîì ÷èñëå 1 ãíåçäî ñ íàñèæèâàþùåé ïòèöåé), â ñìåøàííîì ëåñó ñåâåðî-çàïàäíåå ïîñ. Îç¸ðíûé (6 âñòðå÷ – 10 èþíÿ, 29–30 èþëÿ è 8 àâãóñòà), â çàáîëî÷åííûõ ëèñòâåííè÷íûõ ëåñàõ ñ åðíèêàìè íà ó÷àñòêå îò áûâøåãî ïîñ. Êîë÷åäàííûé äî ð. Çàçà (4 âñòðå÷è – 5 è 9 àâãóñòà) è íà ó÷àñòêå îò óñòüÿ ð. Çàçà äî Òàëèíñêîãî óãîëüíîãî êàðüåðà (14 àâãóñòà – 2 âñòðå÷è). Îäèíî÷íàÿ îñîáü 22 àâãóñòà 2008 ã. îòìå÷åíà â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà âáëèçè óñòüÿ ð. Åõý-Ãîðõîí. Áåðêóò (Aquila chrisaetos) Ìîëîäîé (äâóõëåòíèé) áåðêóò âñòðå÷åí â ëåñîñòåïè ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íåå îç. Ìàëîå Åðàâíîå 16 àâãóñòà 2008 ã. Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) Â íà÷àëå ìàÿ 1956 ã. äâà ãíåçäà îáíàðóæåíû â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Ñîñíîâî-Îçåðñêîå. Ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà âåðøèíàõ ëèñòâåííèö, íà âûñîòå 5–6 ì â 400 ì äðóã îò äðóãà. Ó îäíîãî èç ãí¸çä 9–10 ìàÿ âèäåëè ïàðó

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ îðëîâ, à 15 ìàÿ çàñòàëè íàñèæèâàþùóþ ïòèöó (Èçìàéëîâ, 1967). Îäèíî÷íûé ìîãèëüíèê âñòðå÷åí 25 àâãóñòà 2008 ã. ê þãó îò îç. Ñîñíîâîå â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîñ. Ñîñíîâî-Îçåðñêîå. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) Ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà âûÿâëåí 14 àâãóñòà 1956 ã. íà îïóøêå ëèñòâåííè÷íîãî ëåñà. Äâà ãíåçäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà âåòâÿõ îãðîìíûõ ëèñòâåííèö, à òðåòüå – íà ñëîìàííîé âåðøèíå ñóõîé ëèñòâåííèöû. Ïîä îäíèì èç ãí¸çä îáíàðóæåí ñâåæåîáãëîäàííûé ñêåëåò ìîëîäîãî îðëàíà, ïîä ãí¸çäàìè ñîáðàíû îñòàòêè óòêè, ãîãîëÿ, êðàñíîçîáîé ãàãàðû è êóëè÷êà (Èçìàéëîâ, 1967). Òàì æå 23 àâãóñòà 2008 ã. âñòðå÷åíû äâå âçðîñëûå ïòèöû íà þæíîì áåðåãó îç. Òóðõóë, à íà åãî ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîì áåðåãó â áèíîêëü óäàëîñü ðàññìîòðåòü ãíåçäî îðëàíîâ. Åù¸ îäíî ãíåçäî íàéäåíî 7 èþíÿ â áåð¸çîâîëèñòâåííè÷íîì êîëêå ó îç. Ìàëàÿ Õîðãà íà ñòàðîé ëèñòâåííèöå íà âûñîòå 10 ì. Â ãíåçäå íàõîäèëèñü äâà ïòåíöà â âîçðàñòå íå ìåíåå 25–30 äíåé è âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà, 17 àâãóñòà çäåñü, ó ãíåçäà, çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû 2 ïòèöû (ìîëîäàÿ è âçðîñëàÿ). Îäèíî÷íàÿ íåïîëîâîçðåëàÿ ëåòÿùàÿ ïòèöà îòìå÷åíà 9 èþíÿ ìåæäó îç. Èñèíãà è îç. Òàëà, 3 àâãóñòà ïàðà âçðîñëûõ ïòèö âñòðå÷åíà âáëèçè îç. Èñèíãà, à 4 àâãóñòà òàì æå, âìåñòå ñ äâóìÿ âçðîñëûìè, äåðæàëàñü 1 ìîëîäàÿ ïòèöà. Â ýòîò æå äåíü åù¸ îäèí âçðîñëûé îðëàí îòìå÷åí íà ð. Óëçûòý. Îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû 28 èþëÿ, 7 è 15 àâãóñòà âäîëü àâòîìîáèëüíîé äîðîãè ïîñ. Ñîñíîâî-Îçåðñêîå – ïîñ. Îçåðíûé (âñåãî 5 âñòðå÷). Îäèíî÷íóþ âçðîñëóþ ïòèöó âèäåëè 16 àâãóñòà ó îç. Ìàëîå Åðàâíîå, â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîñ. Òóëäóí è íà îç. Ìàëàÿ Õîðãà îòìå÷åíà îäíà ìîëîäàÿ ïòèöà 24 àâãóñòà. Ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî íà îáñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè ãíåçäèòñÿ íå ìåíåå 4–5 ïàð ýòîãî ðåäêîãî âèäà. Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) Âñòðå÷åí äâàæäû – 9 ìàÿ 1956 ã. íà áåðåãó îç. Áîëüøîå Åðàâíîå è 12 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1958 ã. íà îç. Èñèíãà (Èçìàéëîâ, 1967). Îäèíî÷íîãî ñàïñàíà âèäåëè 21 àâãóñòà 2008 ã. íà ð. Âèòèì, â 3 êì ê ñåâåðó îò óñòüÿ ð. Çàçà. ×åãëîê (Falco subbuteo) Îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä: 22 àâãóñòà 1956 ã. â ðàéîíå îç. Ìàëîå Åðàâíîå âñòðå÷åí âûâîäîê èç ðîäèòåëåé è äâóõ ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, 16 èþíÿ 1960 ã. â îêðåñò-

Raptor Research

×åãëîê (Falco subbuteo). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Hobby (Falco subbuteo). Photo by I. Karyakin.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 íîñòÿõ îç. Òóðõåë â ëèñòâåíè÷íîì ëåñó íàéäåíî ãíåçäî ÷åãëîêà – îíî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà ëèñòâåííèöå íà âûñîòå 15–16 ì. Â êëàäêå áûëî 3 íàñèæåííûõ ÿéöà (Èçìàéëîâ, 1967). Â äîëèíå ð. Âèòèì 9 àâãóñòà 2008 ã. îäèíî÷íûé ñîêîë çàðåãèñòðèðîâàí â ëèñòâåííè÷íîì êîëêå ìåæäó áûâøèì ïîñ. Êîë÷åäàííûé è ð. Çàçà è ïàðà ïòèö – â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà ó Òóðõóëüñêîãî áðîäà. Âûâîäîê ÷åãëîêîâ íàáëþäàëè 13 àâãóñòà 2008 ã. âáëèçè óñòüÿ ð. Çàçà, à 14 àâãóñòà – äâå îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû è ïàðà ñîêîëîâ âñòðå÷åíû íà ìàðøðóòå îò óñòüÿ ð. Çàçà äî Òàëèíñêîãî óãîëüíîãî êàðüåðà. Îäèí ÷åãëîê âñòðå÷åí 21 àâãóñòà 2008 ã. ó óñòüÿ ð. Çàçà, íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü – îäèí íà ð. Âèòèì ê ñåâåðó îò ìåòåîñòàíöèè «Óñòü-Çàçà» è ïàðà – íàä ìåòåîñòàíöèåé. Â Åðàâíèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå 7 èþíÿ ýòè îäèíî÷íûå ñîêîëû äâàæäû âñòðå÷åíû ó îç. Õîðãà è îç. Ãóíäà. Â ïåðèîä ñ 28 èþëÿ ïî 15 àâãóñòà çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî 13 âñòðå÷ (18 îñîáåé), 31 èþëÿ è 3 àâãóñòà ïî 2 âñòðå÷è îäèíî÷íûõ ïòèö – íà îç. Õîðãà è â íèçîâüÿõ ð. Ëåâûé Ñóðõýáò. Îäèíî÷íûé ÷åãëîê âñòðå÷åí 4 àâãóñòà íà îç. Èñèíãà, à 7 àâãóñòà – ó àâòîìîáèëüíîé äîðîãè ïîñ. Ñîñíîâî-Îçåðñêîå – ïîñ. Îç¸ðíûé. ×åãëîêà íàáëþäàëè 17 àâãóñòà îêîëî ôåðìû ê þãî-âîñòîêó îò ïîñ. Îç¸ðíûé. Äåðáíèê (Falco columbarius) Äîáûò òîëüêî 28 àâãóñòà 1959 ã. ó îç. Èñèíãà (Èçìàéëîâ, 1967). Àìóðñêèé êîá÷èê (Falco amurensis) Â ñåíòÿáðå 1958 ã. âñòðå÷åí È.Â. Èçìàéëîâûì (1967) áëèç îç. Èñèíãà. Ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) Äâå ïóñòåëüãè äîáûòû 2 è 9 àâãóñòà 1956 ã. â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîñ. Óñòü-Çàçà è îäíà ïòèöà äîáûòà 24 èþëÿ 1956 ã. ó îç. Èñèíãà. Ïðèë¸ò â ðàéîíå Åðàâíèíñêèõ îç¸ð íàáëþäàëñÿ 7 ìàÿ 1956 ã. (Èçìàéëîâ, 1967). Â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä. Äâå ïòèöû âñòðå÷åíû â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà âáëèçè óñòüÿ ð. Åõý-Ãîðõîí 6 àâãóñòà 2008 ã., 9 àâãóñòà ïàðó íàáëþäàëè íà ð. Çàçà â ðàéîíå Òóðõóëüñêîãî áðîäà. Âáëèçè îç. Òóðõóë 10 àâãóñòà îòìå÷åí âûâîäîê – òóò íàáëþäàëè ïàðó âçðîñëûõ ñîêîëîâ è òð¸õ ìîëîäûõ ïòèö. Òàêîé æå âûâîäîê è îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà âñòðå÷åíû â ýòîò æå äåíü íà îñòåïí¸ííîì ó÷àñòêå ìàðøðóòà îò îç. Òóðõóë ê ð. Çàçà.

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Íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü ïóñòåëüãó íàáëþäàëè â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà â óñòüå ð. Åõý-Ãîðõîí, à 12 àâãóñòà – â óñòüå ð. Àðàíãàòà. Íà ð. Âèòèì â óñòüå ð. Çàçà 13 àâãóñòà íàáëþäàëè äâå ïóñòåëüãè, à íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü – òðè. Òàì æå 21 àâãóñòà âñòðåòèëè îäèíî÷íóþ ïòèöó, à íà ïîëÿíå â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ìåòåîñòàíöèè «Óñòü-Çàçà» çàðåãèñòðèðîâàí âûâîäîê èç ÷åòûð¸õ ïòèö. Îíè îõîòèëèñü íà óçêî÷åðåïíûõ ïîë¸âîê (Microtus gregalis) íà êîëîíèè. Ïóñòåëüãó âèäåëè 20 àâãóñòà â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà ó óñòüÿ ð. Àðàíãàòà, à 23 àâãóñòà – ó îç. Òóðõóë. Ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ ñîñòàâèëà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç. Òóðõóë 9,4 îñîáåé/êì2, â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà – 1,6 îñîáåé/êì2 è â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ óñòüÿ ð. Çàçà – 4,4 îñîáåé/êì2. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü â äîëèíå ð. Çàçà ìîæåò ñîñòàâèòü íå ìåíåå 10 ïàð. Â Åðàâíèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå 6 è 7 èþíÿ îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû òðèæäû îòìå÷åíû âäîëü àâòîäîðîãè ïîñ. Ñîñíîâî-Îçåðñêîå – ïîñ. Îç¸ðíûé è íà áåðåãó îç. Õîðãà. Â ïåðèîä ñ 28 èþëÿ ïî 15 àâãóñòà çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû 42 âñòðå÷è (61 îñîáü). Îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû òàêæå ïîñòîÿííî îõîòèëèñü âäîëü àâòîìîáèëüíîé äîðîãè ïîñ. Ñîñíîâî-Îçåðñêîå – ïîñ. Îç¸ðíûé, íà áåðåãàõ îç¸ð Õîðãà (2,2 îñîáåé/êì2), Ãóíäà, Èñèíãà, Ñóðõýáò è Ýêñåíä. Ïóñòåëüãà çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíà 16 àâãóñòà íà ð. Ãóíäóé-Õîëîé, åù¸ îäíà – ìåæäó ð. Ñóáà è ð. Õîëîé è ïàðà – íà ñåâåðîâîñòî÷íîì áåðåãó îç. Ìàëîå Åðàâíîå. Äâå îñîáè îòìå÷åíû 17 àâãóñòà â äîëèíå ð. Óëçûòý, ïî îäíîé ïòèöå – ó îç. ÀìáàðÍóð è íà ð. Áóðåõòà è ïàðà – â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Óëçûòý. Ïóñòåëüãó âñòðåòèëè 24 àâãóñòà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîñ. Îç¸ðíûé. Íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü äâå ïòèöû çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû â äîëèíå ð. Ëåâûé Ñóðõýáò, îäíà – îêîëî ìîñòà ÷åðåç ð. Õîëîé, äâå – îêîëî îç. Ãîëóáîå è 1 ïòèöà íà ìàðøðóòå îò ïîñ. Îç¸ðíûé ê ïîñ. Ñîñíîâî-Îçåðñêîå, ó ïîâîðîòà íà ïîñ. Òóëäóí. Âûâîäû Â ðåçóëüòàòå èññëåäîâàíèé â Åðàâíèíñêîì ðàéîíå îòìå÷åíà âûñîêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö – ÷åðíîóõîãî êîðøóíà, êàíþêà, ÷åãëîêà, îáûêíîâåííîé ïóñòåëüãè. Îñîáûé èíòåðåñ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò âûñîêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü òàêîãî ðåäêîãî âèäà, êàê îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò. Ëèòåðàòóðà Èçìàéëîâ È.Â. Ïòèöû Âèòèìñêîãî ïëîñêîãîðüÿ. Óëàí-Óäý, 1967. 305 ñ. Ðàâêèí Þ.Ñ. Ê ìåòîäèêå ó÷¸òà ïòèö ëåñíûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ. – Ïðèðîäà î÷àãîâ êëåùåâîãî ýíöåôàëèòà íà Àëòàå. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1967. Ñ. 66–75.

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Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

Short Reports КРАТКИЕ СООБЩЕНИЯ The Second Registration of the Pallid Harrier Nesting in the N. Novgorod District, Russia ВТОРАЯ НАХОДКА ГНЕЗДА СТЕПНОГО ЛУНЯ В НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ Levashkin A.P. (State Pedagogical University, Russian Bird Conservation Union, N. Novgorod Branch, Russia) Левашкин А.П. (Нижегородский педагогический университет, Нижегородское отделение Союза охраны птиц России, Нижний Новгород, Россия) Êîíòàêò: Àëåêñåé Ëåâàøêèí Íèæåãîðîäñêîå îòäåëåíèå Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè 603009 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Áîí÷-Áðóåâè÷à, 1–56 òåë.: +7 831 464 30 96 ìîá.: +7 952 781 71 98 aple_avesbp@mail.ru Contact: Alexey Levashkin Russian Bird Conservation Union N.Novgorod Branch Bonch-Bruevich str., 1–56 Nizhniy Novgorod 603009 Russia tel.: +7 831 464 30 96 mob.: +7 952 781 71 98 aple_avesbp@mail.ru

Ñòåïíîé ëóíü (Circus macrourus) – ãëîáàëüíî ðåäêèé âèä, çàíåñ¸ííûé â Êðàñíûå êíèãè ÌÑÎÏ (êàòåãîðèÿ LR, ïîäêàòåãîðèÿ nt), Ðîññèè (êàòåãîðèÿ 2) è ðÿäà ðåãèîíîâ, âêëþ÷àÿ Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (êàòåãîðèÿ À). Â íà÷àëå XX âåêà áûë îáû÷åí íà þãå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, íî óæå â 1950-õ ãã. ñòàë ðåäêèì. Â 1960–70-õ ãã. ÷èñëåííîñòü, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ðåçêî ñîêðàòèëàñü, â 1980-õ ãã. âñòðå÷è ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü (Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 2003). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè êîëåáëåòñÿ îò åäèíèö äî ñîòíè ïàð â ðàçíûå ãîäû. Â 1999–2006 ãã. â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ñòåïíîé ëóíü áûë îòìå÷åí â ðÿäå ðàéîíîâ îáëàñòè, â òîì ÷èñëå íàéäåíî ãíåçäî â Êðàñíîîêòÿáðüñêîì ðàéîíå (Áàêêà, Êèñåë¸âà, 2007). Ýòî ãíåçäî îêàçàëîñü ïåðâûì äîêóìåíòàëüíî ïîäòâåðæä¸ííûì ãíåçäîì ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Îíî áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â èþíå 2002 ã. è ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â öåíòðå íå-

At the beginning of XX century the Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus) was a common species in the south of the Nizhniy Novgorod district, but in 1980th it was no registrations of the species. In 1999–2006 during the breeding season the Pallid Harrier was noted in several regions of the Nizhniy Novgorod district, a nest was found in the Krasnooktjabrskiy region which was the first documentary confirmed registration of the Pallid Harrier nesting in the Nizhniy Novgorod district. Obviously territorial pair with breeding behavior was been surveyed near the Simbuchovo village of the Pochinkovsky region in July, 2006. The Pallid Harrier has not recorded in the Bogorodsky region until recent time. On 30 May, 2009 we found a living nest of the Pallid Harrier on a meadow between Gari and Chapurda villages. The nest was located in the Unkor river flood lands in 133 m from a riverbed; in a wet site covered by great reed mace (Typha latifolia) on dry broken stems above water. The nest sizes: diameter 50õ60 cm, height – 14 cm; the cup sizes: diameter – 25 cm, depth – 6.5 cm. The clutch consisted of 4 incubated eggs. A pair of harriers with alarm calls flied beside. The nest was located in 90 m from a nest of the Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus), in 360 m from the nearest house of the Gari village. At the repeated survey of the Pallid Harrier’s nest on 25 June, 2009 there were 3 nestlings. At the next visit on 5 July, the nest was empty. Ñàìåö ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ (Circus macrourus). Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Male of the Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus). Photo by A. Levashkin.

Short Reports

Âñòðå÷è ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ (Circus macrourus) â Áîãîðîäñêîì ðàéîíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Records of the Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus) in the Bogorodsk region (N. Novgorod district).

Ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ ñ êëàäêîé. Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Nest of the Pallid Harrier with clutch. Photo by A. Levashkin.

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áîëüøîãî (ïëîùàäüþ 0,1 ãà) îñîêîâîãî áîëîòà â ïðèòåððàñíîé ïîéìå ð. Ïüÿíû, íà îñîêîâîé êî÷êå. Êëàäêà ñîñòîÿëà èç 6 ÿèö (Êèñåë¸âà è äð., 2002). ßâíî òåððèòîðèàëüíàÿ ïàðà ñ ãíåçäîâûì ïîâåäåíèåì áûëà îáíàðóæåíà ó ñ. Ñèìáóõîâî Ïî÷èíêîâñêîãî ðàéîíà â èþëå 2006 ã. Íàáëþäàëàñü ìíîãîêðàòíàÿ ïåðåäà÷à êîðìà â âîçäóõå îò ñàìöà ñàìêå, õàðàêòåðíàÿ äëÿ ëóíåé. Îäíàêî ïðîñëåäèòü ïóòü ñàìêè ñ äîáû÷åé ê ãíåçäó íå óäàëîñü (Ëåâàøêèí, 2008). Â Áîãîðîäñêîì ðàéîíå äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè äàííûõ î âñòðå÷àõ ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ íå áûëî. Âïåðâûå ñòåïíîé ëóíü (ãîäîâàëûé ñàìåö) çàðåãèñòðèðîâàí íà òåððèòîðèè ðàéîíà 20 àâãóñòà 2005 ã., â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ äåð. Êèëåëåé. Íåïîäàëåêó îò ýòîãî ìåñòà 26 àïðåëÿ 2008 ã. íàáëþäàëñÿ âçðîñëûé ñàìåö (Ëåâàøêèí, 2008). Ïðîëåòàþùàÿ ïàðà ïòèö âñòðå÷åíà ðîâíî ãîä ñïóñòÿ, 26 àïðåëÿ 2009 ã., íåäàëåêî îò äåð. ×àïóðäà. Íà ëóãó ìåæäó äåð. Ãàðè è äåð. ×àïóðäà 30 ìàÿ 2009 ã. íàáëþäàëñÿ îõîòÿùèéñÿ ñàìåö ëóíÿ, êîòîðûé â ñòðåìèòåëüíîì ïîë¸òå îáëåòàë äàííóþ òåððèòîðèþ. Âî âðåìÿ

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âûñëåæèâàíèÿ ïòèöû áûëî ïðåäïîëîæåíî âåðîÿòíîå ìåñòî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Â õîäå íàáëþäåíèÿ ñ âîçâûøåííîé òî÷êè (ðàçâàëèíû ôåðìû), ñ êîòîðîé ïðîñìàòðèâàåòñÿ âûáðàííûé ó÷àñòîê, ïî òðåâîæíîìó ïîâåäåíèþ ñàìöà óäàëîñü îïðåäåëèòü òî÷íîå ìåñòîïîëîæåíèå ãíåçäà. Ïðè ïðèáëèæåíèè íàáëþäàòåëÿ íà íåñêîëüêî ìåòðîâ ê ãíåçäó ñàìêà ïîêèíóëà åãî. Ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â ïîéìå ð. Óíêîð, â 133 ì îò ðóñëà, ñðåäè çàáîëî÷åííîãî ó÷àñòêà, â çàðîñëÿõ ðîãîçà øèðîêîëèñòíîãî (Typha latifolia) è áûëî óñòðîåíî íà çàëîìàõ íàä âîäîé. Øèðèíà ãíåçäà 50õ60 ñì, âûñîòà 14 ñì, äèàìåòð ëîòêà 25 ñì, ãëóáèíà 6,5 ñì. Ëîòîê âûñòëàí ñóõîé ïðîøëîãîäíåé òðàâîé. Â êëàäêå íàõîäèëîñü 4 íàñèæåííûõ ÿéöà. Áåñïîêîÿùàÿñÿ ïàðà ëóíåé ñ êðèêàìè ëåòàëà ðÿäîì, ñàìåö ïðèñàæèâàëñÿ íà îäíó èç îëüõ, ðàñòóùèõ ïî áåðåãó ðåêè. Ãíåçäî íàõîäèëîñü â 90 ì îò ãíåçäà ëóãîâîãî ëóíÿ (Circus

Ñàìêà è ïòåíöû ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Female and chicks of the Pallid Harrier in the nest. Photo by A. Levashkin.

pygargus), êîòîðîå ðàñïîëàãàëîñü ñðåäè çàðîñëåé êðàïèâû è ñîäåðæàëî êëàäêó èç 5 ÿèö, â 360 ì îò áëèæàéøåãî äîìà â äåð. Ãàðè. Ïðè ïîâòîðíîì îñìîòðå ãíåçäà ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ 25 èþíÿ 2009 ã. â í¸ì íàõîäèëîñü 3 ïòåíöà. Ïðè ïîñåùåíèè 5 èþëÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà áûëà ïóñòà. Ëèòåðàòóðà Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Ò. 1. Æèâîòíûå. Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2003. 380 ñ. Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êèñåë¸âà Í. Þ. Îðíèòîôàóíà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè: äèíàìèêà, àíòðîïîãåííàÿ òðàíñôîðìàöèÿ, ïóòè ñîõðàíåíèÿ: Ìîíîãðàôèÿ. – Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2007. 124 ñ. Êèñåë¸âà Í.Þ., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. Ëþäè è ïòèöû. 2002. ¹3 (10). 16 ñ. Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. Íîâûå äàííûå î íåêîòîðûõ ïòèöàõ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ðåäêèå âèäû æèâûõ îðãàíèçìîâ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè: Ñáîðíèê ðàáî÷èõ ìàòåðèàëîâ Êîìèññèè ïî Êðàñíîé êíèãå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Âûï. 1. Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2008. Ñ. 83–87.

