104-L-1-h

1- jaxksa rFkk muds ek/;eksa ls ifjp; (INTRODUCTION TO COLOURS AND COLOUR MEDIA) bl bdkbZ esa vki jaxkas rFkk muds ek/;eksa dk v/;;u djsaxsA igyk ikB vkidks jaxksa ,oa muds ek/;eksa ls ifjfpr djk;sxkA nwljs ikB esa vkidks jaxksa dh Hkk"kk] mlds jax pØ] fofHkUu jaxksa dh ;kstuk rFkk muds fefJr ek/;eksa ds fo"k; esa crk,axsA bl bdkbZ ds rhljs ikB esa ge jaxksa ds ifjokj rFkk muds n`f"Vxr ÁHkko (visual effect) ds vuqlkj v/;;u djsaxsA

1-0

mís';

bl ikB dk v/;;u djus ds i”pkr~ ge l{ke gksxs% • • • •

jaxksa dh ifjHkk"kkA vk¡[kksa }kjk jaxksa dh igpkuA oLrq,a lQsn] dkyh ;k fdlh fo”ks"k jax esa D;ksa fn[krh gSaA vki viuh MªkWbax esa fofHkUu jaxhu ek/;eksa dk Á;ksx dSls djsaxs] bl dk o.kZuA

1-1 ÁLrkouk HkkSfrd Ásj.kk dks 'kkjhfjd vuqfØ;k nsus ls jax mRiknu gksrk gSA nqfu;k esa vla[; jax gSaA çR;sd jax vkSj muds feJ.k ls cus jax gj O;fDr dks eksfgr djrs gSaA jax oLrq esa tku Mky nsrs gSa blfy, jaaxhu fp= gesa dkys vkSj lQsn fp=ksa ls vf/kd :fpdj yxrs gSaA i`Foh ij jgus okys thoksa dks lw;Z dh lQsn jks”kuh esa lkr jax fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa tks Ád`fr dks jaxhu cukrs gSaA Ekksj ds ia[kksa dk uhyk] jax vkSj cjlkr esa taxy dh gfj;kyh dk gjk jax eu dks lqdqu nsrk gSA ubZ nqYgu dh yky lkM+h ij t+jh dk dke] cPPkksa ds dejs dk ihyk jax vkSj rhoz ukjaxh jax tc foKkiu esa fn[krs gSa rks ns[kus okys ij nks izdkj ds çHkko gksrs gSa% • /;ku rqjar ml ij pyk tkrk gS vkSj • ân; dh xfr rst+ gks tkrh gSA dbZ daifu;ksa us viuk ;k mRikn dk jax pquk gS] tSls dksdkdksyk us yky jax rFkk fjyk;al dEiuh us gjk vkSj uhyk jax pquk gSA jax dks nks n`f"Vdks.k ls le> ldrs gSaA • oSKkfud • dykRed ¼lkSan;Zijd½ bl ikB esa ge tkusaxs fd vk¡[kksa }kjk jaxksa dk cks/k fdl izdkj gksrk gS rFkk fdl Ádkj dksbZ oLrq] gesa lQsn] dkyh ;k fdlh fo”ks"k jax esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA blds Ik”pkr~ ge jaxksa ds ek/;eksa ds fofHkUu xq.kksa ij fopkj djsaxs ftlds }kjk ge js[kk fp= esa jax Hkj ldrs gSa ,oa 'ksM ns ldrs gSaA 1

