202-L-3-H by mayank govil

ikB&3 Mkbax ls ifjp; (INTRODUCTION TO DYEING) lajpuk 3-0 mÌs’; 3-1 izLrkouk 3-2 ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe 3-3 MkbaZx dh fof/k 3-3-1 3-3-2 3-3-3 3-3-4 3-3-5 3-3-6

3-4

LVkWd MkbZax VkWi MkbZax ;kuZ dh jaxkbZ ihl MkbZax Mksi MkbZax xkjes xkjesaV MkbZax

MkbaZx dh izfØ;k 3-4-1 3-4-2 3-4-3

Mk;jsDV MkbZ oSV MkbZ fj,fDVo MkbZ

3-5

oSY;w ,fM’ku

3-6

nRr dk;Z 3-6-1 3-6-2

d{kk dk;Z x`g dk;Z

3-7

lkjka’k

3-8

Lo;a tk¡p iz’uksa ds lEHkfor mRrj

3-9 vH;klkFkZ iz’u 3-10 lanHkZ ,oa v/;;u ;ksX; iqLrdsa 3-11 'kCnkoyh

3 jaxkbZ kbZ ls ifjp; (INTRODUCTION TO DYEING) ikB 1 ,oa 2 esa vkjfEHkd izfØ;k,a tSls diM+s dh Cyhfpax rFkk fofHkUu izdkj dh MkbZt+ tks diM+k jaxus ds dke esa yk;s tkrs gSa dk o.kZu fd;k x;kA bl ikB esa ge MkbZax ds fHkUu fHkUu rjhdksa dk o.kZu djsaxs tks diM+s dks jaxus ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA

3-0 mÌs’; (Objectives) bl ikB dks v/;;u djus ds i’pkr~ vki lh[ksaxs%\ • • • •

MkbZax dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe MkbZax djus ds fof/k MkbZax djus esa iz;qDr gksus okyh izfØ;k,a MkbZ fd;s gq, diM+ksa dss vkSj vf/kd laqUnj dSls cuk;k tkrk gSA

3-1 izLrkouk (Introduction) diM+k ilan djus esa jax dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA cktkj es fofHkUu jaxksa rFkk ’ksMt+ ds diM+s miyC/k gSA ¼fp= 3-1½ MkbZax izk;% VsDLVkby lkexzh dks MkbZax ?kksy fHkxksdj dh tkrh gS¼fp= 3-2½A lk/kkj.kr; jax ds ?kksy esa ikuh rFkk dqN lgk;d rRo tSls ysofyax ,tsaV~l] Losfyax ,tsaV~l] ,SUVh Qksfeax ,tsaV~l] osfVax ,tsaV~l rFkk fMLiflZax ,tsaV~l gksrs gSaA js’kksa }kjk MkbZ dk idMus dh xfr dks rst djus ds fy, jax ds ?kksy esa bySDVªksykbV feyk;k tkrk gSA MkbZ dks izHkkoh cukus ds fy, dHkh dHkh mls xeZ Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

fp= 33-1 Mkb fd;k gqvk diM+k

fp= 33-2 Mkb dk ?kksy vkSj Mkb fd;k gqvk diM+k

3-2 ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe (Historical Background) Ákphu dky esa diM+s dks ltkus ds fy, izk—frd mRiknksa tSls iRrs] Qwy ;k ydM+h dh [kifPp;k¡ vkfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk ¼fp= 3-3½A budks diM+s ij ,yC;wfeu ;k teas [kwu ls iôk fd;k tkrk FkkA nwljh fof/k esa fiXeasV inkFkksZa dksa diM+s ij jxM+k tkrk FkkA LFkkbZ rFkk iDds jaxksa dh ekax ds dkj.k MkbZax ds fy, fofHkUu izkdkj ds ijh{k.k gksus yxsA

fp= 33--3 ÁkÑfrd jaxksa ls jaxk gqvk diM+k

dwVs gq, jlnkj Qyksa dks mckydj ¼fp= 3-4½ diM+ksa dks jaxk x;k ijUrq buls iDds jax izkIr ugha gks ik,A diM+s dks Cyhp djus ds fy, lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA vkx rFkk /kq,¡ ds }kjk >qylus dk izHkko fn;k x;kA var esa izk—frd jaxksa dh [kkst gqbZ tks okLro esa js’kksa esa QSy dj diM+ksa dks jaxhu cukrk Fkk] diM+s dh lrg ij jax dh rg ugha curk FkkA

