202-L-2-H

ikB&2 Mkbt+ ls ifjp; (INTRODUCTION TO DYES) lajpuk 2-0 mÌs’; 2-1 izLrkouk 2-2 ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe 2-3 Mkbt+ dk dk pquko 2-4 Mkbt+ dk oxhZdj.k 2-5 diM+ksa ds fy, jax vkSj Mkbt+ 2-6 —f=e Mkbt+ 2-6-1 2-6-2 2-6-3 2-6-4 2-6-5 2-6-6 2-6-7 2-6-8

2-7 2-8

Mk;jsDV MkbZ ,sflM MkbZ oSV MkbZ ,tksbd MkbZ csfld MkbZ fj,fDVo MkbZ fMlilZ MkbZ lYQj MkbZ

oSY;w ,fM’ku nÙk dk;Z 2-8-1 d{kk dk;Z 2-8-2 x`g dk;Z

2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12 2-13

lkjka’k Lo;a tk¡p iz’uksa ds lEHkkfor mÙkj vH;klkFkZ iz’u lanHkZ ,oa v/;;u ;ksX; iqLrdsa 'kCnkoyh

2 jaxks ls ifjp; (INTRODUCTION TO DYES) igys ikB esa diM+k jaxus ls iwoZ fd;s tkus okys VªhVesaV dk v/;;u djus ds i’pkr~ vxyk pj.k diM+ksa dh jaxkbZ djuk gSA Mkbax diM+s dks dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa (organic compound) ds }kjk jaxus dh izfØ;k gSA jax izk—frd :i esa ;k —f=e {ks=ksa }kjk izkIr fd;s tkrs gSaA bl ikB esa ge jaxksa] muds oxhZdj.k rFkk muds fof’k"V xq.kksa rFkk js’kksa ds izdkj ij vk/kkfjr jaxksa dk p;u] jaxks dk iz;ksx rFkk vU; ekin.Mksa dk v/;;u djsaxsA vxys ikB esa jaxkbZ izfØ;k ij fopkj fd;k tk,xkA

2-0

mÌs’; (Objectives)

bl ikB ds v/;;u ds i’pkr~ vki bl ;ksX; gks tk;saxs% • • • •

2-1

jaxksa dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe dks le>us esaA jaxksa dk pquko djus esaA mRifÙk ds vk/kkfjr ij jaxksa dk oxhZdj.k djus esaA diM+s ds fy, fHkUu jaxksa rFkk MkbZt+ ds fo"k; esa A

izLrkouk (Introduction)

MkbZt+ dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa gksrs gSa tks dks jaxus ds fy, cgqr iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA os ;k jklk;fud rRoksa ls cuk;s tkrs gSaA budk #fpdj fcUnq ;g gS fd jax] isaV~l dh Hkk¡fr js’ks lrg ij ugha #drs vfirq ;g diM+s dh fNnzksa vo’kksf"kr gks tkrs gSaA ;g nks dkj.kksa ls lEHko igyk] jax ds v.kqvksa dk vkdkj js’kksa ds fNnzksa NksVk gksrk gSA MkbZ ds v.kqvksa dk vkdkj dkxt dh ladjh ¼iryh½ iÙkh tSlk gksrk gS ftldh yEckbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ rks gksrh gS ijUrq cgqr de gksrh gSA ;g vkdkj mldks cgqyd ¼ikWyhej½ flLVe esa tkusa esa enn djrk gS tc /kkxksa ;k diM+s dks MkbZ ckFk esa fHkxks;k tkrk nwljk] Mk;t+ vkSj js’kksa esa ,d nwljs ds izfr fp= 22-1 jaxk gqv k diM+k vkd"kZ.k (force of attraction) ds dkj.k Mkb vUnj rd vo’kksf"kr gks tkrs gSaA oks blh cy (force of attraction) ds dkj.k ogk¡ ls fudyrs fp= 2-1 esa jaxhu diM+k fn[kk;k x;k gSA

diM+kas ikS/kksa dh esa gS & ls eksVkbZ js’kksa] gSA js’kksa esa ugha gSa

2-2

,sfrgkfld i`"BHkw BHkwfe (Historical Background)

mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds e/; rd diM+s dks jaxus ds fy, jax izk—frd L=ksrksa tSls ouLifr] i’kq rFkk [kfutksa ls izkIr fd;s tkrs D;ksafd ;s jax lkekU; :i ls ty esa ?kqyu’khy ugha gksrs blfy;s iDds rFkk le`) jaxksa dks diM+s ij p<+kus ds fy, tfVy vkSj egaxh izfØ;k viukuh iM+rh gSA fp= 2-2 esa fn[kk;k x;k diM+k ouLifr ls jaxk x;k gSA 1856 esa ,d fczfV’k jklk;u oSKkfud ftldk uke fofy;e gSujh ikfdZu Fkk mlds }kjk pedhyk cSaxuh jax rRo ¼fp= 2-5½ cuk;k tks rkjdksy ls cuk;k x;k Fkk] ;g igyk —f=e jax rRo blds }kjk jaxksa ds jklk;fud foKku dh tkudkjh dk ekxZ iz’kLr gqvkA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds vUr rd izk— frd jaxksa ds LFkku ij —f=e jaxksa dk iz;ksx gksus yxkA ;g ,d #fpdj izlax gS fd vktdy fQj ls diM+ksa dks jaxus ds fy;s izk— frd jaxksa ds iz;ksx dh vksj #>ku gSA

2-3

Mkb Mkbt+ dk pquko

jaxksa

FkkA fp= 22-2 vtark ls ÁkIr ÁkÑdfrd jaxksa ls MkbZ fd;s fd;s gq, diM+s dk fp=

(Selection of Dyes)

js’kksa dh jaxkbZ djus ds fy, jax pquus ls igys ;g tkuuk vko’;d gS fd dkSu lh MkbZ fdl izdkj ds js’ks tSls& ouLifr ¼fp= 2-4½]tkaro ¼fp= 2-5½ ;k ekuo fufeZr ¼fp= 2-6½ js’kksa ds fy, mRre gSA lkekU;r% lwrh rFkk fyuu ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk;s tkus jaxksa dks foLdl jsvkWu ds fy, Hkh iz;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq vU; fHkUu jklk;fud xBu okys js’kksa ds fy, vyx MkbZt+ dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA

fp= 22-4 okuLifrd js’ks

rRo FksA

fp= 22-5 tkUro js’ks

okys fp= 22-3 cSaxuh jax esa jaxk gqv k diM+k

fp= 22-6 Ñf=e js’ks

Mk;jsDV MkbZ ¼fp= 2-7½ cukus esa iz;ksx djus esa ljy] rFkk budh izkFkfed Hkh lcls de gksrh gSA bu jaxksa dh Hkh vU;

ljy] ykxr jaxksa

fp= 22-7 Mk;jsDV Mkbt+

dh Hkk¡fr dqN lhek;sa gSa] ftuesa ls ,d gS jax dk iDdkiuA

jax dk iDdkiu bldh u cnyus okyh {kerk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fHkUu fHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Mk;t+ dk iDdkiu Hkh fHkUu gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, dqN Mkbt+ xhyk gksus ij cg tkrh gSa ftlds dkj.k jax vU; oL=ksa esa p<+ tkrk gSA dqN jax /kqy kbZ esa iDds gksrs gSa ijUrq izdk’k¼/kwi½ esa mudk jax mM+ tkrk gSA dqN jax jxM+us ls ØSd gks tkrs gS ;k Q+hds iM+ tkrs gSaA

fp= 22-8 fofHkUu jaxksa ds fofHkUu Mkbt+

,d ckj jax dk pquko gks tkus ij] ;g vko’;d gS fd jax cukus dh fof/k ,d leku jgsA MkbZ fd;s x;s izR;sd cSp dk ,d cSp uEcj gksuk vko’;d gSA D;ksafd jklk;fud dUlUVsª’ku] js’kksa ds xBu rFkk ty ;k rki ds dkj.k jaxksa esa fHkUurk vk ldrh gS blfy;s vyx vyx cSp ds js’kksa esa Hkh

gYdh fHkUurk gks ldrh gSA

Lo;a tk¡p iz’u (Self-check Questions) 1.

2.