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Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

Status of the Little Owl in the Republic of Chuvashiya, Russia О СТАТУСЕ ДОМОВОГО СЫЧА В ЧУВАШСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКЕ, РОССИЯ Lastukhin A.A. (Ecological and Biological Center "Karash", Cheboksary, Russia) Ластухин А.А. (Эколого-биологический центр «Караш», Чебоксары, Россия) Êîíòàêò: Àëüáåðò Ëàñòóõèí alast@mail.ru Contact: Albert Lastukhin alast@mail.ru

Â ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêå äîìîâûé ñû÷ (Athene noctua) íàõîäèòñÿ íà ñåâåðíîé ãðàíèöå àðåàëà (Êóëàåâà, 1977). Ïåðâîå íàó÷íîå óïîìèíàíèå îá ýòîì âèäå äëÿ òåððèòîðèè ×óâàøèè ïðèâîäèò Ì.Ä. Ðóçñêèé (1893), êîòîðûé ïðè ïåðå÷èñëåíèè ðåçóëüòàòîâ èçó÷åíèÿ êðàÿ ñîîáùàåò, ÷òî èçãîòîâëåíû 978 øêóðîê ïòèö, êîòîðûå ïåðåäàíû â Êàçàíñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò, è ñðåäè íèõ èìååòñÿ äîìîâûé ñû÷, äîáûòûé ýêñïåäèöèåé â äîëèíå ð. Áóëà. Ïîçäíåå, â 1926–1927 ãã. À.À. Ïåðøàêîâ ñëûøàë êðèêè äîìîâîãî ñû÷à â Òîéçèíñêîì ëåñíè÷åñòâå, à â Ïðèñóðüå ñ÷èòàë åãî îáû÷íûì (Ïåðøàêîâ, 1932). Ñîâðåìåííûå íàáëþäåíèÿ ýòîãî âèäà â ×óâàøèè ñëåäóþùèå (Ëàñòóõèí, Âîðîíîâ, 1999; Ëàñòóõèí, 2008): 1. Îäíîãî ñû÷à íàáëþäàë áèîëîã À.Ì. Èñàêîâ 13 ìàðòà 1990 ã. â ä. Áóðóíäóêè Êðàñíîàðìåéñêîãî ð-íà. 2. Ëåòîì 1991 ã. áèîëîã Ñ.À. Áî÷¸íêîâ ïîéìàë íà çàáîðå ñâèíî-òîâàðíîé ôåðìû (ÑÒÔ) ï. Îïûòíûé Öèâèëüñêîãî ð-íà îäíîãî ñë¸òêà è ñîäåðæàë åãî äîìà. 3. Åù¸ îäíîãî ñû÷à À.Ì. Èñàêîâ íàáëþäàë ëåòîì 1991 ã. â ä. Áóðóíäóêè Êðàñíîàðìåéñêîãî ð-íà – ïòèöà âûëåòåëà èç-ïîä êîíüêà ÑÒÔ. 4. Íà ìîëî÷íî-òîâàðíîé ôåðìå (ÌÒÔ) ä. Íóðëàòû Öèâèëüñêîãî ð-íà 28 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1991 ã. áûëà äîáûòà îäíà ïòèöà – èç íå¸ Â.Í. Êóçþêîâûì èçãîòîâëåíî ÷ó÷åëî äëÿ ëåñîïàðêîâîãî ëåñõîçà. 5. Çèìîé 1991 ã. æèòåëü ä. Áóðóíäóêè Êðàñíîàðìåéñêîãî ð-íà È.È. Àëåêñååâ íàø¸ë ì¸ðòâîãî ñû÷à ó ñåáÿ â ïîäâîðüå íà ñåíîâàëå è ïåðåäàë åãî À.Ì. Èñàêîâó, êîòîðûé èçãîòîâèë èç íåãî ÷ó÷åëî. 6. Æèòåëü ä. Áóðóíäóêè Êðàñíîàðìåéñêîãî ð-íà Á.À. Ïåòðîâ íàáëþäàë îäíîãî ñû÷à íà ÑÒÔ 25 àâãóñòà 1994 ã. 7. Ìû ñëûøàëè îäíó ïòèöó 2 ìàÿ 1997 ã. â âåðõîâüå ð. Îøìàøêà Ìîðãàóøñêîãî ð-íà. 8. Â Áîòàíè÷åñêîì ñàäó ã. ×åáîêñàðû êðè÷àëà îäíà ïòèöà 24 ìàÿ 1999 ã. 9. Â êîíöå èþëÿ 2007 ã. â Áîòàíè÷åñêîì ñàäó ã. ×åáîêñàðû ïàðà êîðìèëà 3-õ ñë¸òêîâ, êîòîðûå èíòåíñèâíî êðè÷àëè è äí¸ì. Ïàðà, êàê ïîçäíåå âûÿñíèëîñü, ãíåçäèëàñü â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå (ñîâÿòíèêå), êîòîðûé

In the Republic of Chuvashiya the Little Owl (Athene noctua) is on the northern border of its breeding range. Ruzskiy M.D. (1893) was the first who recorded the species in the territory of Chuvashiya. At the present time (1990–2009) the Little Owl has been observed 9 times in the republic including 2 facts of breeding. At the end of 2007 a pair feeding 3 fledglings were observed in the Botanical garden of Cheboksary. Owls nested in a nestbox of the size of 380õ380õ250 mm with the entrance hole 150 mm in diameter. It was the second record of the species breeding in the Republic of Chuvashiya and the first record of the species nesting in a nestbox in the Middle Volga region.

Ãíåçäîâîé ÿùèê, çàíèìàâøèéñÿ äîìîâûìè ñû÷àìè â 2007 ã. (Athene noctua). Ôîòî À. Ëàñòóõèíà. Nestbox occupied by Little Owls (Athene noctua) in 2007. Photo by A. Lastukhin.

ïîñòðîèë Â.À. Åôðåìîâ. Ðàçìåðû ñîâÿòíèêà: 380õ380õ250 ìì, ëåòîê êðóãëûé, 150 ìì â äèàìåòðå. Ïòåíöîâ ìû íàáëþäàëè, êîãäà îíè âûëåòåëè. Ðîäèòåëè êîðìèëè èõ è äí¸ì, à òå çàáàâíî «ìÿóêàëè», êàê êîòÿòà.

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÷àè ãèáåëè ïòèö â çèìíåå âðåìÿ. Îñíîâíûå ìåñòà âñòðå÷ äîìîâîãî ñû÷à – ôåðìû (ÑÒÔ è ÌÒÔ) â ëåñîñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ ðåñïóáëèêè. Ãíåçäîâàíèå óñòàíîâëåíî (ïî ñë¸òêàì) â îêð. ï. Îïûòíûé Öèâèëüñêîãî ð-íà è â Áîòàíè÷åñêîì ñàäó ã. ×åáîêñàðû, ïðè÷¸ì â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå ïàðà ãíåçäèëàñü â ñîâÿòíèêå, ÷òî äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè â Ñðåäíåì Ïîâîëæüå íå íàáëþäàëîñü. Ëèòåðàòóðà

Âñòðå÷è äîìîâîãî ñû÷à (Athene noctua) â ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêå. Records of the Little Owl (Athene noctua) in the Republic of Chuvashiya.

Ïî ýòîìó «ìÿóêàíüþ», ñîáñòâåííî, è óäàëîñü âûÿâèòü âûâîäîê. Ãíåçäî â ÿùèêå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî òîëüêî çèìîé, êîãäà åãî ÷èñòèëè. Â ñîâÿòíèêå îêàçàëîñü íåìíîãî ïòè÷üåãî ïîì¸òà è ïðèëèïøèå ê íåìó ïåðüÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èñòîðèÿ íàáëþäåíèé äîìîâûõ ñû÷åé â ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêå íàñ÷èòûâàåò áîëåå 115 ëåò. Âèä âñòðå÷àåòñÿ çäåñü êðóãëûé ãîä, ïðè ýòîì èçâåñòíû ñëó-

Ëàñòóõèí À.À., Âîðîíîâ Ë.Í. Àòëàñ ïòèö ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè. ×åáîêñàðû, 1999. 96 ñ. Êóëàåâà Ò.Ì. Îòðÿä Ñîâîîáðàçíûå. – Ïòèöû Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ. Ì., 1977. Ñ. 239–257. Ëàñòóõèí À.À. Íîâûå è ðåäêèå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå íàáëþäåíèÿ äëÿ ôàóíû ×óâàøèè. – Íàó÷íûå òðóäû ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Ïðèñóðñêèé». Ò. 19. ×åáîêñàðû, 2008. C. 78–82. Ðóçñêèé Ì.Ä. Ìàòåðèàëû ê èçó÷åíèþ ïòèö Êàçàíñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Òðóäû Îáùåñòâà åñòåñòâîèñïûòàòåëåé ïðè Êàçàíñêîì óíèâåðñèòåòå. 1893. Ò. 25, âûï. 6. Ñ. 119–130. Ïåðøàêîâ À.À. Ïòèöû íàãîðíûõ äóáðàâ ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè. – Òðóäû Îáùåñòâà åñòåñòâîèñïûòàòåëåé ïðè Êàçàíñêîì óíèâåðñèòåòå. 1932. Ò. 2. Ñ. 1–75.

Records of the Imperial Eagle Atypical Nesting in the South of the Ulyanovsk District, Russia НЕТИПИЧНЫЕ СЛУЧАИ ГНЕЗДОВАНИЯ МОГИЛЬНИКА НА ЮГЕ УЛЬЯНОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ Korepov M.V. (Russian Bird Conservation Union, Simbirskoe Branch, Ulyanovsk, Russia) Корепов М.В. (Симбирское отделение Союза охраны птиц России, Ульяновск, Россия) Êîíòàêò: Ìèõàèë Êîðåïîâ Ñèìáèðñêîå îòäåëåíèå Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè Ðîññèÿ 432072 Óëüÿíîâñê ïð. Òóïîëåâà, 2–65 òåë. +7 8422 542 923 korepov@list.ru Contact: Mikhail Korepov Russian Bird Conservation Union Simbirskoe Branch Tupoleva pr., 2–65 Ulyanovsk 432072 Russia tel: +7 8422 542 923 korepov@list.ru

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàèáîëåå õàðàêòåðíûì è îáû÷íûì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåì ðîäà íàñòîÿùèõ îðëîâ (Aquila) â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Ïðèâîëæñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè (â ïðåäåëàõ ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Âîëãè â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè). Îòíîñèòåëüíî âûñîêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü è ìåæäóíàðîäíûé óãðîæàåìûé ñòàòóñ âèäà ñïîñîáñòâîâàëè è ïðîäîëæàþò ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü ïîâûøåííîìó âíèìàíèþ ê ýòîé ïòèöå ñî ñòîðîíû óëüÿíîâñêèõ îðíèòîëîãîâ (Áîðîäèí è äð., 1999; Áîðîäèí è äð., 2000; Êëþ÷åâûå…, 2000; Áîðîäèí, 2003; Áîðîäèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2004; Êîðåïîâ, 2004; Áîðîäèí è äð., 2005; Îöåíêà…, 2009). Íà ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü ñ òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè èçâåñòíî óæå áîëåå ñîòíè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äàííîãî âèäà, áîëåå ÷åì äëÿ ïîëîâèíû èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè.

Now the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) is the most typical and usual species of a genus Eagles (Aquila) in the central part of the Privolzhskaya Upland (within the Volga river right side of the Ulyanovsk district). Birds breeding in the Volga region prefer generally to build their own nests on different elevations at tops of pines (Pinus sylvestris) located on edges of large forests. The most part of nests known in the Ulyanovsk district are located in such habitats. The new data on the Imperial Eagle nesting atypically in the Izbalyk river basin collected in 2009 add information on the species atypically nesting in the territory of the central part of the Privolzhskaya Upland. On 6 May an occupied nest was discovered on the horizontal crossarm of a concrete electric pole of overhead power line between the edge of oak forest and the artificial pine

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 Äëÿ ïòèö ïîâîëæñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè õàðàêòåðíî ãíåçäîâàíèå ïî âîçâûøåííûì ýëåìåíòàì ðåëüåôà ñ äîìèíèðóþùèì ñòåðåîòèïîì óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä íà âåðøèíàõ ñîñåí (Pinus sylvestris) ïî îïóøêàì ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ (Áåëèê, Ãàëóøèí, 1999; Êàðÿêèí, 2007). Òàêîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå èìååò è ïîäàâëÿþùåå áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä, îáíàðóæåííûõ â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Îäíàêî, íà þãå ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Âîëãè íàáëþäàþòñÿ èñêëþ÷åíèÿ èç ýòîãî ïðàâèëà. Â óðî÷èùå «Âÿçîâñêèå áàëêè» Ðàäèùåâñêîãî ðàéîíà èçâåñòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå äâóõ ïàð íà ëèñòâåííûõ äåðåâüÿõ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå ñòåðåîòèïó ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà ñîñíàõ, – ãí¸çäà óñòðîåíû íà âåðøèíàõ äóáîâ (Quercus robur) â ïðèîïóøå÷íîé ÷àñòè øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ íàãîðíûõ ëåñîâ (Áàðàáàøèí, Âàëèåâà, 2001; äàííûå àâòîðà). Ïîäîáíîå æå ãíåçäî îáíàðóæåíî â 2003 ã. â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Øèêîâêà Ïàâëîâñêîãî ðàéîíà (Â.Ê. Áîíäèí, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Íà ñàìîì þãå Ñòàðîêóëàòêèíñêîãî ðàéîíà, â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Çîëîòîé ãîðû, ñ 1998 ã. èçâåñòíà ïàðà ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà êîòîðûõ ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ íà ñòàðîé èâå (Salix alba) â ïîéìå ðó÷üÿ íà äíå áàëêè (Î.Â. Áîðîäèí, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå), ÷òî áîëüøå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñòåðåîòèïó ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëîâ ñòåïíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê. Â 2009 ã. ïðîâåäåíû èññëåäîâàíèÿ íà ñàìîì þãå ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Âîëãè â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè (Ñòàðîêóëàòêèíñêèé, Ïàâëîâñêèé ðàéîíû), ãäå ñîáðàí íîâûé ìàòåðèàë ïî ãíåçäîâàíèþ ìîãèëüíèêà â áàññåéíå ð. Èçáàëûê, äîïîëíÿþùèé ôàêòû íåòèïè÷íîãî óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä äàííûì âèäîì íà òåððèòîðèè öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Ïðèâîëæñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè. Æèëîå ãíåçäî îáíàðóæåíî 6 ìàÿ íà ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé òðàâåðñå áåòîííîé îïîðû ËÝÏ, ïðîõîäÿùåé ìåæäó îïóøêîé íàãîðíîé äóáðàâû è ëåñîïîëîñîé èç ñîñíû, â 40 ì îò ïðîñ¸ëî÷íîé äîðîãè. Äðóãîå æèëîå ãíåçäî îðëîâ îáíàðóæåíî 9 ìàÿ â ëåñîïîëîñå øèðèíîé 7–10 ì ñðåäè ïîëåé ñ ïîñåâàìè îçèìûõ êóëüòóð. Ïîñòðîéêà ðàñïîëàãàëàñü íà ñðåäíåâîçðàñòíîé ñîñíå â âåðõíåé òðåòè äåðåâà íà âûñîòå 8 ì. Â ýòîò æå äåíü åù¸ îäíî æèëîå ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêîâ áûëî ïîêàçàíî ðàáîòíèêàìè Ñòàðîêóëàòêèíñêîãî ôåäåðàëüíîãî çîîëîãè÷åñêîãî çàêàçíèêà. Ïîñòðîéêà ðàñïîëàãàëàñü â ïîéìå ð. Ìîñòÿê íà òîïîëå (Populus alba) â ðàçâèëêå áîêîâîé âåòâè. Äåðåâî ñ ãíåçäîì íàõîäèëîñü ïðÿìî ïîñðåäè óñàäà, â 300 ì îò ñ. Íîâàÿ Àíäðååâêà. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ âûïîëíåíû â ðàìêàõ ðåãèîíàëüíîãî ãðàíòà ÐÔÔÈ 09-04-97012-ð_

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ forest line in 40 m from a country road. On 9 May another occupied nest of eagles was found in a forest line with width of 7–10 m surrounded by fields with winter crops. The nest was placed on a middle-aged pine in the upper part of tree at height of 8 m. The same day one more occupied nest of Imperial Eagles was shown to us by employees of the Starokulatkinsky state zoological reserve. The nest was located in the Mostyak river floodplain on a poplar (Populus alba) in a fork of a lateral branch. The nesting tree was strictly in the middle of vegetable garden in 300 m from the Novaya Andreevka village.

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca): íà ËÝÏ â Ïàâëîâñêîì ðàéîíå (ââåðõó), â ëåñîïîëîñå ñðåäè ïîëåé íà ñîñíå â Ñòàðîêóëàòêèíñêîì ðàéîíå (â öåíòðå) è íà òîïîëå ñðåäè îãîðîäà íà îêðàèíå ñ. Íîâ. Àíäðååâêà Ïàâëîâñêîãî ðàéîíà (âíèçó). Óëüÿíîâñêàÿ îáëàñòü. Ôîòî Ì. Êîðåïîâà. Nests of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca): on an electric pole in the Pavlovskiy region (upper), on a pine tree in forest-line in the Starokulatkinskiy region (center) and a poplar tree near the N. Andreevka village in the Pavlovskiy region (bottom). Ulyanovsk District. Photos by M. Korepov.

Short Reports

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

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ïîâîëæüå_à «Êîìïëåêñíûé áèîýêîëîãè÷åñêèé ìîíèòîðèíã è îðãàíèçàöèÿ êëþ÷åâûõ è ïåðñïåêòèâíûõ ÎÎÏÒ â Ñðåäíåì Ïîâîëæüå (Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè)». Ëèòåðàòóðà Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Âàëèåâà Ì.Ã. Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö Óëüÿíîâñêîãî ïîáåðåæüÿ Ñàðàòîâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà. – Ïðèðîäà Ñèìáèðñêîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Óëüÿíîâñê, 2001. Âûï. 2. Ñ. 162–165. Áåëèê Â.Ï., Ãàëóøèí Â.Ì. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca): Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ì., 1999. Âûï. 1. Ñ. 129–139. Áîðîäèí Î.Â. Ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà îðëîâìîãèëüíèêîâ â óñëîâèÿõ ñîâðåìåííîãî õîçÿéñòâîâàíèÿ â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ìàòåðèàëû IV Êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ïåíçà, 2003. Ñ. 156–158. Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Ìîíèòîðèíã ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè îðëîâ-ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà þãå Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ïðèðîäà Ñèìáèðñêîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Óëüÿíîâñê, 2004. Âûï. 5. Ñ. 119–124. Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Êîðîëüêîâ Ì.À., Ñìèðíîâà Ñ.Â. Äîëèíà ñîëíå÷íûõ îðëîâ. – Ïðèðîäà Ñèìáèðñêîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Óëüÿíîâñê, 2000. Âûï. 1. Ñ. 142–144. Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Ñìèðíîâà Ñ.Â., Ãëåáîâ À.Ì., Ôîìèíà Ä.À., Ïèëþãèíà Ã.Â., Ìóðàíîâà Í. Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå íîâîñòè 2005 ãîäà. – Ïðèðîäà

Êàðòà íàõîäîê ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca). Map of records of the Imperial Eagle’s (Aquila heliaca) nests.

Ìîãèëüíèê. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Imperial Eagle. Photo by A. Pazhenkov.

Ñèìáèðñêîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Óëüÿíîâñê, 2005. Âûï. 6. Ñ. 172–174. Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Ñìèðíîâà Ñ.Ë., Ñâèðèäîâà Ò.Â., Êîðîëüêîâ Ì.À., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Êèøêèí¸â Ä.À., Èëüèíà Ä.À., Àñàíîâ À.Â., Êàðàöóáà Ä.Þ., Ðûæåíêîâ Ñ.Í. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëàìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca): Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ì., 1999. Âûï. 1. Ñ. 68–73. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà àðåàëà âîñòî÷íî-åâðîïåéñêîãî ìîãèëüíèêà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå è å¸ äèíàìèêà â ïîñëåäíåå ñòîëåòèå. – Ìàòåðèàëû Âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Èçó÷åíèå ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ». ×åáîêñàðû, 2007. Ñ. 163–171. Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè. Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ â Åâðîïåéñêîé Ðîññèè. Òîì 1. Ì., 2000. Ñ. 430–443. Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â. Íîâûå ñâåäåíèÿ îá îðëåìîãèëüíèêå ñ òåððèòîðèè Áàðûøñêîãî ðàéîíà Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ïðèðîäà Ñèìáèðñêîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Óëüÿíîâñê, 2004. Âûï. 5. Ñ. 113–114. Îöåíêà ýôôåêòèâíîñòè îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ïðèðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèé Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà, çàíåñ¸ííîãî â Êðàñíûå êíèãè Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè è Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñîþçà îõðàíû ïðèðîäû (ñîñò. Ì.Â. Êîðåïîâ). – Îò÷¸ò ïî äîãîâîðó ¹25 îò 15.04.2009. Óëüÿíîâñê: Íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé öåíòð «Ïîâîëæüå», Óëüÿíîâñê, 2009. 32 ñ.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

The Number of Peregrine Falcons Continues to Increase in the Lower Reaches of the Kama River, Russia РОСТ ЧИСЛЕННОСТИ САПСАНА НА НИЖНЕЙ КАМЕ ПРОДОЛЖАЕТСЯ, РОССИЯ Bekmansurov R.H. (NP "Nizhnyaya Kama", Elabuga, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia) Бекмансуров Р.Х. (Национальный парк «Нижняя Кама», Республика Татарстан, Россия) Êîíòàêò: Ðèíóð Áåêìàíñóðîâ Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà» 423600 Ðîññèÿ Ðåñïóáëèêà Òàòàðñòàí ã. Åëàáóãà ïð. Íåôòÿíèêîâ, 175 òåë.: +7 85557 270 18 rinur@yandex.ru Contact: Rinur Bekmansurov National Park “Nizhnyaya Kama” Neftyanikov str., 175 Elabuga Republic of Tatarstan 423600 Russia tel.: +7 85557 270 18 rinur@yandex.ru

Ñîêîë-ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) íà òåððèòîðèè Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí ïî-ïðåæíåìó ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåäêèì âèäîì. Èç ÷åòûð¸õ èçâåñòíûõ çà ïîñëåäíåå 10-ëåòèå ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ òðè îáíàðóæåíû â ïðåäåëàõ Íèæíåé Êàìû íà òåððèòîðèè Åëàáóæñêîãî, Àãðûçñêîãî è Ìåíçåëèíñêîãî ðàéîíîâ: äâà ãíåçäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà îáðûâàõ ð. Êàìà è îäíî – â çîíå çàòîïëåíèÿ íà ïëàâíÿõ (Êàðÿêèí, 2005; Õàíîâ, Âîëêîâà, 2005; Karyakin, Pazhenkov, 2007). Áëèæàéøåå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó èçâåñòíûìè ãí¸çäàìè íà Êàìå íèæå Íèæíåêàìñêîé ÃÝÑ ñîñòàâëÿëî 17,2 êì, íà Íèæíåêàìñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå – 14,9 êì. Â 2009 ã. íîâàÿ ïàðà ñàïñàíîâ îáíàðóæåíà íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà» (Òàíàåâñêèé ëåñ). Ðàññòîÿíèå äî áëèæàéøåãî ãíåçäà ñàïñàíîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 18,7 êì. Ýòà ïàðà ñàïñàíîâ âñòðå÷åíà â ðàéîíå ìíîãîëåòíåãî ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo), ðàñïîëîæåííîãî íà áðîâêå âûñîêîãî îáðûâà ïðàâîãî áåðåãà Êàìû, ïîýòîìó íàáëþäåíèÿ çà íåé ïðåäñòàâëÿþò îñîáûé èíòåðåñ. Òàê, 11 àïðåëÿ, âî âðåìÿ ïðîâåðêè èçâåñòíîãî ñòàðîãî ãíåçäà ôèëèíà, áûë óñëûøàí êðèê ñàìêè ñàïñàíà íà ðàññòîÿíèè

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus) íà Íèæíåé Êàìå. Distribution of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) on the Lower Kama.

The Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) is a rare breeding species in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. Of four breeding territories known last decade 3 were discovered on the lower reaches of the Kama river. Two nests were located on riverine cliffs of the Kama river and one – on riparian vegetation in a flooding zone (Karyakin, 2005; Khanov, Volkova, 2005; Karyakin, Pazhenkov, 2007). The distance between nearest neighbors that located on the Kama river lower the Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric station was 17.2 km, and on the Nizhnekamsk water reservoir – 14.9 km. The new pair of peregrines were discovered in the territory of the National Park “Nizhnaya Kama” in 2009 (Tanaevskiy forest). The distance between new nest and nearest known nest of peregrines was 18.7 km. Also a pair were observed near a perennial breeding territory of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo), located on the top of high riverine cliff on the Kama river right bank. We made an image of a peregrine female which have taken off from the Eagle Owl’s old nest the located under a block of limestone, on 20 May, 2009. The pair of birds began to fly with alarming shouts around. In the cavity where the nest located we found fresh pellets of the Eagle Owl, that allowed to assume the parallel using of the cavity by owls and peregrines. At check of a cavity on 1 August, 2009 we found sufficiently deep hole trampled down by falcons with down and coverts of a young peregrine female, however successful breeding was not noted. Registration of new pair allows to assume the species number rather increasing on the Lower Kama. Another fact confirmed the number increasing was a peregrine fledgling unsuccessfully taken off the nest and discovered in the territory where the species was not observed earlier. Near Menzelinsk (water area of the Nizhnekamsk water reservoir in the Menzelya river mouth) fishermen found alive young peregrine on a surface of water on 15 June, 2009. The bird had not primaries and secondaries enough developed. The fal-

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îêîëî 40 ì îò ãíåçäà ôèëèíà. Ãíåçäî ôèëèíà, ðàñïîëàãàâøååñÿ â íèøå, óñòðîåííîé ïîä ãëûáîé èçâåñòíÿêà â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ñêëîíà, ïîêðûòîãî ñîñíîâûì ëåñîì, íà ýòîò ðàç îêàçàëîñü ïóñòûì, áåç âñÿêèõ ïðèçíàêîâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, íî, ïðè ýòîì, ôèëèí

con was nursed by a citizen of Elabuga and released in nature. The distance between the point of bird discovery and the nearest known breeding territory of peregrines located on the Nizhnekamsk water reservoir right bank was about 13 km.

çäåñü íàáëþäàëñÿ 4 àïðåëÿ – ïòèöà ñèäåëà â íèøå ïîä êàìíåì â âûêîïàííîé èì ëóíêå. Ïîñëå êðèêà ñàìêè ñàïñàíà îòîçâàëñÿ ñàìåö ôèëèíà. ×òîáû íå áåñïîêîèòü ïòèö îñìîòð ó÷àñòêà áûë ñðàçó æå ïðåêðàù¸í. Íà ýòîì æå ó÷àñòêå 21 àïðåëÿ íàáëþäàëñÿ ñàìåö ñàïñàíà, êîòîðûé ÿâíî äå-

ìîíñòðèðîâàë ãíåçäîâîå ïîâåäåíèå. Çà 10 ìèíóò íàáëþäåíèÿ ñàïñàí 3 ðàçà âûëåòàë ñ ïðèñàäû äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû îòîãíàòü ïðîëåòàþùèõ ñåðûõ âîðîí (Corvus cornix). Âî âðåìÿ àòàê ñàìöà áûëè ñëûøíû êðèêè ñàìêè. Íàáëþäåíèå âåëîñü ñ ðàññòîÿíèÿ îêîëî 150 ì. Ïðè îñìîòðå äàííîãî

Ãíåçäîâîé áèîòîï ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus) â íàöïàðêå «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà» (ââåðõó) è ñàìåö ñàïñàíà íà ïðèñàäå áëèç ãíåçäà (âíèçó). Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà. Habitat of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in the NP “Nizhnyaya Kama” (upper) and male of the Peregrine Falcon perching near the nest (bottom). Photos by R. Bekmansurov.

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Ñòàðîå ãíåçäî ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo) â íèøå ïîä êàìíåì íà îáëåñåííîì ñêëîíå (ââåðõó) è ìîëîäàÿ ñàìêà ñàïñàíà â í¸ì (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà. Old nest of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) in a cavity under a limestone on a forested slope (upper) and young female of the Peregrine Falcon in this nest. Photos by I. Karyakin and R. Bekmansurov.

ó÷àñòêà 28 àïðåëÿ áûë ñôîòîãðàôèðîâàí ñàìåö ñàïñàíà íà ïðèñàäå. Òàêæå íàéäåíû ñâåæèå ïîãàäêè ôèëèíà, ïåðüÿ ôèëèíà è ñàïñàíà, ïèùåâûå îñòàòêè â âèäå ïåðüåâ ñåðûõ âîðîí è ñèçûõ ãîëóáåé (Columba livia). Óæå 20 ìàÿ, âñå â òîì æå ñòàðîì ãíåçäå ôèëèíà, áûëà ñôîòîãðàôèðîâàíà ñàìêà ñàïñàíà, êîòîðàÿ, âûëåòåâ èç íåãî, ñòàëà ñ êðèêàìè ëåòàòü ðÿäîì. Ê ñàìêå ïðèñîåäèíèëñÿ ñàìåö. Â ñòàðîé ãíåçäîâîé íèøå ôèëèíà, îòêóäà âûëåòåëà ñàìêà ñàïñàíà, áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ñâåæèå ïîãàäêè ôèëèíà, ÷òî ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàëî î ñîâìåñòíîì èñïîëüçîâàíèè íèøè è ñàïñàíàìè, è ôèëèíîì. Ïðè ïðîâåðêå íèøè 1 àâãóñòà 2009 ã. â íåé îáíàðóæåíà äîñòàòî÷íî ãëóáîêàÿ ëóíêà, óòîïòàííàÿ ñîêîëàìè, è ïóõîâûå è êðîþùèå ïåðüÿ ìîëîäîé ñàìêè ñàïñàíà, îäíàêî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå óñòàíîâëåíî. Ïîÿâëåíèå ïàðû ñàïñàíîâ íà ýòîì ó÷àñòêå íå ñëó÷àéíî. Òàê, ñàìåö ñàïñàíà íàáëþäàëñÿ â ðàéîíå äàííîãî ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà ôèëèíà â àïðåëå 2007 ã. Òîãäà íàáëþäàåìàÿ ïòèöà áûëà îòíåñåíà ê ïðîë¸òíîé. Íåñîìíåííî, äàííûé ó÷àñòîê óäîáåí äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñàïñàíîâ: îòâåñíûé îáðûâ âûñîòîé îêîëî 70 ì, â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ñëîæåííûé ïåñ÷àíèêàìè, ñ âûõîäàìè èçâåñòíÿêà ó áðîâêè îáðûâà, çàêðûòûé ñâåðõó ñîñíîâûì ëåñîì, ÿâëÿåòñÿ òèïè÷íûì ãíåçäîâûì áèîòîïîì ýòîãî âèäà â áàññåéíå Êàìû. Â òîæå âðåìÿ, äàííûé ó÷àñòîê õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ âûñîêîé ðåêðåàöèîííîé íàãðóçêîé (ïîñòîÿííîå ïðèñóòñòâèå ðûáàêîâ íà áåðåãó, ðàç-

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ âåäåíèå êîñòðîâ âáëèçè ó÷àñòêà, âåñåííèå ïàëû ñóõîé òðàâû, áëèçîñòü áàçû îòäûõà), ÷òî âðÿä ëè áëàãîïðèÿòíî äëÿ ñàïñàíîâ, êàê è áëèçîñòü ôèëèíîâ, êîòîðûå óñïåøíî äîáûâàþò ñàïñàíîâ íà ñâîèõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Áûëî ëè óñïåøíûì ãíåçäîâàíèå äàííîé ïàðû â ýòîì ãîäó, îñòàëîñü íåâûÿñíåííûì. Âîçìîæíî, ïîãèáëà êëàäêà, íî, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå áûëî, ò.ê. â ïàðå ìîëîäàÿ ñàìêà. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ôîðìèðîâàíèå íîâîé ïàðû ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëàãàòü íåêîòîðûé ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà íà Íèæíåé Êàìå. Íà ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè ñàïñàíà óêàçûâàåò åù¸ îäíà íàõîäêà ñë¸òêà, íåóäà÷íî âûëåòåâøåãî èç ãíåçäà, íà òåððèòîðèè, ãäå âèä ðàíåå íå íàáëþäàëñÿ. Áëèç ã. Ìåíçåëèíñê (àêâàòîðèÿ Íèæíåêàìñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà â óñòüåâîé ÷àñòè ð. Ìåíçåëÿ) 15 èþíÿ 2009 ã. ñ ïîâåðõíîñòè âîäû ðûáàêàìè ïîäíÿò æèâîé ìîëîäîé ñàïñàí ñ íåäîðîñøèìè ìàõîâûìè. Ñîêîëà âûõîäèë æèòåëü ãîðîäà Åëàáóãè, îáó÷èë åãî áðàòü æèâóþ ïòèöó è âî âðåìÿ î÷åðåäíîãî íàòàñêèâàíèÿ ñàïñàí óëåòåë è íå âåðíóëñÿ. Ðàññòîÿíèå îò òî÷êè îáíàðóæåíèÿ ñë¸òêà äî áëèæàéøåãî èçâåñòíîãî ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà ñàïñàíà íà ïðàâîì áåðåãó Íèæíåêàìñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 13 êì. Ëèòåðàòóðà Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹1. Ñ. 43–56. Õàíîâ Ð.À., Âîëêîâà À.Â. Íîâûå äàííûå î ãíåçäîâàíèè ñàïñàíà â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òàòàðñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹3. Ñ. 66–67. Karyakin I.V., Pazhenkov A.S. Population trends of the Peregrine Falcon in Volga-Ural region (Russia) for twenty years. – Abstracts of the Peregrine Conference, Poland 19–23 September 2007. Piotrowo, 2007. P. 26–27.

Ñë¸òîê ñàïñàíà, ïîäîáðàííûé áëèç Ìåíçåëèíñêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Fledgling of the Peregrine Falcon found near Menzelinsk. Photo by I. Karyakin.

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Anomalous Late Record of the Black-Eared Kite in the Foothills of the Altai Mountains, Russia АНОМАЛЬНО ПОЗДНЯЯ ВСТРЕЧА ЧЕРНОУХОГО КОРШУНА В ПРЕДГОРЬЯХ АЛТАЯ, РОССИЯ Vazhov S.V., Bachtin R.F. (Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia) Важов С.В., Бахтин Р.Ф. (Алтайский государственный университет, Барнаул, Россия)

Ìåñòî âñòðå÷è ñë¸òêà êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans lineatus). Point of the Black-Eared Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus) fledgling registration.

Êîíòàêò: Ñåðãåé Âàæîâ òåë.: +7 3854 35 72 52 v_c85@list.ru Ðîìàí Áàõòèí òåë.: +7 3854 37 50 02 bahtin_rf.biysk@mail.ru Contact: Sergey Vazhov tel.: +7 3854 35 72 52 v_c85@list.ru Roman Bachtin tel.: +7 3854 37 50 02 bahtin_rf.biysk@mail.ru

×åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus) – îäèí èç ñàìûõ ìàññîâûõ âèäîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ è íà ðàâíèííîé òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Â ãîðàõ, ïî íàøèì äàííûì, îí óëåòàåò íà çèìîâêó â íà÷àëå ñåíòÿáðÿ. Òàê, 9–10 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. â Ñåâåðíîì, Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîì è Öåíòðàëüíîì Àëòàå íå áûëî âñòðå÷åíî íè îäíîé îñîáè. Â ïðåäãîðüÿõ è íà ïðèëåãàþùèõ ðàâíèíàõ êîðøóíû çàäåðæèâàþòñÿ äî 20 ñåíòÿáðÿ, â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Áèéñêà ïîñëåäíèå ïòèöû îòìå÷àëèñü 25–26 ñåíòÿáðÿ. Ìîëîäîé êîðøóí – ñë¸òîê ýòîãî ãîäà íàáëþäàëñÿ 8 îêòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. â 3 êì þæíåå ã. Áåëîêóðèõà (ñåâåðíûå îòðîãè ×åðãèíñêîãî õðåáòà) â äîëèíå ð. Áåëîêóðèõà. Îí ïèòàëñÿ îòáðîñàìè, îñòàâëåííûìè òóðèñòàìè. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî â ýòîì ãîäó ñë¸òêè êîðøóíîâ íàáëþäàëèñü çíà÷èòåëüíî ïîçäíåå, ÷åì îáû÷íî. Ïòåíöû çàäåðæèâàëèñü â ãí¸çäàõ äî äâóõ ìåñÿöåâ, è ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áûëà î÷åíü íèçêîé. Âåðîÿòíî, ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûìè êëèìàòè÷åñêèìè óñëîâèÿìè íà Àëòàå è ïðèëåãàþùèõ ðàâíèíàõ âåñíîé è ëåòîì 2009 ã.

The Black-Eared Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus) is a common migratory species of raptors in the Altai Mountains and the plain territory of the Altai Kray. According to our data the species start to migrate in mountains at the beginning of September, particularly on 9–10 September 2009 no one bird of the species was observed in Northern, NorthWestern and Central Altai. In foothills and adjoining plains Kites stay till 20 September, in the suburbs of Biysk last birds were noted on 25–26 September. A juvenile Black-Eared Kite was observed in 3 km to the south from the Belokurikha town on 8 October 2009. The bird was eating garbage thrown out by tourists. It should be mentioned, that this year the young Kites have been recorded much later than usual. In spite of the published data, nestlings were staying in nests for two months and the breeding success was very low. Probably it is connected with the unfavorable climate conditions in the Altai and adjoining plains in spring and summer 2009.

Ñë¸òîê ÷åðíîóõîãî êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans lineatus) â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ. 08.10.2009 ã. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. Fledgling of the Black-Eared Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus) in the foothills of the Altai Mountains. 08/10/2009. Photo by S. Vazhov.

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Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

New Records of the Short-Toed Eagle in the Altai Mountains, Russia НОВЫЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ ЗМЕЕЯДА НА АЛТАЕ, РОССИЯ Karyakin I.V. (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia) Nikolenko E.G. (NGO Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk, Russia) Vazhov S.V. (Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Николенко Э.Г. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия) Важов С.В. (Алтайский государственный университет, Барнаул, Россия) Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî òåë.: +7 383 363 00 59 elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru Ñåðãåé Âàæîâ òåë.: +7 3854 35 72 52 v_c85@list.ru Contact: Igor Karyakin tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Elvira Nikolenko tel.: +7 383 363 00 59 elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru Sergey Vazhov tel.: +7 3854 35 72 52 v_c85@list.ru

Çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus) – êðàéíå ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè îáñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ, âñòðå÷è êîòîðîãî â ãîðàõ åäèíè÷íû. Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä èìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î äâóõ òî÷êàõ ðåãèñòðàöèè âèäà. Ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî âçðîñëûé çìååÿä íàáëþäàëñÿ 13 ìàÿ 2003 ã. â Òðåòüÿêîâñêîì ðàéîíå áëèç ãðàíèöû ñ Êàçàõñòàíîì (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Âçðîñëûé çìååÿä íàáëþäàëñÿ 7 ìàÿ 2007 ã. íàä ãîðîé Áàáûðãàí è äîëãî ñèäåë íà áåð¸çå íà þãî-çàïàäíîì ñêëîíå ãîðû, ïðè÷¸ì, ýòî áûëà ÿâíî òåððèòîðèàëüíàÿ ïòèöà, ïðîÿâëÿþùàÿ áåñïîêîéñòâî ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê äðóãèì âèäàì õèùíûõ ïòèö; ïðè ïîñåùåíèè äàííîé òåððèòîðèè 7 èþíÿ 2007 ã. çìååÿä ñíîâà íàáëþäàëñÿ ïàðÿùèì íàä þæíûì ñêëîíîì ãîðû (Âàæîâ, Áàõòèí, 2008). Âñòðå÷è íà ã. Áàáûðãàí ïðåäïîëàãàþò ãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè, õîòÿ äî ñèõ ïîð ãí¸çä çìååÿäà â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ íèêòî íå íàõîäèë. Â 2009 ã. çìååÿäà óäàëîñü âñòðåòèòü â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Êàëìàíêà â 2-õ êì âûøå Íî-

During the modern period in the Altai Kray mountains only 2 registrations of the ShortToed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) are known, and nests have not yet found till now (Karyakin et al., 2005; Vazhov, Bachtin, 2008). The Short-Toed Eagle was observed in the Kalmanka river upper reaches in 2 km from Novokalmanka village on 31 May, 2009.

Ìåñòî âñòðå÷è çìååÿäà è íàáëþäàâøàÿñÿ ïòèöà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Short-Toed Eagle and territory to which it was observed. Photos by I. Karyakin.

âîêàëìàíêè: 31 ìàÿ âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà áûëà âñïóãíóòà ñ ïðèñàäû íà ñêàëå è â òå÷åíèå äâóõ ÷àñîâ ïîÿâëÿëàñü â ïðåäåëàõ âèäèìîñòè, ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ñêðûâàÿñü â ëåñó ïî ñåâåðíîìó ñêëîíó ëîãà, âïàäàþùåãî â îñíîâíóþ äîëèíó ðåêè. Ëèòåðàòóðà

Âñòðå÷è çìååÿäà (Circaetus gallicus) â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ. Records of the Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) in the Altai Mountains.

Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áàõòèí Ð.Ô. Î âñòðå÷àõ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ (Falconiformes) â Àëòàéñêîì è Ñîâåòñêîì ðàéîíàõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. – Áèîðàçíîîáðàçèå, ïðîáëåìû ýêîëîãèè Ãîðíîãî Àëòàÿ è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ ðåãèîíîâ: íàñòîÿùåå, ïðîøëîå, áóäóùåå. Ìàòåðèàëû Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè. Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñê, 2008. Ñ. 56–60. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Åãîðîâà À.Â. Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹3. Ñ. 28–51.