fp= 33-4 Qwyksa dks fupksM+ dj Mkb fd;k gqvk diM+k

MkbZax ,d izkphu dyk gS] bldk igyk izek.k czksUt ;qx esa ;wjksi esa ik;k x;k Fkk ¼1500&800BC½A uhys jax ds izFke iz;ksx d fy, bf.Mxks woad uke ds ikS/ks ds iRrksa ls izkIr fd;k x;k Fkk ¼fp= 3-5½] izkphu fczVu~l dk I;kjk ;g ikS/kk fQfyLrhu esa cgqr vf/kd ek=k esa taxyksa esa ik;k tkrk FkkA ;qxksa ls lcls vf/kd izfl) rFkk ewY;oku jax cSaxuh (tyrian purple) Fkk] ;g jax ,d izdkj dh ’ksy fQ’k (shell fish) ls izkIr fd;k tkrk FkkA bldk pyu e/;dkyhu ;qx esa jgk rFkk bldks izkIr djus ds fy, vf/kd [kpZ gksrk Fkk blfy, bldh izlax dsoy mPp oxhZ; ;k jktk egkjktkvksa }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA

fp= 33-5 oksM Iyka IykaV vkSj bl ikS/ks ls izkIr MkbZ

X;kjgoha ’krkCnh ds vkus rd ¶yksjSal jaxkbZ m|ksx dk dsUnz cu x;kA bl le; esa uhy ¼bf.Mxks½ rFkk ckn esa dslfj;k ¼lSÝku½ jax vf/kdrj iz;ksx esa yk, tkrs FksA MkbZax ds bfrgkl esa 1856 esa ,d u;k eksM+ vk;k tc isfdZu us —f=e gYds tkewuh ¼ekSohu½ dh [kkst dh FkhA blls igys gtkjksa o"kksaZ rd lHkh jax izk—frd lzks=ksa ls izkIr fd;s tkrs FksA ¼fp= 3-6½ 26

1856 ds ckn jax m|ksx dk u;k ;qx vkjEHk gqvk ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i gtkjksa —f=e jax rS;kj dj fy, x;s ¼fp= 3-7½A ijUrq dsoy ogh jax ftudks ljyrk ls iz;ksx esa yk;k tk ldk rFkk ftuds 'ksMt+ larks"ktud iDds Fks mUgha dks def’kZ;y mRikn esa cnyk x;kA

fp= 33-6 ÁkÑfrd Mkb fp= 33-7 flUFksfVd Mkb

Lo;a tk¡p iz’u (Self-check questions) 1- diM+s jaxus dh izkphu fof/k D;k Fkh\

3-3 Mkbax dh fof/k;k¡ fof/k;k¡ (Methods of Dyeing) diM+k MkbZ djus dh 6 fof/k;k¡ gSa ftudk laf{kIr o.kZu uhps fd;k x;k gS%

3-3-1 LVkWd MkbZax (Stock Dyeing) LVkWd MkbZax] NksVs js’kksa dks dkrus ls igys fd;s tkus okys jax ls lEcfU/kr gSA bldh iqjkuh fof/k esa iSd~M js’ksa dks cMh xk¡Bks dks fudkydj cMs crZu esa Mky dj jax dks mPp rki ij blds pkjksa vksj ?kqek;k tkrkA u;h fof/k csy MkbZax gS tks Åu vkSj lHkh izdkj Ñf=e js’kksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gS] blesa csy dks rksM+k ;k [kksyk tkrk gS ftlesa lHkh 6 Hkkx gksrs gSaA bl js’kksa dh xk¡B dks ,d fo’ks"k izdkj dh e’khu esa j[kk tkrk gS¼cUMy esa LVªsil gVkus dh vko’;drk ughaa½ rFkk jax ds ?kksy dks cyiwoZd xk¡B ds e/; ls xqtkjk tkrk gSA bl ubZ rduhd ls le; rFkk [kpZ esa cpr gksrh gSA lwrh js’kksa dks bl i)fr }kjk ugha jaxk tkrkA

fp= 33-8 LVkWd Mkbax

3-3-2 VkWi MkbZax (Top Dyeing) olZVsM baMLVªh esa tc ;kuZ yxh cuus okyk gksrk gS rks tk MkbZax dh tkrh gS mls VkWi MkbZax dgrs gS ¼fp= 3-9½A VkWi ml Åu dks dgrs gSa ftlij NksVs js’kksa fp= 33-9 VkWi Mkbax

dks fudkyus ds fy, dksfEcax dh tkrh gS vkSj mlds ckn yxHkx 3 lseh0 eksVh jLlh ds :i esa dksEc ls fudkyh tkrh gS bl VkWi dks fNnz ;qDr LiwYl ij yisVk tkrk gS vkSj fQj MkbZ ds ?kks dks bu fNnzksa esa ls ?kqek;k tkrk gSA bl fof/k ds }kjk ,d leku MkbZax gksrh gSA

