L-8

SHORTHAND I (ENGLISH) 8. CIRCLES AND LOOPS TO FINAL HOOKS & THE SHUN HOOK To enhance the speed of shorthand writing initial hooks and final hooks were explained in chapter. There are some other functions. So far you have learned to make the outlines of RL initial hooks and N, F/V final hooks. But there are number of words in which consonant S, SS, SZ, ST, SW, STR represent, grammalogues and shun hook are used in conjunction with R, L, N and F/V consonants represented by hooks. Therefore, it is necessary for a student to learn to add these circles and loops to the initial and final hooks.

8.0

Objectives After going through this lesson you will be able to-

8.1

1)

make straight strokes followed by NS;

2)

make curves followed by NS;

3)

make the outlines using circle ‘S’ added to F-V hooks;

4)

make the large final hooks in straight strokes and curves representing shun for the words; and

5)

understand the limitations of shun hooks.

Introduction

In this chapter we shall deal with initial and final hooks. Now to speed up shorthand writing the students are taught how to make outlines of circle S initial and final hooks by adding loops and shun hook representing ‘R’, ‘L’, ‘N’, ‘F’, ‘F/V’.

8.2

Straight Strokes followed by NS

If a sound of s or ses and st or str follows 'N' hook attached at the end of the straight stroke, then these are drawn as circles or loops on the same side of 'N' hook i.e. with the right motion or clockwise motion. S is drawn by small circle, Ses by large circle, St by small loop and Str by large loop. In such cases 'N' hook will not be visible, although it is there because the small circle/big circle/small loop/big loop is in continuation of N hook in the same direction (clockwise motion/right motion).

For example:

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8.3

Curves followed by NS If the sound of 'Ns' follows a curved stroke it is represented by a small circle inside the 'N' hook. For example:

However, if a light sound of NS follows a curved stroke, it will be represented by 'N' stroke + circle 'S'. For example:

Wherever the sounds of 'NZ' or 'NS' occur medially both the consonants (N and Z / N and S) must be shown distinctly. For example:

8.4

Circle S added to F-V Hooks The circle S is added to the hook F/V with straight strokes only by writing the circle inside the hook. For example:

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As a rule, the circle S is not added to the hook F/V with curve strokes. For example :

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Self-check Questions 1.

Can the N-hook be used when a word ends with a vowel ?

2.

Can circle S be added to the final hook-N in curve strokes ?

3.

If a small circle follows F/V hook attached to a straight stroke, it should be written _________ the hook.

4.

Make any two outlines having the sounds of NS/NSes.

5.

Write the following words in shorthand: Fencing, Lawns, Spinster, Pens

8.5

The Shun Hook A large final hook represents the sound of 'shun' or 'zhun'. The large hook is called 'shun' hook. Some of the words with the sound Shun/Zhun are fashion, section, location, fiction, passion, occasion, rotation, commission, vision, publication etc. Some additional examples are given below:

In the case of plurals 's' circle can also be added inside the shun hook. For example:

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The following principles govern the use of shun hook with straight strokes: When attached to a straight stroke with an initial attachment (circle or loop or hook), the shun hook is written on the opposite side to the initial attachment.

For example:

窶連s an exception to the rules, for the sake of convenience in some words like shun hook is drawn in the same direction as the initial S circle or hook. For example:

In straight strokes without an initial attachment (hook/circle/loop) the shun hook is drawn in the direction opposite to the position of the vowel. For example:

In order that k or g stroke may be kept straight, shun hook is written downward after fk / fg

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and vk / vg

. For example

When attached to a straight stroke having no initial attachment, shun hook is written on the right side of stroke t, d, j. For example:

Shun hook with curved strokes is written inside the curves. For example:

Shun hook may be used in the middle of an outline, where convenient. For example:

Circle S and NS Shun follows. a.

When shun follows the circle 'S' or circle 'NS' it is expressed by a small hook written on the opposite side to the circle and with the same motion or in continuation of the circle itself. For example:

b.

As a rule, first place vowels do not occur between the circle and Shun.

c.

If a second place vowel is to be read between the circle and shun hook it need not be indicated. For example:

d.

