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Risks
2
4
W A R M
U P
Y O U May Die of Fright
What do you think this title means? What do you think the text is about?
R E A D I N G BEFORE
1 Work in small groups. 1 Define extreme sports. 2 Name as many extreme sports as you can.
5 Comment on the following thoughts:
3 What makes these extreme sports popular?
“Those who don’t like extreme sports are cowards.”
4 Who is more attracted to these sports: men or women? Why do you think so?
“‘Extreme sports’ is just a label used for corporations to make money.”
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Y O U May Die of Fright 5
10
15
20
Five, four, three, two, one... bungee! You jump, you fly, you fall, you feel the latex rubber cord grip your ankles and then you start bouncing once, twice, three times before coming to rest upside down. At last you can breathe again! Bungee jumping is definitely not for the faint-hearted. Before I jumped, I wondered why I wanted to do it. Afterwards, I wondered why I had waited so long to do it! I also thought I was going crazy when I let them wrap those protective towels around my ankles and tie me up with cords with self-tightening knots. The organizers joked that there were only two ways the rope could come loose: if my feet fell off or when they untied me at the bottom. "You are 120 percent safe", they said. I had a horribly irrational feeling about bungee jumping. Bridge jumping, or bungee, is a totally unique adventure. I was standing on a bridge and a climber's rope was tied to the bridge and then connected to me. All I had to do was step off the platform into thin
25 air and drop vertically for 50 meters before the rope would take up the tension, stretch and I would start swinging under the bridge. It would be the most exciting and at the same time, the most frightening experience 30 of my life. As I stood up there, all geared up and ready to go, I knew that the rest was down to me. I knew that when time came for me to jump, I would, somehow, have to overcome my 35 fears and just do it. Then... bungee! Since I was left with no other choice, I jumped. The sensation of free-falling before being snatched back by the bungee cord is unbelievable. I did try to open my eyes a 40 couple of times during the fall, but all I could see was the water coming incredibly fast towards me. But at the end, after lots of bouncing up and down, I was ready to do it again. 45 Now I'm planning to try parapenting, rafting, sky surfing or maybe even extreme diving with sharks. Maybe I'll even try jumping with another person: a tandem jump!
WHILE Unfamiliar words. Guessing the meaning from the context. Don’t be afraid of unfamiliar words. The context will help you to understand them. Use the following analysis: 1 Is it a verb, noun, adjective or adverb? 2 Is there a prefix or suffix? Can you recognize the word without the prefix or suffix? 3 Is it a compound word? Can you recognize one of the words?
4 Think of possible synonyms. Which would make sense in the sentence? 5 If you still can’t guess the meaning, try understanding the sentence without that word. Then try to determine the meaning of the word in your language.
2 Read the text and try to guess the meaning of the following words from the context. jump / grip / bouncing / upside down / faint-hearted / self-tightening knots / come loose / untied / thin air / stretch / swinging
AFTER
2 You jump off a bridge.
4 It isn’t possible to jump tied to another person.
3 You bounce a few times before you stop.
5 The rope is made of nylon.
1 They tie a rope to your hands.
Risks
3 True or false? Quote the text.
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Using your own words to answer questions. 1 2 3 4
Read the questions carefully and find the answers in the text. Think of other ways to express the answer using new structures and different words. You may use introductory expressions to start your answer, such as: According to the author, / text… You can also use the question to begin your answer. Remember: Do not repeat the text and pay close attention to the verb tense in the question!
4 Answer the following questions using your own
5 Match the words with their definitions
words.
according to their meaning in the text.
1 What is bungee jumping?
1 drop
a) what you have when you twist together two or more parts of a rope, string, etc.
2 fear
b) feeling caused by the possibility of danger
3 breathe
c) fall or let fall
2 How can you protect your ankles? 3 What do the organizers say about safety? 4 What can you see if you keep your eyes open? 5 What is your opinion of bungee jumping? 6 Do you think it is safe? Why? 7 Would you like to give it a try? Why?
4 knot
d) not reasonable
5 irrational
e) take air into your lungs
PAST AND PERFECT TENSES Past Simple
Present Perfect Simple
Add -ed to the verb (for regular verbs only; irregular verbs have a special past form); interrogative and negative: use did / didn’t + infinitive without to
EXAMPLE: Jill has learned how to do it.
