ikB&10 fMt+kbu dks cM+k ,oa NksVk djuk (ENLARGEMENT AND REDUCTION OF DESIGNS) lajpuk 1010-0 mÌs’; 10--1 çLrkouk 10 1010-2 fMt+kbu dks NksVk ;k cM+k djus ds fy, vko’;d midj.k 10bfifM;k ;kLdks 10-2-1 bfifM ;kLdksi 10ih;j 10-2-2 QksVksdkWkWih;j
1010-3 gkFk }kjk fMt+kbu cM+k djus dh rduhd 1010-4 gkFk }kjk fMt+kbu NksVk djus dh rduhd 1010-5 nRr dk;Z 1010-5-1 d{kk dk;Z
1010-5-2 x`g dk;Z
1010-6 lkjka’k 10--7 Lo;a tk¡p ç’uksa dks lEHkkfor mRrj 10 1010-8 vH;klkFkZ ç’u 1010-9 lanHkZ ,oa v/;;u ;ksX; iqLrdsa 10--10 'kCnkoyh 10
10 fMt+kbu dks cM+k o NksVk djuk (ENLARGEMENT AND REDUCTION OF DESIGNS) VsDLVkby fMt+kbfuax esa fMt+kbu dh xbZ vkÑfr ds vkdkj dk vf/kd egRo gSA diM+s ij fMt+kbu dk vkdkj fuf’pr djus ds fy, fMt+kbuj dks fdlh çkstsDV dks 'kq: djus ls igys fMt+kbu ds vkdkj dks ?kVkus c<+kus dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A blfy, bl bdkbZ ds çFke ikB esa ge bl egRoiw.kZ ?kVd ds fo"k; dk v/;;u djsaxsA vxys nks ikBksa esa ge fofHkUu çdkj ds fMt+kbuksa mudh O;oLFkk djuk] fjihV uewus rFkk diM+s dks vyaÑr djus ds fy, vWky vksoj fMt+kbuksa dk v/;;u djsaxsA
1010-0 mÌs’; (Objectives) bl ikB dk v/;;u djus ds i’pkr vki l{ke gksaxsa% • vki fMt+kbu dks NksVk ;k cM+k djus ds fy, midj.kksa dk igpku ldsaxsA • vki gkFk }kjk fMt+kbu dks cM+k@NksVk dj ldsaxsA
1010-1 çLrkouk (Introduction) fMt+kbu dks ?kVkus ;k c<+kus dh çfØ;k] vkÑfr ;k fMt+kbu ds vkdkj dks iw.kZ:i ls çLrqfrdj.k djus ds nks ewy mipkj gSaA VsDLVkby fMt+kbuj bl rduhd dks cgq/kk ç;ksx esa ykrs gSa] fo’ks"kr;k tc fçafVax dh tkrh gS tSls LØhu fçafVax ;k CykWd fçafVaxA ikB 10 esa tks dqN ge v/;;u djus tk jgs gSa mlds ljy mnkgj.k ds fy, vkb;s ge fp= 10-1 dk voyksdu djsaA blls irk yxrk gS fd bldh jpuk esa nks vyx vyx vkdkj o vfHkfoU;kl ¼vksfj,UVs’ku½ ds vk;r cM+k vk;r vk/ks vkdkj dk dj fn;k x;k gSA bl ikB esa ge fMt+kbu ds vkdkj dks cM+k ;k NksVk djus ds fy, mi;ksx es vkusokys midj.kksa o fof/k;ksa dk v/;;u djsaxsA
fp= 1010-1 vk;rksa dks feykdj dh xbZ jpuk
1010-2 fMt+kbu dks cM+k ,oa NksVk djus ds fy, vko’;d midj.k (Tools Required for Enlargement and Reduction) 1010-2-1 bfifM;kLdksi (Epidiascope) bfifM;kLdksi ¼fp=10-2½ ,d midj.k gS tks çk;% fMt+kbu dks cM+k djus ds fy, ç;ksx eas yk;k tkrk gSA fMt+kbu dks cM+k djuk gks mls midj.k ij yxh lery dh IysV ij j[k fn;k tkrk gSA ftls izkstsD’ku IysV dgrs cM+k djus dh ek=k O;ofLFkr dj ldrs gSaA cM+k fd;k x;k çfrfcac midj.k dh LØhu ;k mlds lkeus dh lQsn nhokj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
ftl 'kh’ks gSa ij