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Two Osprey Breeding Sites in the Central Altai, Altai Republic, Russia ДВА МЕСТА ГНЕЗДОВАНИЯ СКОПЫ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОМ АЛТАЕ, РЕСПУБЛИКА АЛТАЙ, РОССИЯ Ernst S., Ernst C. (Klingenthal, Saxony, Germany) Lindner M. (Lauske, Germany) Эрнст Ш., Эрнст К. (Клингенталь, Саксония, Германия) Линднер М. (Лауске, Германия) Contact: Stephan Ernst Christine Ernst Aschbergstraße 24, 08248 Klingenthal, Germany ernst-klingenthal@ t-online.de Michele Lindner Lauske 1, D-02699 Lauske, Germany

Â õîäå ýêñêóðñèè íà Êóðàé-Àéãóëàêñêîå ïëàòî (Àëòàé) â 1993 ã., 18 èþíÿ ìû îáíàðóæèëè æèëîå ãíåçäî ñêîïû (Pandion haliaetus) áëèç þãî-âîñòî÷íîãî ïîáåðåæüÿ îçåðà Òàëäóêåëü (Ïàïîâñêîå) (Ernst, 1996) (ðèñ. 1). Ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà âûñîòå 20 ì íàä çåìë¸é, íà âåðøèíå ñëîìà ñòâîëà ñóõîé ëèñòâåííèöû (Larix sibirica), ðàñòóùåé ïðèìåðíî â 100 ì îò óðåçà âîäû. Ãíåçäîâîå äåðåâî ñòîÿëî íà îïóøêå ðàçðåæåííîãî ëèñòâåííè÷íî-êåäðîâîãî ëåñà, ðàñòóùåãî ïî êðàþ òóíäðû, ïîðîñøåé áåð¸çîé êðóãëîëèñòíîé (Betula rotundifolia), íà âûñîòå 1850 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ (ðèñ. 2). Îçåðî Òàëäóêåëü ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç ñàìûõ áîãàòûõ ðûáîé îç¸ð â òóíäðå Êóðàé-Àéãóëàêñêîãî ïëàòî. Â ãíåçäå íàáëþäàëàñü âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà ïðè âûâîäêå. Ïàðòí¸ð âîçâðàòèëñÿ ëèøü âå÷åðîì è ñåë íà ñîñåäíþþ ëèñòâåííèöó. Êîðìëåíèÿ íå ïðîèçîøëî. Ðÿäîì ñ æèëûì ãíåçäîì â 100 ì îáíàðóæåíî ñòàðîå ãíåçäî, ñóäÿ ïî ðàçìåðàì çàíèìàâøååñÿ ñêîïàìè, âèäèìî, î÷åíü äîëãî. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, äàííûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ñêîï ñóùåñòâóåò óæå äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ. Ñïóñòÿ 10 ëåò äàííûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñêîï (Pandion haliaetus) â Öåíòðàëüíîì Àëòàå. Fig. 1. Distribution of Osprey’s (Pandion haliaetus) breeding sites in the Central Altai.

During an excursion on the Kurai-Aygulak Plateau in the Altai in June 1993, we discovered on 18 June an occupied Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nest on the south-eastern bank of Lake Taldukelj (Lake Papovskoye) (Ernst, 1996) (fig. 1). The nest was some 20 m above the ground on a broken-off trunk of a dead Larch (Larix sibirica), and about 100 m from the lakeshore. The tree stood on the edge of an open Larch – Si-

Ñêîïà (Pandion haliaetus). Ôîòî À. Âèäóýöêîãî. Osprey (Pandion haliaetus). Photo by A. Viduetsky.

berian Pine (Pinus sibirica) wood in front of extensive Round-leaved Dwarf Birch (Betula rotundifolia) fields at 1,850 m a.s.l. (fig. 2). Lake Taldukelj is one of several large fish-rich lakes in the mountain tundra of the plateau. The adult bird on the nest appeared to be brooding. Its partner came back only in the evening and perched on a neighbouring larch. Feeding did not take place. A second, much larger nest was located no more than 100 m distant, also on a larch stump. It must have been used for years and could only have been an Osprey nest. This breeding occurrence must therefore have existed for some time. This breeding site was still occupied 10 years later! On our return visit to the high plateau in July 2003 we again found an occupied nest on 20 July on the southern shore of Lake Taldukelj. This was also situated on a larch stump some 15 m above the ground. From the opposite shore it was possible to

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Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ Ðèñ. 2. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ñêîï íà þãî-âîñòî÷íîì áåðåãó îç. Òàëäóêåëü â 1993 ã. (ââåðõó) è þæíîì – â 2003 ã. (âíèçó). Ôîòî Ø. Ýðíñò. Fig. 2. Osprey breeding site on the south-eastern shore of Lake Taldukel 1993 (upper) and southern shore of Lake Taldukel 2003 (bottom). Photos by S. Ernst.

ñêîï îêàçàëñÿ ñíîâà çàíÿòûì ïòèöàìè! Ïðè ïîâòîðíîì âèçèòå íà ïëàòî â 2003 ã. 20 èþëÿ ìû ñíîâà îáíàðóæèëè çàíÿòîå ñêîïàìè ãíåçäî íà þæíîì áåðåãó îç. Òàëäóêåëü. Ýòî ãíåçäî, êàê è ïðåæíåå, ðàñïîëàãàëîñü òàêæå íà âåðøèíå ñëîìà ñòâîëà ëèñòâåííèöû, íà âûñîòå îêîëî 15 ì íàä çåìë¸é. Ñ ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîãî áåðåãà â ãíåçäå óäàëîñü èäåíòèôèöèðîâàòü äâóõ ñêîï, íî, âèäèìî, íå ñë¸òêîâ, êàê ìû ñíà÷àëà ïîäîçðåâàëè, à âñ¸ æå âçðîñëûõ ïòèö. Íà ñëåäóþùåå óòðî îáå ïòèöû îñòàâèëè ãíåçäî, è îäíà èç íèõ âîçâðàùàëàñü íà íåãî ëèøü íåñêîëüêî ðàç. Íà òîì æå áåðåãó áûëè îáíàðóæåíû åù¸ äâà áîëüøèõ ãíåçäà, óñòðîåííûõ íà âåðøèíàõ ñëîìîâ ñòâîëîâ ëèñòâåííèö, êîòîðûå, î÷åâèäíî, èñïîëüçîâàëèñü ñêîïàìè â ïðåäûäóùèå ãîäû. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ñêîïû âûâîäÿòñÿ íà îç. Òàëäóêåëü â òå÷åíèå ìíîãèõ ëåò. Íà êðàþ âûñîêîãîðíîãî ïëàòî ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî â 20 êì ê âîñòîêó îò Óñòü-Óëàãàíà 5 èþëÿ 2009 ã. ìû îáíàðóæèëè âòîðîé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ñêîï (ðèñ. 3). Íà ýòîì ëåñèñòîì ïëàòî, ñ âûñîòàìè 1608–1678 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ, èìååòñÿ ïÿòü áîëüøèõ îç¸ð. Îíè ìåëêè è î÷åíü áîãàòû ñèáèðñêèì õàðèóñîì (Thymallus arcticus). Ãíåçäî

identify two grown Ospreys in the nest; not however, as we at first suspected two large juveniles. The next morning both birds left the nest, one returning shortly afterwards. There were two more nests visible on the same shore, both built on larch stumps, which had obviously been used if previous years. It is therefore evident that Ospreys have bred on Lake Taldukelj over a number of years. We discovered a second breeding site on 05 July 2009 on the edge of a high plateau some 20 km to the east of Ust’Ulagan (fig. 3). There are five large lakes on this wooded plateau at elevations of 1,608 to 1,678 m a.s.l. They are shallow and very rich in fish (Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus). The breeding site was however not located on the lakes, but some distance away in the taiga on the northern slope of the Kabak Tajga Massif. The northern slopes of this 2,300 m high massif are densely covered with spruce (Picea obovata), larch and Swiss pine. The nest was on the lower slope at an elevation of some 1,700 m, also built on a dead tree (larch or Swiss pine) at a height of some 16 m (fig. 3–5). Both adult birds were at the nest at the time we found it. One lay deep in the nest cup and the other (presumably the male) was perched on the rim of the nest. The male later flew off to the nearest lake, Lake Uzunkelj some two km to the NNE, in search of food. On its return the heads of at least two small downy young, about two to three weeks old, appeared over the lip of the nest. The female fed the young with small morsels of food. In the evening we climbed the slope to a height level with the nest in order to take photographs. On our approach the two adult birds flew off the nest calling loudly; but returned immediately on our departure. These breeding sites are in so far remarkable as, since Sushkin’s (1938) reports, the Osprey as breeding bird in the Altai is known almost only from Lake Teletskoye. Breeding has been recorded here since at least 1908 with a maximum of six pairs (table 1). According to Stacheev (2000) breeding on the lower Chulyshman River, as far upriver as the confluence with the Chulcha, cannot be excluded. He also observed a pair in June/July

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Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ïòèö áûëî ðàñïîëîæåíî íå íà îçåðå, à íà íåêîòîðîì ðàññòîÿíèè îò íåãî, â òàéãå, íà ñåâåðíîì cêëîíå ãîðíîãî ìàññèâà ÊàáàêÒàéãà. Ñåâåðíûå cêëîíû ýòîãî ãîðíîãî ìàññèâà, âûñîòîé 2300 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ, ïîêðûòû ñîìêíóòûì õâîéíûì ëåñîì ñ åëüþ (Picea obovata), ëèñòâåííèöåé è êåäðîì. Ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà ïîëîãîì ñêëîíå, íà âûñîòå ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî 1700 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ è áûëî óñòðîåíî íà âåðøèíå ñóõîãî äåðåâà (âåðîÿòíî ëèñòâåííèöà èëè êåäð), íà âûñîòå, ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî, 16 ì. Îáå âçðîñëûå ïòèöû áûëè â ãíåçäå â òî âðåìÿ, êîãäà ìû íàøëè åãî. Îäíà ïòèöà ëåæàëà ãëóáîêî â ãíåçäå, à äðóãàÿ (ïî-âèäèìîìó, ñàìåö) ñèäåëà íà êðàþ ãíåçäà. Ñàìåö ïîçæå îòëåòàë â ïîèñêàõ ïèùè ê áëèæàéøåìó îçåðó Óçóíêåëü, ðàñïîëîæåííîìó ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî â äâóõ êì ê ñåâåðî-ñåâåðî-âîñòîêó îò ãíåçäà. À êîãäà îí âåðíóëñÿ, íàä êðàåì ãíåçäà ïîÿâèëèñü ãîëîâû, ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå, äâóõ ïóõîâèêîâ

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in the Karakem valley on the Chulyshman plateau and found a nest on the Meshtuairy watershed at the upper tree line boundary. In 1994 an abandoned nest was found on the upper river Lebed, also in North-Eastern Altai (Kuchin & Kuchina, 1995). In NorthWestern Altai the Osprey bred in 1974 at Lake Tenginsky (Kuchin, 1976). In the south of the Altai (Kazakhstan) several pairs nest regularly at Lake Markakol (Izgaliyev, 1985, 1987, Berezovikov, 1989). At the beginning of the 20th Century the Osprey was even more common and also bred in the Chuya Steppe in South-Eastern Altai. In addition to numerous breeding observations, Sushkin (1938) describes 3 nests in the Chuyskaya Steppe and one at the confluence of the Karagem in Central Altai in 1912 and 1914. The Osprey is in Category II of the Altai Republic Red Data Book – rare species with sporadic distribution (Kuchin, 1996). Reference Berezowikow, N.N. Pticy Markakoljskoj kotlowiny (Jushnyj Altaj). [Birds of the Markakol Depression (Southern Altai)]. Alma-Ata, 1989. 200 p. Duljkeit, G.D. O swjazjach ptic i mlekopitajuschtschich s wodnoj faunoj Teleckowo oz. – Zametki po faune i flore Sibiri. [On relationship of birds and animals with water fauna of the Teletskoe Lake. – Records on wildlife of Siberia] Tomsk. 1953. Vol. 17. Duljkejt, G.D. Ochotnitschja fayna, woprocy i metody ocenki proizwoditeljnosti ochotnitschjuich ugodij Altae-Sajanskoj gornoj tajgi. – Tr. zapowedn. „Stolby“. [The hunting fauna, problems and techniques for estimating the hunting ground productivity in the Altai-Sayan mountain taiga. – Acta of the “Stolby” Nature Reserve] Krasnojarsk. 1964. Vol. 4. Ernst, S. Zur Vogelwelt des östlichen Altai. – Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin. Bd. 68, 1992, Suppl. Ann. Ornithol., 16. S. 3–59. Ernst, S. Zweiter Beitrag zur Vogelwelt des östlichen Altai. – Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin. Bd. 72, 1996, Suppl. Ann. Ornithol., Nr. 20. S. 123–180. Folitarek, S.S., Dementiew, G.P. Pticy Altajskogo gosudarstwennogo zapowednika. – Tr. Altajskogo gos. zapowedn. [Birds of the Altai State Nature Rerserve. – Acta of the Altai State Nature Reserve] 1938. Vol. 1. P. 7–91.

Ðèñ. 3. Ãíåçäîâîé áèîòîï ñêîïû íà ñåâåðíîì ñêëîíå ãîðíîãî ìàññèâà Êàáàê-Òàéãà ê âîñòîêó îò ÓñòüÓëàãàíà (ââåðõó) è çàíÿòîå ãíåçäî ñêîïû íà âûñîòå îêîëî 16 ì íà ìåðòâîì äåðåâå (âíèçó). Ôîòî Ø. Ýðíñò è Ì. Ëèíäíåð. Fig. 3. Breeding habitat of the Osprey on the northern slope of the Kabak Tajga Massif to the east of Ust’Ulagan (upper) and occupied Osprey nest at a height of some 16 m on a dead tree (bottom). Photos by S. Ernst and M. Lindner.

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Òàáë. 1. Íàáëþäåíèÿ ñêîïû â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä áëèç Òåëåöêîãî îçåðà. Table 1. Osprey breeding occurrences at Lake Teletskoye.

Ãîä Year

Ñîáûòèå Event

Èñòî÷íèê Source

1908

Ñàìåö äîáûò ó ãíåçäà áëèç óñòüÿ ×óëûøìàíà 16 èþíÿ Male collected at nest near the Chulyshman river confluence on 16 June

Hesse (1913)

1912

1 îñîáü íà ñåâåðíîì áåðåãó 14–16 èþëÿ 1 ind. on north shore 14–16 July

Sushkin (1938)

1935

Ðàçëè÷íûå íàáëþäåíèÿ â èþëå è àâãóñòå Several observations in July and August

Folitarek & Dementiev (1938)

1948

3 ïàðû / 3 pairs

Duljkeyt (1953, 1964)

1963

Ðåãóëÿðíûå íàáëþäåíèÿ ìåæäó ïîñ. Àðòûáàø è óñòüåì ð. Ñàìûø, à òàêæå â çàëèâå Êàìãà Regular observations between Artybash village and Samysh river confluence as well as in Kamga Bay

Ravkin (1973)

1970s

Ðàçìíîæåíèå â óñòüå ð. Êûãà, âîçìîæíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå â óñòüÿõ ðð. Ñàìûø, Îéåð, Êîëäîð è ×åëþø Breeding at confluence with the Kyga river; breeding also possible at the confluences of the Samysh, Oyer, Koldor and at Chelyush rivers

Stacheev (2000)

1977

Íîâîå çàíÿòîå ãíåçäî â çàëèâå Êàìãà 6 ìàÿ New nest occupied in Kamga Bay on 6 May

Stacheev (2000)

1978

Íîâîå çàíÿòîå ãíåçäî â çàëèâå Êàìãà 29 àïðåëÿ New nest occupied in Kamga Bay on 29 April

Stacheev (2000)

1979

Î÷åíü ñòàðîå çàíÿòîå ãíåçäî â çàëèâå Êàìãà 30 àïðåëÿ An older nest occupied in Kamga Bay on 30 April

Stacheev (2000)

1985/86

Òðè ïàðû åæåãîäíî Three pairs each year

Maleshin (1987)

1990

1 îñîáü â óñòüå ×óëûøìàíà 26 èþíÿ 1 ind. at the Chulyshman river confluence on 26 June

Ernst (1992)

1993

6 ïàð / 6 pairs

Mitrofanov (1995)

1998

1 îñîáü 29 ìàÿ 1 ind. on 29 May

Grasdan et al. (1999)

ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî äâóõ-òð¸õíåäåëüíîãî âîçðàñòà. Ñàìêà êîðìèëà ïòåíöîâ ìàëåíüêèìè êóñî÷êàìè ïèùè. Âå÷åðîì ìû ïîäíÿëèñü íà ñêëîí íà óðîâåíü ãíåçäà, ÷òîáû ñôîòîãðàôèðîâàòü ïòèö. Ïðè íàøåì ïðèáëèæå-

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ Grashdan, K.W., K.W. Toporow & W.S. Shukow (1999): Redkije pticy predgorno-nizkogornych landschaftow Sewero-Wostotschnogo Altaja. – Osobo ochranjaetye prirodnye territorii Altajskogo kraja i sopredeljnych regionow, taktika sochranennija widowogo raznoobrazija i genofonda. Tez. dokl. k konf. [Rare birds of piedmont and low mountainous landscapes of the NorthEastern Altai. – Protected Areas of the Altai Kray and adjacent regions, tactics of biodiversity and gene pool conservation. Conf. Proceedings] Barnaul, 1999. P. 92–94. Hesse, E. Ubersicht einer Vogelsammlung aus dem Altai. – Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin. Bd. 6, 1913. S. 353–454. Izgaliev, B.I. Ekologija skopy na ozere Markakolj. – Ornitologija. [Breeding biology of the Osprey on the Markakol Lake. – Ornithology.] 1985. Vol. 20. P. 125–128. Izgaliew, B.I. Pitanie skopy na oz. Markakolj. – Ornitologija. [Osprey’s diet on the Markakol Lake – Ornithology.] 1987. Vol. 22. S. 210–211. Kutschin, A.P. Pticy Altaja. [Birds of Altai] Barnaul, 1976. 232 p. Kutschin, A.P. Skopa. – Krasnaja kniga Respublika Altaj: Shiwotnye. [Osprey. – Red Data Book of the Altai Republic: Animals]. Nowosibirsk, 1996. P. 121–122. Kutschin, A.P. & N.A. Kutschina Nowyje materialy po rasprostraneniju, tschislennosti i ekologii redkich ptic Gornogo Altaja.– Materialy k Krasnoj knigje Respubliki Altaj (shiwotnyje) [New records on distribution, number and breeding biology of rare birds of the Mountain Altai. – Records to the Red Data Book of the Republic of Altai]. GornoAltajskij gosudarstw. universitet: Gorno-Altajsk, 1995. P. 40–43. Maleschin, N.A. Nowye dannye o redkich pticach w Altajskom zapowednike i na prileshaschtschich territorijach. – Istschezajuschtschie, redkie i slabojzutschennye rastenija i shiwotnye Altajskogo kraj i problemy ich ochrany: Tez. dokl. k konf. [New data on rare birds in the Altai Nature Reserve and adjacent territoires. – Endangered, rare and insufficiently known plants and animals of the Altai Kray and problems of their protection. Conf. Proceedings] Barnaul, 1987. P. 87–88. Mitrofanow, O.B. Materialy po redkym widam ptic Altajskogo gosudarstwennogo zapowednika. – Materialy k Krasnoj knigje Respubliki Altaj (shiwotnyje). [Data on the rare bird species of the Altai State Nature Reserve. – Records to the Red Data Book of the Republic of Altai].GornoAltajskij gosudarstwennyje universitet: GornoAltajsk, 1995. P. 43–52. Rawkin, J.S. Pticy Sewero-Wostotschnogo Altaja. [Birds of the North-Eastern Altai]. Nowosibirsk, 1973. 376 p. Stachejew, W.A. Pticy Altajskogo zapowednika. [Birds of the Altai State Nature Reserve]. Schuschenskoje, 2000. 189 p. Suschkin, P.P. Pticy Sowetskogo Altaja i prileshaschtschich tschastej Sewero-Zapadnoj Mongolii. [Birds of the Soviet Altai and adjacent territories of the North-Western Mongolia]. Moskwa, Leningrad, 1938. T. 1. 316 p. T. 2. 434 p.

Short Reports

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 íèè äâå âçðîñëûõ ïòèöû îñòàâèëè ãíåçäî ñ ãðîìêèìè êðèêàìè, íî âîçâðàòèëèñü ñðàçó æå ïîñëå íàøåãî îòúåçäà. Ýòè ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñêîïû çàìå÷àòåëüíû òåì, ÷òî èçîëèðîâàíû îò ìåñò îñíîâíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà íà Àëòàå. Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) íàáëþäàë ñêîïó íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà Òåëåöêîì îçåðå. Çäåñü íàáëþäàëîñü äî 6 ïàð ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå ñ 1908 ã. (òàáë. 1). Â.À. Ñòàõååâ (2000) íàáëþäàë ñêîïó â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä íà ð. ×óëûøìàí, âïëîòü äî óñòüÿ ×óëü÷è, ãäå å¸ ãíåçäîâàíèå íå èñêëþ÷åíî. Îí òàêæå íàáëþäàë ïàðó â èþíå-èþëå â äîëèíå ð. Êàðàêåì íà ×óëûøìàíñêîì íàãîðüå è îáíàðóæèë ãíåçäî íà âîäîðàçäåëå Ìóøòóàéðû ó âåðõíåé ãðàíèöû ëåñà. Â 1994 ã. ïóñòóþùåå ãíåçäî ñêîïû áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Ëåáåäü â Ñåâåðî-

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Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå (Êó÷èí, Êó÷èíà, 1995). Â Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîì Àëòàå ñêîïà ðàçìíîæàëàñü â 1974 ã. íà Òåíüãèíñêîì îçåðå (Êó÷èí, 1976). Íà þãå Àëòàÿ (â Êàçàõñòàíå) ãí¸çäà ðàçíûõ ïàð èçâåñòíû íà îç. Ìàðêàêîëü (Èçãàëèåâ, 1985, 1987; Áåðåçîâèêîâ, 1989). Â íà÷àëå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ñêîïà áûëà áîëåå îáû÷íîé è ãíåçäèëàñü äàæå â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå. Â äîïîëíåíèè ê ìíîãî÷èñëåííûì íàáëþäåíèÿì Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) îïèñûâàåò 3 ãíåçäà ñêîï â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè è îäíî â óñòüå ð. Êàðàãåì â Öåíòðàëüíîì Àëòàå â 1912 è 1914 ãã. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñêîïà â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåäêîé íà ãíåçäîâàíèè, ñïîðàäè÷åñêè ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííîé ïòèöåé è âíåñåíà â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ðåñïóáëèêè â êàòåãîðèè 2 (Êó÷èí, 1996).

