VIA D’ACQUA by Salma Sajadi

URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN STUDIO Professors: LEMES DE OLIVEIRA Fabiano TORRIGIANI Emanuela

VIA D’ACQUA On the traces of the underground water

Tutors: MAHMOUD Israa H. GHAFFARIZAKI Sanaz VINETTI Selena GROUP 7 Students: ABBASI Aghdam Mohammadreza ABDALLAH Huda CUCCORESE Elisa GHESMATIAGHKAND Tara

POLITECNICO DI MILANO Territorial Pole of Piacenza Accademic Year 2020-2021

SAJADIJAHROMI Salmaalsadat

POLICY DOCUMENTS

PPR - Piano Paesaggistico Regionale Regional Landscape Plan The Piano Territoriale Regionale (PTR) has the nature and effects of a territorial landscape plan. It is the territorial governance support’s tool; whom goal is to achieve a strategic vision about the phisical, environmental, economic and social context.

PPT

Reference’s role and governement’s discipline of the Lombardy territory.

PTCP PTR

PTC Parks and Managment Plans

3 main purpose CONSERVATION Pre-existings’ conservation and their defense towards new projects. INNOVATION Landscape quality’s improvement. FRUITION Increase in awerness of the landscape’s value and use from the citizen.

foor the Reserves

PGT Comunale

The goal is achieve a strategic and dynamic approach, between different scales, and obtain this environmetal’s attention in all the plans, programs and projects, due to reach a diffuse awarness.

Blue Infrastructure Parco Nord Agriculture Fields North Settlment Axis 7 Scale 1.150000

PTCP - Piano Territoriale di Coordinamento Provinciale Territorial Coordination Plan of the Province The vision of the PTCP is a large unitary, articulated and polycentric territorial system, with urban settlements connected by a dense infrastructure and held together by a continuous fabric of green spaces. The goal is to achieve an extended, open, continuous, reticulated, urban and rural city. The PTCP aims to reduce land consumption with the particular attention to qualification of transformations densification of the urban form recovery of abandoned or degraded areas The aim is to extend the metropolitan lines of the Milan’s system towards the outside, but also to guarantee their transversal connection by verifying the most effective ways of responding to demand.

The Green Network of the Province of Milan constitutes an integrated system of woods, trees and green spaces for the purpose of Qualifying and recomposing the landscape of urban and rural contexts.

Protection of the ecological and natural values of the territory. Containment of land consumption and promotion of a better use of the landscape.

Metropolitan Network in Project Water Canals Connection to the City Existing Highway Network Primary Corridor

Green Strip

Secondary Corridor Dual Carriageway in Project

Green Network Important Node

Existing Suburban Train Network

Great Territorial Ridge Scale 1.100000

PGT - Milan 2030 Territorial Coordination Plan of the Province The PGT, approved in October 2019, defines the main goals for Milan 2030. The focus is mainly on 3 macro-topics

1 2 3

Environment and climate changes Suburbs and districts Houses law and regulated rent

Particular attention is given to 4 types of spaces: - 13 Intersection areas - 6 Urban voids - 7 Strategic squares - 88 Neighborhoods

Reduction of land consumption

Identification of 1.7 million square meters of areas that can no longer be built upon.

Protected agricultural areas

Expansion of the Parco Agricolo Sud of 1.5 million square meters (150 ha).

20 New parks

New Parks inside the city of Milan.

6 BIG FUNCTION Some places have characteristics of accessibility, location and conformation with functions of a strategic nature, of public use or public or general interest, in cluding private ones. They allow the growth of functions of excellence and the attractiveness of the city on a global scale. In particular Piazza d’Armi will work as gateway for the connetction with the West system of parks and Milan.

3 mln New trees

Thanks to the development of the ForestaMi project, in collaboration with the Politecnico di Milano.

Climate impact reduction index

To calculate the minimum endowment of green integration in urban interventions.

Emission of CO2

Carbon neutrality for all new buildings, including demolition and reconstruction interventions.