1-2 jaxksa dk cks/k dSls gksrk gS\ jax dsoy ,d n`f"V lEcfU/k+r vuqHko gS ¼fp= 1-1½A vk¡[k dh n`f"ViVy (retina) ij tks vDl iM+rk gS mls ge var% Ásj.kk (impulse) dgrs gSa vkSj ;g var% Ásj.kk (impulse) bfUnz; Kku rUrq }kjk efLr"d rd tkrh gS rFkk efLr"d eksVj uoZ ds }kjk ÁfrfØ;k (react) djrk gSA jax dh ;g ,d vk/kkjHkwr oSKkfud O;k[;k gSA gekjs jax ns[kus dh ;ksX;rk vk¡[kksa dh tfVy dk;Z Á.kkyh ij fuHkZj gSA tc ge fdlh oLrq dks ns[krs gSa rks oLrq ls vkus okyk Ádk”k gekjh vk¡[kksa ij iM+rk gSA vk¡[ksa izdk”k ij dsafær gksrh gSa rFkk ml oLrq dh Nk;k vk¡[k ds n`f"ViVy (retina) ij iM+rh gSA n`f"ViVy (retina) ,d irys rUrq dh ijr gksrh gSa tks vk¡[k dh iqryh (eye ball) dks ihNs rFkk fdukjs (side) ls <drk gSA blesa yk[kksa izdk”k laosnu”khy dksf”kdk,a gksrh gSaA ;g dksf”kdk,a (cells) n`f"ViVy (retina) ij iM+us okys izdk”k dks xzg.k dj ysrh gS vkSj izdk”k dks fo|qrh; ladsr (electric signal) Kku rUrq (nerve) }kjk efLr"d esa Hksts tkrs gSa vkSj fQj efLr"d Kku rUrq }kjk Hksts ladsr (nerve signal) tks mls vk¡[kksa }kjk feyrs gSa mUgsa jaxhu fn[kus okys Áfrfcac es cny nsrk gSaA

1-3 oLrq gesa lQsn] dkyh vkSj fo” fo”ks"k jax dh D;ksa fn[krh gS\ lQsn jax esa lc jax fefJr gksrs gSaA tc izdk”k dh lHkh fdj.ksa (visible light rays) ijkofrZr (reflect) gksrh gSa rks gesa og oLrq lQsn jax dh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA tc dksbZ oLrq izdk”k dh fdj.kksa (visible light rays) dks iwjh rjg xzg.k dj ysrh gS rks og oLrq dkyh ut+j vkrh gSA tc oLrq ,d jax dks ijkofrZr (reflect) djs vkSj ckdh lHkh jaxksa dks xzg.k dj ys rks ml oLrq dk jax fo”ks"k ijkofrZr fdj.k (reflect ray) ;k fefJr fdj.kksa (combinations of rays) ls curk gSA

fp= % 11-1 gekjk jax ns[kus dk <ax

Lo;a tk¡p Á” Á”u & 1- fjDr LFkku Hkjsa % i.

_______ rUrq dh ,d iryh ijr gksrh gS tks vk¡[k dh iqryh (eye ball) ds ihNs vkSj vUnj ds fdukjksa dks <drh gSA 2

ii. iii.

;g dksf”kdk,a (cells) n`f"ViVy ij iM+us okyh jks”kuh dks xzg.k dj ysrh gSa rFkk bldks _______ _______ es cny nsrh gSaA Tkks oLrq ml ij iM+us okyh _______ fdj.kksa dks iwjh rjg ijkofrZr (reflect) dj ns og lQsn fn[krh gSaA Tkks oLrq ml ij iM+us okyh _______ fdj.kksa dks xzg.k dj ysrh gSa rks og dkyh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

2- ge va/ksjs es jaxksa dks D;ksa ugha ns[k ldrs\

1-4 jaxksa ds ek/;e (EXPLORING MEDIA) jaxksa ds vusd :i rFkk mudks iz;ksx djus ds ek/;eksa dk o.kZu%

1-4-1 ,fØfyd jax (ACRYLIC PAINT) ,fØfyd jax iDds jax gksrs gSaA ¼fp=% 1-2] 1-3½ mudks ikuh ;k rsy es feyk;k tk ldrk gSaA cz”k dks ikuh ls lkQ fd;k tk ldrk gSA jax lw[kus ij blds uhps dh lrg dks ck/kk igq¡pk, fcuk jax fd;k tk ldrk gSA mudks ty jax (water color) dh rjg Á;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSaA bu jaxksa dh ,d fo”ks"krk gS fd os iDds rFkk ty#) (waterproof) gksrs gSaA jax lw[kus ds ckn xhyk gksus ij mls mrkjk ugha tk ldrkA lw[kus ij bu jaxksa dks cz”k ls lkQ ugha fd;k tk ldrk rFkk lw[kus ij ;s jax xk<+s gks tkrs gSaA

fp=% 11-2 ,fØfyd jax fp=% 11-3 ,fØfyd jax }kjk cuk;k fp=

1-4-2 ty jax (WATER COLOURS) méhaloh 'krkCnh ls fp=dkjksa esa ty jax cgqr gh fÁ; ek/;e jgk gaSA vkSj vkt Hkh budk egRo de ugha gqvk gS ¼fp= 1-4½ Ák—frd n`”; ,oa Qwyksa ds fp= vHkh Hkh ty jaxksa ls jaxs tkrs gSa ¼fp=% 1-5½A budh rjyrk] rkt+xh rFkk ped ds dkj.k] ty jax dks ÁkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSaA

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fp=% 11-4 ty jax

fp=% 11-5 ty jax }kjk cuk;k x;k fp=

;s ikuh es ?kqyu”khy gaS vr% cz”k dks ikuh ls lkQ+ fd;k tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd ;g ikjn”khZ gksrs gSa blfy, xyrh lq/kkjus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA ty jax esa lQsn jax ugha gksrkA lQsn jax mlh dkxt dk gksrk gS ftl ij bldk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

1-4-3 isLVy jax (PASTELS COLOURS) isLVy] dksey rFkk dBksj nks Ádkj ds cuk;s tkrs gSa rFkk bUgsa csyukdkj NM+h (cylindrical stick) ds :i esa cspk tkrk gSA ;s 'kq) jax gksrs gSa ftudks xksan esa feykdj cuk;k tkrk gS rFkk ;s 'kh?kz gh VwV tkrs gSaA dBksj jax esa xksan dk vuqikr vf/kd gksrk gS rFkk ;s oxkZdkj VqdM+ksa esa vkrs gSaA ;s jax Li"V ,oa lkQ js[kk,a [khap ldrs gSa rFkk budks vklkuh ls feVk;k ugha tk ldrkA isLVy isafly ¼fp= 1-6½ js[kk,a [khapus ds fy, vPNh gksrh gSa D;ksafd os u vf/kd dBksj vkSj u vf/kd dksey gksrh gSaA dksbZ Hkh isLVy fp= ds fy, ckSNkj }kjk fLFkj djuk cgqr vko”;d gSA rsy isLVy jaxksa ds fy, fLFkjrk dh vko”;drk ugha gksrh D;ksafd jax rsy ,oa ekse dks feyk dj cuk;k tkrk gSA isLVy jax nks Ádkj ds gksrs gSa % (i) ekse ;qDr isLV~y~ (wax oil pastels) vkSj (ii) ekse jfgr isLVy (non wax pastels)A budks lk/kkj.kr% vkW;y isLVy gh dgk tkrk gSA

fp=% 11-6 isLVy

fp=% 11-7 isLVy }kjk cuk;k fp=

isLVy Vy ds fuEufyf[kr ykHk gSa % i. ii. iii. iv. v.

jax lw[kus dh Árh{kk ugha djuh iM+rhA jaxksa dks jax ifÍdk (colour pallete) dh vis{kk dkxt+ ij gh feyk;k tkrk gS ;s jax fo”kky la[;k esa mIkyC/k gSaA cz”k dks lkQ+ djus dh vko”;drk ugha gksrh gSA bls dk;Z”kkyk ds ckgj Hkh lqfo/kkiwoZd Á;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

rsy ij vk/kkfjr isLVy ftudks rkjihu ds rsy ls feyk dj iryk rFkk fefJr fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k uhps ncs gq, jax dks [kjksap dj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl fØ;k dks xzkQ+hVks (Graffito) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA isLVy dh dqN gkfu;k¡ Hkh gSa tSls isLVy }kjk fp= cukus esa vf/kd la[;k esa jaxksa dh vko”;drk gksrh gS ¼fp=1-7½A bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ;s jax nwljk jax cukus ds fy, Hkyh 4

Ádkj ,d nwljs ds lkFk fefJr ugha gksrs vkSj vyx ls fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA dksey isLVy ls fd;s x, dk;Z esa QSyus dh laHkkouk gksrh gSaA fLFkjrk ds fy, ckSNkj (spray) dk ç;ksx djds ,oa ml ij Vªsflax isij (tracing paper) dk VqdM+k yxkdj bl leL;k ls cpk tk ldrk gSaA