bfifM;kLdksi fMt+kbu dk cgqr cM+k vkdkj cukus enn djrk gSA vko’;d vkdkj cukus ds i’pkr ,d 'khV LØhu ij j[k dj fMt+kbu dh lajpuk lqxerk ls cukbZ tk ldrh gSA bfifM;kLdksi fofHkUu {kerk eas miyC/k gSaA
10ih;j (Photocopier) 10-2-2 QksVksdkWkWih;j
esa
fp=10fp=10-2 bfifM;kLdksi
ge lc QksVksdkWih;j ls ifjfpr gSa tks vf/kdrj t+sjkWDlhax e’khu ;k tsjkWDl e’khu ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA okLro esa tsjkDl ,d dEiuh dk uke gS tks ;g e’khu cukrh gSA ;g dEiuh bl {ks= dh iFk çn’kZd gS rFkk bl {ks= esa dEiuh us cgqr uke dek;k gS] blfy, QksVksdksih;j dks tsjkWDl dgk tkrk gSA QksVksdksih;j vkdkj dks ?kVk ;k c<+k ldrk gS dkxt+ ds nksuksa vksj çfrfyfi rS;kj dj ldrk gS rFkk jaxhu çfrfyfi Hkh cuk ldrk gSA QksVksdkWih;j fMt+kbu cukus dk ,d vR;ar vko’;d midj.k gSA blls fMt+kbu dks NksVk ;k cM+k djus dk dk;Z cgqr 'kh?kzrk rFkk ljyrk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g c<+r cgqr de le; esa fMt+kbu dks cM+k ;k NksVk dj nsrk gS tSls 10" X 8" dks 5" X 4" esa cnyukA
Lo;a tk¡p ç’u (Self-check Questions) 1- QksVksdkWih;j }kjk fd;s tkus okys fofHkUu dk;ksZsa dk o.kZu djsaA 2- fMt+kbuj ds fy, QksVksdkWih;j D;ksa vko’;d gS\
1010-3 gkFk }kjk fMt+kbu cM+k djus dh rduhd (Technique of Manual Enlargement)
,d vkÑfr ;k fMt+kbu dks vko’;d vkdkj esa Ýh gSaM MªkWbax }kjk cM+k fd;k tk ldrk gS tSls nks xquk ;k pkj xquk vkfn A bl fof/k }kjk cM+k rks fd;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq bl fof/k ls fMt+kbu dk mfpr vuqikr cuk, ugha j[kk tk ldrkA fMt+kbu dks ;FkkFkZrk (accuracy) lfgr cM+k djus ds fy, ;g fof/k fo’oluh; ugha gSA lVhd ,oa ;FkkFkZ (exact and precise) :i ls cM+k djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr fof/k mi;qDr gSA pj.k&1% pj.k&1% cM+k fd;s tkus okys fMt+kbu dks ¼fp= 10-3½ ,d MCcs esa ¼fp= 10-4½ cUn dj nhft,A ckWDl ,slk cuk gksuk pkfg, fd ckWDl dh js[kk,¡ fMt+kbu ds vfUre fcUnq dks Nq,A bl izdkj vkidks ckWDl cM+k fd;s tkus okys fMt+kbu ds vuq:i feysxkA pj.k 2 % ckWDl dh yEckbZ rFkk pkSMkbZ ekisaA vc fMt+kbu dks ftrus Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vuk gks ckWDl dks Hkh leku fp= 1010- 3 ,d fMt+kbu Hkkxksa esa fp= 1010- 4 ckWDl esa can fMt+kbu fp= 1010- 5 foHkkftr fMt+kbu ck¡fV,A mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn fMt+kbu ckWDl dh yEckbZ 3-5" gS] rc ge fMt+kbu dh yEckbZ dks lkr Hkkxksa eas ck¡Vuk pkgrs gSa rks ge 3-5" dks lkr ij Hkkx nsaxsA blls ges ,d Hkkx 0-5" dk feysxkA blfy, fMt+kbu ckWDl ds nk;sa rFkk ck;sa ykbuksa ij çR;sd 0-5" dh nwjh ij fcUnq vafdr djsaA bl çdkj ge 7 leku Hkkx çkIr djsaxsA bu fcUnqvksa dks a,b,c vkfn dk uke nsa ¼fp= 10-5½A blh çdkj fMt+kbu dh pkSMkbZ dks ekisa