SHORTHAND I (ENGLISH) 10. COMPOUND CONSONANTS AND VOWEL INDICATION There are 26 consonants each having single sound. There are some words in which combination of two consonants are used. Until a student is perfectly familiar with the each consonant and combination of consonants speed cannot be achieved. To improve the speed, writing compound consonants is given a symbol.
10.0 Objectives After going through this lesson you will– 1)
know the concept of compound consonants;
2)
know the formation of compound consonant by ‘w’ with ‘k ‘or ‘g’;
3)
know the formation or compound consonant by ‘w’ with ‘L’;
4)
know the formation or compound consonant by ‘w’ with ‘h’;
5)
be able to make strokes when the vowel preceeds ‘w’;
6)
be able to make the strokes of compound consonant ‘l’ with ‘r’;
7)
be able to make the stroke of compound consonant R with R;
8)
know how to indicate a vowel with consonants;
9)
know the formation of M with P/B; and
10)
be able to make strokes of grammalogues with compound consonant.
10.1 Introduction In this lesson, the sounds of eight compound consonants and its symbols are given. A number of combinations of consonants are also described. After doing practice of the compound consonants, the speed of shorthand writing considerably increases. How to indicate the vowels with compound consonants are also taught in this lesson.
10.2 Compound Consonants
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There are 26 consonants, each representing single sound. As you know, simple consonant is a sound which cannot be produced distinctly without the aid of a vowel. The compound consonants are the combination of two consonants. The Compound Consonants are used if there is no vowel between these consonants. There are eight compound consonants in shorthand with distinct signs as mentioned in the following Table:
10.2.1 The Compound Consonants Formed by 'W' with K @ G
The compound consonant 'KW' is not represented in the case of awkward and lengthy joining. For example:
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10.3 The Compound Consonants formed by 'W' with 'L' = WL & WHL A small initial hook with consonant 'L' represents compound consonant 'WL'. For example
A large initial hook with consonant 'L' represents compound consonant 'WHL'. For example:
10.4 The Compound Consonant 'W' with 'H' = WH
10.5 Vowel Preceding 'W' The initial hooks in WL and WHL are read first. Therefore, if a vowel precedes W, the stroke form of W or WH must be written, and not the hook. For example:
10.6 The compound consonant 'L' with 'R' = ' LR' (LER)
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The downward stroke 'L' when thickened adds 'R' and thereby represents the compound consonant 'LR'. The compound consonant 'LR' is never used initially. It is employed after the strokes to which final 'L' is written downward. For example:
The compound consonant 'LR' is not employed as follows:
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(a)
The compound consonant 'LR' is not used in derivative/compound words. For example:
(b)
When an accented vowel final 'L- R'. For example:
(c)
When a vowel follows final 'L'. For example:
(d)
When upward 'L' begins with an attachment. For example:
or
a
diphthong
occurs
between
10.7 The compound consonant 'R' with 'R' = 'RR' (RER) The downward stroke 'R' when thickened adds 'R' and thereby represents the compound consonant 'rer'. The compound consonant 'rer' is only used finally. For example:
The use of compound consonant 'rer' is strictly confined to derivatives of words written with downward 'R'.
The compound consonant 'rer' must not be written finally if a vowel follows 'R'.
10.8 The compound consonant 'M' with 'P/B' = 'MP' or 'MB' (Emp or Emb) The stroke 'M' when thickened adds 'P' or 'B' and thereby represents the compound consonant 'MP' or 'MB'. It must be used without a vowel between the two consonants. It is used initially, medially or finally. For example:
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An initial or final hook may be attached to the compound consonant MP/MB.
The compound consonant mp/mb is not used when m is immediately followed by pr, br, pl or bl.
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Self-check Questions 1.
Fill in the blanks: (i)
A small initial hook with consonant 'L' represents compound consonant _______. 175
2.
3.
(ii)
A large initial hook with consonant 'L' represents compound consonant_______.
(iii)
After KW Stroke, 'L' is written ________ when it is followed by a vowel.
(iv)
After KW Stroke, 'L' is written ________ when it is not followed by a vowel.
Mark whether the following statements are True or False: (i)
The compound consonant Rer is only used initially. True/False
(ii)
The compound consonant Rer must not be written finally if a vowel follows R. True/False
Write the name of the consonant which adds Mp/Mb when it is thickened.
10.9 Vowel Indication In order to give a place for the vowel sign the use of an initial stroke or final stroke is necessary, which is mentioned in the following table.
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(i)
When a word begins or ends with a consonant, that consonant is to be written with a shortest form, using circles, loops, hooks etc.
(ii)
When a word begins or ends with a vowel sound, the first or last consonant must be represented by a stroke in order to accommodate the vowel sign.
10.10 Grammalogues with compound consonants
Whether
impossible important/importance improve/improved/improvement
Self-check Questions 4.
Write the two rules of Vowel Indication.
5.
In a word ‘along’ which form of ‘L’ will be written
6.
In a word ‘while’ which form of compound consonant will be used.
7.
In a word ‘worry’ which form of ‘w’ will be used.
8.
Write in shorthand: Arising, Wake, Scaly, Fall
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10.11 Assignments 10.11.1 Class Assignment
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We have no wish to impose our views upon the ambassador, or to embarrass him by asking for impossible improvements. It is important we should impress upon him the chancellor's opinion in some cases. You will see how imperative it is that we should see the ambassador, if we are to have any improvement in our relations. We shall occupy only a quarter of an hour, and we are sure the ambassador will agree the importance of the case.