EXAMPLES: Jill learned how to do it. She gave me the rope. I didn’t jump.
EXAMPLE: Jill has been learning how to do it.
Past Continuous was / were + -ing EXAMPLE: Jill was learning how to do it.
have / has + past participle
Present Perfect Continuous have / has + been + -ing
Past Perfect Simple had + past participle EXAMPLE: Jill had learned how to do it before she tried to learn something else. Past Perfect Continuous had + been + -ing
See Language Reference, page 92
1 Past simple or past continuous? Put the verbs in
EXAMPLE: Jill had been learning how to do it.
2 Past simple or present perfect simple?
parentheses into the correct tense. The first one has been done for you.
1 We … (not / see) the cat today.
1 While I … (write) to Mrs. Putt, the bell … (ring).
2 I … (see) him yesterday.
While I was writing to Mrs Putt, the bell rang. 2 Whenever he … (think), he … (bite) his nails. 3 Since it … (rain), I … (stay) in the house. 4 What … (you / do) before I called? 5 Jim … (break) his leg while he … (ski).
We haven’t seen the cat today. 3 The boss … (come back) over half an hour ago. 4 She … (go) out with her boyfriend several times this week. 5 You are late. Where on earth … (you / be)? 6 Mary … (know) Tom since she … (be) a girl.
6 The student … (not / listen) so he … (not / hear) what the teacher said.
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3 Past simple or past perfect (simple or continuous)? 1 It was the funniest joke I … (hear) in a long time.
It was the funniest joke I had heard in a long time. 2 He was very angry because they … (deceive) him. 3 We … (live) in Madrid for two years before we … (meet) him. 4 I … (ask) him what he … (do) until we arrived. 5 My father … (wake up) screaming. He … (have) a nightmare.
5
6 She … (wait) for a long time before they … (come).
4 Complete the passage with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
Another Dark Moment in B.A.S.E. Jumping History B.A.S.E. jumping consists of parachuting from fixed objects. B.A.S.E. is an acronym that stands for the four types of low jumps from fixed objects: Building, Antenna, Span (such as a bridge) or Earth (a natural formation, a cliff for instance). It is very dangerous and frequently done without permission. In this radical sport, you will not have a second chance; if your parachute does not open, you will not have time to try a reserve. In 2006, the number of B.A.S.E. jumping casualties (reach) 100. One of those adding to the list this year was Brian Lee Schubert. He (die) on the annual celebration of Bridge Day either because his parachute (fail) to fully open while he (dive), or because the jumper deployed the parachute too late. Schubert (be) very well known and (become) famous at least 40 years before dying. On July 24, 1966, Schubert nearly died after breaking many of his bones after diving from El Capitan, the largest monolithic cliff in America. What is most curious in all this is that Schubert (jump) for 40 years, that is, his fatal jump was the first ever since El Capitan.
5
Listen to check your answers.
5 Are you a typical teenager? Write down your answers to these questions. 1 When was the last time you bought a CD?
4 How many times have you been abroad?
2 When did you last surf the Net?
5 Have you ever tried an extreme sport?
3 Do you own a cell phone?
6 What did you do last weekend?
6 In pairs, compare your answers. Ask each other three new questions and vice versa. When you finish, do a class survey. What is the “typical teenager” like in your class?
7 In pairs, look at the photos below and make questions using past tenses. A
B
D
F
Risks
E
C
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GERUND AND INFINITIVE Infinitive. Main uses: • After certain verbs: He agreed to go scuba diving. • After verb + object: He asked me to lend him my climbing boots. • After certain adjectives and adverbs: I was happy to be able to jump from the bridge.
Gerund. Main uses: • As subject: Skydiving is a very exciting experience. • After certain verbs: I keep practicing parapenting. • After prepositions: He was considered a hero after climbing Mount Everest.
• After modal verbs (without to): I can teach you some skate tricks.
8 Write the gerund or the infinitive of the verbs in parentheses. The first one has been done for you. 1 The boss wants you … (call) him right now.