rFkk bldks lqfo/kk tud Hkkxksa eas ck¡VsaA ekuk pkS- 2-5" gS rFkk ge bls ik¡¡p Hkkxksa esa foHkDr djuk pkgrs gSa rks 2-5" dks 5 ij foHkDr djus ls gesa ,d Hkkx 05" dk çkIr gksxkA bl çdkj ge ckWDl ds Åijh rFkk uhps okys Hkkx ij 0-5" dh nwjh ij fpUg yxk;saxs rFkk mudks 1]2]3 vkfn la[;k ls ukfer djsasxs tgk¡ rd lEHko gks Hkktd ls gesa iw.kkZad çkIr gks ftlls fcUnqvksa dks fpfUgr djuk ljy gks tk;sA pj.k 3% 3% ekuysa gesa fMt+kbu dks nqxuk cM+k djuk gSA blds fy, ,d u;k ckWDl cuk;sa ftldk vkdkj ¼pj.k 2½ okLrfod ckWDl ds vkdkj dk nqxu gksA tSls okLrfod ckWDl dk eki 3-5"x3-5" FkkA blfy, u;s ckWDl dk lkbZt+ 7"x 5" gksxkA ;fn fMt+kbu dks rhu xq.kk cM+k djuk gks rks u;s ckWDl dk lkbt+ 10-5"x 7-5" gksxkA
vc gesa u;s cM+s ckWDl fxzM (grid) ds lkFk cukuk gksxkA blds fy, gesa Hkkxksa dh lk/kkj.k la[;k leku j[kuh gksxh tks NksVs @okLrfod ckWDl ds fy, pquh xbZ Fkh geus NksVs ckWDl esa 5" ds 7 Hkkx cuk;s FksA blfy, vc gesa cMs+ ckWDl ds fy, Hkh 7 Hkkx cukus gksaxs] ijUrq mudh yEckbZ pkSMkbZ okLrfod ckWDl ls nqxuh gksxhA bl çdkj çR;sd Hkkx 1" dk gksxkA vc fcUnqvksa dks NksVs ckWDl ds vuqlkj ukfer djsa ;g fp=- 10-6 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA
fp= 1010- 6 cM+h dh xbZ fxzM
pj.k 4 % u;s ckWDl dk fxzM rS;kj djus ds i’pkr~ igys fxzM ls MªkWbax djuk 'kq: djsaA fMt+kbu dk Hkkx tks NksVs ckWDl ds igys fxzM esa Fkk] cM+s ckWDl es aHkh mlh dks igyk fxzM cuk;k tk;sxkA ge cM+s ckWDl dks iwjh rjg NksVs ckWDl ds Hkkxksa ds leku cuk;saxs ¼ns[ksa fp= 10-7½A
fp= 1010- 7 cM+h dh gqbZ fxzM ij fMt+kbu fQj ls cukuk
pj.k 5% tSlk fd Åij o.kZu fd;k x;k gS mlh çdkj fMt+kb u Mªk djus ls ge cM+k fMt+kb fp= 1010- 8 cM+k fd;k gqvk fMt+kbu
u rS;kj dj ysaxs tks okLrfod fMt+kbu ds vkdkj ls nqxuk gksxk ¼nsf[k;s fp= 10-8½
Lo;a tk¡p ç’u (Self-check Questions) 3-
crkb;s fuEu dFku lR; gSa ;k vlR;% i) ;fn fMt+kbu dks 4" ls 2" vkdkj esa cuk;k tk;s rks ;g cM+k gks tk;sxkA ii) ;fn fMt+kbu dks 5" ls 10" vkdkj esa cuk;k tk;s rk og cM+k lkbt+ gks tk;sxkA
xfrfof/k (Activity) 1-
,d fMt+kbu dkWih djsa rFkk mls pkj xquk vkdkj esa cuk;saA
1010-4 fMt+kbu dks gkFk }kjk NksVk djus dh rduhd (Technique of Manual Reduction) vkÑfr ;k fMtk+bu dks vko’;d vkdkj esa NksVk fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSls okLrfod lkbZt+ dk vk/kk ;k pkSFkkbZ vkfnA bl çfØ;k ds fy, gesa ogh fof/k viukuh gksxh tks fMt+kbu dk vkdkj c<+kus ds fy, dh tkrh gS] vUrj dsoy ;g gS fd blesa vafre fMt+kbu okLrfod fMt+kbu ls NksVk gksxkA fMt+kbu pquus ds i’pkr~ fuEu pj.kksa dk vuqlj.k djuk pkfg,% pj.k 1% 1% NksVk fd;k tkus okys fMt+kbu dk ,d ckWDl cuk,aA