Piazza Railyard Node Green Infrastructure Blue Infrastructure Blue Infrastructure - underground Blue Infrastructure - in plan Scale 1.70000

POLICY DOCUMENT SYNTHESIS

Green Infrastructure Blue Infrastructure Piazza Green Strip Green Network Great Territorial Ridge Primary Corridor Secondary Corridor Scale 1.70000

Milan Adaption Strategy Covid 19 Pandemic The city’s connective tissue will require thorough planning and revitalization interventions in line with the appropriate limitations. Particular attention is given to

What kind of society and community do we want to build after panemic? Economy, Resources and Values

Mobility

Timeline, Spaces and Services

Public Space

Sustainability

Digital Services

- Promoting local business. - Supporting social innovation and collaborative economy.

- Rethinking the timeline, spaces and services. Adapting infrastructure, urban spaces and public services.

- Decarbonization and re-naturalization. - Improving air quality. - Circular economy principles.

- Extending the cycle network. - Encouraging slow mobility. - Promoting shared mobility solutions.

- Expanding public spaces. - Encouraging use of outdoors. - Boosting local cultural services.

- Expansion of digital services. - Developing digital platform. - Services available to all citizens.

SYSTEMIC ANALYSIS 12

MILAN EVOLUTION CITY’S MORPHOLOGY From Boiled, to Fried, to Scrambled. This analysis is helpfull to understan how the city grew in the times and in which epoc the axis was born. The bigger expansion is thanks to the Albertini’s Plan and the following years.

Roman City

Roma

First Centuries After Christ

First C

Medieval and Spanish Occupation

Medie

Beruto’s Plan

Berut

Pavia-Masera’s Plan

Pavia

Albertini’s Plan and 50s

Alber

Scale 1.70000

MILAN EVOLUTION CITY’S MORPHOLOGY From a more compact settlement with sporadic green areas To a fragmented settlement with huge park. 1

Compact and High Sporadic Urban Park Private Close Courtyard GSEducationalVersion

Less Compact and High Urban Park Private Close Courtyard

GSEducationalVersion

Medium High Huge Private Open Space Private Close Courtyard GSEducationalVersion

Medium High Huge Open Park Private Close Courtyard Scale 1.25000 GSEducationalVersion

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE By analysing the Green Infrastructure is evident how the green system was preserved in the souther part of the city. In the municipality of Milan most of the green areas are small, fragmented and not in relation one each other. They look more like resiliant areas. Other important topic is the presence of huge void in the city, most of them are abandoned or unused railyard’s area or, in axis 7, ex military area that now are abandoned.

Natural Parks Parco Nord and Parco Agricolo Sud Park and Garden Agriculture Fields Important Park/Void Scale 1.70000

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK By doing the Ecological Network Analysis it’s clear the difference between the urban and rural areas. Although the categories used are the same, it’s clear that in the rural area, the Parco Agricolo Sud, there are bigger elements such as core areas, buffer zones and landscape corridors. While entering inside the city they become more sporadic and fragmented.

S W O T

Presence of huge Green Infrastructure, such as Parco Agricolo Sud. Discontinuity through the axis. Potential connection with Parco delle Cave and the green belts. Density of the historical centre.

Core Area Buffer Landscape Corridor Stepping Stones Linear Corridor Scale 1.25000

BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE Milan has a lot of water system, but most of them because of the city’s sprawl have been put underground, mostly in the north part the city. One of the main blue infrastructure present in the city is the Navigli’s system: Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese on the South-West and Naviglio Martesa on the North-East, that has River Seveso as tributary. Most of the water basin that it’s possible to find are artificial, born thanks to ex-mine areas.

Principal River Underground Principal River Secondary River Underground Secondary River Ex-mine Artificial Water Basin Natural Water Basin Scale 1.70000

BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE In the West, away from center of the city, because of the presence of agricultural fields the number of canals is high but as we move towards East, the core of the city, the trend in agricultural canals changes and there is just the Navigli system, composed by Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese. A part from agricultural canals, the west side of the region has several artificial and natural water basins, the largest of which is situated in the Parco delle Cave.