The boss wants you to call him right now. 2 I’m looking forward to … (see) you soon. 3 My aunt likes … (pay) compliments. 4 Let me … (see) that newspaper. 5 I need … (pass) the exam. 6 I’m tired of … (wear) the same coat. 7 They refused … (help) … (copy) the painting. 8 He would like … (help) you but he’s too busy … (do) it right now. 9 He made me … (do) the exercise. 10 I was made … (apologize) for … (be) rude.
See Language Reference, page 93
9 Fill in the blanks with a gerund or an infinitive. Look carefully at the context! 1 John forgot about … (tell) me the story, even though he had told it to me a few minutes earlier. 2 John forgot … (tell) me the story. Will you tell me? 3 I regret … (tell) you; you were very upset. 4 I regret … (tell) you that you cannot come with us. 5 Will you remember … (tell) me about it later? 6 You don’t remember … (tell) me about it, do you? 7 She stopped … (smoke) five years ago. 8 She stopped … (smoke) when we got to the smoking area.
ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -ED AND -ING Look at these examples and notice how the meaning of the adjective changes.
EXAMPLES: It’s an interesting group. He is interested in the group.
10 Complete the dialogue using some of the adjectives from the box. tired / tiring / interested / interesting / bored / boring / amazed / amazing Two friends who work in the same office decide to go out after work. CAROL: I’m … after working all day! Let’s get a bite to eat and go to the movies. I’ve heard there are some … movies playing. SHEILA: Oh, no. I’m not … in any of those movies. Why don’t we go home and watch TV? CAROL: TV! But all of the programs are so … ! How can you watch that rubbish? I know! Let’s go to the theater. There’s a good play on at the Palace. You know Sarah Andrews is in it and she’s an … actress! SHEILA: Yeah, she is. Well, OK, but it’s your treat! 6
Listen to check your answers.
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CONNECTORS: SEQUENCE, TIME, PURPOSE AND REASON
11 Put the connectors in the box in the correct column. Copy the chart in your notebook. because / in order that / first of all / so as to / later / secondly / finally / since / to / then / first / due to / whenever / owing to / while / as / because of / when / so that / in order to / second / firstly / next / once
REASON
because
PURPOSE TIME SEQUENCE
12 Indicate which connector cannot be used.
Martin Orson had to meet his friend Peter at 9:30 p.m. to go to a tennis match. It had been a difficult day at work and since 7:30 a.m. he had only had a sandwich. Since / Because / Due to he was starving, he went to a cafeteria near his office. First, he ordered a bowl of soup and a cheese sandwich. Next / Then / Later he felt a little sleepy, since / owing to / because he had been up late the night before, so he ordered a cup of coffee so that / in order to / to stay awake for the match. While / Whenever / As he was drinking the coffee, he realized it was pretty late. He quickly finished and paid for his meal. When he was outside he took a taxi so that / in order to / so as to be on time.
13 Creating a new crazy extreme sport! Work in pairs. You are going to create a new crazy or funny extreme sport, such as “bungee piercing: an activity in which a person jumps off from a high place with one end of an elastic cord attached to his/her body piercing.” After you have created your own crazy extreme sport, get together with another group and tell them about it. Give detailed information about your sport, such as which equipment you must have, the places where you can practice it, the rules (if there are any!) and why they should try it.
Risks
6
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W R I T I N G A NARRATIVE: REPORTING A PAST EVENT Describe an exciting experience you once had.
Getting Started 1 Decide what past experience you want to write about.
2 Think about what kind of information the reader would want to know: 1 What experience are you describing? 2 Who was involved? 3 Where did it happen? 4 When did it happen?
6 Body: now write those events using complete sentences. Remember to use connectors to link ideas and sentences.
7 Conclusion: tell how the experience ended. This is your chance to be more personal: tell what lesson you learned (if any), how the experience made you feel, etc.
8 Go to Writing Reference 2, page 80, for more specific help with paragraph division and helpful vocabulary.
5 How did it happen? Write down the answers.
3 Scan the text on page 13 for the adjectives and connectors used.
Checking and Revising 9 Go to the Checklist in Writing Reference 2 and answer the questions.
10 Now double-check your composition. Go to
Getting Organized
How to Correct and Revise, on page 76, and follow the steps.
4 Introduction: rewrite answers 1-4 from activity 2 using complete sentences. Link them with connectors.
5 Body: list your answers to question 5 from activity 2. Make a timeline of the events that happened. It is important that you tell the events in chronological order.