1-4-4 iksLVj jax (POSTER COLOURS) ;g jax ty jax dk ,d Ádkj gS rFkk cksry esa vkrs gSa ¼fp=1-8½ ftlls budk viO;; de gksrk gSA ;g jax cgqr vf/kd la[;k esa miyC/k gSa rFkk ;g cgqr ljyrk ls fefJr gks tkrs gSaA bu jaxksa dh rjyrk (fluidity) vke ty jax ls vf/kd gSA bu jaxksa dh lcls cM+h deh ;g gS fd ;s ikjn”khZ u gksus ds dkj.k Ádk”k dks ikj ugha djrs] tgk¡ Bksl jaxksa dh vko”;drk gksrh gS ;g jax mlds fy, vPNs gksrs gSa ¼fp=1-9½A

fp=% 11-8 iksLVj jax

fp=% 11-9 iksLVj jax }kjk cuk;k x;k fp=

1-4-5 jaxhu L;kgh (COLOURED INK) jaxhu L;kgh ¼fp=% 1-10½ dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa (i) ikuh esa u ?kqyus okyh rFkk (ii) ikuh esa ?kqyu”khyA jaxhu L;kgh pednkj jaxksa esa cM+h la[;k es cukbZ tkrh gS rFkk ijLij feykdj bl la[;k dks vkSj c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA dqN ty#) (waterproof) L;kgh piM+k yk[k (shellac) ls cukbZ tkrh gSA tks ikuh esa ?kqyu”khy L;kgh esa lQyrkiwoZd ugha feykbZ tk ldrh ijarq dqN ,fØfyd vk/kkfjr gSa ftUgsa nªo ,fØfyd (liquid acrylic) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g ikuh esa ?kqyu”khy L;kgh dh rjg O;ogkj djrh gSa] ijarq lw[kus ij ;g vikjxE; (impermeable) gks tkrh gSaA ;g ikjHkklh (translucent) gksrh gSa ¼fp=% 1-11½ vFkkZr~ buds nwljh vksj dh oLrq fn[kk;h ugha iM+rh gS ysfdu izdk”k dh fdj.ksa buls ikj gks ldrh gSaA

fp=% 11-10 jaxhu L;kgh

fp=% 11-11 jaxhu L;kgh }kjk cuk;k fp=

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jaxhu L;kgh dk ykHk ;g gS fd ;s cgqr pedhyh gksrh gSa rFkk budk ÁHkko Nk;kfp= (photograph) dh Hkk¡fr gksrk gS eq[; :i ls tc lQsn QksVksxzkfQd dkxt dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldh lcls cM+h gkfu gS fd lw[kus ij ;g vikjxE; (impermeable) gks tkrh gS bl dkj.k ;g dk;Z djus ;ksX; ugha jgrh gSA

1-4-6 rSyh; jax (OIL PAINTS) rSyh; jax (oil paints) fofHké fo”ks"krkvksa ds gksrs gSa ¼fp=1-12½ muesa vyx izdkj ds rsy ;k fLizV (sprit) feyk dj dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA fp= ds lw[kus dk le; jax es rsy ;k fLizV ds Á;ksx ij fuHkZj djrk gSA rsy jax cgqr /khjs /khjs lw[krs gSa blfy, fp= cukus rFkk jax feykus esa vf/kd le; yxrk gSA bl Ádkj ds jax uhps Lkrgksa ds jaxksa dks [kjkc ugha djrsA vf/kd xgjs jax tks lw[kus ij viuh ped cuk;s j[krs gSa mudks xgjh ;k iryh fpduh Lkrg ds fy, Á;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS ¼fp=% 1-13½A iqjkus fp=dkj blh ek/;e dk Á;ksx djrs FksA

fp=% 11-12 rsy jax

fp=% 11-13 rsy jax }kjk cuk;k \

bu u jaxksa dh gkfu ;g gS fd ?kksyd vk/kkj (solvent based) gksus ds dkj.k buls dke djus ds fy, [kqys goknkj dejs dh vko”;drk gksrh gS rFkk fp= eas okWfuZ”k djus ds fy, jaxksa dks lq[kkuk iM+rk gS blds fy, de ls de nks ekg rd Áfr{kk djuh iM+rh gSaA

