ikWoj Vª Vªsu vksojgkWy 5- VªakUl~fe”ku fe”ku ds vo;oks vo;oksa dk fujh{k.k fx;jckWDl esa dbZ vo;o gksrs gSa ftUgs cM+s /;ku ls laxfBr fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh vo;o esa vlk/kkj.k f?klkoV u flQZ vkokt+ dk dkj.k cu tk;sxh cfYd fx;j ds fLyi djus o “kfDr O;o/kku dks Hkh tUe ns ldrh gSA vr% ;g vfr vko”;d gS fd lHkh vo;oksa dk /;ku iwodZ fujh{k.k fd;k tkos rFkk fof”k’V ekuksa dk vkSj tksMs+ esa yxk;s tkus okys vo;oksa ds chp esa fDy;jsUl dk [kkl /;ku j[kk tk;sA
5-0
mís”; • • • •
5-1
bl v/;k; dks i<+us ds ckn vki bl ;ksX; gks tk;saxs fd% vbMy fx;j o buiqV “kk¶V dk fujh{k.k dj ldsaA fx;jksa rFk flaØksukbt+j fjaxksa dk fujh{k.k dj ldsaA dkm¡Vj”kk¶V dk fujh{k.k dj ldsaA f”k¶Vj QksdZ “kk¶V rFkk QksdZ dk fujh{k.k dj ldsaA
ifjp;
fiNys v/;k; esa geus VªkUl~fe”ku dks [kksydj mlds vo;oksa dks vyx fd;kA bl v/;k; esa ge mu lHkh vo;oksa dk fujh{k.k djsaxsA fujh{k.k “kq: djus ls igys lHkh vo;oksa dk lkQ gksuk lqfuf”pr dj ysaA
5-2
bUiqV “kk¶V dk fujh{k.k
igys] nks fjolZ fx;jksa dk] ftuesa ls ,d bUiqV “kk¶V ij rFkk nwljk dkm¡Vj “kk¶V ij gS] rFkk vkbfMy fx;j dk fujh{k.k djsaA rhuksa fx;jksa ds nkarksa ds pSEQj ¼fdukjksa½ dks pSd djasA ;fn fdukjs cqjh rjg f?kls ;k VwVs gksa rks bu fx;jksa dks cnyksA fjolZ fx;j esa fx;j fLyfiax rFkk vkokt bUgh nkarksa ds VwVs gkus ;k f?kls gksus ls gksrh gSA blds ckn bUiqV “kk¶V vkSj blds fc;fjax pSd djsaA • ;fn bUiqV “kk¶V ds fdlh fx;j ds nkars m[kM+s gq, ;k VwVs gq, izrhr gksa rks bUiqV “kk¶V dks cny nksA • bUiqV “kk¶V dk izR;sd fc;fjax ?kqekdj pSd djsaA bldh vkmVj jsl LewFk ?kweuh pkfg,] ;fn vVds ;k vkokt ds lkFk ?kwes rks fc;fjax cny nksA • bUiqV “kk¶V dh LIykbUl pSd djksA ;fn LIykbUl f?klh gqbZ ;k VwVh gqbZ fn[kas rks bUiqV “kk¶V cny nksA
fp= 55-1% ¼v½ fjolZ fx;j ¼c½ vkbfMy fx;j
5-3
fx;j rFkk fjax dk fujh{k.k
rhu izdkj dh flaØksukbtj fjax bLrseky dh tkrh gSa rFkk ;g t+:jh gS fd gj fx;j ds lkFk lgh fjax bLrseky dh tk;sA rhuksa izdkj dh fjax] uhps fn[kkbZ x;h gSaA
fp= 55-2 flaØksukbtj fjaxksa dh igpku
vc fx;jksa vkSj flaØksukbtj fjaxksa dks feykdj mudh f?klkoV pSd djsasA /;ku jgs fd rhu izdkj dh flaØksukbtj fjax iz;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSaA izR;sd dks mlds lgh fx;j ls feykdj pSd djsaA
fp= 55-3% ¼v½ flØksukbtj fjax vkSj fx;j ¼c½ Qhyj xst ls fx;j vkSj fjax dk Dyh;jsUl pSd djuk
• igys VkWi fx;j dh fjax dks fx;j dksu (cone) ij j[ksaA
• fjax vkSj dksu ds chp dk Dyh;jsUl Qhyj xst dh lgk;rk ls pSd djsaA • ;fn Dyh;jsUl 0-5 fe-eh- ;k mlls de gks rks ubZ fjax Mky nsaA blh izdkj nwljs fx;jksa ds lkFk mudh fjaxksa dks feyk dj ,d ,d djds pSd dj ysaA fjax vkSj fx;j ds chp LVS.MMZ Dyh;jsUl 0-8 & 1-2 fe0eh0 gksrh gS vkSj lfoZl fyfeV 0-5 fe0eh0 gSA fx;j dh dksu vkSj fjax dh dksu dks vlkekU; f?klkoV ds fy, pSd djksA nksuksa dh lrg vkil esa leku :i ls iwjh rjg feyuh pkfg,A vxj fdlh ij ygjnkj f?klkoV izrhr gks ;k T;knk f?klkoV ekywe gks rks mls cny nksA flaØksukbtj dk dk;Z lgh izdkj ls rHkh gks ldsxk vxj fjax dk fx;j ls lgh Dyh;jsal gksxk vkSj fjax rFkk fx;j dh dksu vkil esa iwjh rjg feyh gqbZ gksxha ;kfu fd nksuksa dh lrg lgh g¨xhA vc fx;j ds nkars] MkWx VhFk] rFkk cksj pSd djsaA fQj flaØksukbtj Çjx ds pkch ds [kkaps dh pkSM+kbZ eki dj mldh f?klkoV pSd djsa vkSj ;fn ;g lhek ls T;knk dVh ik;h tk;s rks Çjx dks cny nsaA bldh eki uhps lkfj.kh esa n”kkZ;h x;h gSA dh& LVSUMZM dh&LykV dh pkS<+kbZ lfoZl fyfeV yks fx;j Çjx 8-0 fe-fe8-3 fe-felSdUM fx;j Çjx 10-0 fe-fe- 10-3 fe-ferhljk rFkk VkWi fx;j Çjx 9-6 fe-fe9-9 fe-fe-
