SHORTHAND I (ENGLISH) 9. ASPIRATE (H), UPWARD AND DOWNWARD R, L & SH There are a number of consonants for which stroke can be made in two ways i.e. in two forms. A stenographer should be able to identify the use of each form to represent such consonants.
9.0
Objectives After going through this lesson you will be able to-
9.1
1)
make the stroke of H followed by vowels;
2)
understand the denotations by using a downward or upward H;
3)
make other denotations for consonant H when the stroke for upward / downward ‘H’ is inconvenient to make;
4)
make strokes for R, L and SH preceded or followed by vowels; and
5)
understand the different conditions for using a downward R, L, & SH.
Introduction
In this chapter, the use of different forms of consonants H, R, L and SH are described. It improves the skill of a stenographer, by imparting knowledge to distinguish the use of two forms of a consonant. A student is trained to make the outlines of various difficult words in easy manner.
9.2
Downward and Upward 'H'
Consonant H is classified as an aspirate because these follow vowels. Two forms of 'H', downward and upward, have been formed to avoid awkward joining of phrases. 9.2.1
Downward 'H' Downward 'H' is written when it is not accompanied by another consonant standing alone. For example:
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Downward 'H' is written when it is followed by k or g. For example:
Downward 'H' is written - when 'H' follows upward 'L' or a horizontal stroke. For example:
9.2.2 Upward 'H' 'H' is written upward when joined to other consonants. This is more common form of H in shorthand. For example:
9.3 Dot and Tick 'H'. 9.3.1 Dot 'H' Where upward or downward 'H' cannot conveniently be joined with the preceding stroke, the 'H' dot is used. It is indicated by placing light dot before the vowel which is to be aspirated. 'H' dot is used in the middle of a word. For example:
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9.3.2 Tick 'H' a.
b.
Tick 'H' is written medially in phrases only. For example
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Self-check Questions 1.
What is Aspirate?
2.
Which form of H will be written when standing alone?
3.
Write the number of form of H with examples.
4.
Write the form of H which is employed in the great majority of the cases
5.
Write the number of ways of Aspirate?
6.
Tick ‘H’ is used initially or finally
7.
When dot ‘H’ is used.
9.4
Downward and Upward 'R'
9.4.1 Downward 'R' When it is preceded by a vowel. For example:
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It comes before consonant 'M'. For example:
After two upward straight strokes. For example:
It comes at the end of a word and there is no vowel. For example:
9.4.2 Upward 'R' When it is followed by a vowel. For example:
'R' comes at the end of a word and vowel comes after it. For example:
It comes before T,D, Chay, Jay, ith and Kl. For example:
It comes after upward straight stroke. For example:
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It appears in the middle of a word. For example:
It appears after two downward strokes. For example:
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Self-check Questions 8.
Write at least four examples of using Downward R.
9.
Write at least four examples of using Upward R.
10.
In which situation is Downward ‘R’ written?
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11.
Where ‘R’ is immediately followed, T.D. Chay, Jay, ith, and kl which form of ‘R’ is used?
12.
Write in shorthand robe,
9.5
marry,
rare,
prepare
Upward and Downward 'L' As in the case of R and H, Strokes L and SH are also written upward and downward.
9.5.1 Upward 'L' The stroke 'L', whether initial or final is mostly written upward. For example:
9.5.2 Downward 'L' In the beginning 'L' is written downward when preceded by a vowel and followed immediately by a horizontal (K, G, M, N, NG), not hooked or circled, stroke. For example:
After the stroke 'N' and 'NG', final 'L' is written downward so as to avoid a change of motion. For example:
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The downward 'L' is retained in derivatives. For example:
Final
Medial 'L' is generally written in upward direction, but either form is used for an easier joining. For example:
9.6
Upward and Downward 'SH' •
The curve 'SH', joined to another curve, generally follows the motion of that curve. For example:
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•
After a straight down stroke with an initial attachment, 'SH' is generally written on the opposite side. For example:
9.6.1 Upward 'SH' After consonant 'D', 'SH' is always written in upward direction. For example:
9.6.2 Downward 'SH'
When joined to a straight stroke, 'SH' is generally written downward (except stroke 'D'). For example:
'SH' should always be written in downward direction after an upstroke, down straight stroke without initial attachments and horizontal strokes. For example:
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Self-check Questions 13.