New Data on Vultures of the Altai Mountains, Russia НОВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ О ПАДАЛЬЩИКАХ АЛТАЯ, РОССИЯ Karyakin I.V. (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia) Nikolenko E.G. (NGO Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk, Russia) Vazhov S.V. (Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia) Bekmansurov R.H. (NP "Nizhnyaya Kama", Elabuga, Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Николенко Э.Г. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия) Важов С.В. (Алтайский государственный университет, Барнаул, Россия) Бекмансуров Р.Х. (Национальный парк «Нижняя Кама», Елабуга, Россия) Â 2009 ã. ñ 15 ìàÿ ïî 21 èþëÿ ýêñïåäèöèîííîé ãðóïïîé Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è Ñèáèðñêîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà ïîñåùàëèñü ðàíåå îáñëåäîâàííûå òåððèòîðèè â ïðåäåëàõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ (ñðåäíåå òå÷åíèå ð. ×àðûø è ð. Àíóé, à òàêæå èõ íàèáîëåå êðóïíûå ïðèòîêè) è Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé (âåðõíåå òå÷åíèå ð. Àíóé, Óñòü-Êàíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà, äîëèíà ð. Åëî, Êóðàéñêàÿ è ×óéñêàÿ ñòåïè), à òàêæå ðàíåå íå îáñëåäîâàâøèåñÿ òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ (ñðåäíåå òå÷åíèå ð. Ïåñ÷àíîé è å¸ ëåâîáåðåæíûå ïðèòîêè, ñåâåðî-çàïàäíàÿ ÷àñòü Ñåìèíñêîãî õðåáòà) è Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé (âåðõíåå òå÷åíèå ðåê Ïåñ÷àíàÿ, Àíóé è äîëèíà åãî ïðèòîêà, ð. Êàðàêîë, çàïàäíàÿ ÷àñòü Óñòü-Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíû, Àáàéñêàÿ è Óéìîíñêàÿ ñòåïè, íèæíåå òå÷åíèå ð. Êîêñà è äîëèíû å¸ ïðèòîêîâ Êàðàãàé è Áàííàÿ, äîëèíà Êàòóíè âäîëü ×óéñêîãî òðàêòà îò óñòüÿ ð. ×óÿ äî óñòüÿ ð. Áîë. Èëüãóìåíü, äîëèíû ðåê Òàðõàòà, Äæàçàòîð, Êàëãóòû, âåðõíåå òå÷åíèå ðåê Àê-Àëàõà è Àðãóò). Îñåíüþ 2009 ã., ñ 9 ïî 20 ñåíòÿáðÿ,

Since 15 May to 21 July and 9 to 20 September 2009 we registered during surveys in Altai Mountains 61 Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus), 6 Himalayan Griffon (Gyps himalayensis), 1 Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus), 4 Griffon, which species could not be identified (Gyps sp.), and 6 Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) in 4 breeding territories (fig. 1). We discovered nests of Black Vultures (in the Tarkhata river on 8 July) and Lammergeiers (upper reaches of the Zhumaly river on 10 July). Breeding territories of the Lammergeier were found in the south-eastern part of the South-Chuya Mountains and in the east of the Ukok Plateau. Distances between territories in the South-Chuya Mountains were 9.3, 12 and 16.5 km, the density was 0.5/100 km2. Also we found 2 breeding territories in the Ukok Plateau, the distance between them was 9.2 km. Nests was discovered in only territory.

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Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» 630090 Ðîññèÿ Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 òåë: +7 383 363 00 59 elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru Ñåðãåé Âàæîâ àñïèðàíò Àëòàéñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà 659300 Ðîññèÿ Áèéñê, à/ÿ 25 òåë.: +7 3854 357 252 v_c85@list.ru Ðèíóð Áåêìàíñóðîâ Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà» 423600 Ðîññèÿ Òàòàðñòàí, ã. Åëàáóãà ïð. Íåôòÿíèêîâ, 175 òåë.: +7 85557 433 56 rinur@yandex.ru Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Elvira Nikolenko NGO Siberian Environmental Center P.O. Box 547 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia tel.: +7 383 363 00 59 elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru Sergey Vazhov Altai State University P.O. Box 25, Biysk 659300 Russia tel.: +7 3854 357 252 v_c85@list.ru Rinur Bekmansurov National Park “Nizhnyaya Kama” Neftyanikov str., 175 Elabuga Republic of Tatarstan 423600 Russia tel.: +7 85557 433 56 rinur@yandex.ru

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

ïîâòîðíî ïîñåùàëèñü òåððèòîðèè ïðåäãîðèé Àëòàÿ (äîëèíà ðåê ×àðûø è Àíóé), äîëèíà ð. Ïåñ÷àíàÿ è äîëèíà å¸ ïðèòîêà – ð. Øèâåðòà, Óñòü-Êàíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà, à òàêæå îêðåñòíîñòè Êîø-Àãà÷à (×óéñêàÿ ñòåïü). Â õîäå ðàáîòû âñòðå÷åíû 61 ãðèô (Aegypius monachus), 6 êóìàåâ (Gyps himalayensis), 1 ñèï (Gyps fulvus), 4 ñèïà èëè êóìàÿ, îïðåäåëèòü êîòîðûõ äî âèäà íå óäàëîñü, è 6 áîðîäà÷åé (Gypaetus barbatus) (ðèñ. 1). Íàéäåíû ãí¸çäà ãðèôà è áîðîäà÷à. Ãðèô (Aegypius monachus) Ãíåçäîâàíèå ãðèôà â ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé óñòàíîâëåíî òîëüêî ïî ïåðèôåðèè ×óéñêîé ñòåïè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). Íà îñòàëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ãðèôû ðåãóëÿðíî îòìå÷àþòñÿ â òå÷åíèå ëåòà, ñîáèðàÿñü ãðóïïàìè íà ïàäàëè, íî íå ãíåçäÿòñÿ. Â ñåçîí 2009 ã. âûÿâëåí íîâûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ãðèôîâ â äîëèíå ð. Òàðõàòà – 8 èþëÿ íà ñêàëàõ ëåâîáåðåæüÿ äîëèíû, â 7 êì âûøå âûõîäà èç óùåëüÿ â ×óéñêóþ ñòåïü, îáíàðóæåíî ïóñòóþùåå ãíåçäî ãðèôà, êîòîðîå ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà âåðøèíå 10-ìåòðîâîãî ñêàëüíîãî óñòóïà â 100 ì íàä ðåêîé. Â ãíåçäå îáíàðóæåíû ëèøü ïîãàäêè è ëèííûå ïåðüÿ. Ñëåäîâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â òåêóùèé ñåçîí íå âûÿâëåíî, âûñòèëêà ãíåçäà íå îáíîâëÿëàñü. Íåðàçìíîæàþùèåñÿ ïòèöû â 2009 ã. íàáëþäàëèñü â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå â øåñòè ïóíêòàõ (20 ìàÿ íàä ä. Ñàðàñà – 2 îñîáè, 22 ìàÿ â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Êóÿãàí ïîä ñêëîíîì ×¸ðíîãî õð. – 1 îñîáü, 26 ìàÿ íà ïåðåâàëå ìåæäó ðåêàìè Òèøêà è Òèõàÿ â ëåâîáåðåæüå Ïåñ÷àíîé – 2 îñîáè, 2 èþíÿ íàä äîëèíîé ð. Áàùåëàê ó ñ. Ìàë. Áàùåëàê – 4 îñîáè) è â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé â 9 ïóíêòàõ (6 èþíÿ â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. ×èì÷àêà â 8 êì îò ñ. ×¸ðíûé Àíóé – 5 îñîáåé, 7 èþíÿ íàä ã. Ìàðàãäà áëèç ñ. ×¸ðíûé Àíóé – 1 îñîáü, â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. ×åðãà â 4 êì îò ñ. ×¸ðíûé Àíóé – 1 îñîáü, 17 èþíÿ â Àáàéñêîé ñòåïè áëèç ñ. Òàëäà – 4 îñîáè, 24 èþíÿ íàä äîëèíîé Ïåñ÷àíîé áëèç ñ. Áàðàãàø – 3 îñîáè, 8 èþëÿ â äîëèíå ð. Òàðõàòà áëèç ñòàðîãî ãíåçäà – 1 îñîáü, 9 èþëÿ ó îç. Òàðõàòèíñêîå – 4 îñîáè, â íèçîâüÿõ ð. Óñàé – 5 îñîáåé, 11 èþëÿ â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Êàëãóòû âûøå çàñòàâû – 5 îñîáåé, 11 ñåíòÿáðÿ â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Øèâåðòà ïåðåä ïåðåâàëîì â Êàíñêóþ êîòëîâèíó – 22 îñîáè è 20 ñåíòÿáðÿ ó ï. Êîø-Àãà÷ – 1 îñîáü). Íàäî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî íåðàçìíîæàþùèåñÿ ïòèöû ÷àñòî íàáëþäàëèñü âìåñòå ñ ìîëîäûìè îðëàìè – ñòåïíûìè (Aquila nipalensis) è ìîãèëüíèêàìè (Aquila heliaca). Òàê, 11 ñåíòÿáðÿ â îäíîì ìåñòå íàä ëåòíèì ëàãåðåì ñêîòà ïåðåä ïåðåâàëîì â Êàíñêóþ êîòëîâèíó, íàðÿäó ñ 22-ìÿ ãðèôàìè, áûëè îòìå÷åíû 9

Ãðèô (Aegypius monachus) áëèç Òàðõàòèíñêîãî îçåðà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus) near Tarkhatinskoe Lake. Photo by I. Karyakin.

ìîãèëüíèêîâ, 7 èç êîòîðûõ áûëè ñë¸òêàìè ýòîãî è ïðîøëîãî ãîäîâ. Â ýòîé æå òî÷êå, íà íåçíà÷èòåëüíîì ðàññòîÿíèè îò ýòîé ãðóïïû ïòèö, íàä õðåáòîì íàáëþäàëàñü ïàðà áåðêóòîâ (Aquila chrysaetos). À 20 ñåíòÿáðÿ ó Êîø-Àãà÷à ãðèô êðóæèë îäíîâðåìåííî ñî ñòåïíûìè îðëàìè – âçðîñëîé ïòèöåé è òðåìÿ ñë¸òêàìè. Êóìàé (Gyps himalayensis) è áåëîãîëîâûé ñèï (Gyps fulvus) Â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå 26 ìàÿ íà ïåðåâàëå ìåæäó ðåêàìè Òèøêà è Òèõàÿ â ëåâîáåðåæüå

Êóìàé (Gyps himalayensis) â äîëèíå Àíóÿ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Himalayan Griffon Vulture (Gyps himalayensis) in the Anuy river valley. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Ñèï (Gyps fulvus) â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè Àíóÿ. Ôîòî Ë. Êîíîâàëîâà. Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) in the Anuy river middle reaches. Photo by L. Konovalov.

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Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Ðèñ. 1. Êàðòà âñòðå÷ ïàäàëüùèêîâ â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ â 2009 ã. Òî÷êè âñòðå÷ ðàíæèðîâàíû ïî âèäàì (ââåðõó) è ÷èñëåííîñòè ïòèö â ãðóïïàõ (âíèçó). Fig. 1. Map of Vulture records in the Altai Mountains in 2009. Points of records were ranged by species (upper) and numbers of birds in groups (bottom).

Ïåñ÷àíîé âñòðå÷åí 1 ìîëîäîé êóìàé âìåñòå ñ ãðèôàìè. Â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé 6 èþíÿ â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. ×èì÷àêà, â 8 êì îò ñ. ×¸ðíûé Àíóé, íàáëþäàëèñü 3 ìîëîäûõ êóìàÿ è 1 áåëîãîëîâûé ñèï âìåñòå ñ ãðèôàìè íà ïàäàëè, 7 èþíÿ íàä ã. Ìàðàãäà, áëèç ñ. ×¸ðíûé Àíóé, âñòðå÷åíû 3 ñèïà, íåîïðåäåë¸ííûõ äî âèäà, âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî êóìàè, 17 èþíÿ â Àáàéñêîé ñòåïè, áëèç ñ. Òàëäà, òàêæå 1 ñèï, íå îïðåäåë¸ííûé äî âèäà, ïàðèë íà áîëüøîé âûñîòå, 9 èþëÿ â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Òàðõàòà âñòðå÷åí 1 ìîëîäîé êóìàé, â íèçîâüÿõ ð. Óñàé – 1 ìîëîäîé êóìàé âìåñòå ñ ãðèôàìè. Áîðîäà÷ (Gypaetus barbatus) Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé ãíåçäîâàíèå áîðîäà÷à ïîäòâåðæäåíî

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ëèøü äëÿ Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ. Çäåñü ïòèöû ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà õðåáòàõ ×èõà÷¸âà, Ñàéëþãåì è Þæíî-×óéñêîì. Ê ýòèì æå õðåáòàì îòíîñèòñÿ áîëüøèíñòâî âñòðå÷ ïòèö â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä. Äëÿ Ñàéëþãåìà è Þæíî-×óéñêîãî õðåáòîâ ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ íàëè÷èå 24 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîðîäà÷åé, íà 6-òè èç êîòîðûõ ïîäòâåðæäåíî ïðèñóòñòâèå ïòèö â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä, â òîì ÷èñëå äëÿ 4-õ ó÷àñòêîâ äîêàçàíî ãíåçäîâàíèå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). Íà þæíîì ìàêðîñêëîíå Þæíî-×óéñêîãî õðåáòà â ñåçîí 2009 ã. ïðîèçîøëè äâå âñòðå÷è ñ áîðîäà÷àìè. Óòðîì 15 èþëÿ âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà ñ õàðàêòåðíûì äåìîíñòðàöèîííûì ïîâåäåíèåì ïàðèëà íàä ãîðîé 3092 ì â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Àþóò. Çäåñü âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå áîðîäà÷à êàê íà ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ êàðîâ, òàê è íà ñêàëàõ êàíüîíà ð. Òàðà. Äàííàÿ òî÷êà ðåãèñòðàöèè âèäà ëåæèò â 9,3 êì îò ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà áîðîäà÷åé â óùåëüå Êîêîçåêà è â 12 êì îò ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà â óùåëüå Èðáèñòó. Âå÷åðîì ýòîãî æå äíÿ ïàðà áîðîäà÷åé íàáëþäàëàñü íàä ñêàëàìè êàðà â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Àêáóë. Íà ñêàëàõ íàáëþäàëèñü õàðàêòåðíûå ïðèñàäû áîðîäà÷åé, ÷òî óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî ãíåçäîâàíèå ïòèö çäåñü áîëåå ÷åì âåðîÿòíî. Äàííûé ó÷àñòîê óäàë¸í íà 16,5 êì îò ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà áîðîäà÷åé â äîëèíå ð. Èðáèñòó. Ó÷èòûâàÿ íîâûå íàõîäêè áîðîäà÷à íà Þæíî-×óéñêîì õðåáòå, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî íà þãî-âîñòî÷íîé îêîíå÷íîñòè õðåáòà âûÿâëåíû âñå ó÷àñòêè âèäà. Ïëîòíîñòü äëÿ äàííîé òåððèòîðèè (800 êì2) ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,5 ïàðû/100 êì2 è, âèäèìî, îíà õàðàêòåðíà äëÿ âñåé òåððèòîðèè õðåáòà. Äëÿ ïëîñêîãîðüÿ Óêîê äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè îïóáëèêîâàííîé èíôîðìàöèè î âñòðå÷àõ áîðîäà÷à íå áûëî, ïîýòîìó ýòà òåððèòîðèÿ âûïàëà èç ðàñ÷åòà åãî ÷èñëåííîñòè, â òî æå âðåìÿ ñêàëüíûå ìàññèâû â

Áîðîäà÷ (Gypaetus barbatus) áëèç ãíåçäà â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Æóìàëû. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) near the nest in the upper reaches of the Zhumaly river. Photo by E. Nikolenko.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ãíåçäîâàÿ ñêàëà áîðîäà÷åé. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nesting cliff of the Lammergeier. Photo by I. Karyakin.

âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè ïëîñêîãîðüÿ è îáðàìëÿþùèå ñ þãà Áåðòåêñêóþ êîòëîâèíó ÿâëÿþòñÿ èäåàëüíûìè ìåñòàìè äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà. Çäåñü 10 èþëÿ íà ñêàëàõ êàðà â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Æóìàëû, áëèç ïåðåâàëà Ò¸ïëûé êëþ÷, âûÿâëåí ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê áîðîäà÷åé, íà êîòîðîì îáíàðóæåíû 2 ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè. Ïåðâàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà ñòàðàÿ, êîòîðàÿ ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ çàíèìàëàñü áàëîáàíîì (Falco cherrug), ðàñïîëàãàëàñü â íèæíåé ÷àñòè îòâåñíîé 100-ìåòðîâîé ñòåíû êàðà, íà âûñîòå 16 ì, íà ñêîëå ñêàëû ïîä íàâåñîì. Âòîðàÿ ïîñòðîéêà – ñóäÿ ïî îáèëèþ ïîì¸òà è ïîâåäåíèþ ïòèö, âåðîÿòíî, æèëîå ãíåçäî – íå ïðîñìàòðèâàëàñü ñíèçó, áûëà óñòðîåíà â íèøå â íèæíåé òðåòè ñòåíû êàðà, íà âûñîòå 60 ì. Îáå âçðîñëûå ïòèöû ñîâåðøàëè äå-

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ ìîíñòðàòèâíûå ïîë¸òû íàä íàáëþäàòåëÿìè è ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ïðèñàæèâàëèñü íà ñòåíó íàä âòîðîé ãíåçäîâîé ïîñòðîéêîé. Âîçìîæíî ãíåçäîâàíèå áîðîäà÷à â êàðàõ â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Àêêîëü (ïðàâûé ïðèòîê ð. Àê-Àëàõà), óäàë¸ííûõ îò ïðåäûäóùåãî ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà áîðîäà÷åé íà 9,2 êì. Äàííûé ó÷àñòîê íå îáñëåäîâàëñÿ, îäíàêî 12 èþëÿ çäåñü íàáëþäàëàñü âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà, âåðîÿòíî ñàìåö, ñóäÿ ïî òåëîñëîæåíèþ. Áîðîäà÷ ïîÿâèëñÿ íàä ãîðîé 3125 ì, íà âîäîðàçäåëå ðåê Àêêîëü è Àðãàìäæè (ïðàâûé ïðèòîê Êàëãóòû), ïðîëåòåë íàä ïëîñêîãîðüåì ê ñîïêàì ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Êàëãóòû (ãîðà 2683), íàä êîòîðûìè, ïîêðóæèâ íåêîòîðîå âðåìÿ, ñêðûëñÿ çà ãîðàìè íåñêîëüêî âîñòî÷íåå ïåð. Êàðñóëó. Õàðàêòåðíûå ïðèñàäû áîðîäà÷à îáíàðóæåíû íà ñêàëàõ óùåëèé Àðãàìäæè (ëåâûé ïðèòîê ð. Êàëãóòû) ïîä ã. Àðãàìäæè 11 èþëÿ, íî çäåñü áîðîäà÷åé íàáëþäàòü íå ïîñ÷àñòëèâèëîñü, ò.ê. èç-çà íåäîñòàòêà âðåìåíè ïðîéòè óùåëüå äî ñêàë íå óäàëîñü. Èäåàëüíûå ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû áîðîäà÷åé ðàñïîëîæåíû ïî ïåðèôåðèè ã. ×îëîê×àä (3217) â óùåëüÿõ Êàðà-×àä, ×îëîê-×àä è Áåòñó-Êàíàñ, íî îíè äî ñèõ ïîð íå îáñëåäîâàíû. Ëèòåðàòóðà Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîíîâàëîâ Ë.È., Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ïàäàëüùèêè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009. ¹15. C. 37–65.

First Record of the Long-Legged Buzzard in the Altai Mountains, Russia ПЕРВАЯ ДОКУМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ ВСТРЕЧА КУРГАННИКА НА АЛТАЕ, РОССИЯ Karyakin I.V. (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia) Nikolenko E.G. (NGO Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk, Russia) Vazhov S.V. (Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia) Bekmansurov R.H. (NP "Nizhnyaya Kama", Elabuga, Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Николенко Э.Г. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия) Важов С.В. (Алтайский государственный университет, Барнаул, Россия) Бекмансуров Р.Х. (Национальный парк «Нижняя Кама», Елабуга, Россия) Äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè äîêóìåíòàëüíî ïîäòâåðæä¸ííûõ ðåãèñòðàöèé êóðãàííèêà (Buteo rufinus) â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé íå áûëî èçâåñòíî. Èìåþùèåñÿ â ëèòåðàòóðå ñâåäåíèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ êóðãàííèêîâ (Áîãîìîëîâ, Èãíàòåíêî, 2008; Öûáóëèí, 2009) îñíîâàíû íà âèçóàëüíîì íàáëþäåíèè ïòèö â Þãî-

The documentary confirmed registrations the Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) has not known in the Republic of Altai till now. In the Republic of Altai during surveys in 2000–2009 we discovered 117 breeding territory of the Upland Buzzard, investigated 160 chicks. Using photo and video tape

Short Reports Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» òåë.: +7 383 363 00 59 elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru Ñåðãåé Âàæîâ àñïèðàíò Àëòàéñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà òåë.: +7 3854 357 252 v_c85@list.ru Ðèíóð Áåêìàíñóðîâ Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà» òåë.: +7 85557 433 56 rinur@yandex.ru Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Elvira Nikolenko NGO Siberian Environmental Center tel.: +7 383 363 00 59 elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru Sergey Vazhov Altai State University tel.: +7 3854 357 252 v_c85@list.ru Rinur Bekmansurov National Park “Nizhnyaya Kama” tel.: +7 85557 433 56 rinur@yandex.ru

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå, ïëîòíî íàñåë¸ííîì ìîõíîíîãèì êóðãàííèêîì (Buteo hemilasius), è íå èñêëþ÷àþò îøèáêè. Ñâåòëàÿ ìîðôà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà äîñòàòî÷íî øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíà íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè. Â ñâÿçè ñ èçâåñòíîé ñëîæíîñòüþ îòëè÷èÿ ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ ñâåòëîé ìîðôû ñ íåîïåðåííîé öåâêîé îò îáûêíîâåííûõ êóðãàííèêîâ, â îñîáåííîñòè ñë¸òêîâ (Êàðÿêèí, 2008), âñå âñòðå÷è êóðãàííèêà â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ òðåáóþò äîêóìåíòàëüíîãî ïîäòâåðæäåíèÿ – íà ôîòî è âèäåî äîëæíû áûòü ÷¸òêî âèäíû ëèöåâàÿ ñòîðîíà öåâêè è õâîñò. Íàìè çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé ñ 2000 ïî 2009 ãã. â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé âûÿâëåíî 117 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ, îñìîòðåíî 160 ïòåíöîâ, ïî ôîòî è âèäåî ÷¸òêî èäåíòèôèöèðîâàíà âèäîâàÿ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü 296 âçðîñëûõ ïòèö. Êóðãàííèêà çà âåñü ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé íàáëþäàòü íå óäàëîñü, êàê, ñîáñòâåííî, íå óäàëîñü âûÿâèòü è ñëåäû ãèáðèäèçàöèè îáûêíîâåííîãî è ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêîâ ïðè îñìîòðå ïòåíöîâ, õîòÿ äàííîå ÿâëåíèå ÷àñòî íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà âîñòîêå Êàçàõñòàíà (Pfander, Schmigalew, 2001; íàøè äàííûå). Â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè íà îêðàèíå íîâîãî ïîñ. Áåëüòèð, â 7 êì ê þãî-çàïàäó îò ñ. ÊîøÀãà÷, 19 èþëÿ 2009 ã. òðóï ñë¸òêà îáûêíîâåííîãî êóðãàííèêà îáíàðóæåí ïîä îïîðîé ïòèöåîïàñíîé ËÝÏ. Ðàçìåðû ïòèöû áûëè ñëåäóþùèå (ìì): êðûëî – 458, õâîñò – 245, öåâêà – 90,3, êëþâ îò ëáà – 36,0, êëþâ îò âîñêîâèöû – 24,6, êëþâ îò íîçäðè – 22,6, âûñîòà êëþâà – 17,2, ðàçðåç ðòà – 46,0. Ìàõè áûëè ïîëíîñòüþ äîðîñøèå, ýëåìåíòû òðóáîê íå ñîõðàíèëèñü. Ó ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â ÞãîÂîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå, ñë¸òêè âûëåòåëè ê ýòîìó

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footage we identified species of 296 adult birds accurately. During all surveys the Long-Legged Buzzard was not observed, and as actually it was not possible to reveal signs of hybridization the Long-Legged Buzzard and Upland Buzzard at investigated chicks. In the Chuyskaya steppe in vicinities of the Beltir new village in 7 km to the southwest from Kosh-Agach an electrocuted juvenile of the Long-Legged Buzzard was found under an electric pole hazardous for birds on 19 July 2009.

Êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus), ïîãèáøèé íà ËÝÏ â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) electrocuted in the Chuyskaya Steppe. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Dimensions of the bird were follow: (mm): wing – 458, tail – 245, tarsus – 90.3, bill length from forehead – 36.0, bill length from cere – 24.6, bill length from nostril – 22.6, bill height – 17.2, gape breadth – 46.0. Primaries and secondaries were developed without pin elements. At the same time we observed juveniles fledging in 90% of nests of Upland Buzzards breeding in South-Eastern Altai, however even juveniles fledging up to 20 July had feathers with some pin elements. Thus the dead juvenile seemed to leave the nest located more to the south of South-Eastern Altai. Ðèñ. 1. Ìåñòî îáíàðóæåíèÿ êóðãàííèêà (Buteo rufinus) è ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius) â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé. Fig. 1. The point of the Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) record and distribution of the Upland Buzzard’s (Buteo hemilasius) breeding territories in the Republic of Altai.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ âðåìåíè â 90% ãí¸çä, îäíàêî äàæå ó ðàíî âûëåòåâøèõ ñë¸òêîâ äî 20 èþëÿ ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ ýëåìåíòû òðóáîê. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòî, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ïîãèáøèé ñë¸òîê âûëåòåë èç ãíåçäà, ðàñïîëàãàâøåãîñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíî þæíåå òåððèòîðèè Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ, íàïðèìåð, íà òåððèòîðèè Êàçàõñòàíà, è â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè îêàçàëñÿ, ìèãðèðîâàâ íà ñåâåð ïîñëå ðàñïàäà âûâîäêà.

Ãîëîâà (ââåðõó) è öåâêà (âíèçó) êóðãàííèêà, ïîãèáøåãî íà ËÝÏ â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Head (upper) and tarsus (bottom) of the Long-Legged Buzzard electrocuted in the Chuyskaya Steppe. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Áîãîìîëîâ Ä.Â., Èãíàòåíêî Á.Í. Íàáëþäåíèÿ çà õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè ïëàòî Óêîê. – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû V ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Èâàíîâî, 2008. Ñ. 193–195. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ó÷èìñÿ ðàçëè÷àòü êóðãàííèêîâ. – Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð. 2008. http:// www.sibecocenter.ru/Buteo_ruf_hem1.htm Öûáóëèí Ñ.Ì. Ïòèöû Àëòàÿ: ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîâðåìåííàÿ äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ, ñòðóêòóðà è îðãàíèçàöèÿ íàñåëåíèÿ. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 2009. 234 ñ. Pfander P., Schmigalew S. Umfangreiche Hybridisierung der Adler – Buteo rufinus Gretz. Und Hochlandbussarde Buteo hemilasius Temm. Et Schlegel. – Ornithol. Mitt. 2001. N53. P. 344–349.

Interesting Finds for Nests of Hen Harrier and Long-Eared Owl in the Irkutsk District, Russia ИНТЕРЕСНЫЕ НАХОДКИ ГНЁЗД ПОЛЕВОГО ЛУНЯ И УШАСТОЙ СОВЫ В ИРКУТСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ Popov V.V. (Baikalian Field Study Center "Wildlife of Asia", Irkutsk, Russia) Fefelov I.V. (Scientific Research Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia) Попов В.В. (Байкальский центр полевых исследований «Дикая природа Азии», Иркутск, Россия) Фефелов И.В. (Научно-исследовательский институт биологии при Иркутском государственном университете, Иркутск, Россия) Ïîëåâîé ëóíü (Ñircus cyaneus) â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè îáû÷íûé âèä, íî íàõîäêè åãî ãí¸çä åäèíè÷íû. Èìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î íàõîäêå äâóõ ãí¸çä â Íóêóòñêîì ðàéîíå (Ðÿáöåâ, 1984) è ãíåçäà â ñóáàëüïèéñêîì ïîÿñå õð. Õàìàð-Äàáàí (À.Ô. Êîâøàðîâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Íàìè ãíåçäî ïîëåâîãî ëóíÿ ñ êëàäêîé èç 6 ÿèö îáíàðóæåíî 3 èþíÿ 2009 ã. â Èðêóòñêîì ð-íå îáëàñòè, â äîëèíå ð. Êóäà, íà âîäîðàçäåëå å¸ ëåâûõ ïðèòîêîâ – ð. Òàëüêà è ð. Êðèâîé. Ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà ñòàðîé ãàðè, ãóñòî ïîðîñøåé ìîëîäîé îñèíîé è áåð¸çîé âûñîòîé îêîëî 2–2,5 ì, ñ îòäåëüíûìè äåðåâüÿìè ëèñòâåííèöû è ñîñíû. Îíî áûëî

On 3 Jun 2009, a nest of the Hen Harrier (Ñircus cyaneus) with 6 eggs was found in the Irkutsk region of Irkutsk district, in the Kuda river water catchment. Hen Harrier is a common breeding bird of prey in the region but there were only three finds of its nests, likely due to their situating in a forest and consequent problems with a searching for. The nest was built in the forest having been fired years ago with single trees of larch, pine, and birch remained, at the earth, among dense young trees of aspen and birch, in 0.5–1 km from a forest edge. Male and female were worrying and attacking the observer, coming closely up to 2–3 m.

Short Reports Êîíòàêò: Âèêòîð Ïîïîâ Áàéêàëüñêèé öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé «Äèêàÿ ïðèðîäà Àçèè» ïåð. Ñèáèðñêèé, 5–2 Èðêóòñê 664022 Ðîññèÿ òåë.: +7 3952 480 403 vpopov@irk.ru Èãîðü Ôåôåëîâ Íàó÷íîèññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò áèîëîãèè ïðè Èðêóòñêîì ãîñóäàðñòâåííîì óíèâåðñèòåòå óë. Ëåíèíà, 3, à/ÿ 24 Èðêóòñê 664003 Ðîññèÿ òåë.: +7 3952 243 077 fefelov@inbox.ru Contact: Viktor Popov Baikalian Field Study Center “Wildlife of Asia” Sibirsky per., 5–2 Irkutsk 664022 Russia tel.: +7 3952 480 403 vpopov@irk.ru Igor Fefelov Scientific Research Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University Lenin str., 3 P.O. Box 24 Irkutsk 664003 Russia tel.: +7 3952 243 077 fefelov@inbox.ru

Ìåñòî ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäà ïîëåâîãî ëóíÿ (ââåðõó) è ñàìî ãíåçäî ñ êëàäêîé (âíèçó). 22.06.2009. Ôîòî È. Ôåôåëîâà. Locality of the Hen Harrier nest (upper) and this nest with clutch (bottom). 22/06/2009. Photo by I. Fefelov.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ïîñòðîåíî íà íåáîëüøîé ïîëÿíêå ðàçìåðîì ìåíüøå êâàäðàòíîãî ìåòðà, ê êîòîðîé ïðèìûêàë ó÷àñòîê ñ áîëåå ðåäêîé ïîðîñëüþ ïëîùàäüþ îêîëî 10 ì2. Îáíàðóæèòü ãíåçäî óäàëîñü áëàãîäàðÿ òîìó, ÷òî áûëà çàìå÷åíà âçëåòåâøàÿ è çàáåñïîêîèâøàÿñÿ ñàìêà. Ïðè íàøåì ïðèáëèæåíèè ê ìåñòó ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãíåçäà îíà ñòàëà ëåòàòü êðóãàìè ñ òðåâîæíûìè êðèêàìè, ñàìåö äåðæàëñÿ â îòäàëåíèè. Ïðè íàõîäêå êëàäêè ñàìêà ïðèáëèçèëàñü, ïîäëåòàÿ èíîãäà íà 3–4 ì; âñêîðå ïîñëå ýòîãî ïîÿâèëñÿ ñàìåö è òàêæå íà÷àë ëåòàòü êðóãàìè, èíîãäà êðè÷à è ïðåäïðèíèìàÿ ïîïûòêè íàïàäåíèÿ, îäèí ðàç îí ïðèáëèçèëñÿ íà 2 ì. Ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ïòèöû ñàäèëèñü íà îòäåëüíî ñòîÿùèå äåðåâüÿ â 10–20 ì îò ãíåçäà. Ïîâåäåíèå ïîëåâûõ ëóíåé ó ãíåçäà áîëåå àãðåññèâíî, ÷åì ó âîñòî÷íûõ áîëîòíûõ (Circus spilonotus), ãí¸çäà êîòîðûõ íàì äîâîäèëîñü íàõîäèòü ðàíåå; âåðîÿòíî, ýòî âèäîâàÿ ÷åðòà. Òàê æå àãðåññèâíî ïîëåâûå ëóíè âåëè ñåáÿ ó ãíåçäà ñ ïòåíöàìè, îáíàðóæåííîãî îäíèì èç àâòîðîâ â 1981 ã. â Çàáàéêàëüå, â äîëèíå ð. Îíîí: âî âðåìÿ êîëüöåâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ ïðèõîäèëîñü îòìàõèâàòüñÿ îò íàïàäàþùèõ ðîäèòåëåé ïàëêîé. Ãíåçäî â äîëèíå Êóäû áûëî ðàñïîëîæåíî â 0,5 êì îò áëèæàéøåé ãðàíèöû ëåñà ñ äîëèííûì áîëîòîì è â 1 êì îò áëèæàéøåãî ëóãà, íî ïòèöû ìîãëè êîðìèòüñÿ è íà ãàðè, ðàñïîëîæåííîé íà âîäîðàçäåëå. Ãí¸çäà, îáíàðóæåííûå Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâûì (1984), íàõîäèëèñü òàêæå â ëåñó, â 0,9 è 1 êì îò îïóøêè, ãíåçäî, íàéäåííîå â äîëèíå Îíîíà (Ïîïîâ, 1983) – â ëåñó, â 150 ì îò íå¸, à íàéäåííîå íà Õàìàð-Äàáàíå – ñðåäè

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In the same area, Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) nesting in an old nest of Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) was found though it is usually nesting in nests of Corvidae.

Ñàìåö ïîëåâîãî ëóíÿ (Ñircus cyaneus). Ôîòî È. Ôåôåëîâà. Male of Hen Harrier (Ñircus cyaneus). Photo by I. Fefelov.

êåäðîâîãî ñòëàíèêà. Ìàëîå ÷èñëî íàõîäîê ãí¸çä ýòîãî âèäà îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ ñëîæíîñòüþ èõ ïîèñêà â ëåñíûõ óñëîâèÿõ, ãäå òðóäíî ïðîñëåäèòü ïåðåìåùåíèÿ ëóíåé. Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus) îáû÷íî ãíåçäèòñÿ â ãí¸çäàõ âðàíîâûõ ïòèö, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñîðîêè (Pica pica). Íàìè 3 èþíÿ 2009 ã. áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî óøàñòîé ñîâû â ñòàðîì ãíåçäå îáûêíîâåííîãî êàíþêà (Buteo buteo). Îíî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà âûñîòå îêîëî 8 ì íà ñîñíå ó îñíîâàíèÿ ñêëîíà, íà ãðàíèöå ëåñà, â äîëèíå ð. Òàëüêà (ëåâûé ïðèòîê ð. Êóäà). Ê ëåñó ïðèìûêàëà ëóãîâàÿ è ñëåãêà çàáîëî÷åííàÿ ïîéìà ðåêè. Ïðè ïðèáëèæåíèè ê äåðåâó è âî âðåìÿ íàõîæäåíèÿ ïîä ãíåçäîì îíî êàçàëîñü ïóñòûì, íî êîãäà ìû îòîøëè îò äåðåâà íà 30 ì, èç íåãî âûñóíóëàñü óøàñòàÿ ñîâà. Ïòèöà íàáëþäàëà çà íàìè, ïîêà ìû íå óäàëèëèñü. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî íà ýòîì ó÷àñòêå, âî âðåìÿ íàøåãî ïîñåùåíèÿ, äåðæàëñÿ è áåñïîêîèëñÿ êàíþê. Ãíåçäî îñìîòðåòü íå óäàëîñü. Ïîãàäîê ïîä íèì íå îáíàðóæåíî, íî â 15 ì, íà ïîâàëåííîì äåðåâå, îòìå÷åíî 2–3 ìåñòà ïðèñàæèâàíèÿ (ñ ïîì¸òîì). Ëèòåðàòóðà Ïîïîâ Â.Â. Õèùíûå ïòèöû äîëèíû ð. Îíîí. – Ïðèðîäíîî÷àãîâûå èíôåêöèè â Çàáàéêàëüå. ×èòà, 1983. Ñ. 106–108. Ðÿáöåâ Â.Â. Ñîñòîÿíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè, ðàçìåùåíèå è ôåíîëîãèÿ ãíåçäîâîãî ïåðèîäà õèùíûõ ïòèö ëåñîñòåïíûõ ðàéîíîâ Ïðåäáàéêàëüÿ. – Ôàóíà è ýêîëîãèÿ ïòèö Âîñòî÷íîé Ñèáèðè. Èðêóòñê, 1984. Ñ. 90–97.

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Records of Birds of Prey and Owl in Eastern Mongolia ВСТРЕЧИ ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ И СОВ В ВОСТОЧНОЙ МОНГОЛИИ Barashkova A.N. (NGO Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk, Russia) Барашкова А.Н. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия) Êîíòàêò: Àííà Áàðàøêîâà ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» 630090 Ðîññèÿ Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 òåë./ôàêñ: +7 383 363 00 59 yazula@yandex.ru Contact: Anna Barashkova NGO Siberian Environmental Center P.O. Box 547 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia tel./fax: +7 383 363 00 59 yazula@yandex.ru

Ìàðøðóò ýêñïåäèöèè. Route of expedition.

Â ïåðèîä ñ 1 ïî 20 àâãóñòà 2009 ã. îáñëåäîâàíû íåêîòîðûå ó÷àñòêè ðàâíèí Âîñòî÷íîé Ìîíãîëèè, âîñòî÷íûõ îêðàèí Õýíòåÿ è Ãîáè. Âåñü ìàðøðóò ïî Ìîíãîëèè ñîñòàâèë îêîëî 2200 êì: 1 àâãóñòà – ïîñ. Ýðýíöàâ (×óëóíõîðîò) – îç. Õóõ-Íóð, 2 àâãóñòà – ã. Öóõèéí-Óíäåð – óùåëüå ßìààòûí-Õàâöàë; 3 àâãóñòà – ð. Êåðóëåí – ñîìîí ×îéáàëñàí; 5 àâãóñòà – ã. Öàãàí-Óíäåð-Îáî – ã. ÓâýðÓðòûí-Àéðàã – óð. Áóÿí-Îáîíû-Ãîáè; 6 àâãóñòà – ñîìîí Áàðóóí-Óðò – óð. ÁàÿíÕóøóíû-Õîëîé; 7 àâãóñòà – ãîðà ÄçóíÁóñëóð-Óëà (â ñèñòåìå äðåâíèõ âóëêàíîâ ïëàòî Äàðèãàíãà); 8 àâãóñòà – ïåñêè ÎíãîíÝëñ; 9 àâãóñòà – ã. Ñàéðûí-Óëà – ïîñ. Áàÿí-Äýëãýð; 10 àâãóñòà – ã. Áàðóí-Õàðóë – ã. Íàðàíãèéí-Îáî – óð. Õýíñèéí-Ãîáè – ã. Èõ-Òàðèà÷ – ñîìîí Ñàéíøàíä; 11 àâãóñòà – íà þã äî ã. Õàëãûí-Óëà – ïîñ. Äçóí-Áàÿí – óðî÷èùå Äàëàí-Òóðóãèéí-Óõà; 12 àâãóñòà – ã. Òàõÿò-Óëà – ïåñêè Äàëàéí-Ýëñ; 13 àâãóñòà – ã. Áàÿí-Óíäåð – ñîìîí Ñàéíøàíä – óð. Òîñãîíû-Õÿð; 14 àâãóñòà – ïîñ. Àëòàí-Øèðý – ïîñ. Ãàë-Øàð – ã. ÓíäåðÓõà; 15 àâãóñòà – ã. Îáîí-Áóëàãèéí-Îáî – ã. Áóÿí-Õóòàã – ñîìîí Óíäýðõàí – ð. Êåðóëåí; 16 àâãóñòà – ïî äîëèíå Êåðóëåíà; 17 àâãóñòà – ïîñ. Áàÿí-Îáî – îç. Ýðýí-Íóð; 18 àâãóñòà – ïî ëåâîìó áåðåãó Êåðóëåíà äî ×îéáàëñàíà; 19 àâãóñòà – ê ñåâåðó îò ×îéáàëñàíà íå äîåçæàÿ ã. ÑóìáýðÓëà; 20 àâãóñòà – ïîñ. Ñóìèéí-Áóëàê –

Some areas of the Eastern Mongolia (Eastern-Mongolian plains, Khentei foothills, Dariganga plateau and the deserted mountains to the south from the Sainshand) were surveyed during 1–20 August, 2009. We observed 11 species of birds of prey and 2 species of owls: Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus), Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus), Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius), Black-Eared Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus), Eastern Marsh Harrier (Circus spilonotus), Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus), Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis), Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Little Owl (Athene noctua) and Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo). The route passed from Erentsav (Chuluhoroot) town near the Russian-Mongolian frontier through the Huh Nuur Lake, Choibalsan city, Baruun Urt city, the DzunBuslur-Ula Mountain (in the volcanic Dariganga Plateau), the sandy area Ongon Els, Sainshand city, and the desert mountains to the south from it (Khalgyn-Ula and TakhyatUla Mountains), the sandy area Dalain Els, Altan-Shire village, Underkhaan city, then to the Choibalsan along the Kherulen river back to Erentsav (via Uldza Gol valley). The Steppe Eagle and Upland Buzzard were observed more often. A total of 35 adult Steppe Eagles were recorded at 27 breeding territories. We found 23 nests (4 of them were occupied this year). The birds were on their breeding territories during the observation, fledglings were found in 2 nests. Steppe Eagles (except one old nest) weren’t found to the south from Sainshand. The density of the Upland Buzzard reached to 12.5 individuals per 10 km of the automobile route. A total of 170 buzzards including juveniles were recorded. We noted 21 nests in 20 breeding territories. Also we observed 2 occupied nests of the Black Vulture: one on an elm in the Ongon Els sands and another – on a stone located in the upper part of slope of rocky mountains covered by bush vegetation near the Kherulen river valley. The Saker Falcons were surveyed several

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times. We found a nest of falcons located on a ledge of the small basalt outcrop of the Dzun-Buslur-Ula Mountain. Also we observed a brood consisted of 5 juveniles on Takhyat-Ula Mountain on 12 August. The nest of Amur Falcon with fledglings was observed in the Ongon Els sands. The brood of Eagle Owls was found on the Takhilgat Mountan. The Booted Eagle was found in deserted mountains to the south from Sainshand near the wide arroyo with elms along the edges. Kestrels were common species during the entire survey route.

Òèïè÷íûå ïåéçàæè Âîñòî÷íîé Ìîíãîëèè: ãîðà Äçóí-Áóñëóð-Óëà – îäèí èç äðåâíèõ âóëêàíîâ ïëàòî Äàðèãàíãà (ââåðõó), ïåñêè Îíãîí-Ýëñ (â öåíòðå) è ìàññèâ ãîðû Õàëãûí-Óëà (âíèçó). Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé. Typical Mongolian landscapes: the Dzun-Buslur-Ula mountain is one of old volcanoes on the Dariganga plateau (top), the Ongon Els sands (centre), the Khalgyn-Ula mountain massif (bottom). Photos by A. Barashkova.

îç. Õàâ÷èðàíãèéí-Íóð – ã. Äçàãàë – äîëèíà ð. Óëüäçà-Ãîë – ïîñ. Ýðýíöàâ. Ïîñêîëüêó îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå íàáëþäåíèÿ áûëè íå îñíîâíîé öåëüþ ýêñïåäèöèè, òî â îñíîâíîì ïòèöû ó÷èòûâàëèñü íà àâòîìîáèëüíîì ìàðøðóòå, è ëèøü â íåêîòîðûõ òî÷êàõ – âî âðåìÿ ïåøåãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ òåððèòîðèè. Â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè îòìå÷åíû 11 âèäîâ äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö è 2 âèäà ñîâîîáðàçíûõ: ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis), áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos), îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus), ÷¸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus), ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius), ÷åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus), âîñòî÷íûé áîëîòíûé ëóíü (Circus spilonotus), ïîëåâîé ëóíü (Circus

Ñë¸òîê ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis). 07.08.2009. Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé. Fledgling of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis). 07/08/2009. Photo by A. Barashkova.

cyaneus), áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug), àìóðñêèé êîá÷èê (Falco amurensis), îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus), äîìîâûé ñû÷ (Athene noctua) è ôèëèí (Bubo bubo). Ðàâíèííàÿ ìåñòíîñòü ìåæäó Ýðýíöàâîì è ×îéáàëñàíîì îòëè÷àåòñÿ íàëè÷èåì íåâûñîêèõ âîçâûøåííîñòåé è íåáîëüøèõ âïàäèí ñ ÷åðåäîé îç¸ð, â ðàçíîé ñòåïåíè ïåðåñûõàþùèõ. Èç õèùíûõ ïòèö çäåñü íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àëèñü ñòåïíîé îð¸ë è ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ íà íåáîëüøèõ ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ õîëìîâ. Ëèøü â äîëèíàõ íåïåðåñûõàþùèõ ðåê áûëè îòìå÷åíû äðóãèå âèäû: áîëîòíûé ëóíü – â äîëèíå Óëüäçà-Ãîë è ÷¸ðíûé ãðèô – âáëèçè ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ æèâîòíîâîä÷åñêèõ

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Ñë¸òîê àìóðñêîãî êîá÷èêà (Falco amurensis) âîçëå ãíåçäà íà èëüìå. 09.08.2009. Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé. Fledgling of the Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis) near the nest on the elm. 09/08/2009. Photo by A. Barashkova.

Ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) â áàçàëüòîâîì óùåëüå ãîðû. Ïëàòî Äàðèãàíãà. Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé. Nest of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) on a basalt canyon of the volcanoe of the Dariganga plateau. Photo by A. Barashkova.

ñòîÿíîê â äîëèíå Êåðóëåíà, à òàêæå îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà. Þæíåå, â âîñòî÷íûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ Õýíòåÿ, ãäå ðåëüåô ñòàíîâèòñÿ áîëåå ðàçíîîáðàçíûì, îòìå÷àëèñü òàêæå áàëîáàí (êàê ïðàâèëî, ìîëîäûå ïòèöû ýòîãî ãîäà, äàâíî ïîêèíóâøèå ñâîè ãí¸çäà), ôèëèí, äîìîâûé ñû÷. Âûâîäîê ôèëèíîâ îáíàðóæåí â ñêàëèñòîì óùåëüå ñ âîñòî÷íîé ñòîðîíû ãîðû Òàõèëãàò (24 êì ê ñåâåðó îò Áàðóóí-Óðòà). Íà ïëàòî Äàðèãàíãà ïòèöû êîíöåíòðèðóþòñÿ íà âóëêàíè÷åñêèõ ìàññèâàõ è ãîðíûõ êðÿæàõ, âûäåëÿþùèõñÿ ñðåäè ðàâíèííîé ìåñòíîñòè. Áûëî îñìîòðåíî äâå ñîïêè – äðåâíèõ âóëêàíà – ãîðà Äçóí-Áóñëóð-Óëà (37 êì ê ñåâåðî-çàïàäó îò ñîìîíà Äàðèãàíãà) è ñîñåäíÿÿ ñ íåé âåðøèíà (1226 ì), ðàñïîëîæåííàÿ â 4 êì ê çàïàäó. Ïîÿñ áàçàëüòîâûõ îáíàæåíèé, îïîÿñûâàþùèé ãîðó Äçóí-Áóñëóð-Óëà ïî âñåé îêðóæíîñòè (äèàìåòð ãîðû ó ïîäíîæèÿ îêîëî 5 êì) – ìåñòî êîíöåíòðàöèè ãí¸çä õèùíûõ ïòèö. Íà ñêàëàõ îáñëåäîâàííîãî ñåâåðíîãî ôàñà ãîðû â ýòîì ïîÿñå ïîñòîÿííî âñòðå÷àëèñü ïîñòðîéêè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà è ñòåïíîãî îðëà. Äðóãèå òèïè÷íûå âèäû – äîìîâûé ñû÷, îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà,

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ áàëîáàí. Îñìîòðåíî ãíåçäî áàëîáàíà, ðàñïîëîæåííîå íà óñòóïå íåâûñîêîãî áàçàëüòîâîãî îáíàæåíèÿ; ïî âñåì ïðèçíàêàì ãíåçäî áûëî çàíÿòî â ýòîì ãîäó, íî â ïåðèîä íàáëþäåíèé (8 àâãóñòà) îíî óæå ïóñòîâàëî. Ñîñåäíèé äðåâíèé âóëêàí (îñìîòðåí þæíûé ñêëîí) îòëè÷àåòñÿ ïî ñòðîåíèþ îò ïåðâîãî îòñóòñòâèåì ñêàëüíîãî îáðàìëåíèÿ. Îäíàêî åãî ñêëîíû ïðîðåçàþò óùåëüÿ ñ êðóòûìè áîðòàìè, â êîòîðûõ îáíàæàþòñÿ êîðåííûå ïîðîäû – áàçàëüòû, ÷òî ñîçäàåò òàêæå õîðîøèå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Îñìîòðåíî ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî îðëà (9 àâãóñòà). Ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà ðàñïîëàãàëàñü ïðÿìî íà êàìåíèñòîì ñêëîíå, ëèøü ïåðåäíåé ÷àñòüþ îïèðàÿñü íà êóñò ìèíäàëÿ. Ìîëîäûå ïòèöû ïàðèëè â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò ãíåçäà. Îáñëåäîâàí òàêæå ó÷àñòîê ïåñêîâ ÎíãîíÝëñ – îáøèðíîãî ïåñ÷àíîãî ìàññèâà íà çàïàäå äðåâíåâóëêàíè÷åñêîãî ðàéîíà Äàðèãàíãà. Çäåñü áûëè îòìå÷åíû íà ãíåçäîâàíèè àìóðñêèé êîá÷èê, îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà, ÷¸ðíûé ãðèô. Íà ïëîùàäêå 3 êì2 ðàñïîëàãàëîñü 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîéêè ãðèôà, îäíà èç íèõ çàíÿòàÿ ïòèöàìè (âîçìîæíî, â ýòîì ãíåçäå áûë âûâîäîê). Âñå ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà îòäåëüíî ñòîÿùèõ èëüìàõ (íà ðàññòîÿíèÿõ 430, 170 è 1240 ì äðóã îò äðóãà) ñðåäè ïåñ÷àíîãî ìàññèâà, ÷àñòè÷íî çàðîñøåãî òðàâÿíèñòî-êóñòàðíèêîâîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ. Ïîñòðîéêè ïðåäñòàâëÿëè ñîáîé ìàññèâíûå ñîîðóæåíèÿ â ðàçâèëêàõ äåðåâüåâ, â 2–2,5 ì îò ïîâåðõíîñòè çåìëè (äèàìåòð ãí¸çä äîñòèãàë 2 ì, âûñîòà ïîñòðîåê äî 1,5 ì è áîëåå). Òàì æå íàéäåíî ãíåçäî àìóðñêîãî êîá÷èêà íà èëüìå, ðÿäîì ñ êîòîðûì îòìå÷åíû õîðîøî ëåòàþùèå ñë¸òêè (9 àâãóñòà). Â Âîñòî÷íîé Ãîáè áûëî ïîñåùåíî íåñêîëüêî ïóñòûííûõ ãîðíûõ ìàññèâîâ þæíåå ãîðîäà Ñàéíøàíä. Ãîðû ðàñïîëîæåíû ñðåäè îáøèðíûõ ïîíèæåíèé, áîëüøåé ÷àñòüþ çàñîëåííûõ. Ñàìè ãîðû ïîêðûòû ñêóäíîé ðàçðåæåííîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ, ëèøü â ñóõèõ ðóñëàõ ðåê (ñàéðàõ) ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü ñòàíîâèòñÿ áîãà÷å, çäåñü âñòðå÷àþòñÿ îäèíî÷íûå èëüìû, î÷åíü ðåäêî – èõ íåáîëüøèå ðîùèöû. Îòäåëüíûå äåðåâüÿ äîñòèãàþò âíóøèòåëüíûõ äëÿ òàêîé ñóõîé òåððèòîðèè ðàçìåðîâ – äî 10 ì âûñîòîé. Ñêëîíû è âåðøèíû ãîð èíîãäà ïîêðûòû ïåñêàìè, íàíåñ¸ííûìè âåòðîì. Â ýòîé ìåñòíîñòè áûëè îòìå÷åíû ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê, áàëîáàí, îð¸ë-êàðëèê. Âûâîäîê áàëîáàíîâ èç 5-òè ïòèö äåðæàëñÿ 12 àâãóñòà â ìàññèâå ãîðû Òàõÿò-Óëà (â 34 êì ê þãî-þãî-âîñòîêó îò ñîìîíà Äçóí-Áàÿí). Âñòðå÷à ñ âçðîñëîé

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Îñòàíåö â ãîðíîì ìàññèâå Õýíòåé – òèïè÷íîå ìåñòî îáèòàíèÿ äîìîâîãî ñû÷à (Athene noctua), ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo) è îáûêíîâåííîé ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus). Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé. Outcrop in Khentey Mountains – typical habitat of the Little Owl (Athene noctua), Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) and Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). Photo by A. Barashkova.

Ìîëîäîé ÷¸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus) íà ãíåçäå. 16.08.2009. Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé. Juvenile Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus) in the nest. 16/08/2009. Photo by A. Barashkova.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

ïòèöåé çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíà íà ãîðå ÕàëãûíÓëà â 11 êì ê þãó îò Ñàéíøàíäà. Îð¸ëêàðëèê îòìå÷åí â ïóñòûííûõ ãîðàõ â 20 êì ê þãó îò Ñàéíøàíäà, â øèðîêîì ñóõîì ðóñëå ðåêè, ïî êðàÿì êîòîðîãî ðàñòóò èëüìû. Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë çäåñü óæå íå îòìå÷àëñÿ, ëèøü îäíàæäû â ïîäíîæèè ãîðû Òàõÿò-Óëà áûëî íàéäåíî ñòàðîå ðàçðóøåííîå ãíåçäî, êîòîðîå, ïî-âèäèìîìó, óæå äàâíî íå èñïîëüçîâàëîñü. Ó÷àñòîê ìàðøðóòà ê þãó îò Êåðóëåíà (ìåæäó Óíäåðõàíîì è Õóëýíáóéðîì) ïðîõîäèë ïî ñðåäíåõàëõàñêèì âîëíèñòîñîïî÷íûì ðàâíèíàì. Ýòî òèïè÷íûé ãîðíîñòåïíîé ëàíäøàôò, â êîòîðîì èçîëèðîâàííûå îñòàíöîâûå âîçâûøåííîñòè è ãîðíûå êðÿæè ïåðåìåæàþòñÿ ñ îáøèðíûìè ðàâíèííûìè ó÷àñòêàìè. Â òî æå âðåìÿ, íåñìîòðÿ íà îáùóþ ñãëàæåííîñòü ãîð, î÷åíü ÷àñòî èõ ñêëîíû äîâîëüíî êðóòû è êàìåíèñòû, îáû÷íî ïîêðûòû êóñòàðíèêîâîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ, ìåñòàìè âûäåëÿþòñÿ îñòàíöîâûå ãðåáíè, ñëîæåííûå ãðàíèòàìè. Íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè, âìåñòå ñ øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûìè ñòåïíûì îðëîì è ìîõíîíîãèì êóðãàííèêîì, áûëè îòìå÷åíû áåðêóò, ÷¸ðíûé ãðèô, à òàêæå äîìî-

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âûé ñû÷ è îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà âáëèçè ñêàëüíûõ îñòàíöåâ è îáíàæåíèé. Æèëîå ãíåçäî ãðèôà íàõîäèëîñü íà þæíîì êàìåíèñòîì çàêóñòàðåííîì ñêëîíå íåáîëüøîé êðóòîñêëîííîé ñîïêè ïî ïðàâîìó áîðòó Êåðóëåíà, òàê ÷òî îáçîð ñ íåãî áûë íà îáðàòíóþ ñòîðîíó îò äîëèíû – â íåáîëüøóþ ìåæãîðíóþ êîòëîâèíêó â ìåëêîñîïî÷íîì ìàññèâå. Ñàìà ïîñòðîéêà ëåæàëà íà êàìíå â ñêàëüíîì îáíàæåíèè â ïðèâåðøèííîé ÷àñòè ãîðû. Íà ãíåçäå íàõîäèëàñü ìîëîäàÿ ïòèöà, êîòîðàÿ ñëåòåëà ïðè ïðèáëèæåíèè ëþäåé. Â 800 ì îò ãíåçäà, íî íèæå è çàïàäíåå ïî ñêëîíó òîé æå ñîïêè, ðàñïîëàãàëîñü æèëîå ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî îðëà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñòåïíîé îð¸ë è ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê – íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àþùèåñÿ âèäû õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ïðîéäåí-

Âèä ñ ãíåçäà ÷¸ðíîãî ãðèôà (Aegypius monachus). Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé. View from the Black Vulture's (Aegypius monachus) nest. Photo by A. Barashkova.

íîì ìàðøðóòå. Âñåãî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî 35 âçðîñëûõ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ íà 27 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, îáíàðóæåíî 23 ãíåçäà (4 – çàíèìàâøèåñÿ â ýòîì ãîäó). Â ïåðèîä íàáëþäåíèé ïòèöû íàõîäèëèñü íà ñâîèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, âáëèçè äâóõ îáñëåäîâàííûõ ãí¸çä åù¸ îñòàâàëèñü ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ îïåðåííûå ïòåíöû. Êàê ïðàâèëî, ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà ñêàëüíûõ ðàçâàëàõ â ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè ñêëîíîâ ðàçíîé êðóòèçíû. Ïëîòíîñòü âñòðå÷ ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ äîñòèãàëà 12,5 îñîáåé/10 êì àâòîìàðøðóòà. Íà ìàðøðóòå îòìå÷åíî áîëåå 170 ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ, âêëþ÷àÿ ìîëîäûõ, ëîêàëèçîâàíî 21 ãíåçäî íà 20 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ.

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Â 2006 ã. â ñåðèè «Green Pocket Flash Guides» îïóáëèêîâàí îïðåäåëèòåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö Òàéâàíÿ: Wen-Horn Lin & Civi CHENG. A Field Guide to the Raptors of Taiwan. Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd. 2006. 214 p. ISBN 957-32-5901-X. Àâòîð òåêñòà – Âåí-Õîðí Ëèí, àâòîð èëëþñòðàöèé – Öèâè ×åíã. Ã-í Âåí-Õîðí Ëèí ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãëàâíûì ðåäàêòîðîì æóðíàëà ïî èçó÷åíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö Òàéâàíÿ – «Raptor Research of Taiwan». Ýòî åãî ïåðâàÿ êíèãà. Îïðåäåëèòåëü èìååò ôîðìàò áîëüøîãî êàðìàíà ñ ïëàñòèêîâîé îáëîæêîé, íå òÿæ¸ëûé, è ëåãêî ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàí â ïîëå. Â îïðåäåëèòåëå âñåãî 33 âèäà, 30 èç íèõ – ñ ôîòîãðàôèÿìè. Âñå âèäû èìåþò öâåòíûå êàðòû ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ è äèàãðàììû êðóãëîãîäè÷íîãî ñòàòóñà íà Òàéâàíå, à òàêæå íåêîòîðûå äðóãèå âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå ìàòåðèàëû, ìíîãî êëàññèôèêàöèîííûõ òàáëèö ïî ðàçìåðó ïòèö, îïåðåíèþ, ôîðìå, ïðîïîðöèÿì è ò.ä. Êîìïîçèöèÿ êíèãè îðèãèíàëüíà, òåêñò – êðàòêèé, ðèñóíêè ïðåêðàñíû, è ýòà êíèãà ìîæåò áûòü ðåêîìåíäîâàíà äëÿ âñåõ ëþáèòåëåé õèùíûõ ïòèö â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîé Àçèè. Êíèãó ìîæíî ïðèîáðåñòè ÷åðåç âåá-ñàéò èçäàòåëÿ14 ïî öåíå 450 òàéâàíüñêèõ äîëëàðîâ, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò ïðèìåðíî 13,94 USD. Êîíòàêò (12).

Wen-Horn Lin & Civi Cheng. A Field Guide to the Raptors of Taiwan. Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd. 2006. 214 p. (ISBN 95732-5901-X) have published in 2006. Book is published in the series “Green Pocket Flash Guides”. Author of the text is Mr. Wen-Horn Lin and Mr. Civi Cheng is the painter for all color plates. Mr. Wen-Horn Lin is an Editorin-Chief of the journal of Raptor Research Group of Taiwan – “Raptor Research of Taiwan”. This is his first joint book. Book has a large-pocket size, with plastic cover, not heavy and easily can be used in the field. The book contains “Classification tables” by size, by plumage, by shape, by aspect ratio, etc. to help reader to search his target species. In systematic part each of 33 species is described and depicted. Composition of the book is original, drawings are wonderful and this book is recommended to all raptor enthusiasts in SE Asia. Texts in species accounts are brief, all species descriptions include good colour drawings, colourful distribution maps and diagrams of year-round occurrence on Taiwan and some other auxiliary material. The publishing company has a webpage14 to introduce (and also sell) this book. Unfortunately all the text in the webpage is in Chinese. Anyway, at least people can browse to see what it look like. Price is 450 Taiwanese dollars what is about 13.94 USD. Contact (12).

Âûøåë â ñâåò ñáîðíèê ìàòåðèàëîâ III Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Õèùíûå ïòèöû Óêðàèíû»: Íîâ³òí³ äîñë³äæåííÿ ñîêîëîïîä³áíèõ òà ñîâ. Ìàòåð³àëè ²²² Ì³æíàðîäíî¿ íàóêîâî¿ êîíôåðåíö³¿ «Õèæ³ ïòàõè Óêðà¿íè», ì. Êðèâèé Ð³ã, 24–25 æîâòíÿ 2008 ð. / Â³äïîâ. ðåä. Ì.Í. Ãàâðèëþê, Ã.Â. Ôåñåíêî. Êðèâèé Ð³ã, 2008. 420 ñ.15 Ñáîðíèê âêëþ÷àåò äîêëàäû è ñîîáùåíèÿ, ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà êîíôåðåíöèè, êîòîðàÿ

Proceedings of ²²² International Scientific Conference «Birds of Prey and Owls of Ukraine» have been published. Modern Study of Birds of Prey and Owls. Proceedings of ²²² International Scientific Conference «Birds of Prey and Owls of Ukraine», Kryvyi Rih, 24–25 October 2008 / Gavrilyuk M.N., Fesenko H.V. (eds.). Kryvyi Rih, 2008. 412 p.15 The book includes reports and posters submitted on scientific conference held in

http://www.ylib.com/hotsale/raptor/author.asp http://raptors.org.ua/ru/?p=101

New Publications and Videos (13) Êîíòàêò: Þðèé Â. Ìèëîáîã ym@raptors.org.ua info@raptors.org.ua (13) Contact: Yurij Milobog ym@raptors.org.ua info@raptors.org.ua

(14) Contact Christian Pichler WWF Austria christian.pichler@wwf.at

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ïðîõîäèëà â ã. Êðèâîé Ðîã â îêòÿáðå 2008 ãîäà, ñîäåðæèò ñîâðåìåííûå äàííûå ïî ýêîëîãèè, îõðàíå è èñïîëüçîâàíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Íàðÿäó ñ óêðàèíñêèìè ïóáëèêàöèÿìè èìååòñÿ ðÿä ïóáëèêàöèé áåëîðóññêèõ è ðîññèéñêèõ îðíèòîëîãîâ ïî òåððèòîðèÿì Áåëàðóñè è Ðîññèè. Ïðåäñòàâëåííûå ìàòåðèàëû ìîãóò áûòü èíòåðåñíû ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûì îðíèòîëîãàì è ñïåöèàëèñòàì ïî îõðàíå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû. Ñòîèìîñòü ñáîðíèêà ñîñòàâëÿåò 25 ãðí. Ïðèîáðåñòè êíèãó ìîæíî, îáðàòèâøèñü ê îðãàíèçàòîðàì êîíôåðåíöèè. Êîíòàêò (13).

Kryvyi Rih on October 2008 and contains data of last study in broad range of questions of ecology, protection and use of birds of prey and owls distributed mainly in Eastern Europe. Together with Ukrainian articles there are some papers of Russian and Belarusian researchers concerning the territories of Russia and Belarus. Papers of the book can be interested to professional ornithologists and environmentalists. Price is 25 UAH. If you want to receive the book, contact please organizers. Contact (13).

Â ñáîðíèêå Denisia 27/2009 «Îðëàíáåëîõâîñò â ñåðäöå Åâðîïû» (Der Seeadler im Herzen Europas) îïóáëèêîâàíû ìàòåðèàëû êîíôåðåíöèè ïî îðëàíó, ïðîõîäèâøåé 17–18 íîÿáðÿ 2007 ã. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ èñòîðèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) – îäèí èç áîëüøèõ óñïåõîâ îõðàíû ïðèðîäû â Åâðîïå. Áëàãîäàðÿ íåóñòàííûì óñèëèÿì ìíîãèõ ëþäåé è ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé, îñîáåííî Ñêàíäèíàâèè, Áàëòèéñêèõ ãîñóäàðñòâ è Ñåâåðíîé Ãåðìàíèè, îðëàíû â Åâðîïå òåïåðü ìîãóò íàáëþäàòüñÿ ðåãóëÿðíî. Ðåøàþùèì ôàêòîðîì óñïåõà ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ñòàëî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî ñïåöèàëèñòîâ èç ðàçíûõ åâðîïåéñêèõ ñòðàí. Äëÿ ëó÷øåé êîîðäèíàöèè äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïî îõðàíå îðëàíà â Öåíòðàëüíîé Åâðîïå â èíôîðìàöèîííîì öåíòðå Íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà Íîéçèäëåðçåå – Çååâèíêåëü (íà ãðàíèöå Àâñòðèè è Âåíãðèè) 17–18 íîÿáðÿ 2007 ã. áûë ïðîâåä¸í ñèìïîçèóì «Îðëàíáåëîõâîñò â ñåðäöå Åâðîïû», íàöåëåííûé íà îáìåí äàííûìè è áîëåå áëèçêîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî èíèöèàòèâíûõ ãðóïï ïî îõðàíå îðëàíà. Â ñèìïîçèóìå ó÷àñòâîâàëè ýêñïåðòû ïî áåëîõâîñòó èç Øâåöèè, Ãåðìàíèè, ×åõèè, Àâñòðèè, Âåíãðèè, Ñëîâàêèè, Õîðâàòèè è Ñåðáèè. Ðåçóëüòàòû ýòîãî ñèìïîçèóìà áûëè îïóáëèêîâàíû òîëüêî â 2009 ã. â íàñòîÿùåì ñáîðíèêå. Ðåãèîí, ïî êîòîðîìó îïóáëèêîâàíû äàííûå, îõâàòûâàåò âñþ Öåíòðàëüíóþ Åâðîïó, îò Ãåðìàíèè äî Ñåðáèè. Â ñòàòüÿõ ïðåäñòàâëåíû äàííûå ïî ïîïóëÿöèîííîé äèíàìèêå, ïèòàíèþ, ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè, îõðàíå è óãðîçàì. Ñòàòüè îïóáëèêîâàíû íà íåìåöêîì èëè àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêàõ, è èìåþò ðåçþìå íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå è íà ÿçûêå àâòîðîâ. Ñòîèìîñòü ñáîðíèêà, âêëþ÷àÿ ïåðåñûëêó, 23 åâðî. Êîíòàêò (14).