2-4

—f=e MkbZt dh [kkst fdlus rFkk dc dh Fkh\ jaxksa dh QkLVuSl ¼iDdk gksuk½ ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

jaxksa dk oxhZdj.k

(Classification of Dyes)

tSls fd igys cryk;k x;k gS MkbZt+ izk—frd L=ksrksa tSls ouLifr inkFkZ] [kfutksa ;k dhV iraxksa ls cuk;s tkrs gSa ;k dkj[kkuksa esa isVªksdsfedy rRoksa ls cuk;k tkrk gSA vkidks ;kn gksxk fd loZ izFke ikfdZu }kjk —f=e cSxuh jax rkjdksy ls cuk;k x;k FkkA izk—frd jaxksa esa] uhy vius uhys pedhys jax fy, tkuk tkrk gS ¼fp= 2-9½ rFkk iRrksa dks lM+k dj ¼Q+kesZV½ cuk;k tkrk gS yky jax dh MkbZ yk[k ls dh tkrh gS] tks fd NksVs dhV iraxksa ls izkIr fd;k gSA

ds rS;kj tkrk

izk—frd jaxksa dk mRiknu rFkk mudk iz;ksx tfVy izfØ;k,a gSaA blfy;s blesa dksb Z vk’p;Z ugha izk—frd jaxksa dk LFkku /khjs /khjs —f=e jaxksa us ys gSaA 1880 esa —f=e uhy cuk fy;k x;k rFkk izk—

nksuksa fd fy;k frd a

b

fp= 22-9 ikS/ks ftuls Mkbt+ ÁkIRk gksrs gSa a ,y ikSfyxksue fVaVsfj;e vkSj b bfUMxksQsjk fVUVksjk

jaxksa dk jktk /khjs /khjs Hkqyk fn;k x;kA i;kZoj.k lEcU/kh gLr{ksi tks orZeku ;qx dh Nki gS ds dkj.k izk—frd jaxksa ds iquZqRFkku ds dqN fpUg fn[kkbZ iM+us yxs gSaA [kfutksa ls izkIr gksus okys jaxksa esa] vk;ju vkWDlkbM+ iw.kZ czkmu jax nsrk gS rFkk QSjl lYQsV ls mrjs ikmMj d.k ds Hkh js’kksa dks jaxus esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA bl ikB esa ftu jaxksa dk o.kZu fd;k tk;sxk muls diM+s ij fizafVax Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA fixesaV jax tks fizafVax ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa mudk js’kk@diM+s ds izfr dksbZ vkd"kZ.k ugha gksrk blfy, og fuf’pr MkbZ dh ifjHkk"kk esa ugha vkrsA blfy, mudks blesa lfEefyr ugha fd;k x;k gSA

2-5 diM+s ds fy, MkbZt+ rFkk dyj(Dyes & Colours for textiles) VsDLVkby lkexzh ds fy, fofHkUu MkbZt+ fuEufyf[kr pkVZ esa n’kkZ;h x;h gS ¼pkVZ 2-1½

Mkbt+ ÁkÑfrd jax okuLifr;ks okuLifr;ksa ls ÁkIr

Ñf=e jax [kfut yo.kksa ls izkIr

dhM+k sa ls ÁkIr

?kqyu’khy

v?kqyu’khy

bu flV~;w dyj ds QkWjes’ku

iks/ks

dksfdfu;y dfu;y

vk;ju vkDlkbM

Mk;jsDV Mkbt+

oSV Mkbt+

cht

Vkbfj;u cSaxuh

cQ

csfld Mkbt+ Mkbt

fMLilZ Mkbt+

tM+h cwfV;k¡

yk[k

,sflM Mkbt+ Mkbt

lYQj Mkbt+ Mkbt+

ifRr;k¡

fj,fDVo Mkbt+ Mkbt

ruk

esVy dkEisysDl Mbt+ Mbt

tM+

lSY; qfcykbtM oSV Mkbt+ Mkbt+

Qwy

,stksbd jax

orZeku ¼1999½ esa izk—frd MkbZt+ dk iz;ksx lalkj esa —f=e MkbZ dk dsoy 1% gSA blfy, bl ikB esa ge dsoy —f=e MkbZ dk gh v/;;u djsaxsA

xfrfof/k (Activity) fuEufyf[kr dk dqN uewus izkIr dhft;s% • izk—frd MkbZ }kjk jaxs x;s diM+sA • —f=e MkbZ }kjk jaxs x;s diM+sA bu diM+ksa dks gkFk ls ¼eSuqvyh½/kksb;s vkSj jaxksa ds iDdk gksus dk rqyukRed pkVZ cukb,A 1.