We shall require consular invoices for the four cases of liquid glue, and for the square bottles of hair restorer which we are to ship the Shri Lanka by the "Tata Packings", sailing next Friday. Please ask Mr. Srivastava or Mr. Chauhan to see this. Meanwhile, as we are the insurers, see to the policy as soon as possible.
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10.11.2 Home Assignment
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By all means, apply to my people to tell you of my travels during the past three years. I believe it will be difficult for you to believe all they will tell you, because it is almost beyond belief. They will tell you a very attractive story, all the more striking because of its truth. If you leave your call till next month, there may be more to tell you, and news items may be equal to anything you have read. Every day brings before me circumstances unknown to me before, and every circumstance is singular in itself. It is very difficult for me to be surprised at anything now. I am surprised at nothing at all, nor do I think there is anything to surprise me, because of my life during the past few years has brought me so many surprises from all quarters. I have been delivered from troubles when deliverance would appear to have been impossible, and when an improvement of circumstances looked too difficult to be possible. You will see the significance of this when you know something of what I have been through, though the tale can be no more than a mere generalization or general review. Still, it will be as near the facts as possible in the circumstances. I will tell you and Mr. Sainy more when I see you and it will be an advantage and an immense satisfaction to me to tell you both. You will then be at liberty to ask for any number of details, and as far as I am able to remember them, I will give them to you. I can see myself in your easy chair in the larger of your two rooms at home, with my journal on-my knee and the cheerful listeners facing me while I talk of the days of my subjection and of the dreary subjective examinations I gave myself in justification of my actions. In my opinion, you will say the tale is significant, and, in signification of the happenings in the northern and southern climes, far beyond anything you know. I must leave the balance of the tale, however, till I can go over it with you. I have some information, largely personal to you, which I must tell you at all costs before long. I trust the information will give you as much pleasure as I think it will. Anyway it will enable you to set a right valuation upon the rest of my story. Please remember me to the children at home and to the older and larger children also. I shall be home again within six months. I shall hope to see the principal members of the local literary club within a few days of my return. 183
10.12 Summary •
A large initial hook adds W to the consonants K and G. It is written with the same motion as the hook 'L' with consonant K/G.
•
The compound consonant 'KW' is not represented in the case of awkward and lengthy joining.
•
After kw stroke 'L' is written upward when it is followed by a vowel and downward when it is not followed by a vowel.
•
A small initial hook with consonant 'L' represents compound consonant 'WL'.
•
A large initial hook with consonant 'L' represents compound consonant 'WHL'.
•
The aspirate added to w by enlarging the hook of consonant W represents compound consonant WH.
•
The downward stroke 'L' when thickened adds 'R' and thereby represents the compound consonant 'LR'.
•
The compound consonant 'LR' is never used initially. It is employed after the strokes to which final 'L' is written downward.
•
The downward stroke 'R' when thickened adds 'R' and thereby represents the compound consonant 'rer'.
•
The compound consonant 'rer' is only used finally.
•
The compound consonant 'rer' must not be written finally if a vowel follows 'R'.
•
The stroke 'M' when thickened adds 'P' or 'B' and thereby represents the compound consonant 'MP' or 'MB'.
•
An initial or final hook may be attached to the compound consonant MP/MB.
•
The compound consonant mp/mb is not used when m is immediately followed by pr, br, pl or bl.
•
When a word begins or ends with a consonant, that consonant is to be written with a shortest form.
•
When a word begins or ends with a vowel sound, the first or last consonant must be represented by a stroke in order to accommodate the vowel sign.
10.13 Answers to Self-check Questions 1.
2.
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(i)
WL
(ii)
WHL
(iii)
Upward
(iv)
Downward
(i)
False
(ii)
True
3.
Consonant M
4.
(i)
When a word begins or ends with a consonant, that consonant is to be written with a shortest form using circles, loops, hooks etc.
(ii)
When a word begins or ends with a vowel sound, the first or last consonant must be represented by a stroke in order to accommodate the vowel sign.
5.
Downward ‘L’
6.
compound consonant ‘WHL’
7.
Abbreviated ‘W’
8.
arising scaly
woke fall
10.14 Terminal Questions 1.
Write about the use of thickened L, R and M, giving suitable example.
2.
Prepare a table about Compound Consonants, giving suitable example.
3.
Define the Vowel Indication and its use with Circles, Loops and Hooks, with 10 examples.
4.
Write the following paragraph in shorthand: We have no wish to impose our views upon the ambassador, or to embarrass him by asking for impossible improvements. It is important we should impress upon him the chancellor's opinion in some cases. You will see how imperative it is that we should see the ambassador, if we are to have any improvement in our relations. We shall occupy only a quarter of an hour, and we are sure the ambassador will agree, the importance of the case.
10.15 Reference •
Pitman Shorthand Instructor and Key, Wheeler Publishing, Allahabad, 2003.
10.16 Suggested Reading •
Pitman Shorthand Instructor and Key, Wheeler Publishing, Allahabad, 2003.
10.17 Glossary •
Compound – More than two consonants constant.
•
Large initial hook – large hook at starting of the stroke.
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