S W O T

Blue system in Parco delle Cave Distance with system of the big water. Presence of water system that could connect with the city. Most of them are now underground.

Principal River Underground Principal River Secondary River Underground Secondary River Navigli and Darsena Minor Underground river Agriculture Canal Ex-mine Artificial Water Basin Natural Water Basin Scale 1.25000

SYSTEM OF FONTANILI The axis is located in the fontanili’s area of Milan, this means that the terrain is full of underground water that in the past was used in the agricultural fields.

In the west part of the axis are passing mainly 2 fontanili, Marcione and Patellano, that could connect Parco delle Cave with Piazza d’Armi, piazzale Bande Nere and so Giardini Caterina da Forlì. Later on, in Piazzale Tripoli, where Circonvallazione Esterna is passing, there is the underground presence of River Olona, that in the past reached Parco Don Luigi Giussani and then the Darsena.

Fontanile Marcione Fontanile Patellano River Olona - underground River Lambro Mer. Scale 1.25000

WHAT ARE FONTANILI? A fontanile is a lowland spring, excavated by humans for the use of underground water for irrigation. From the XII Century on, fontanili have been dug to extend water availability throughout the year and increase agricultural land use in the lowlands of Northern Italy.

High Plain Stones

Spring’s Area

Because water of the fontanile stays at temperature without great changes throughout the year (between 8 and 15°C), this environment is host to a vast variety of flora and fauna and has ecological and landscaping value.

The groundwater emerges due to the particular geological conditions. The subsoil made up of sand and gravel (prized) is characterized by the presence of clayey lenses (waterproof) that prevent the water from moving into the underlying layers. With the progressive degradation of the plain, the water from the groundwater (which slowly moves from north-west to south-east) thus finds itself emerging in a particular strip of the plain called the strip of fountains. In this area, the light pressure of the water allows its emergence near natural depressions in the ground.

MiddlePlain Gravel and Sand Lower Plain Clay and Loam

Spring

Fontanile’s Shaft

Gorge Fontanile’s Head 27

1930 CTC MAP

1946 CTC MAP

1965 CTC MAP

1990 CTC MAP

GRAY INFRASTRUCTURE The axis is surrounded by different gray infrastructures that have a circular shape around the city: the highway, the system of Tangenziale, then the rings of Circonvallazione Esterna and Interna. There are different radial gray axis that connect Milan with the cities that are in the surroundig. The city is also connected by a rail network and a system of byke path; unfortunately the bike path are generally not connected in a unique system and that generate a discontinuity through the landscape.

Highway Main Street Train Line Bike Path Scale 1.70000

GRAY INFRASTRUCTURE en ng Ta

In the axis 7, the rings are cut by 3 main radial streets that from the West reach the core of Milan.

O le zia

Via No var a

st ve

Going more deep in the analysis, it’s possible to see that the axis is located in between 2 underground lines: the M1 (Red line, from Bisceglie’s stop) and the M5 (Lilac line, from San Siro Stadium). It is also far from the train station.

Via Rembrandt

erna

man

i Ro

ion Leg

Viale

Viale C

aterin a

da Fo

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B Via

Via Cusago

Via S

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o Zurig Via

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Although there are presences of bike paths, they are not continuous and sufficient to better connect the axis with the centre of the city.

Parri

Circonva llazione Interna

ggi nte

e Lor Via

Circonvallazione Esterna

ne eva Vig

Highway Road Train Line

S W O T

Well connected with the Province Presence of the external and internal ringsCirconvallazioni. Existing cicle path, although they are broken. Traffic problems.

Bike Path Gray Ring Underground Line Underground Stop Train Station Scale 1.25000

LAND USE In the 70000 scale mainly we have 4 different landuses in our edge beside the residential areas which is most of our site. we can see the strong presence of the recreational facilities throughout our site compared to other parts of Milan specially the sport facilities. we have also some presence of few industrial areas by the west of our edge because most industrial facilities are in the northern part of Milan as a result of the strong presence of the green areas in the south. And we can see also a presence of 3 brownfield sites. One of the main things we have identified is the lack of commercial and retail facilities in our edge and no medium or large-scale commercial facilities are provided in this area.