3-3-3 ;kuZ MkbZax (Yarn Dyeing) js’kksa ls ;kuZ cukus ds i’pkr jaxkbZ djus dks ;kuZ MkbZax dgrs gSaA ;kuZ MkbZ djus dh cgqr lh fof/k;k¡ gaSA bldk mÌs’; MkbZ dks js’kkas ds vUnj rd igq¡pkuk gS] ;g fof/k LVkWd MkbZax fof/k ds leku gSA MkbZ fd;s gq, ;kuZ ls cus diM+s ¼fp= 3-10½ dks ;kuZ MkbZM+ dgrs gSaA ;kuZ MkbZM diM+s izk;% xgjs rFkk xk<+s jax ds gksrs gSaA /kkxk MkbZ djus dk izkFkfed@ ewy dkj.k vkd"kZd pSdl ,oa LVªkbIl vkfn cukuk gS ftlesa cqukbZ ds le; fHkUu fHkUu jaxksa ds /kkxksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

fp= 33-10 MkbZ fd;k gqvk ;kuZ

3-3-4 ihl MkbZax (Piece Dyeing) tc vf/kd ek=k esa diM+k MkbZ djuk gksrk gS rks bl fof/k dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA vxj mfpr ek=k esa MkbZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, rks ihl MkbZax ds }kjk larks"kizn ifj.kke izkIr gksrs gSa tSls jax ,d leku gksrk gS] js’kksa ds vanj rd vo’kksf"kr gksrk gS rFkk jax vR;f/kd iDdk gksrk gS ¼fp= 3-11½A ihl MkbZax fof/k }kjk MkbZ fd;s tkus okys diM+s fdlh Hkh izdkj ds js’kksa] /kkxs ;k fefJr js’kksa ;k fHkUu fHkUu izdkj ds js’kksa ds feJ.k ls cus gks ldrs gSaA ;fn diM+k ,d gh izdkj ds js’kksa ls cuk gks rks mldh jaxkbZ esa dfBukbZ ugha gksrh D;ksafd mlds fy, ,d gh mi;qDr MkbZ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;fn diM+k fefJr gS rks fo’ks"k izfØ;k dh vko’;drk gksrh gS ftlesa vyx js’kksa ds fy, vyx vyx jaxksa tks fo’ks"k js’kksa ds fy, fuf’pr gksrs gSa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu fof/k;ksa dks ;wfu;u MkbZax rFkk Økl MkbZax dgk tkrk gSA

fp= 33-11 ihl Mkbax

3-3-5 Mksi MkbZax (Dope Dyeing) ekuo fufeZr js’kksa ds mRiknu esa dkQh le; rFkk /ku dh cpr gks ldrh gS ;fn MkbZ dks ?kksy esa igys feyk fn;k tk, vkSj fQj fQykesaV cukus ds fy, bl ?kksydks fLiujsV ls fudkyk tk,A bl fof/k ls jax vf/kd iDdk gksrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks jaxnzO; ?kksy ;k ¼lksY;w’ku fixesafVax½ Mksi MkbZax dgk tkrk gS ¼fp= 3-12½ rFkk —f=e js’kksa] jsvkWu ls

fp= 33-12 Mkb fd;k gqvk fQykesaV 28

Xykl Qkbcj rd lHkh dks jaxus esa iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA bl fof/k ds ifj.kke cgqr izHkkoh jgsa gSaA fiXesaV jax lcls iDds jax ekus tkrs gSaA tgk¡ jax dk iDdk gksuk egroiw.kZ gksrk gS rks jaxkbZ dh bl fof/k dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA ;g /;ku j[kus ;ksX; gS fd ;gk¡ ij dsoy ^MkbZax^ ’kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS ysfdu blesa ^MkbZ^ js’kksa esa vUnj rd ugha tkrh gSA