2-6

flaFksfVd Mkbt+ (Synthetic Dyes) vc pkVZ 2-1 esa lwphc) flaFksfVd MkbZt+ dk o.kZu fd;k tk;sxk%

2-6-1 Mk;jsDV Mkbt+ Mkbt+ ¼fp= 2-10½ (Direct Dyes) •

Mk;jsDV MkbZ lLrh rFkk iz;ksx esa ljy gS ijUrq oks iDdh ugha gSA

djus gksrh

•

bu Mkbt+ dks ^lkYV MkbZ^ ;k MkbZ dgk tkrk gS tks lwrh js’kksa@diM+ksa] ouLifr js’kksa rFkk foLdl jsvkWu dh jaxkbZ esa iz;ksx tkrs gSaA

dkWVu

fp= 22-10 Mk;jsDV Mkbt

fd;s

•

os ikuh esa ljyrk ls ?kqyu’khy gksrs gSA lwrh diM+s tks Mk;jsDV Mkbt+ ls jaxs tkrs gSa buds jax iDds ugha gksrsA

•

lsY;wykst+ js’ks bysDVªksykbV feys gq, ?kksy ds }kjk Mkb fd;s tkrs gSaA tks lkekU;r% lksfM;e DyksjkbM gksrk gS ftlls js’kksa esa jax p<+us dh xfr c<+ tkrh gSA

•

Mk;jsDV MkbZ izk;% QSy tkrs gSaA jaxksa dks iDdk djus ds fy, okeZ jaxksa esa lksfM;e ckbdkcksZusV rFkk dwy jaxksa esa dkWij lYQsV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAa

2-6-2 ,flM Mkbt+ ¼fp= 22-11½ (Acid Dyes)

• • • • •

2-6-3 • • • • • • •

;s MkbZ ikuh esa ?kqyu’khy gSa rFkk vEyh; fLFkfr esa iz;ksx esa yk;s gSaA ,flM Mkbt+ vf/kdrj Åuh ,oa js’keh js’kksa dks jaxus ds fy, iz;ksx tkrs gSaA ukbyksu rFkk ,Øfyd js’kksa dks jaxus esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk MkbZ ckFk esa H2 SO4dh ek=k dh mifLFkfr ij jax dh 'kksf"kr ek=k djrh gSA ,flM MkbZ lLrh gksrh gSA ;s jax izdk’k ds fy, iDds gksrs gSa] ijUrq /kqykbZ esa iDds ugha gksrsA

tkrs fd;s gSA fuHkZj fp= fp= 22--11 ,sflM Mkbt+

oSV Mkbt+ Mkbt+ ¼fp= 2-12½ (Vat Dyes) ;s ikuh es v?kqyu’khy gS] ijUrq mudks ikuh esa ?kqyu’khy cukus ds fy, fjM~;wflax ,tsaV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tSls& lksfM;e gkbikslYQkbV dks lksfM;e gkbMªkWijkWDlkbM esa ?kksyk tkrk gSA ;s lwrh] fyfuu rFkk jsvkWu ds fy;s iDds jax gksrs gSaA budks Åu] ukbyksu] iksfy,LVj vkfn dks jaxus ds fy, Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA oSV Mkb xeZ ikuh ds jax gSaA ;g MkbZ ikmMj rFkk rjy nksuksa n’kkvksa esa feyrk gSA igyh —f=e oSV Mkb uhy Fkh ftldks 1879 esa cuk;k x;k FkkA oSV MkbZ egaxh gksrh gS] bldk dkj.k vkjfEHkd O;; rFkk mlds iz;ksx djus dk <ax gSA fp= 22-12 oSV Mkbt+

2-6-4 •

• • • •

,tksbd jax ¼fp= 22-13½ (Azoic colours) ,tksbd jax lwrh lkexzh ij nks pj.kksa esa iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA izFke pj.k esa us¶Fkksy }kjk mipkfjr gksrk gS rFkk nwljs pj.k esa Mk;t+ksVkbt+M lkYV }kjk bl us¶FkksysVsM lkexzh dh VªhV fd;k tkrk gSA us¶Fkksy rFkk Mkbtks rRoksa ds chp difyax izfrfØ;k }kjk jax p<+uk vkjEHk gksrk gSA ;s jax /kqykbZ esa iDds gksrs gSaS] ijUrq rst izdk’k esa vf/kd iDds ugha fp= 22-13 ,stksbd jax jgrsA ,t+ksbd jax lwrh oL=ksa ds fy, vf/kdrj iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa rFkk ukbykWu ds fy, fdlh fLFkfr eas iz;qDr gksrs gSaA ,t+ksbd jaxksa dks vkbZl MkbZ Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd jax dk rkieku de djus ds fy, ckj ckj cQZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ,t+ksbd jax nwljs jaxksa ls vf/kd pedhys] rFkk mPp rhozrk okys gksrs gSa