Write the name of the words in which downward L is used.
14.
In which direction is Medial L generally written?
15.
If we write a word DISH which form of SH will be written?
16.
Write in shorthand – leaf , fall, scale, milk
17.
Which form of ‘L’ is written when preceded by a vowel and followed immediately by a horizontal.
9.7
Assignments
9.7.1 Class Assignment
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Dear Sir, I am surprised to hear of Mr. Gupta opposition to the highly reasonable views taken by Professor Singh on the syllabus in history. Professor Gupta, I believe, does his best, in all circumstances, to help his pupils and to adhere to the scheme of history lessons which deals with the extension of commerce and with all forms of man's activity. He is heedful of every circumstance which may affect the coherence of history and the historic belief expressed in the phrase "Commerce follows the flag". There can be no misapprehension of his meaning, and none but a blockhead would be likely to misapprehend him. He shows how the upheaval of war, though harmful to humanity in other ways, may help a nation's commerce. I humbly hope Mr. Gupta may behave reasonably and cease to harass Prof. Singh in his historical course. Yours truly
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9.7.2 Home Assignment
To secure the best from himself and to give right service to others, both the clerical worker and the manual labourer must have fresh air and healthy rooms to live in, bright airy rooms into which the sun's rays may pour and the breezes blow when desirable. Dark rooms retain germs of disease and either reduce the worker's
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life or weaken his physical strength, so as to make him unable to do severe work either of brain or muscle. A robust man may carry on for a time in dreary rooms, but eventually such places must cause injury to him and bring on loss of force and energy. He will arise in the early morn dull and weary from the outset, in place of rising merry and bright, and ready for anything.
9.8
Summary
•
The upward form of H is most commonly used.
•
The tick H is written initially to Stroke M, L, R (Upward R).
•
Tick H is written medially in phrases.
•
The dot H is used as an alternative to the stroke in the middle of a word.
•
Downward form of H is written
•
•
-
when H is standing alone
-
before k or g
-
in compound words
Downward R is written -
when it is preceded by a vowel
-
when it comes before consonant M
-
after two upward straight strokes
-
if it comes at the end of the word and there is no vowel
Upward R is written when it -
is followed by a vowel.
-
comes at the end the word and vowel comes after it.
-
comes before t, d, ch, j, ith, and kl.
-
comes after upward straight stroke.
-
comes in the middle of the word.
-
comes after two downward strokes.
•
Upward L is most commonly written
•
Downward L is written -
When it is preceded by a vowel and followed immediately by a horizontal k, g, m, n, ng
-
After the stroke n, and ng, so as to avoid a change of motion.
-
If it comes in the last of a word, if no vowel follows. 161
•
•
9.9
Downward SH is written -
After and upstroke
-
After a downward stroke it can be written according to its motion
-
After a straight down stroke with an initial attachment, SH is written on the opposite site.
-
After stroke N.
Upward SH is written after stroke D.
Answers to Self-check Questions
1.
Consonant H (hay) is classified as an Aspirate, because it breaths upon the following vowel.
2.
Downward ‘H’
3.
Two forms : Downward
Hay
Upward
Heat
4.
Upward
5.
Four- Upward ‘H’, downward ‘H’, Tick ‘H’, Dot ‘H’
6.
Initially
7.
If stroke ‘H’ is not written conveniently than dot ‘H’ is used & is placed immediately before the vowel.
8.
ram
air
soar
ware
rainy
earth
carry
park
9.
10. When preceded by a vowel, before M 11. Upward ‘R’ 12. 13. Alone, Allocation, Along, Only
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14. Upward, but either is used for an easier joining. 15. Upward 16. 17. Downward ‘L’
9.10 Terminal Questions 1.
In which situation are Upward H and Downward H are used? Justify the same. Is there any other sign for H? If yes, give some examples.
2.
Write the use of Upward R and Downward R for an easier outline. Give 10 examples.
3.
Define the rules of Upward and Downward L and SH.
9.11 Reference •
Pitman Shorthand Instructor and Key, Wheeler Publishing, Allahabad, 2003.
9.12 Suggested Reading •
Pitman Shorthand Instructor and Key, Wheeler Publishing, Allahabad, 2003.
9.13 Glossary •
Aspirated Word – A word pronounced with full breath.
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