7
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L I S T E N I N G Reading questions to predict the general idea. 1 Read the questions you will have to answer before listening. 2 While listening for the first time, don’t worry about understanding every word. Listen to get the general idea by paying attention to emphasis on certain words, words that are repeated, etc. 3 Listen a second time specifically for information related to the questions you have to answer. 4 Take notes to help you remember. But be sure your notes are brief! Writing too much will distract you.
1
7
You are going to listen to someone talking about a parachuting experience. You will hear the following numbers. Can you say what they refer to? 1 10
2
7
Read the questions below and listen to the recording again. 1 What does she mean by: “I felt as if I had a million butterflies in my stomach”? 2 What things did she have to put on before jumping?
2 1,000 36
3 What happened when she finally opened the parachute? 4 Why did she concentrate on the landing? 5 Did anything happen when landing? 6 Do you think she liked the experience? Why?
S P E A K I N G Work in groups of three students. Student 1 = You are a reporter interviewing a trainer and a person in a parachuting course for a magazine. You are going to interview them before and after the jump. Ask questions about the reasons for trying something so dangerous, the expectations, etc. Student 2 = You are the person in the listening exercise. Tell the reporter about your reasons and fears for doing that. Student 3 = You are a trainer in the parachuting course. Tell the reporter about your experience with people who are jumping for the first time.
G
U E S S
W
H O
Risks
He was born in São Paulo in 1981. His interest in auto racing began very early in his life. He began karting when he was just eight years old. Before getting to F1, he conquered important championships, such as the Brazilian Formula Chevrolet, in 1999 and the Formula 3000 Euro-Series in 2001. In 2002 he finally found his place in the highest class of auto racing, the Formula 1 Championship. After winning his home F1 Grand Prix at Interlagos, he showed great sense of humor by revealing an odd superstition which he believes contributes to his success: not changing his underwear for three days; if he starts the racing weekend well, he will wear the same underwear on Saturday. If he succeeds once again, he will wear it for the third time on Sunday! Do you know who this famous sportsman is? Take a look on page 93 and see if you got it right.
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ADV2_3ª Pro o va_
WRITING REFERENCE HOW TO GET STARTED 1 Generate ideas. For example: use ideas from the
5 Express the main idea in the first paragraph. This is the introduction.
unit texts, your own experience, etc.
2 Write down everything. Don’t worry about
6 Develop your ideas in the following paragraphs. Use
the order of the ideas, spelling or clarity for the moment.
facts, examples, physical descriptions or personal experiences, etc. This is the body.
3 Choose the most relevant ideas. Number them in
7 In the last paragraph, summarize your ideas. You can also end with a recommendation or opinion. This is the conclusion.
the order you want to introduce them.
4 Organize your ideas into paragraphs.
HOW TO CORRECT AND REVISE 1 Organization Introduction ƒ Have you expressed the main idea clearly? ƒ Who is the reader? Will the first sentence attract her/his attention? Can you make it sound more interesting? ƒ Can you quickly outline the main ideas the reader will find in the body?
➠ Body ƒ Is all the information here related to the introduction? Is everything relevant? ƒ Is all the information in each paragraph related to the main idea of the paragraph? ƒ Do you have only one main idea for each paragraph?
➠ Conclusion ƒ Do you restate the main idea of the introduction? ƒ Do you quickly explain how all the supporting information in the body leads you to your conclusion? ƒ Does your essay end with a summary, prediction, solution or recommendation?
Remember: essays tend to be descriptive, narrative or argumentative. • In a descriptive essay, chronology is not a very important factor. You should make an effort to attract the reader’s attention through a good selection of adjectives and verbs in order to create a lively and interesting description. • In a narrative essay, chronology is essential. Therefore, the order of events is crucial. Before
writing, make a list of time connectors and use them throughout to link events. • In an argumentative essay, you should include both sides of the argument, not only your opinion, and justify the side you wish to defend. The appropriate use of connectors of reason, result and contrast will help you to present your ideas coherently and convincingly.
2 General Revision Check that… ˛ you’ve said what you wanted to say. ˛ you’ve said it clearly and logically. ˛ you’ve used appropriate connectors.