Ricreational Spaces Commercial Land Industrial Facilities Brown Fields Retail Facilities Scale 1.70000

LAND USE In the 25000 scale we can see the San Siro district strong presence and also the sport facilities which part of them are private and the other related to school activities. We also have separated recreational facilities such as aquatic parks and the horse racing tracks. The industrial areas are mostly metal manufacturing factories and wate management and recycling factories.

S W O T

Huge presence of ricreational spaces. Presence of few commercial buildings for the community. Presence of huge void. Because of the abandoned spaces there are unsafe areas.

Ricreational Spaces Commercial Land Industrial Facilities Brown Fields Retail Facilities Scale 1.25000

SOCIO-CULTURAL

1. BOSCO IN CITTA’

2. PARCO DELLE CAVE

3. CASCINA LINTERNO

4. SAN SIRO STADIUM

5. CITY LIFE DISTRICT

6. TEATRO NAZIONALE

7. LOCAL MARKET

8. DARSENA

9. PARCO SEMPIONE

10. EXAMPLE OF MUNICIPALITY ORCHARDS Scale 1.25000

2 9 6 3

8 10

SYNTHESIS MAP

Principal River Secondary River Artificial Water Basin Parco Nord and Parco Agricolo Sud Park and Garden Piazza Scale 1.70000

SYNTHESIS MAP After combining all the analyses that it’s clearly possible to see the relation between the green areas and the underground water systems in the edge and how they overlapped. Another evident topic is the one regarding the fragmented presence of the cycle path, how they are cutted in most parts and it’s also showing the degregated sites like Piazza d’Armi.

Parco Nord and Parco Agricolo Sud Park and Garden Agriculture Fields Important Park/Void Fontanile Marcione Fontanile Patellano River Olona - underground Bike Path Gray Ring Underground Line Underground Stop Train Station Ricreational Spaces Commercial Land Industrial Facilities Brown Fields Retail Facilities Scale 1.25000

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

3 GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Mostly during this pandemic period, people understood the importance of open spaces through the cities.

6 CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. It’s very important, while working with water systems, to ensure its quality.

11 SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITY

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

15 LIFE ON LAND

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Thanks to the informations obtained from the systemic analysis and the policy documents, it’s possible to define some ecosystem services that could be implemented or provided to the site. 11 of them could be identified and used in the project: CULTURAL

Aesthetic Values Recreation and Ecotourism Menthal and Physical Health

PROVISIONING

Food

REGULATING

Air quality Climate Regulation Water Regulation Water Purification and Waste treatment Pollination Moderation of Extreme Events

SUPPORTING

Photosynthesis

NATURE BASED SOLUTIONS HOW TO ACHIEVE THE SDG AND THE ES?

REOPENING OF UNDERGROUND WATER SYSTEM

The river that are put underground runs inside pipes, in this way its speed increase more because of physical cause. The huge problem occurs when there are heavy rainy days: in these cases the water runs of reaching the street level and generating flooding problems. To avoid this problem, it possible to reopen the river’s bed and permit to the water to run with more freedom.

GREEN FACADE

Greening the building envelope with vegetation can be used as a mean to restore the environmental conditions in dense urban areas. They can be applied for mitigating the effect of urban heat island, increasing biodiversity and ecological value, insulating against environmental impact, outdoor and indoor comfort, social and psychological wellbeing and enhancement of air quality for city dwellers.

GREEN ROOF

Living roofs hold a diverse array of benefits, as they capture stormwater runoff, improve air quality, help mitigate urban heat-island effects, and even contribute to the preservation of biodiversity by providing habitats for bees and birds. Moreover, as the pandemic underlined a severe need for more outdoor areas, rooftops are regarded as a viable addition to the public space.

NATURE BASED SOLUTIONS HOW TO ACHIEVE THE SDG AND THE ES?