3-3-6 ifj/kku MkbZax (Garment Dyeing) dqN fuf’pr izdkj ds fcuk flys ifj/kku ¼fp= 3-13½ tSls gkst+jh rFkk LosVj dks ifj/kku cuus ds ckn eas jaxk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd os ,d gh vo;o@?kVd ls cus gksrs gSa rFkk os lgt gh fo—r ugha gksrsA cgqr ls oL= ,d cM+s ukbyksu tkyh okys cSx esa <hys <hys iSd fd;s tkrs gSaA blds i’pkr~ cSx dks iSMy Mk;j esa Mky fn;k tkrk gSA iSMy Mk;j ,d Vc gksrh gS ftlesa eksVj }kjk pyus okyk iSMy yxk gksrk gS tks MkbZ ckFk dks fgykrk gSA ifj/kku dh MkbZax lLrh fof/k gSA

fp= 33-13 xkesaZV Mkbax

Lo;a tk¡p iz’u (Self-check questions) 2- fuEufyf[kr dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,% • LVkWd MkbaZx • ;kuZ MkbZax

3-4

MkbZax dh izfØ;k (The Dyeing Process)

MkbaZx izfØ;k ¼fp= 3-14½ esa jax dks cukuk rFkk MkbaZx dh mfpr fLFkfr;ksa dk pquko djuk lfEefyr gSA lwrh lkexzh dks MkbZ djus ds fy, Mk;jsDV] oSV rFkk fj,fDVo Mkbt+ ds fy, mijksDr izfØ;k dk o.kZu fd;k tk;sxkA lkekU; fLFkfr;ksa esa MkbZ dh ek=k] Mkyus okyh lkexzh dh ek=k fuEu vuqlkj gksuh pkfg,% 1) 2) 3)

gYds jaxksa ds fy, 0-5 ls 1% MkbZ e/;e ’ksM ds fy, 1ls 3% MkbZ xgjs ’ksM ds fy, 3% MkbZ fp= 33-14 MkbaZx ÁfØ;k

3-4-1 Mk;jsDV MkbZt+ t+ (Direc Dyes) Mk;jsDV MkbZ ¼fp= 3-15½ BaMs rFkk xeZ ikuh esa ?kqyu’khy gksrs gSa rFkk lwrh lkexzh dks bu MkbZt+ }kjk ljyrk ls jaxk tk ldrk gSA vf/kd pedhys rFkk vkd"kZd jax okys diM+s bu jaxksa ls jaxs tk ldrs gSa ijUrq ;s Mkbt iDds ugha gksrs gSaA blfy, Mk;jsDV MkbZ }kjk dsoy ogh diM+s jaxs tk;s ftudsk ckj ckj /kksus dh vko’;drk ugha gksrhA bu Mkbt+ dks xeZ ikuh esa ?kksyk tkrk gS ¼70 &900½ rFkk Nkuus ds ckn bldks ,d cMs+ crZu esa ftlesa de ek=k esa ikuh gksrk gS j[kk tkrk gSA fgykus ls jax ?kqy tkrk gS rFkk diM+s dks iwjh rjg blesa Mqckus ds fy, blesa vkSj vf/kd ikuh Mkyk tkrk gSA blds i’pkr jaxs tkus okys diM+s dks bl MkbZ ckFk esa Mkyk tkrk gSA 15 fe0 ds ckn 20 ls 30 xzke izfr yhVj dh nj ls lksfM;e DyksjkbM ¼lk/kkj.k ued½ feyk dj mls ydMh+ dh NM+ ls 30 fe0 rd fgyk;k tkrk gSA blds i’pkr~ diM+s dks fudky dj BaMs ikuh ls /kks;k tkrk gS rFkk lq[kk fn;k tkrk gSA 0