Lo; Lo;a tk¡p Á” Á”u %& 3. fp=dkjksa esa ty jax D;ksa Áfl) gS\ 4. isLVyl~ dk Á;ksx djus ds D;k ykHk gSa\ 5. iksLVj jaxksa ds Á;ksx ij dqN iafDr;k¡ fyf[k,A bl lS)kafrd Kku (Theoretical knowledge) dks O;kogkfjdrk (practical) esa ykus ds fy, vki fuEu lkeku d{kk esa ysdj vk;sa • isafly % HB rFkk BA HB isafly xgjk ek/;e gS rFkk gYdh MªkWbZax djus ds fy, mfpr ek/;e gSaA • jcj (Eraser) % ,d vPNh eqyk;e jcj Hkh isafly dh rjg gh egRoiw.kZ gSA • lwrh diM+s dk VqdM+k % cz”k dks iksaNus rFkk lkQ djus ds fy,A 6

• jax dk ek/;e % jaxhu L;kgh] isLVyl~] iksLVj jax rFkk ty jax tks fMt+kbu esa jax] ped rFkk lqUnjrk nsus ds fy, Á;ksx fd;s tk ldrs gSaA • cz”k % cz”k eq[; :i ls nks Ádkj ds cuk;s tkrs gSa piVs rFkk xksyA nksuksa gh izdkj ds vPNh xq.koÙkk okys cz”kksa dk iz;ksx jaxhu L;kgh] iksLVj jaxksa rFkk ty jax dk Á;ksx djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA • jax&ifÍdk &ifÍdk (pallete) % jaxksa dks feykus ds fy, jax ifÍdk dk Á;ksx gksrk gSA • dkxt % Øksfdt+ (croquis) ds fy, lLrs dkxt+ dk Á;ksx vPNk gSA vafre dk;Z ds fy, dkVsZt (cartridge) vkSj fpdus dkxt+ dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA • erZcku (Jar) % ikuh j[kus ds fy, ,d tkj dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA

xfrfof/k (ACTIVITY) 1- dkxt+ ij rsy isLVy @ pkWd~ jax rFkk lk/kkj.k iSLVyl~ ysa rFkk ml ij cky fp= dyk ¼baby drawing) cuk;sa tSls & flQZ js[kk,a ;k mÙksftr jax Hkjsa vkSj fofHkUu ek/;eksa ij viuh fVIi.kh fy[ksaA

1-5 nŸkdk;Z (ASSIGNMENT) 1-5-1 d{kk dk;Z i.

dksbZ Hkh ,d ;k nks jax yhft;s rFkk mudks IysV es j[ksa] vf/kd ikuh u feyk;sA viuk gkFk vkSj v¡xqfy;ksa dks iwjh rjg bl jax esa jax ysa rFkk vius gkFk dk Nki ysa ¼fp=% 1-14½A vki vius ik¡o dk Nki Hkh ,d v[kckj ij ys ldrs gSaA vki iRFkj] vkyw] fHkUMh vkfn ysdj ml ij jaxhu dk;Z djsaA vki vius ik¡o rFkk gkFkksa ds Nki dks Hkh Ýse dj ldrs gSaA mijksDr dk;Z dks iksLVj jaxksa] ty jaxksa rFkk jaxhu L;kgh ls iqu% dfj;s rFkk vyx vyx ek/;eksa ij fVIi.kh djsaA rhu vyx vyx ek/;e tks vkius Á;ksx fd;s gSa mudk vUrj fy[ksa %

I. ty jax II. iksLVj jax III. jaxhu L;kgh

1-5-2 x`g dk;Z

fp=% 11-14 gkFkksa dk Nki

dqN fuf”pr jaxksa dh fofHkUu oLrq,a ,df=r djsa ¼fofHkUu 'ksM~ {shade} vkSj fVUV {tints} dh½ rFkk d{kk esa yk;saA