COMMUNITY GARDEN

FLOWER FIELD

Orchards reduce heating and cooling costs, reduce pollution, take up carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, provide habitat for wildlife, hold water, reduce soil erosion and enhance the pollination. Promotes urban agriculture and enhances the ecological value of an area. The orchards will involve the communities, because they will take care of them and it will help the menthal and physical healt of the citizens.

Flowers have numerous benefits therefore by designing flower field not only it enhances mental and physical health of citizens but also it creats a space for people to socialize. It will foster an appreciation for nature that often instills in residents a sense of responsibility for the caring and protection of the environment.

NATURE BASED SOLUTIONS HOW TO ACHIEVE THE SDG AND THE ES?

TREE-LINED STREET

WATER BASIN AND PERMEABLE SURFACES

The presence of tree-lines in the street will decrease the noise pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and accident rates. The tree’s presence will give benefits to both pedestrian and cars, providing shade and consequently reducing the heat island effect. Moreover they are essential to create the ecological connection through the city, because they work as linear corridors.

The water basin and permeable surfaces are necessary to reduce the water’s speed and provide flooding areas to avoid extreme events. They work as well as collectors for rainwater, that could be used in other areas. As well, these areas nearby the water system decrease the heat island effect and are good areas for the citizens.

NATURE BASED SOLUTIONS HOW TO ACHIEVE THE SDG AND THE ES? FORESTATION The increase of trees’ plantation is part of the requirement of municipality’s policy documents; that will help from an ecological point of view to increase the biodiversity and also to reduce the heat island effect. Moreover it will generate more enjoyable spaces for the citizens and the community.

MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACES It is necessary to design places that will answer to the different requests of the user. For that reason in the huger areas there will be a mixture of different function, to generate also an area more flexible and suitable for different functions.

CONTINUITY BETWEEN SPACES

The continuity between the different nature based solutions is an important element to enhance the potentiality of the ecological corridor itself. It is also essential to guarantee to the community a more liveable and significant space where they can live and spend time.

NATURE BASED SOLUTIONS Multifunctional Community Spaces Gardens Flower Green Facade Community Gardens

Water Basin Green Roof

Field

Community Gardens

Community Gardens Flower Field Forestation

Continuous Spaces

MENTHAL & PHYSICAL HEALTH

Water Basin Green Facade

Green Roof

SUSTAINABLE CITIES & COMMUNITIES

Community Gardens

Green Facade Forestation

Green Roof Tree-lined Street Water Basin

Green Facade

Green Roof

Flower Community Field Gardens Tree-lined Continuous Street Spaces Reopen of Forestation Underground Water

Flower Field

LIFE ON LAND

CLEAN WATER & SANITATION

MODERATION OF EXTREME EVENTS

WATER PURIFICATION & WASTE TREATMENT

WATER REGULATION AESTHETIC VALUES

Green Roof

Continuous Reopen of Spaces Underground Water Water Basin

CLIMATE REGULATION

Reopen of Underground Water

Green Facade

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

AIR QUALITY REGULATION Continuous Spaces

Continuous Spaces

Forestation

GOOD HEALTH & WELL-BEING

Flower Field

Forestation

Green Roof

POLLINATION

FOOD

Community Gardens

Green Facade

Flower Field

RECREATION & ECOTOURISM Flower Community Field Gardens Forestation Reopen of Underground Water Multifunctional Spaces

Flower Community Field Gardens Water Basin

Flower Community Field Gardens Water Basin Continuous Spaces Forestation Reopen of Underground Water

GREEN & BLUE STRATEGY 54

GREEN AND BLUE STRATEGY The main goal of the strategy is to design in Milan Green and Blue infrastructures that will work as ecological corridor from the rural to the city. That will be made not just by reaching the municipality borders, but by trying to extend this system outside to reach other important nodes in the province. The idea is to work on the exsting proposals and go more deep in the design of the axis.