fp= 33-15 Mk;jsDV Mkbt+

3-4-2 oSV MkbZt+ t+ (Vat Dyes) oSV MkbZ ¼fp= 3-16½ cgqr iDds gksrs gSa blfy, ckj ckj /kks;s tkus okys diM+ksa dks oSV MkbZ }kjk jaxk tkuk pkfg,A oSV MkbZ ikuh esa ?kqyu’khy ugha gksrhA bldks ikuh esa ?kqyu’khy cukus ds fy, 25 xzke MkbZ dks 500 ls 600 C rkieku okys ikuh esa Mkyk tkrk gSA jax ds bl ?kksy esa 50 xzke rjy dkfLVd lksMk feyk;k tkrk gSA vUr esa 50 xzke lksfM;e gkbMªkslYQkbV dks cgqr /khjs /khjs bl ?kksy esa feyk;k tkrk gS] ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg, dh ?kksy dks ydMh dh NM+ ls gh fgyk;k tk;sA jax /kqy tkus ij feDLpj dk jax dqN cny 3-16 oSV MkbZt+ tkrk gSA 10 ls 15 fe0 ds i’pkr~ Nus gq, ?kksy dks MkbZax 0 0 djus okys crZu esa Mky fn;k tkrk gS ftlesa 60 ls 70 C dk xeZ ikuh rFkk 75 ls 100 xzke dkfLVd lksMk igys gh Mkyk gksrk gSA bl ?kksy esa 30 ls 50 xzke rd vkSj gkbMªks&lYQkbV feyk;k tkrk gSA jaxh tkus okyh oLrqvksa ¼/kkxs ;k diM+k½ dks bl MkbZ ckFk esa fHkxks fn;k tkrk gS rFkk ydM+h dh NM+ ls xksy xksy ?kqek;k tkrk gSA izR;sd 15 fe0 ls 20 fe0 ds ckn 15 ls 25 xzke gkbMªks&lYQkbV ckFk esa feykuk pkfg, rFkk ;g fØ;k 2 ls 3 ckj djuh pkfg,A ,d ?kaVs ds i’pkr~ jaxh xbZ oLrqvksa dks ckFk ls fudky dj BaMs ikuh ls /kks nsuk pkfg,A blds i’pkr~ budks [kqys LFkku ij lq[kk nsuk pkfg, ;gk¡ ij dqN le; ds fy, vkDlhMs’ku gksrh jgsxhA vkDlhMs’ku dh xfr dks c<+kus ds fy, bu oLrqvksa dks gkbMªkstu ijvkWDlkbM ;k lksfM;e isjcksjsV rFkk ,flfVd ,flM ls VªhV dj ldrs gSaA var esa jaxh xbZ oLrqvksa dks VªhV dj ldrs gSa rFkk blds i’pkr~ xeZ ,oa BaMs ikuh ls /kks nsaA

3-4-3 fj,fDVo MkbZ (Reactive Dyes) fj,fDVo MkbZ ¼fp= 3-17½ iDds jax gksr gSa rFkk blesa jaxs x;s diM+ksa ¼fo’ks"kr;k elhZMkbt+M lwrh diMs+½ ds jax pedhys rFkk vkd"kZd gksrs gSaA ;s dksYM MkbZax rFkk gkWV MkbZax nksuksa gh esa miyC/k gSaA lwrh] fyuu rFkk foLdl jsvkWu dks jaxus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr izfØ;k mi;qDr gSA

fp= 33-17 fj,fDVo Mkbt+

10 xzke jax dks vk/ks yh0 ikuh esa ?kksyasA nwljs ik= esa lk/kkj.k ued ¼pkj cM+s pEep½ rFkk lksMk ,s’k dks ¼15 ls 20 xzke izfr yh0½ vk/kk yhVj ikuh esa ?kksysaA jaxs tkus okys lsEiy] tks jaxkbZ dh rS;kjh izfØ;k ¼fizijsVjh izkslsl½ ls xqtj pqdk gks] dks xhyk djds tc MkbZ ds rS;kj nksuksa ?kksyksa dks feykdj ,d MkbZ ckFk esa Mky nsa rFkk jaxus okyh lkexzh dks mlesa Mqcks nsaA 10 fe0 rd diM+s dks ?kqekrs jgsa rFkk mlds ckn yxHkx ,d ?kUVk ;k dqN vf/kd le; rd #d #d dj diM+s dks ?kqek,aaA MkbZax dks mPp rkieku ¼700 C ½ ij Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlls dqN jsxksa ds vPNs ifj.kke izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA MkbZax lekIr gksus ij diM+s dks ckFk ls ckgj fudky dj vPNh rjg ls fupksM+k tkrk gSA blds i’pkr~ diM+s dks lkcqu yxk dj /kks;k tkrk gS rFkk lq[kk fn;k tkrk gSA