ckWDl bl çdkj cuk;k tk;s fd ckWDl dh ykbusa fMt+kbu ds nwj okys Hkkx dks Nwrh gqbZ tk;sa ¼fp= 10-9a½A pj.k 2% 2% ckWDl dh yEckbZ ,oa pkSMkbZ ekisaA vc bl ckWDl dks leku Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vsa ftuesa fMt+kbu dks foHkDr djuk gSA tSls ;gk¡ vkÑfr dk vkdkj 7"x 5" gSA fMt+kbu ckWDl yEckbZ dk eki 6" rFkk ge fMt+kbu ds 6 Hkkx pkgrs gS rks çR;sd eki ¼fMfot+u½ 1" dk gksxk ¼6/6 =1"½A vFkkZr~ fMt+kbu ckWDl dh ckWbZ ,oa nkWbZ çR;sd ykbu ij 1" dh nwjh ij fcUnq dks a,b,c vkfn ls ukfer djsaA blh çdkj fMt+kbu dh pkSMkbZ dks ekisa rFkk mldks lqfo/kktud Hkkxksa eas foHkDr djsaA ;fn pkSMkbZ 5 gS rFkk ge mldks 5 cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vuk pkgrs gSa rks 5 dks 5 ls Hkkx nsa tks 1 gksxkA bl çdkj ge fMt+kbu pkSMkbZ 1 ds cjkcj Hkkxksa esa fpfUgr dj ysrs gS rFkk mudks 1]2]3 vkfn fy[k ldrs gSa ns[ksa fp= 10-9bA fMt+kbu ds Hkkxksa dh la[;k fuf’pr djrs le; Hkktd iw.kZ la[;k gksuh pkfg, ftlls fcUnq fpfUgr dj lqfo/kktud rFkk ;FkkFkZrk cuh (accuracy) jgsA
pj.k 3 %vc ftl fMt+kbu dk vkdkj ?kVkuk@NksVk djuk gks mldk eki fu’pr djsaA eku ysa ge fMt+kbu ds vkdkj dks vk/kk djuk pkgrs gSaA ,slk djus ds fy, u;s ckWDl dk lkbZt+ okLrfod fMt+kbu dk vk/kk gksuk pkfg,A D;ksafd okLrfod ckWDl dk lkbZt+ 7"x 5" gS] blfy, u;s ckWDl dk lkbZt+ 3-5"x 3-5"A
fp= 1010- 9 a pkjksa vksj ls can fMt+kbu
fp= 10 10-- 9 b fMt+kbu ij cuh fxzM
vc u;s ckWDl dk fxzM cuk;sA blds fy, ge okLrfod ckWDl ds cjkcj gh Hkkx cukus gksaxsA gesa 1" eki ds 7 Hkkx u;s ckWDl esa cukus gksaxsA ijUrq vc çR;sd Hkkx] okLrfod eki dk vk/kk gksxkA bl çdkj çR;sd Hkkx 0-5" dk gksxkA blh çdkj u;s ckWDl dh pkSM+kbZ dk çR;sd Hkkx dk lkbZt+ Hkh okLrfod ckWDl dh pkSMkbZ dk vk/kk gksxk vFkkZr~ 0-5"A vc u;s ckWDl ds fcUnqvksa dks cMs ckWDl ds vuqlkj ufer djsa ¼fp= 10-9b½A
fp= 1010- 10 NksVh dh gqbZ fxzM
pj.k 4 %u;k ckWDl fxzM lfgr rS;kj gkssus ij igys fxzM ls MªkW djuk vkjEHk djsaA fMt+kbu dk og Hkkx tks cM+s ckWDl ds çFke fxzM essa gksrk gS] ogh NksVs ckWDl ds çFke fxzM ij cukuk pkfg, ¼fp= 1011a½A ckWDl dks fpfUgr djus ds i’pkr~] gj fxzM dh igpku /;ku iwoZd djsa rFkk fMt+kbu Mªk djuk 'kq: djsaA fMt+kbu dh :ijs[kk cuk;s j[kus ds fy, fxzM ykbusa vkidk ekxZn’kZu djsxhA ge NksVs ckWDl esa fMt+kbu MªkW djrs jgasxs rFkk cM+s ckWDl ds fMt+kbu ls lHkh uke iwjh rjg feyku djrs jgsaxs tc rd fMt+kbu iwjk u gks tk;s ¼fp= 10-11b½A
fp= 1010- 11a NksVh dh xbZ fxzM ij MªkWbax
fp= 10b NksVk fMt+kbu
Lo;a tk¡p ç’u (Self-check Questions) 4- fjDr LFkku Hkjsa% i) &&&&&&&&&& }kjk ge isij dh nwljh vksj Hkh fçaV dj ldrs gSaA ii) fMt+kbu dks NksVk djus ds fy, &&&&&&&&&& ¼çFke@vfUre½ pj.k fMt+kbu ds pkjksa vksj ckWDl