Piazza Railyard Node Green Infrastructure Blue Infrastructure Blue Infrastructure - underground Blue Infrastructure - in plan Scale 1.70000

GREEN AND BLUE STRATEGY PARCO AGRICOLO SUD

The goal is connect Parco delle Cave and consequently Parco Agricolo Sud to the city. At the same time, Piazza d’Armi (as one of the areas mentioned in the PGT 2030) will work as gateway from the city to the park and its environmental values, mostly the agriculture presence.

Parco delle Cave

Cascina Linterno Giardini Caterina da Forlì Parco Don L. Giussani

The idea is to connect the different parks (Parco delle Cave, Giardini Caterina da Forlì and Parco Don Luigi Giussani) by ecological corridors and decrease the car’s impact, mostly on the Circonvallazione, one of the gray ring of Milan. The main ecological corridor in the strategy is the one in the middle of the axis, that touches the three mentioned parks. Although, when it will reach perpendicolar elements, it will be possible the connection with other two ecological corridor: the green corridor in San Siro District and the blue corridor on Naviglio Grande The strategy is to work with the fragmented existing bike path, to encourage a slow mobility through the city.

Darsena

Green Infrastructure in the Axis Blue Infrastructure in the Axis Green Infrastructure out the Axis Blue Infrastructure out the Axis Fontanile Patellano Fontanile Marcione Strategic Connection Scale 1.25000

GLYMPSE STRATEGY

Deep Analysis through the Axis 60

SECTOR 1 Baggio and Parco delle Cave The first sector is located in the North part of Parco delle Cave, nearby Baggio and Bosco in città. In this part of the park there are more ricreational spaces, where citizen could meet and stay in the open air, fishing in the ex-mine and do some sports.

2. Parco delle Cave

Main Road Road Sidewalk Cycle Path Fontanile Patellano Fontanile Marcione Cascina Sport Facilities

1. Parco delle Cave

Church Office Building Commercial Building School Hospital/Medical Centre Restaurant/Bar Scale 1.4000

SECTOR 2 Parco delle Cave and connection with Piazza D’Armi The sector is located in between the urban and the natural. Inside Parco delle Cave there are different function, mainly related to recreation and also agriculture; the fields are strigtly related to the Cascina Linterno and for this reason they maintained a “human scale”. By going through the axis there are others green areas but they are mostly related to the residential area or the private sport facility.

2. Cascina Linterno

3. Sport Center Kennedy

Main Road Road Sidewalk Cycle Path Fontanile Patellano Fontanile Marcione Cascina Sport Facilities

1. Parco delle Cave

Church Office Building Commercial Building School Hospital/Medical Centre Restaurant/Bar Scale 1.4000

1 3 2

SECTOR 3 Piazza D’Armi and Giardini Caterina da Forlì There are four more potential spot in this area which have important role in connecting green area and creating green corridors in our project. Piazza d`Armi is one of important spots in following area which is a military space at the moment, but there is a program to convert this area to an ecological space which has important role in our project. Giardini Artemisa Gentilesch, Giardino Alberto Maravia and Piazzale Bande nere are the other important spots which have functionality for walking, siting and etc. This area can be effective in our connections and can play strategical role. 2. Giardini Artemisia Gentileschi

4. Piazzale Bande Nere

3. Giardino Alberto Maravia

Main Road Road Sidewalk Cycle Path Fontanile Patellano Fontanile Marcione Cascina Sport Facilities Church

1. Piazza d’Armi

Office Building Commercial Building School Hospital/Medical Centre ATM Warehouse Restaurant/Bar Scale 1.4000

3 66

SECTOR 4 Giardini Caterina da Dorlì and Circonvallazione Esterna

4. Piazza Napoli

In this sector, the main parks that are possible to find on the proposal ecological corridor appear in a good condition. They are generally equipped with rest points and playgrounds. Thanks to this analysis is possible to understand the difference between the more recent settlement and the Beruto’s expantion, where the green areas are more sparse and private.