• • • • • •
5-4
var esa& pkfc;ka ¼dht+½ tks gc vkSj Lyho esa fQV gksrh gSa mudks pSd djksA og T;knk f?klh gqb Z ugha gksaA fjax vkSj Lyho ds nkarksa ds chp pky pSd djksA ;g vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A Lyho ds Hkhrjh nkar f?kls gq;s ;k VwVs gq;s ugha gksus pkfg,A fo”ks’kdj pSEQj ds fdukjs ns[kksA gc ds dh&LykWV vkSj bUVuZy LIykbUl pSd djksA fc;fjax dks LiykbUM cq”k ij p<+k dj rhljs vkSj nwljs fx;j esa fQV djds mldh Iys pSd djksA blesa Iys ugha gksuh pkfg,A dkm¡Vj “kk¶V dh ckWy fc;fjax dks ?kqekdj pSd djksA
dkm¡Vj “kk¶V dk fujh{k.k • fMÝSfU”k;y fifu;u ds nkar¨a d¨ pSd djasA og m[kM+s gqq;s rFkk f?kls gq;s u gksaA • fc;fjax tuZy pSd djksA ;g fpdus vkSj pednkj gksus pkfg,A bu ij fdlh izdkj dh f?klkoV ;k LØSp ugha gksuk pkfg,A • dkm¡Vj“kk¶V dh LIykbZUl pSd djsaA ;g dVh gqbZ u gksaA bu ij flaØksukbt+j vlSEcyh ds gc fQV gksrs gSa ftuds }kjk dkm¡Vj “kk¶V ?kwerh gSA • og LiykbUl ftl ij LihMksehVj fx;j fQV gksrk gS pSd djsaA • pwfM+;k¡] ftl ij uV dlk tkrk gS] pSd djsa fd ;g MSest rks ugha gSA
fp= 55-4% dkmaVj 'kk¶V
5-5
f”k¶Vj QksdZ “kk¶V rFkk QksdZ dh tk¡p • rhuksa f”k¶Vj QksdZ “kk¶V dh tk¡p djsaA buij dksbZ [kjkasp dk fu”kku ugha gksuk pkfg;s o ;g T;knk f?klh Hkh ugha gksuh pkfg;saA • “kk¶V esa cus [kk¡ps ¼ykWfdax xzwo½ dVs gq;s ugha gksus pkfg;sA • rhljs rFkk pkSFks fx;j dh f”k¶Vj QksdZ dks pSd djsaA • igys rFkk nwljs fx;j dh f”k¶Vj QksdZ dks pSd djsaA • mudh og lrg tks Lyho esa Q¡lrh gS] mls pSd djsaA og f?klh ugha gksuh pkfg;s A
vxj QksdZ vf/kd f?klh gqbZ ekywe ns rks mls cny nsuk pkfg;s] mldh ejEer ugha djuh pkfg;s A LoewY;kadu iz”u 1234-
fdruh izdkj dh flaØksukbtj fjax bLrseky dh tkrh gSa\ fdl fx;j ds lkFk fdrus nkarks dh fjax bLrseky gksrh gS\ fjax rFkk dksu (cone) ds chp fDy;jsUl ----------------------- ls de ugha gksuh pkfg;sA gj fjax esa dh&LykWV (key-slot) dh dh pkSM+kbZ leku gksrh gSA lR;@vlR;
5-6
nÙk dk;Z
5-6- 1
d{kk dk;Z
1. fx;jckWDl esas vkokt+ gksus rFkk fx;j ds fLyi djus ds dkj.kksa ij fopkj djsaA
5-7
lkjka”k
bl v/;k; esa geus fx;jckWDl ds vo;oksa ds fujh{k.k dk v/;;u fd;kA geus ns[kk fd ijr m[kM+s ;k VwVs nkars] f?kls fdukjs] rFkk “kk¶V dh [kjkc LIykbUl vo;o dks cnyus ij etcwj
djrh gSaA blds vykok fx;j cnyus ds nkSjku lgh flaØksukbfaatax izfØ;k fjax rFkk fx;j ds chp lgh fDy;jsUl rFkk dkWUVSDV ljQs+l dh vPNh daMh”ku ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
5-8
LoewY;kadu iz”ukssa ds lEHkkfor mÙkj 1- 3 2- izFke fx;j ds lkFk 21 nk¡rs] lSdUM fx;j ds lkFk 18 nk¡rs] FkMZ fx;j ds lkFk 27@21 nk¡rs 3- 0-5 fe-eh4- vlR;
5-9
vH;klkFkZ iz”u 1- buiqV “kk¶V rFkk dkm¡Vj”kk¶V ds fujh{k.k dh izfØ;k crk;saA 2- flaØksukbtj fjax ds fujh{k.k dh izfØ;k crk;saA
5-10 lanHkZ ,oa foLr`r v/;;ukFkZ xzaFk lwph 1. ek:fr 800 lfoZl eSU;qvy~