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1-6 lkjka”k bl ikB ds eq[; fcUnq fuEufyf[kr gSa % • euq"; dh vk¡[k ds n`f"ViVy (retina) ij Ádk”k ds iM+us ls n`f"ViVy (retina) esa tks Ásj.kk gksrh gS] jax mldh fn[kkbZ nsus okyh vuqHkwfr gSA • jaxksa dk laca/k cgqr xgjk gksrk gSA • lw;Z ds Ádk”k dks lQsn Ádk”k dgrs gSa tks lkr jaxksa ls feydj curk gS tSls VIBGYOR - violet (cSaxuh), indigo (xgjk uhyk), blue (uhyk), green (gjk), yellow (ihyk), orange (ukjaxh) vkSj red (yky) tks bUæ/kuq"k ds jax gSaA • jax ds nks igyw gS oSKkfud rFkk dykRed (scientific and artistic)A • oLrq,a lQsn] dkyh rFkk fo”ks"k jaxksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA • jaxksa ds fofHkUu ek/;e gSa % o o o o o

,fØfyd jax ty jax isLVy jax jaxhu L;kgh rSyh; jax

1-7 Lo;a tk¡p Á” Á”uksa ds laHkkfor mÙkj % 1- fjDr LFkku Hkfj, % i. ii. iii.

n`f"ViVy (retina) fo|qrh; ladsr (electric signal) lHkh] dksbZ ugha

2- tc Ádk”k oLrq ls ijkofrZr gksdj gekjh vk¡[k ds n`f"ViVy (retina) ij iM+rk gS rks ge ml oLrq ;k mlds jax dks tks oLrq NksM+rh gS] dks ns[k ldrs gSaA blfy, fdlh oLrq ;k mlds jax dks ns[kus ds fy, gesa Ádk”k dh vko”;drk gksrh gSaA 3- ty jax fp=dkjksa ds e/; lcls vf/kd yksdfÁ; ek/;e gSaA ;g jax viuh rjyrk (fluidily) 'khryrk (freshess) vkSj ped (sparkle) ds dkj.k Qwyksa vkSj Ád`fr fp=.k ds fy, Á;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA cz”k ikuh ls vklkuh ls /kqy tkrs gSaA vxj V~;wc esa jax lw[k tkrk gSa rks mles ikuh feykdj vklkuh ls Á;ksx dj ldrs gSaA

4- isLV~y~l ds fuEu ykHk gSa % i. jax lw[kus dh Árh{kk ugha djuh iM+rhA ii. jaxksa dks jax ifÍdk (colour pallete) dh txg dkxt+ ij gh fefJr fd;k tkrk gS ;s iii. jax fo”kky la[;k esa mIkyC/k gSaA 8

iv. cz”k dks lkQ+ djus dh vko”;drk ugha gksrhA v. bls dk;Z”kkyk ds ckgj Hkh lqfo/kkiwoZd Á;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA 5- ;g jax ty jax dh ,d Ádkj gS rFkk cksry esa vkrs gSa ftlls budk viO;; de gksrk gSA bu jaxksa dh miyC/k la[;k cgqr cM+h gS rFkk ;g cgqr ljyrk ls fefJr gks tkrs gSaA bu jaxksa dh rjyrk (fluidity) vke ty jax ls vf/kd gSA

1-8 vH;klkFkZ Á” Á”u (TERMINAL QUESTIONS) 1. bUnª/kuq"k ds jaxksa dks lgh Øe ls fyf[k,A 2. jax D;k gS\ ge jaxksa dks dSls igpkurs gSa\ 3. dksbZ oLrq lQsn] dkyh ;k fdlh fo”ks"k jax esa D;ksa fn[krh gS\ 4. vkids }kjk v/;;u fd;s x, jaxksa ds fofHkUu ek/;eksa ds nks ykHk ;k gkfu;k¡ fyf[k,A

1-9 lanHkZ rFkk v/;;u v/;;u ;ksX; iqLrdas 1. Anonymous. 1990. The World Encyclopedia Book, Volume 4: Ci-Cz. World Book, Inc., Chicago.

1-10 'kCnkoyh 1- n`f"Vxr izHkko

vk¡[kksa ij izHkko

2- fLVE;qyl

izsj.kk ¼mRrstuk½

3- fjLikSal

izfrfØ;k

4- lS+)kfUrd Kku

fdrkcksa ls lEcfU/kr Kku

5- vikjxE;

ftlesa ls nzo vkSj xSl vkj ikj pyh tk,

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