A third place vowel between the circle and the shun hook is expressed by the vowel-sign written outside the hook. For example:

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e.

The circle 's' may be added in plural words. For example:

Shun hook not to be used When a diphthong and vowel (triphone) occur immediately before shun, the stroke 'Sh', and the hook 'n' must be written separately in the words ending in - uation and uition. For example:

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Self-check Questions 6.

(i)

Shun hook is represented by a _________ hook.

(ii)

When attached to curved strokes, Shun hook is written ______ the curves.

(iii)

The Shun hook is written on the ________ side of stroke t, d, j.

7.

Is Shun hook added in a word finally?

8.

Write any four words using Shun hook.

9.

What is the difference between ‘N’ hook and ‘Shun’ hook?

10.

Is ‘Shun’ hook written initially?

11.

Is it possible to right the ‘Shun’ hook in both side, (right/left) of the stroke?

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8.6

Assignments

8.6.1 Class Assignment

We live in an age of science and technology. A country is powerful and advanced, only if it is scientifically and technically will developed. America is the richest country of the world. It has made tremendous progress in science. It is due to its scientific and technical achievements that it has become highly industrialized.

Industrialization increases production manifold. India is still in the backward agriculture stage. It must make rapid economic progress. The awfully low standard of living of its people must be raised. This makes the need and importance of industrialization for India quite evident.

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8.6.2 Home Assignment

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The commissioners, at their discretion, were to arrange examinations; to obtain information from every direction, to the exclusion of none; to call upon physicians, musicians and educationalists of-every class; to take depositions when necessary; and, briefly, to review the general situation, so as to secure satisfaction, beyond all mere generalization, and show if there had been progression or retrogression. The commissioners' work was sensational in the facts brought out.

Justice Mathur was almost in a state of subjection of his memory, and a subjective examination of the information in his possession at any time would have been a revelation even to himself. The retention and repetition of figures, the manipulation of facts in discussion, the selection and citation of authorities caused him no hesitation. He was to have been a advocate, but the legal profession had no fascination for him. Mathur took a share in the promotion of education, but his reputation rests mainly on his famous essays.

8.7

Summary

•

The sound of S or SES, ST or STR is added to hook N attached to straight strokes by writing the circle or loop on the same side as the hook.

•

Circle S is added to straight strokes hooked for F or V, and to curves hooked for N, by writing the circle inside the hook.

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•

The light sound of NS after a curve is expressed by the full sign (Stroke N + Circle S).

•

When NS or NZ occur medially both letters must be shown.

•

The SHUN hook is written -

inside the curve.

-

on the side opposite to the initial attachment to straight strokes.

-

with the Left or Right motion as required to keep the K or G straight.

-

on the right side to T, D and J without initial attachment.

-

may be used in the middle of an outline.

•

In straight strokes without an initial attachment (hook/circle/loop) the Shun hook is drawn in the direction opposite to the position of the vowel.

•

When Shun follows the circle S or circle NS it is expressed by a small hook written on the opposite side to the circle and with the same motion or in continuation of the circle itself.

•

When a diphthong and vowel (triphone) occur immediately before Shun, the stroke SH, and the hook N must be written separately in the words ending in uation and -uition.

8.8

Answers to Self-check Questions

1.

No

2.

Yes

3.

inside

4.

dance

dances

5.

fencing

lawns

Spinster

Pens

6.

7.

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(i)

large

(ii)

inside

(iii)

right

Yes

8.

9.

Caution

Motion

Action

Citation

Size of the hook

10. No 11. Yes

8.9

Terminal Questions

1. (A) (B)

Circle S will be added to the hook F or V by writing the circle inside or outside. Justify the statement giving examples.

Write the use of Circle S with F-V Hooks.

2.

Define the rules of Circles and Loops to Final Hooks with sufficient examples.

3.

Define the use of Shun Hook in Straight Strokes and Curves with examples.

8.10 Reference •

Pitman Shorthand Instructor and Key, Wheeler Publishing, Allahabad, 2003.

8.11 Suggested Reading •

Pitman Shorthand Instructor and Key, Wheeler Publishing, Allahabad, 2003.

8.12 Glossary •

Shun – A large final hook.

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