˛ you haven’t repeated words, sentences or expressions. Use synonyms. ˛ your essay is the appropriate length, and all the ideas are relevant to the main idea.
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LANGUAGE REFERENCE Negative statements As a rule, use the following word order: Subject
Auxiliary / Modal Verb + not
Main Verb
Rest of the Sentence
You
shouldn’t
watch
TV so much.
We
aren’t
going
away for the weekend.
Rod
didn’t
understand
what you said.
They
don’t
visit
us much.
The tickets
can’t
be
very expensive
My parents
haven’t
arrived
yet.
It
won’t
take
me long to mail a letter.
Questions This is the usual word order:
Yes / No questions Auxiliary / Modal Verb + not
Subject
Main Verb
Rest of the Sentence
Are
you
going to use
this computer now?
Did
your wife
arrive
at the airport on time?
Has
the teacher
handed back
the notebooks yet?
Can
he
ride
a horse?
Does
your husband
travel
abroad very often?
Wh-questions Question Word(s)
Auxiliary / Modal Verb
Subject
Main Verb
Rest of the Sentence
Where
are
you
going
now?
When
did
your wife
arrive?
Who
should
we
ask
for information?
Why
has
the teacher
collected
the notebooks?
What
can
I
buy
you as a gift?
How often
does
your husband
travel
abroad?
Be careful! If the question words who or what are the subjects of the sentence, then the word order is:
Who / What
Verb (Affirmative Form)
Rest of the Sentence
Mistakes
Who
phoned
last night?
Who did phone last night?
What
happened
in your classroom?
What did happen in your classroom?
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■ Put these words in the correct order. 1 have / They / children / two / . 2 home / yesterday / John / went / . 3 liked / We / very much / that book / . 4 yet / have / parents / not / My / arrived / . 5 you / do / How / abroad / often / travel / ? 6 TV / watch / You / so much / not / should . 7 tonight / you / going / Where / are / ?
Prepositions Arthur didn’t manage to get the coffee stain out of the carpet. Sue lives in Baltimore with her parents.
Prepositions are words (usually one, but sometimes two or three) which we use to connect words, usually a verb and a noun.
Prepositions may indicate: • Place: – in: Sue lived in New Zealand. Expressions: in bed; in prison; in the hospital Be careful! superlative + in ...of... Which is the longest river in the world? – at: I saw you at the bus stop. They are waiting for you at the door. Expressions: at home; at work; at school / college; at the party / concert; at the movies / station – on: The paintings on the walls are nice. Expressions: on foot / on horseback; on a bike; on a bus / train / plane; on (my) way to / from; on the right / left Other prepositions of place: above; among; behind; below; beside; between; beyond; by; from; in front of; near (to); next to; opposite; over; to; under
Be careful! go + home Are you going home now? … going to home… be + (at) home “Was Susan at home?” “No, she wasn’t home.” arrive + in + town / country: We arrived in Barcelona yesterday.
• Time: – in: + month / year / season: She’ll come back in the summer. + the morning / afternoon / evening: We can meet in the morning. + period of time: Sue will leave in two days. – at + time: The movie begins at 8. + night: Pat never goes out at night. + the end / beginning of: The restaurant is at the end of this street.
– on + day(s) of the week: I’ll call on Tuesday? + date: My birthday is on August 13th. Other prepositions of time: ago; after; before; for; from... to... since; until / till
• Movement: into; up; down; round / around; through; across; along; out of ; towards • Other prepositions: about; against; of; past; with; without
Some adjectives and verbs are always followed by certain prepositions: • Adjectives: accustomed to afraid of amazed at angry about (something) angry at angry with (somebody) anxious about ashamed of bad at bored with clever at dependent on disappointed with displeased with early for famous for fed up with fond of full of good at guilty of happy about happy with impatient for impolite to
interested in kind to late for married to patient with pleased about pleased with polite to popular with proud of qualified for ready for related to responsible for satisfied with similar to slow at sorry about (something) sorry for (doing something) suitable for surprised at surprised by tired of typical of worried about
LANGUAGE REFERENCE
Look at these sentences:
• Verbs: agree with apologize to apply to ask for believe in
belong to concentrate on depend on disagree with dream about
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FAST FINISHERS 1 EXTREME SPORTS GEAR