2. Giardini Caterina da Forlì

3. Piazzale Tripoli

Main Road Road Sidewalk Bike Path Underground Parking

1. Giardini Caterina da Forlì

Church Office Building Commercial Building School Hospital/Medical Centre Restaurant/Bar Scale 1.4000

2 1

SECTOR 5 Circonvallazione Esterna and Darsena This part of our ecological corridor to be has two parks with different functions and potentials. Giardinetti di Via Dezza is where most people of that area goes to run and the second park is Parco Don Luigi Giussani which has several play structures and an indoor pool. We have also identified two markets one is a weekly market that takes place in a parking area in Viale Papiniano very close to Darsena and the other one is in the plaza near Arco di Porta Ticinese which a very busy area in the night life and a main attraction point specially among young people.

2. Parco Don L. Giussani

4. Darsena

3. Viale Papiniano

Main Road Road Sidewalk Cycle Path Fontanile Patellano Fontanile Marcione Cascina Sport Facilities Church

1. Giardinetti di Via Dezza

Office Building Commercial Building School Hospital/Medical Centre Important Building Restaurant/Bar Scale 1.4000

FLORA IN PARCO DELLE CAVE Parco delle Cave has an area of 135 hectares. Located in the western part of the city, surrounded by the districts of Baggio, Sella Nuova, Quarto Cagnino, and Quinto Romano, it is characterized by four artificial basins, a pond, woods, streams, urban gardens, an agricultural area with meadows and from the Linterno farmhouse. The main tree species present are the black locust, the field maple, the hornbeam, the ash ( greater and southern ), the elm, the poplar ( white, black, cypress ), the hackberry, the black alder, the oaks, and the willow.

Carpinus Betulus

Fraxinus Excelsior

Robinia Pseudoacacia

Populus spp

Quercus spp

Acer Campestre

Populus spp

FAUNA IN PARCO DELLE CAVE

Moorhens are blackish with a red and yellow beak and long, green legs. Seen closer-up, they have a dark brown back and wings and a more bluish-black .belly,with white stripes on the flanks

Coots are found throughout the world in larger inland waters and streams, where they swim and bob for food, mostly plants, seeds, .mollusks, and worms

The grey heron is a long-legged predatory wading bird of the heron family, Ardeidae, native throughout temperate Europe and Asia and also parts of Africa.bird of wetland areas, it can be seen around lakes, rivers, ponds, .marshes and on the sea coast

The common gull, mew gull, or sea mew (Larus canus) is a medium-sized gull that breeds in the Palearctic, northern Europe, .and northwestern North America

The voltolino is a small Rallide with a rather plump build. Voltolino is an omnivorous species that feeds on aquatic invertebrates , small fish , algae and various herbaceous .plants

White Wagtails inhabit in Rocky places, towns, rivers. In Alaska, very localized in summer. Small population in Alaska is probably stable. Widespread and abundant .in Eurasia

Kingfishers or Alcedinidae are a family of small to medium-sized, brightly colored birds .in the order Coraciiformes

Nightingale, any of several small Old World thrushes, belonging to the family Turdidae (order Passeriformes), renowned for their .song

Pheasant, any bird of the family Phasianidae (order Galliformes) that is larger than a quail or partridge. they inhabit in open woodlands and fields, where they feed in .small flocks

The common swift (Apus apus) is a mediumsized bird entirely blackish-brown except for a small white or pale grey patch on their chins. Feeding parties can be very large in .insect-rich areas, such as wetlands

The swallows, martins, and saw-wings, or Hirundinidae, are a family of passerine birds found around the world on all continents, Swallows are excellent flyers, and use these skills to feed and attract mates

The preferred habitat of the common house martin is open country with low vegetation, such as pasture, meadows and farmland, and preferably near water. In the breeding areas, flies and aphids make up much of the .diet

The European robin is about 12.5–14.0 cm (5.0–5.5 inches) in length, the male and female are similar in colouration. it occurs in Eurasia east to Western Siberia, south to Algeria and on the Atlantic islands and they mostly feed .on insects

Hoopoes are colourful birds found across Africa, Asia, and Europe, notable for their distinctive «crown» of feathers. The diet of the hoopoe is mostly composed of insects, although small reptiles, frogs and .plants

Kestrels are distinguished by their hunting behaviour which is to hover at a height of around 10–20 metres (35–65 ft) over open country and swoop down on prey, small .mammals, lizards or large insects

TREES FOR THE CITY The main topic of the project is to design an ecological corridor that could connect Milan with its suburbs. For this reason the selection of trees’ typologies become a fundamental topic to enhance the quality of the city. Here there is a selection of tree’s that could help in the depuration of the air.