•

2-6-5 • • •

•

;s BaMs ikuh okys jax gksrs gSa rFkk dksYM+ MkbZ rduhd ds fy, mi;qDr gksrs gSA

csfld Mkbt+ Mkbt+ ¼fp= 22-14½ (Basic Dyes) igyh rkjdksy MkbZ csfld MkbZ FkhA bl dk mi;ksx Åu] js’ke] lwrh] ,Øfyd rFkk eksM,Øfyd js’kksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tc igyh ckj ,Øfyd js’ks cktkj esa vk;s rks mudks cgqr dfBu Fkk D;ksafd mu js’kksa esa fof’k"V jax lkbV~l deh FkhA mu js’kksa esa ;g lewg Mkys x;s rFkk vc bu ls pedhys jax izkIr fd;s tkrs gSA ;s ,Øfyd js’kksa dks pedhys rFkk iDds jax nsrs gSaA

2-6-6 fj,fDVo MkbZ ¼fp= 2-15½ (Reactive Dye) • • •

•

jaxuk dh jaxksa

fp= 22-14 csfld Mkbt

;s jax loZizFke 1956 esa I.C.I., U.K. }kjk cuk;s x;s A dks MkbZ rFkk js’kksa ds chp jklk;fud izfrfØ;k }kjk bu jaxksa p<+k;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj mudk iDds gksus dk xq.k cgqr vf/kd gSA fp= 22-15 fj,fDVo Mkbt+ fj,fDVo MkbZ }kjk jaxs tkus okys izk—frd rFkk ekuo fufeZr lsY;wykssfld js’ks] izk—frd izksVhu js’ks rFkk iksfy;kekbM js’ks gSaA dqN fj,fDVo MkbZ dk iz;ksx lkekU; rkieku ij Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA tcfd vf/kdrj fj,fDVo MkbZ dk iz;ksx mPp rkieku ij fd;k tkrk gS ¼mcyus ds rkieku rd½A

2-6-7 fMLilZ fMLilZ Mkbt+ Mkbt+ (Disperse Dyes) •

fMLilZ MkbZ }kjk vf/kdrj jaxs tkus okys js’ks gSa] lsY;wykst Mk;,flVsV lsY;wykst+ Vªk;flVsV rFkk iksfy,LVj js’ksa ¼fp= 2-16½ bu Mk;t+ ds }kjk ,Øfyd rFkk ukbyksu js’ks de MkbZ fd;s tkrs gSa A

•

iksfyLVj Qkbcj ds gkbMªksQksfcd rFkk vf/kd fØLVykbu dkUVsaV ds dkj.k mfpr jaxkbZ ds fy, mPp rkieku] mPp nkc rFkk dSfj;tZ ¼ftuds dkj.k js’ks Qwyrs gSa½ dh lgk;rk ysuh iM+rh gSA

fp= 22-16 fMLilZ Mkb ls jaxk gqvk diM+k

2-6-8 lYQj MkbZ ¼fp= 2-17½ (Sulfur Dyes) • •

izk—frd rFkk —f=e lsY;wyksfld js’ks lYQj MkbZ }kjk ’kh?kzrk ls jaxs tkrs gSaA ikuh esa ?kqyu’khy ¼Y;wdks QkWeZ½ lksfM;e lYQkbM ;k lksfM;e gkbMªkslYQsV }kjk fjMD’ku ls cuk;s tkrs gSaA

fp= 22-17 lYQj Mkbt+

•

fy, xeZ fd;k tkrk gSA js’kksa esa jax p<+ tkus ds i’pkr~] jsM~;wLM lYQj MkbZ dks mldh okLrfod v?kqyu’khy n’kk esa cny fn;k tkrk gSA blds fy, jsM~;wLM lYQj MkbZ dk vkDlhMkbftax rRo }kjk vkWDlhMs’ku fd;k tkrk gS tSls lksfM;e ijcksjsVA