Proceedings of the Conference on the White-Tailed Eagle “The White-Tailed Eagle in the Heart of Europe” (Der Seeadler im Herzen Europas) have been published in Denisia 27/2009 on 17–18 November 2007. The modern history of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is one of the big successes of European nature conservation. Thanks to the tireless efforts of many people and nature conservation organisations especially in Scandinavia, the Baltic States and Northern Germany White-Tailed Eagles can now be observed regularly. The main factor for the success was the early cross-border co-operations among institutions and people of these regions. For a better co-ordination of conservation and monitoring activities in Central Europe a symposium was held. The symposium entitled “The White-Tailed Eagle in the Heart of Europe” took place at the Information centre of the National Park “Neusiedler See – Seewinkel” on November 17 and 18th 2007 and aimed at an improved exchange of data and a closer co-operation of conservation initiatives. White-Tailed Eagle experts from Sweden, Germany, the Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia and Serbia were participating in the conference. The results of this conference have just been released in a book. The book covers the region from Germany to Serbia. The articles deal with population development, feeding, breeding biology, conservation efforts and threats. Articles are either in German or English and have, in any case, summaries in English and in the language of the authors. Contribution to publication and post costs: 23 Euro. Contact (14).

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(15) Contact Stowarzyszenie Na Rzecz Dzikich Zwierząt “Sokół” ul. Osiedlowa 1, 87–800 Włocławek, Poland tel./fax: 0 54 235 56 19 falco@peregrinus.pl

Âûøåë â ñâåò ñáîðíèê «Ïîïóëÿöèè ñàïñàíà: ñòàòóñ è ïåðñïåêòèâû â XXI âåêå» (Peregrine Falcon Populations: Status and perspectives in the 21st century / Sielicki J. & Mizera T. (eds). Turul Publishing & Poznan University of Life Sciences, Warsaw & Poznan, 2009. 800 pp. ISBN 978-83-920969-6-2. Hardcover with dust jacket). Ñáîðíèê ñîäåðæèò 11 ãëàâ, 62 ñòàòüè, áîëåå 60 òàáëèö, 400 öâåòíûõ ôîòîãðàôèé è ðèñóíêîâ. Ðàçìåð ñáîðíèêà: 17x24 ñì. Â ñáîðíèêå ñîáðàíû ñòàòüè, îñíîâàííûå íà ìàòåðèàëàõ èññëåäîâàíèé, ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ íà II Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé Êîíôåðåíöèè ïî ñàïñàíó, ïðîâåäåííîé 19–23 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2007 ã. â Ïèîòðîâî (Ïîëüøà). Ïîìèìî àâòîðñêèõ ñòàòåé ñáîðíèê ñîäåðæèò ðåçîëþöèþ Êîíôåðåíöèè. Ñáîðíèê ñîäåðæèò ñòàòüè î ñîñòîÿíèè ïîïóëÿöèé ñàïñàíà â Ïîëüøå, ×åõèè, Ñëîâàêèè, Âåíãðèè, Ðóìûíèè, Áîëãàðèè, Õîðâàòèè, Ðîññèè, Óêðàèíå, Áåëàðóñè, Àðìåíèè, Ëèòâå, Øâåöèè, Ôèíëÿíäèè, Íîðâåãèè, Äàíèè, Ãåðìàíèè, Ôðàíöèè, Èñïàíèè, Èòàëèè, Àâñòðèè, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè, à òàêæå â äðóãèõ ñòðàíàõ – ÑØÀ, Þæíîé Àôðèêå, Íàìèáèè, Àâñòðàëèè, Èçðàèëå, Ìàëàéçèè, Èíäèè, Àðãåíòèíå. Ãëàâà 2-ÿ (309–416 ñòð.) ïîñâÿùåíà èññëåäîâàíèÿì ñàïñàíà íà òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè è ñîäåðæèò ñëåäóþùèå ñòàòüè: Þðèé Àðòþõèí. Ñàïñàí Falco peregrinus japonensis íà Êóðèëàõ. Âëàäèìèð Ì. Ãàëóøèí. Ïîïóëÿöèè ñàïñàíà â Åâðîïåéñêîé Ðîññèè â íà÷àëå 21 âåêà. Èãîðü Â. Êàðÿêèí, Àëåêñåé Ñ. Ïàæåíêîâ. Ïîïóëÿöèîííûå òðåíäû ñàïñàíà â ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå (Ðîññèÿ) çà 20 ëåò. Ñåðãåé Ï. Õàðèòîíîâ, ßêîâ È. Êîêîðåâ, Äàìèàí Íîâàê, Àãíåøêà Íîâàê, Äàíèèë Â. Îñèïîâ, Îëüãà Â. Íàòàëüñêàÿ, Íàäåæäà À. Åãîðîâà, Ñâåòëàíà À. Êîðêèíà. Ñîâðåìåííûå ïîïóëÿöèîííûå òðåíäû ñàïñàíà íà Ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîì è Öåíòðàëüíîì Òàéìûðå. Ñåðãåé Ï. Ïàñõàëüíûé, Ìèõàèë Ã. Ãîëîâàòèí. Ñîâðåìåííûé ñòàòóñ ïîïóëÿöèè ñàïñàíà íà ßìàëå è Íèæíåé Îáè. Âèòàëèé Â. Ðÿáöåâ. Ñàïñàí â Áàéêàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, Ðîññèÿ. Åâãåíèé Øåðãàëèí. Êðàòêèé îáçîð ðóññêîÿçû÷íîé ëèòåðàòóðû ïî ñàïñàíó çà 1995–2007 ãã. Îòäåëüíûå ãëàâû ñáîðíèêà, ñîäåðæàùèå ñïåöèàëüíûå ñòàòüè, ïîñâÿùåíû ïèòàíèþ, âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿì ñàïñàíà ñ ÷åëîâåêîì, âêëþ÷àÿ ðîëü ñîêîëèíîé îõîòû â ñîõðàíåíèè ñàïñàíà, ïðîãðàììàì ðåèíòðîäóêöèè â ðàçëè÷íûõ ñòðàíàõ, à òàêæå ãîðîäñêèì

Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû Peregrine Falcon Populations: Status and perspectives in the 21st century / Sielicki J. & Mizera T. (eds). Turul Publishing & Poznan University of Life Sciences, Warsaw & Poznan, 2009. 800 pp. ISBN 978-83-920969-6-2. Hardcover with dust jacket. The book contains 11 chapters, 62 papers, more than 60 tables, 400 color photographs and figures. Size: 17x24 cm. The book is based on papers presented at the 2nd International Peregrine Conference Poland 2007, held from 19–23 September 2007 in Piotrowo near Poznań, Poland. (The book contains the Resolutions of the Conference and presents the Conference in pictures as well.) The book contains papers on Peregrine populations in Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Lithuania, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Austria, United Kingdom. In addition to European presentations it also includes papers from countries in other continents – United States of America, South Africa, Namibia, Australia, Israel, Malaysia, India, Argentina. The Part II (309–416 p.) contains following papers on the Peregrine status in the territory of Russia: Yuri Artukhin. Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus japonensis on the Kurile Islands. Vladimir M. Galushin. The Peregrine Falcon populations in European Russia at the beginning of 21st century. Igor V. Karyakin and Alexey S. Pazhenkov. Population trends of the Peregrine Falcon in the Volga-Ural region (Russia) for twenty years. Sergei P. Kharitonov, Yakov I. Kokorev, Damian Nowak, Agnieszka Nowak, Daniil V. Osipov, Olga V. Natalskaya, Nadezhda A. Egorova and Svetlana A. Korkina. Current population trends of the Peregrine Falcon at the North-Western and Central Taimyr Peninsula. Sergey P. Paskhalny and Mikhail G. Golovatin. The current status of the Peregrine population in Yamal and Lower Ob region. Vitaliy V. Ryabtsev. Peregrine Falcon in the Baikal region, Russia. Jevgeni Shergalin. Brief review of the Russian-language literature on the Peregrine Falcon between 1995–2007. There are chapters on food and feeding, the relationship between Peregrines and man, including the role of falconry in Peregrine conservation, papers on reintroduction programmes in numerous countries and

New Publications and Videos

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ïîïóëÿöèÿì ñàïñàíîâ. Êðîìå òîãî, ñáîðíèê ñîäåðæèò ñòàòüè ïî áàëîáàíó â Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïå è ñðàâíåíèþ ñòàòóñà ýòîãî âèäà ñ ñàïñàíîì. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé ìîæíî ïðèîáðåñòè ÷åðåç âåá-ñàéò Àññîöèàöèè «Ñàïñàí»16. Ñòîèìîñòü ñáîðíèêà – 59,0 Åâðî. Êîíòàêò (15).

others concerning Peregrines living in urban landscapes. Furthermore, this book also includes papers on Saker Falcons, comparing the status of species with the Peregrine from their central European stronghold. The book can be bought on web-site of NGO “Sokol”16. Price is 59.0 Euro. Contact (15).

Â 2009 ã. âûøåë â ñâåò DVD «Ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ ïòèöû Çàïàäíîé Ïàëåàðêòèêè: Ãí¸çäà, ÿéöà, ïòåíöû, ñë¸òêè è ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ» (Breeding Birds of the Western Palearctic: Nests, Eggs, Nestlings, Fledglings and Habitats). ISBN 987-1-89811-050-5. Ýòîò DVD ïîçâîëèò îñóùåñòâèòü âèðòóàëüíîå ïóòåøåñòâèå â ìèð áèîëîãèè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïòèö Åâðîïû, Ñåâåðíîé Àôðèêè è Ñðåäíåãî Âîñòîêà. Áîãàòàÿ êîëëåêöèÿ ôîòîãðàôèé, ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ â ýòîì DVD, ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàèáîëåå ïîëíîé ñáîðêîé ôîòîãðàôèé, çàïå÷àòëåâøèõ ðàçíûå ñòîðîíû ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïòèö. Ïèòåð Êàñòåëë è Ðè÷àðä Êàñòåëë â êîîïåðàöèè ñ ôîòîãðàôàìè èç ðàçíûõ ñòðàí ìèðà çàâåðøèëè ìíîãîëåòíèé ñáîð ïîëåâîãî ìàòåðèàëà óíèêàëüíûì èçäàíèåì, ñîäåðæàùèì ôîòîãðàôè÷åñêóþ èíôîðìàöèþ î ðàçìíîæåíèè ïòèö Çàïàäíîé Ïàëåàðêòèêè. Äàííîå èçäàíèå âêëþ÷àåò ïî÷òè 9000 ôîòîãðàôèé íå ìåíåå ÷åì 735–756 âèäîâ, ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ðåãèîíå. Â èçäàíèè ðàñêðûòû ìíîãèå àñïåêòû áèîëîãèè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, âêëþ÷àÿ: – òèïè÷íûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, – ìåñòà óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä, – ãí¸çäà, – ÿéöà (äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà âèäîâ ïîêàçàíû ðàçëè÷íûå âàðèàöèè îêðàñêè), – ïòåíöû (äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà âèäîâ ïîêàçàíû ïòåíöû ðàçíîãî âîçðàñòà), – äëÿ ìíîãèõ âèäîâ ïîêàçàíû âçðîñëûå ïòèöû, â îñíîâíîì â ãí¸çäàõ, – äëÿ êàæäîãî âèäà ïðèâîäèòñÿ êðàòêàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î í¸ì. Ñèñòåìíûå òðåáîâàíèÿ: Windows 2000/ XP/Vista, Mac OS X 10.4.x/10.5.x. Äèñê ìîæíî ïðèîáðåñòè ÷åðåç âåá-ñàéò BirdGuides17 ëèáî îáðàòèòüñÿ ïî óêàçàííûì êîíòàêòàì, íàçâàâ íîìåð ïðîäóêòà: 0800 919391. Ñòîèìîñòü äèñêà £99,95. Êîíòàêò (16).

DVD Breeding Birds of the Western Palearctic: Nests, Eggs, Nestlings, Fledglings and Habitats have published by BirdGuides Ltd., in 2009. ISBN 987-1-89811050-5. This DVD will take you on an amazing journey exploring the rich and diverse breeding biology of the avifauna of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. The vast collection of photographs presented on this DVD-ROM is the result of the most extensive effort ever undertaken to document the breeding cycle of birds. Decades of painstaking fieldwork by Peter and Richard Castell, supplemented by other skilled photographers from many countries (including Russia and Kazakhstan), has resulted in a unique visual record of breeding birds in the Western Palearctic. This edition includes almost 9000 images, covering no fewer than 735 of the 756 species that breed in the region. Many aspects of reproductive biology are covered, including: – typical habitats, – nest sites, – nests, – eggs (most showing several examples of variation), – young (most showing several different stages, from hatching to fledging, and many juveniles), – adults for many species, mainly at nests, – concise text information for every species. System requirements: Windows 2000/ XP/Vista, Mac OS X 10.4.x/10.5.x. The DVD is available in website of the BirdGuides17. You may buy DVD having addressed to the mentioned contacts naming the sale number: 0800 919391. Price £99.95. Contact (16).

DVD ДИСКИ

(16) Contact BirdGuides Ltd P.O. Box 4104, Sheffield S25 9BS, UK tel.: +44 (0)1909 560992 sales@birdguides.com

16 17

http://www.falconline.eu/shop/11-28-0-Peregrine-Falcon-populations---status-and-perspectives-in-the-21st-century.html http://www.birdguides.com/estore/browse.asp?id=1870

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ñîäåðæàíèå

Contents

Ñîáûòèÿ ................................................................. 3

Events ...................................................................... 3

Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè ...................................... 22

Reviews and Comments ........................................ 22

Àçèàòñêîé Ñåòè ïî Èçó÷åíèþ è Îõðàíå Õèùíûõ Ïòèö âòîðîé äåñÿòîê ëåò – ïåðâûå èòîãè. Øåðãàëèí Å.Ý. ..................................................... 22

Asian Raptor and Conservation Networks Celebrated a 10-year Anniversary – the First Results. Shergalin J.E......................................................... 22

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ .............................. 25

Raptor Conservation.............................................. 25

Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå ãí¸çäà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êîðæåâ Ä.À. ........................................................ 25

Results of the Ural Owl and Tawny Owl Attracting into Nestboxes in the Samara District, Russia. Karyakin I.V., Levashkin A.P., Pazhenkov A.S., Korzhev D.A. ....................................................... 25

Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. .......................... 42

Results of the Ural Owl Attracting into Nestboxes in the N. Novgorod District, Russia. Levashkin A.P. ..................................................... 42

Ãèáåëü ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íà ËÝÏ íà Àëòàå: ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé 2009 ãîäà, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. ................................................ 45

Raptor Electrocution in the Altai Region: Results of Surveys in 2009, Russia. Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G., Vazhov S.V., Bekmansurov R.H. ..... 45

Îïûò âíåäðåíèÿ ïòèöåçàùèòíîãî óñòðîéñòâà «ÏÇÓ 6–10 êÂ» â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. ...................................................... 65 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ........................... 68 Ê âîïðîñó î ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè áàëîáàíîâ. Ïôåôôåð Ð. .................................... 68 Ñàïñàí â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. ............................. 96 Ìîãèëüíèê â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ: ðåçóëüòàòû 2009 ãîäà, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ............................ 129 ×èñëåííîñòü è ðàñïðåäåëåíèå êàíþêà â Êåðæåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå, Ðîññèÿ. Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. .................................................. 139 Ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö Åðàâíèíñêîãî ðàéîíà Ðåñïóáëèêè Áóðÿòèÿ, Ðîññèÿ. Ïîïîâ Â.Â., Àíàíèí À.À.................................... 151

Practice of Applying of Bird Protective Devices for Power Lines 6–10 kV in the Ulyanovsk District, Russia. Saltykov A.V. ............................................ 65 Raptor Research .................................................... 68 About Geographic Variances of the Saker Falcon. Pfeffer R. .............................................................. 68 Peregrine Falcon in the Altai-Sayan Region, Russia. Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G. ................................ 96 Imperial Eagle in the Altai Mountains: Results of the Research in 2009, Russia. Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G., Vazhov S.V., Bekmansurov R.H. . 129 Number and Distribution of the Common Buzzard in the Kerzhenskiy State Nature Reserve, Russia. Novikova L.M. ................................................... 139 Notes About Distribution of Birds of Prey in the Eravninskiy Region of the Republic of Burjatia, Russia. Popov V.V., Ananin A.A. ......................... 151

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ .......................................... 158

Short Reports....................................................... 158

Âòîðàÿ íàõîäêà ãíåçäà ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. .................................................. 158

The Second Registration of the Pallid Harrier Nesting in the N.Novgorod District, Russia. Levashkin A.P. ................................................... 158

Î ñòàòóñå äîìîâîãî ñû÷à â ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêå, Ðîññèÿ. Ëàñòóõèí À.À. .................. 160

Status of the Little Owl in the Republic of Chuvashiya, Russia. Lastukhin A.A. .................... 160

Íåòèïè÷íûå ñëó÷àè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà íà þãå Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â. .................................................... 161

Records of the Imperial Eagle Atypical Nesting in the South of the Ulyanovsk District, Russia. Korepov M.V. ..................................................... 161

Contents

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè ñàïñàíà íà Íèæíåé Êàìå ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ, Ðîññèÿ. Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. ......... 164 Àíîìàëüíî ïîçäíÿÿ âñòðå÷à ÷åðíîóõîãî êîðøóíà â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ, Ðîññèÿ. Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áàõòèí Ð.Ô. .................................... 167 Íîâûå íàáëþäåíèÿ çìååÿäà íà Àëòàå, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â. ........ 168 Äâà ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñêîïû â Öåíòðàëüíîì Àëòàå, Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé, Ðîññèÿ. Ýðíñò Ø., Ýðíñò Ê., Ëèíäíåð Ì. ....................... 169 Íîâûå äàííûå î ïàäàëüùèêàõ Àëòàÿ, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. .............................................. 173 Ïåðâàÿ äîêóìåíòàëüíàÿ âñòðå÷à êóðãàííèêà íà Àëòàå, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. . 176 Èíòåðåñíûå íàõîäêè ãí¸çä ïîëåâîãî ëóíÿ è óøàñòîé ñîâû â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. Ïîïîâ Â.Â., Ôåôåëîâ È.Â. ................................ 178 Âñòðå÷è õèùíûõ ïòèö è ñîâ â Âîñòî÷íîé Ìîíãîëèè. Áàðàøêîâà À.Í. ............................... 180 Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû .......................... 184

189

The Number of Peregrine Falcons Continues to Increase in the Lower Reaches of the Kama River, Russia. Bekmansurov R.H.......................... 164 Anomalous Late Record of the Black-Eared Kite in the Foothills of the Altai Mountains, Russia. Vazhov S.V., Bachtin R.F. ..................................... 167 New Records of the Short-Toed Eagle in the Altai Mountains, Russia. Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G., Vazhov S.V. ............................... 168 Two Osprey Breeding Sites in the Central Altai, Altai Republic, Russia. Ernst S., Ernst C., Lindner M. ............................. 169 New Data on Vultures of the Altai Mountains, Russia. Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G., Vazhov S.V., Bekmansurov R.H. .......................... 173 First Record of the Long-Legged Buzzard in the Altai Mountains, Russia. Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G., Vazhov S.V., Bekmansurov R.H. . 176 Interesting Finds for Nests of Hen Harrier and Long-Eared Owl in the Irkutsk District, Russia. Popov V.V., Fefelov I.V. ....................................... 178 Records of Birds of Prey and Owl in Eastern Mongolia. Barashkova A.N. ............................... 180 New Publications and Videos ............................. 184

Ðåäàêöèÿ áþëëåòåíÿ «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ïðèíèìàåò áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíûå ïîæåðòâîâàíèÿ îò îðãàíèçàöèé è îò ÷àñòíûõ ëèö. Íèæå óêàçàíû ðåêâèçèòû äëÿ ïîæåðòâîâàíèé. Îáÿçàòåëüíî óêàçûâàéòå òî÷íîå íàçíà÷åíèå ïëàòåæà, êàê ýòî ñäåëàíî â îáðàçöå! Editors of «Raptors Conservation» accept charitable donations from the organizations and private persons. Requisites for donations are given below. Please note exact purpose of payment as it is made in the sample! Ðåêâèçèòû äëÿ ïîæåðòâîâàíèé â ðóáëÿõ: Ïîëó÷àòåëü: ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» ÈÍÍ 5408166026 ÊÏÏ 540801001 Ðàñ÷åòíûé ñ÷¸ò ¹ 407 038 102 000 300 113 37 Áàíê ïîëó÷àòåëÿ: Ôèëèàë «Çàïàäíî-Ñèáèðñêèé» ÎÀÎ «ÑÎÁÈÍÁÀÍÊ», ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê ÁÈÊ 045003744 êîð. ñ÷¸ò ¹ 301 018 104 000 000 007 44 Íàçíà÷åíèå ïëàòåæà: «Äîáðîâîëüíîå áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîå ïîæåðòâîâàíèå íà óñòàâíûå öåëè îðãàíèçàöèè (èçäàíèå «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà»)»

Requisites for donations in USD: Beneficiary: NGO Siberian Environmental Center Account: 407 038 405 002 010 026 32 Beneficiary Bank: MDM Bank 16, Lavrentieva Ave. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia SWIFT: URSARU55 Corresponding Bank in U.S. JPMORGAN CHASE BANK. SWIFT: CHASUS33 Account: 400759861 Purpose of payment: «Gratuitous donation for implementation of the charitable goals of the organization («Raptors Conservation» publishing)»

Requisites for donations in EURO: Beneficiary: NGO Siberian Environmental Center Account: 407 039 785 034 710 026 32 Beneficiary Bank: MDM Bank 18, Lenina Street, Novosibirsk, 630004, RUSSIA SWIFT: URSARU55 Intermediary Bank: VTB BANK (DEUTSCHLAND) AG, Frankfurt/Main, GERMANY SWIFT: OWHBDEFF Account: 0104108394 Purpose of payment: «Gratuitous donation for implementation of the charitable goals of the organization («Raptors Conservation» publishing)»

Îòïå÷àòàíî â òèïîãðàôèè ÎÎÎ «Ïîâîëæüå» ñ ãîòîâîãî îðèãèíàë-ìàêåòà 603006, ã. Í. Íîâãîðîä, óë. Àêàäåìèêà Áëîõèíîé È.Í., 4/43–4