3-5 oSY;w ,fM’ku (Value Addition) MkbZax ds ifj.kkeLo:i diM+s dh lqUnjrk esa egRoiw.kZ lq/kkj gksrk gSA ge VsDLVkby lkexzh dks fHkUu fHkUu Mkbt+ ls MkbZ dj ds vn~Hkqr izHkko iSnk dj ldrs gSaA ge jaxs gq, diM+s dh lqUnjrk dks ml ij dqN vf/kd dke djds tSls gkFk }kjk d’khnkdkjh] diM+s ij ,Øfyd jaxksa }kjk isafVax cuk dj] eksrh ds dke }kjk ;k e’khu }kjk dk’khnkdkjh djds vkSj vf/kd c<+k ldrs gSaA¼fp= 3-18½

fp= 33-18 oSY;q ,fM’ku

Lo;a tk¡p iz’u (Self-check Questions) 34-

diM+s dks NksVs VqdM+ksa es fdl fof/k }kjk jaxk tkrk gS\ ge jaxs gq, diM+s dh xq.koRrk dSls c<+k ldrs gSa\

xfrfof/k (Activity) viuh ilan ds fdUgha nks jaxkbZ izfØ;kvksa dk fuEu lkj.kh }kjk izLrqrhdj.k dhft,A Mkb dk uke

3-6

xq.k

MkbZ dks ?kksyus Mkb djus feyus okyh le; ¼MkbZax dk ek/;e dk rki vkWDlhfyejh ds fy,½

MkbZax ds ckn d VªhVesaV

nRr dk;Z (Assignments)

3-6-1 d{kk dk;Z (Class Assignments) iwoZ mipkfjr lwrh diM+s dks nks jaxksa esa jafx, vFkkZr~ lqugjh ihyk rFkk yky

3-6-2 x`g dk;Z (Home Assignments) jaxhu diM+s dks d’khnkdkjh ;k isafVax }kjk vya—r dhft,A

3-7

lkjka’k (Summing Up)

bl ikB esa loZizFke geus jaxksa dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe dh tkudkjh izkIr dhA jaxkbZ dh fofHkUu fof/k;ksa ij fopkj fd;kA vUr esa Mk;jsDV] oSV rFkk fj,fDVo MkbZt+ dk v/;;u fd;kA

3-8

Lo;a tk¡p iz’uksa ds lEHkkfor mRrj (Possible Answers to Selfcheck questions) 1.

VSDLVkby dks jaxus dk izkphu fof/k] dqVs gq, fiXesaV~l dks diM+s ij jxM+ dj fd;k tkrk FkkA

2. a) b)

LVkWd MkbZax%& bl i)fr es js’kksa dks dkrus ls igys jaxk tkrk gSA ;kuZ MkbZax%& bl i)fr esa js’kksa dk /kkxk cukus ds i’pkr~ /kkxs dks jaxk tkrk gSA

3- ihl MkbZax 4- jaxhu diM+s dks d’khnkdkjh ;k gkFk ds isafVax }kjk vya—r fd;k tkrk gSA

3-9

vH;klkFkZ iz’u (Terminal Questions)

1- fuEufyf[kr jaxksa dh jaxkbZ izfØ;k dk o.kZu dhft,% • Mk;jsDV MkbZ • oSV MkbZ • fj,fDVo MkbZ 2- jaxkbZ ij ,d fuca/k fyf[k,A 3- vius 'kCnksa esa jaxkbZ dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkfwe fyf[k,A

3-10 lanHkZ ,oa v/;;u ;ksX; iqLrdsa (Suggested further reading and references) 1. Gulrajani, M. L. and Gupta, D. (Eds.) 1992. Natural Dyes and their Applications to Textiles. Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. 2. Miles, L. W. C. (Ed.) 1981. Textile Printing, Dyers Co. Publication Trust, U.K. 3. Yates, M. 1996. Textiles: A handbook for designers. W.W. Norton and Co., London.

3-11 'kCnkoyh (Glossary) 1.

,sYC;wfeu

2. 3.

,sDol csy

CySaM

,d ikuh esa ?kqyu’khy izksVhu tks dbZ tkuojksa ds Ård vkSj /kksy vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gS ikuh esa ?kksy gqvk ¼?kksy½ ,d cM+h xkaB tks fd nwljh txg Hkstus ;k ,d lkFk j[kus ds fy, cukbZ tkrh gSA nks fofHkUu rRoksa dks feykuk