Lo;a tk¡p iz’u (Self-check questions) 3- fuEufyf[kr xq.kksa@y{k.kksa okys jaxksa ds uke fyf[k;s% i) iz;ksx djus esa ljy rFkk lLrh] ijUrq iDdk jax u gksA ii) ikuh esa ?kqyu’khy rFkk ,flfMd n’kk esa iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA iii) —f=e bfUMxks ¼uhy½ fdl oxZ esa vkrk gS\ iv) iksfyLVj ds fy, dkSu lk jax mi;qD r gksrk gS\

xfrfof/k (Activity) 2-

2-7

• ax ds ?kksy dks larks"k tud jaxkbZ ds

mRifRr ds vk/kkj ij Mkbt+ dk oxhZdj.k djsaA

oSY;w ,fM’ku (Value Addition)

j

vPNs ifj.kke izkIr djus ds fy, mfpr MkbZ&Qkbcj i)fr dk pquko vko’;d gS ¼fp= 2-18½A tc Hkh dksbZ diM+k [kjhnk tkrk gS mldk jax rFkk xq.koRrk dk cgqr egRo j[krk gSA jaxksa dk lgh pquko diM+s dks lqUnj jax nsrk gS rFkk ;gh mldh xq.koRrk dks c<+rk gSA

2-8 nRr dk;Z (Assi gnme nts) 2-8-1

fp= 22-18 oSY;w ,fM’ku

d{kk dk;Z (Clas s Assig

nments) i)

,d jax pqusa ¼tSls yky½ rFkk mldk ’ksM+ dkMZ cukb;s ftlesa diM+s ds uewuksa ds fVaV rFkk 'ksM+ fn[kkb;sA

2-8-2 x`g dk;Z (Home Assignments) i)

2-9

egRoiw.kZ —f=e jax dkSu dkSu ls gSa\ izR;sd dh ,d vf}rh; fo’sk"krk crkb;sA

lkjka’k (Summing Up)

bl ikB esa geus fofHkUu izdkj ds MkbZt+ dk v/;;u fd;k tSls MkbjsDV MkbZ] oSV MkbZ] ,flM MkbZ] csl MkbZ] fj,fDVo MkbZ] lYQj jax] rFkk ,tksbd jaxA bu jaxksa dh fofHkUu js’kksa dh /kqykbZ rFkk /kwi@izdk’k ds izfr mi;qDrrk rFkk lhekc)rk ij Hkh fopkj fd;k x;kA

2-10 Lo;a tk¡p iz’uksa ds lEHkkfor mRrj (Possible answers to self-check questions) 1)

fofy;e gSujh ikjfdu us 1856 esaA

2)

jax iDdk gksuk jax dk og xq.k gS ftlls diM+k jax ugha NksM+rk rFkk mlds jax esa dksbZ cnyko ugha vkrkA fHkUu fHkUu jaxksa dh fofHkUu MkbZt+ dh vyx vyx n’kk eas QkLVuSl dh fMxzh vyx gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d jax tks /kqykbZ esa iDdk gks] /kwi@izdk’k esa mlds bl xq.k esa deh gks ldrh gSA

3) i) ii) iii) iv)

MkbjsDV MkbZ ,flM MkbZ oSV MkbZ fMLilZ MkbZ

2-11 vH;klkFkZ iz’u (Terminal Questions) 1) 2) 3) 4)

oSV MkbZ ds eq[; xq.k@fo’ks"krk,a D;k gS\ MkbZt+ dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,A jaxksa dk pquko djus ds fy, fof’k"B Qkbcj i)fr ds fy, eq[; izkFkfedrk,a D;k gS\ Mk;jsDV jaxksa rFkk ,tksbd jaxksa ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

2-12 lanHkZ ,oa v/;;u ;ksX; iqLrdsa (Suggested further reading and references) 1. Choudhary,

A. K. R. 2006.

Publishers,New Delhi.

Textile Preparation

and

Dyeing.

Science

2. Gohl, E. P. and Vilensky, L. D. 2005. Textile Science. CBS Publishers &

Distributors, New Delhi.

2-13 'kCnkoyh (Glossary) 1.

2.

3.

eksMZsaV ,d jklk;fud inkFkZ tks MkbZ dks js’kksa ds lkFk cka/k gkbMªks lYQkbM ,d jlk;u (H2S) lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM dkWfLVd lksMk