2 FROM SIMPLE TO BEAUTIFUL!
Are you ready to practice Extreme Sports? If the answer is Yes, then search for words below in the puzzle and find out what kind of gear you will need to practice this sport with safety. E
S
E
N
I K
S
B
H
T
R
L
A
O
O
H
L
A
I
E
C
K
S
N
T
R
S
E
R
N
T
G
B
L
E
L
K
E
K
I
O
G
E
H
A
B
F
I
P
P
A
K
P
E
B
T
Y
L
N
I
A
A
M
L
E
S
E
T
A
G
N
C
E
M
A
H
S
I
E
N
B
G
K
E
R
O
P
I
K
F
G
O
B
T
I
S
A
G
S
L
A
I
O
A
N
C
A
G
F
L
A
S
S
T
G
L
O
V
E
S
T
W
S
S
S
A
P
M
O
C
B
E
BACKPACK BEARINGS
RAFT
MAPS GLOVES
SIGNAL FLARE SLEEPING BAG
COMPASS
HOOKS
BUTTERFLIES REST
ROPES
SAFETY BELTS
HELMET
HIKING BOOTS WALKIE TALKIE
3 SHOPAHOLIC They say "The best things in life are free." Do you think so? Put the dominoes in order and you'll get a quote about shopping.
Butterflies are known for their many colors, delicate structure and beauty. One would never believe that simple and dull colored coccoons could transform themselves in these beauties. Well, let’s see if you are able to transform the word Butterfly into many other different words. The first one has been done for you.
LANTERN
t real oney c
e some lthy
“
e no thing m
ly wea until y
ou hav
You’r
an’t buy.
4 CALL THE GAME
”
Garth Brooks
5 YOU’RE NEVER TOO OLD TO LEARN
You can go here to there, left to right, but can you go from Game to Call? Change one letter at a time. The hints will help you.
Time out for grammar puzzles, quizzes and games. Let’s do a little bit of Math. Follow the instructions and see what it reveals. 1 Get a calculator
Go from:
GAME
hints
2 Enter the number of the month that you were born in (January =1 February = 2)
similar, equal
3 Multiply this number by five
buy for a cheaper prize a bedtime story speak, say, tell the opposite of short To:
CALL
4 Add the number of days in a week 5 Multiply the result by four 6 Add thirteen 7 Multiply by five again 8 Add the day when you were born 9 Subtract 205 from the total Does the result have any meaning to you? Now, try it with your friends and family.
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PHONETIC CHART Consonants
Vowels: Monothongs
/p/
pen
/pen/
/i /
he
/hi /
/b/
bad
/b d/
/i/
sit
/sit/
/t/
ten
/ten/
/e/
red
/red/
/d/
dad
/d d/
/ /
hat
/h t/
/k/
cold
/koĎ…ld/
/É‘ /
start
/stɑ t/
/a/
not
/nat/
/É” /
sport
/spÉ” t/
/Ď…/
foot
/fĎ…t/
/u /
shoe
/Ęƒu /
/ /
girl
/ l/
/m/
me
/mi /
/n/
near
/niÉ™/
/Ĺ‹/
ring
/riŋ/
/ /
cup
/k p/
/f/
fast
/fɑ st/
/ /
bird
/b d/
/v/
very
/veri/
/É™/
father
/fɑ ðə/
/θ/
three
/θri /
/Ă°/
father
/fɑ ðə/
/tĘƒ/
cheese
/tĘƒi z/
/d /
John
/s/
/ei/
make
meik/
/ai/
why
/wai/
/d an/
/ɔi/
boy
/bɔi/
see
/si /
/aĎ…/
how
/haĎ…/
/z/
zoo
/zu /
/oĎ…/
no
/noĎ…/
/Ęƒ/
she
/Ęƒi /
/iÉ™/
beer
/biÉ™/
/ /
vision
/vi ən/
/eÉ™/
where
/weÉ™/
/h/
house
/haĎ…s/
/l/
lot
/lat/
/j/
yes
/jes/
/r/
run
/r n/
/w/
when
/wen/
PHONETIC CHART
Vowels: Diphthongs
Semi-vowels
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6/27/07 7:27:07 PM