This particular species are the best to reduce the impact of PM10 and gaseous pollutants, such as O3, NO2, SO2.

Salix Alba

Aesculus Hippocastanum

Platanus Acerifolia

Celtis Australis

Populus Nigra

Quercus Ilex

Quercus Robur

Populus Alba

Acer Pseudoplatanus

It’s a deciduous tree native to Southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor. It’s usually to be found in wet or poorly-drained soil at the edge of pools, lakes or rivers. It’s a species of willow native to Europe and western and central Asia. It’s able to clean the air from PM10 and caseous pollutants.

It’s native to most of Europe west of the Caucasus. It’s is valued for its importance to insects and other wildlife. Numerous insects live on the leaves, buds, and in the acorns.

It’s native to a small area in the South East Europe; however, it can be found in many parts of Europe. It’s able to clean the air from PM10 and caseous pollutants. It has a large distribution area throughout Europe and is also found in northern Africa and central and west Asia. It’s able to clean the air from PM10.

It’s native to Morocco and then Spain through central Europe to central Asia. It’s able to clean the air from PM10 and caseous pollutants.

It’s also referred to as hybrid plane tree as it is a hybrid between Platanus orientalis and Platanus occidentalis. It’s one of the best species able to clean the air from PM10. It’s a large evergreen oak native to the Mediterranean region.

It’s native to central and eastern Europe and western Asia.

AGRICULTURE TYPOLOGIES Agriculture in the Park is strongly directed to the production of arable land which, with over 30,000 hectares, make up 87% of the agricultural area of the Park. Woody crops (fruit trees and vines) are of marginal importance.

Arable land

Arable land is the land under temporary agricultural crops. One of the most important in this area is the marcita, an area of grassland subject to controlled irrigation to increase agricultural productivity.

The most common cultivated plants are cereals (43%), followed by rice (22%) and grass (16%). There is also sunflower, soybeans, vegetable gardens and nurseries.

Woody agricultural crops

Deals with the creation and management of plantations of tree species aimed at the production of certain wood assortments in the maximum amount possible.

Agricultural Typologies

Nurseries and seedbeds

A seedbed or seedling bed is the local soil environment in which seeds are planted. Often it comprises not only the soil but also a specially prepared cold frame, hotbed or raised bed used to grow the seedlings in a controlled environment into larger young plants before transplanting them. 76

Family gardens

Small areas mainly used for the joint cultivation of vegetables, fresh legumes, potatoes, fruit, etc. the production of which is intended to be consumed exclusively by the tenant and his family.

Cereals

Rice

grass

WATER PURIFICATION BY PLANTS The project’s plan is to work on the ancient route of the Fontanili and river Olona; for this reason it’s necessary to understand how to enhance and clean the water that will pass through the city. These are some examples of plants that could help on that topic.

Typha

Mentha aquatica

Juncus Effusus

Nymphaea

Cattail, typically growing between 5 and 10 feet tall, can remove metals such as zinc, cadmium, lead and nitrate from water.

Water mint, or Mentha aquatica, grows up to 6 inches high with light purple flowers and should be first planted in a container before being moved to the water. Once it is, water mint can help clean water by removing bacterias like E. coli and Salmonella.

Soft rush, or Juncus Effusus is a grass like aquatic plant that grows up to 3 ½ feet high. Washington State University Extension states that in addition to bacteria and oil, Soft Rush also removes heavy metals such as zinc, copper and cobalt from the water.

Water lilies have proven especially effective in absorbing heavy metals from the water. It also provide shade for fish and help to reduce algae growth. Submerged plants that grow under the water are very good at absorbing pollutants. It will also oxygenate the water and keep fish healthy. 77