cukuk gSA iii) u;s ckWDl esa Hkkxksa dh la[;k &&&&&&&&& gksxhA iv) fMt+kbu dk vkdkj dks cM+k djrs le; fxzM dk çR;sd Hkkx &&&&& ¼cM+k@NksVk½ gksxkA
xfrfof/k (Activity) 2- 15"x 28" vkdkj ds fMt+kbu dks 5"x 7" vkdkj esa NksVk djsaA
1010-5 nRr dk;Z (Assignments) 1010-5-1 d{kk dk;Z (Class Assignments) i)
4 lseh0 oxZ fMt+kbu dks 4" cM+k djsaA
1010-5-2 x`g dk;Z (Home Assignments) i) QksVksdksfi;j dh nqdku ij tk;sa rFkk fMt+kbu dks cM+k rFkk NksVk Hkh djk,¡A
1010-6 lkjka’k (Summing Up) MªkWbax rFkk fMt+kbu dks NksVk ;k cM+k djuk ,d egRoiw.kZ rduhd gSA fMt+kbu ,uyktZeSaV dk mÌs’; okLrfod vkdkj dks cM+k djuk rFkk fjMD’ku dk mÌs’; okLrfod vkdkj dks NksVk djuk gSA fMt+kbu ds lkbZt+ dks ?kVkus ;k c<+kus dh lcls ljy rFkk lkekU; fof/k] fMt+kbu ij oxkZdkj fxzM cukuk gS tks isafly ,oa Ldsy dh lgk;rk ls gkFk }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSA rFkkfi vktdy bfifM;kLdksi ,oa QksVksdkih;j tSls midj.k rFkk dEI;wVj lkW¶Vos;j vkfn miyC/k gSa ftlls fMt+kbu dks cM+k ;k NksVk djuk cgqr 'kh?kz rFkk ;FkkFkZrk lfgr laHko gSA
1010-7 Lo;a tk¡p ç’uksa ds lEHkkfor mRrj (Possible Answers to Selfcheck Questions) 1-
QksVksdksi h;j }kjk fuEu dk;Z fd;s tk ldrs gSa% • ,d fMt+kbu ;k MkWD;wesaV dh vko’;d la[;k esa çfrfyfi;k¡ rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA • jaxhu çfrfyfi cukbZ tk ldrh gSA • isij 'khV ds nksuksa vksj fçaV fd;k tk ldrk gSA • fMt+kbu@eksfVQ+ dks cM+k ;k NksVk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- ,d fMtkbuj dks QksVksdkih;j dh vko’;drk gksrh gS D;ksafd fMt+kbuj dks fMt+kbu ds vkdkj dks ?kVkus c<+kus ds fy, cgqr QksVksdksfi;ksa dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA 3- ¼1½ vlR; ¼2½ lR; 4- QksVksdksi h;j izFke leku] cM+k
1010-8 vH;klkFkZ ç’u (Terminal Questions) 1.
fMt+kbu dks NksVk djus dh fof/k dh O;k[;k djsaA 10"x 8" lkbt dh vkÑfr dks vki vk/ks lkbt esa fdl çdkj cuk;saxs\
2.
QksVksdksi h;j ,oa bfifM;kLdksi dk laf{kIr o.kZu djsaA
3.
vkdkj dks c<+kus rFkk ?kVkus ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ewy vkÑfr;ksa] o`Rr] oxZ] vk;r] f=Hkqt vkfn dk la;kstu MªkW djsa ftlesa nksu ksa rduhdksa vFkkZr~ vkdkj NksVk @cM+k djus dk çn’kZu gksA
1010-9 lanHkZ ,oa v/;;u ;ksX; iqLrdsa(References and Suggested Furthur Reading) 1. Craft and Hobbies 1979, A step by step guide to creative skills. Readers Digest Association, Inc. New York. 2. A Complete Guide to Drawing and Painting. 2006. Quantum Publishing Ltd.
1010-10 'kCnkoyh (Glossary) 1. 2.
,UyktZesaV fjMD’ku
vkdkj c<+kuk vkdkj ?kVkuk