L-12

SHORTHAND I (ENGLISH) 12. THE DOUBLING PRINCIPLE The halving principle is explained in chapter 11. However, it is not necessary to shorten the outlines of all the words. To increase the speed in shorthand writing, doubling principle has been developed which makes writing easy and more facile.

According to it the strokes are doubled. A stenographer, therefore, must learn this technique also to increase the speed in shorthand writing.

12.0 Objectives After going through the lesson you will– 1)

be able to make outlines of straight strokes using doubling principle;

2)

know about various forms of MPR/MBR;

3)

know how doubling of ‘NG’ is done;

4)

know about circle ‘S’ and double length stroke;

5)

know about Doubling strokes of ‘L’;

6)

know about the rules of not to use the doubling principles;

7)

know about position of double length strokes;

8)

know different grammalogues; and

9)

know how to apply doubling principle in phrasography.

12.1 Introduction In this lesson the principle of doubling is explained. Various words for which double size stroke is made are covered. The cases in which doubling principles is not applicable are also described at length. The concept of positioning and joining of double length strokes is explained. A student is taught the application of doubling principle in phraseography and a number of grammalogues.

12.2 General Rule Writing of any stroke in double the size of its normal length is called Doubling.

Strokes are doubled to get easier and flexible outlines. All double length down strokes is written through the line irrespective of whether there is a first, second or third place vowel. The double length stroke indicates the sound of tr, dr, thr or in common words the sound ture. For example:

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12.3 Doubling of Straight Strokes The doubling principle must not be applied to a straight stroke unless it follows a circle or stroke consonant, or has a final hook, or an attached final diphthong.

Compare the following pairs of words:

12.4 Double length MP/MB

12.5 Alternative forms of MPR/MBR The doubled length strokes of MP/MB can also be represented in hooked form when attached to any upstroke or stroke K. For example:

12.6 Double length NG

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12.7 NG is represented by hooked form in other cases For example:

12.8 Doubling of stroke 'L' Sound tr will be added when stroke 'L' standing alone or with a terminal circle 'S' is doubled. For example:

However, stroke 'L' can be doubled for tr/dr when it has attachments. For example:

12.9 Circle 'S' and Double-length Strokes

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Circle 'S' at the end of double-length form is read after the syllable indicated by doubling. For example:

Self-check Questions 1.

Fill in the blanks: (i) If a vowel comes between l and d or between r and d both strokes must be written in __________ form. (ii) Half-length H stroke not joined to another stroke is always written ______

2.

Can a doubling principle be applied to a straight stroke?

3.

Write the sound of double length stroke.

4.

When a vowel follows tr, d, and thr, is it possible to make a consonant doubled.

12.10 Cases in which Doubling Principle is not Applicable The doubling principle is not applicable in the following cases: i. In past tenses of word

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ii. When a vowel follows final tr, dr, and thr, because the final vowel requires a final stroke for the vowel sign. For example:

12.11 Position of Double-length Strokes All double-length down strokes are Written through the line. For example:

Double-length horizontal strokes are written either above the line or on the line, according to the first vowel in the word. For example:

Double-length upstrokes are written above, or on, or through the line, according to the first vowel heard in the word. For example:

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12.12 Grammalogues

12.13 Doubling principle in Phraseography The doubling principle is employed in phraseogrphy for the indication of the words their and there. For example:

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Self-check Questions 5.

Fill in the blanks: (i) All the double length down stroke are written ________ the line. (ii) Stroke L can be doubled for _________ when it has attachments. (iii) All the Double-length horizontal strokes are written either _________ the line or _________ the line.

6.

Is it possible to employ doubling principle in phraseography? If yes, write two such phraseography outlines.

7.

Write any two phraseography outlines for the representation of the word ‘There’.

12.14

Assignments

12.14.1

Class Assignment

Read and Practice the following paragraph :

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There is, a rather attractive lamp, with silvered reflector, suitable for any holder, and this should take well with the boys. These people are enterprising. They are inventors as well as dealers and therefore, we should be able to rely upon their motor fittings being absolutely up to date.

12.14.2

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Home Assignment

Chambers of Commerce are to be found in the chief centres of the country.

They take in hand the collection of information for both importers and exporters, and they gather in their files wonderful facts and figures dealing with matters of importance to their members. There are usually different sections, under different chairmen, for different trades, such as the leather trade, and these sections naturally endeavour to centralize their efforts on the particular business in which their members are engaged. The chambers keep a watchful eye upon legislators, so as to enter an early protest against any legislation likely to hinder international trade.

12.15 Summary •

The double length stroke indicates the sound of tr, dr, thr or in common words the sound of ture.

•

The doubling principle must not be applied to a straight stroke unless it follows a circle or stroke consonant, or has a final hook, or an attached final diphthong.

•

The stroke of MP/MB, when not initially or finally hooked, is doubled for the addition of - er.

•

The doubled length strokes of MP/MB can also be represented in hooked form when attached to any upstroke or stroke K.

•

The stroke NG is doubled for the addition of kr/gr. The resulting sound will be NG-KR / NG-GR. It is used initially and when following a circle or an upstroke the hook form is written.

•

Stroke 'L' can be doubled for tr/dr when it has attachments.

•

Circle 'S' at the end of double-length forms is read after the syllable indicated by doubling.

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•

•

•

The doubling principle is not employed in the following cases: -

In past tenses of the words.

-

When a vowel follows final tr, dr, and thr, because the final vowel requires a final stroke for the vowel sign.

Position of double-length strokes: -

All double-length down strokes are written through the line.

-

Double-length horizontals are written either above the line or on the line, according to the first vowel heard in the word.

-

Double-length upstrokes are written above, on, or through the line, according to the first vowel heard in the word.

The doubling principle is employed in phraseogrphy for the indication of the words their, there.

12.16 Answers to Self-check Questions 1.

(i)

full

(ii)

upward

2.

Yes

3.

tr, dr, thr, ture

4.

No

5.

(i)

through

(ii)

tr, dr

(iii) through the line 6.

Yes I know there is

7.

I can be there

has to be there

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take their way

12.17 Terminal Questions 1.

Define the general rule about the doubling principle. (with examples)

2.

Define the Halving and Doubling Principle in Pharseography.

3.

Write in shorthand: tender, neither, central, nature, linger, chamber, hunger, letter, picture, godfather, painter, winter, spider, voters, centralization, grandmother, auditor, another, fracture, inventor

4.

In which situation Doubling Principle is not used (with examples).

12.18 Reference •

Pitman Shorthand Instructor and Key, Wheeler Publishing, Allahabad, 2003.

12.19 Suggested Reading •

Pitman Shorthand Instructor and Key, Wheeler Publishing, Allahabad, 2003.

12.20 Glossary •

Doubling – To make stroke in double the size of its normal length.

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