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1. FIELD MARGIN STRIPS ENHANCEMENT Managing field margins (Hedgerows and other fields margins) can effectively reduce the negative impacts of monoculture farming while attracting pollinators and natural enemies. "Typical field margins are uncultivated, semi-managed lands that separate crop fields from one another around the edges (Rands and Whitney 2010)". A case study in Parma (https://www.consorzioagrarioparma.it/blog/2021/08/05/il-mulino-delle-api/) suggested to use 3% of each field to grow wild flowers and native plants to attract pollinators.
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WHY HEDGES IS IMPORTANT Hedges are networks for nature through the farm and the countryside as birds, bats and bees follow these linear habitats rather than crossing open field. MAINTAINING THE HEDGES Hedges need to be routinely trimmed to avoid the trees like hawthorn growing to be a single-stemmed tree. The ideal hedge has shaped the hedge into a triangular profile from a wide base to a peak to lighten the base. KEY CRITERIA FOR ROUTINELY TRIMMED HEDGES - At least 1.Sm above ground level or top of any hedge bank- for birds to nest and have cover over and under the nest. - Contain occasional thorn for bees and fruit for birds and small mammals.
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VEGETATION ENHANCEMENT The common species of hedges and field margin is thorn trees. It will provide flowers for bees in summer and fruit for birds and small mammals in autumn. On the other hand, nhancing the native vegetation will help minimize erosion and soil loss.
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2. 'MULINO DELLE API' LINEAR ROUTE Besides increasing the vegetation quality of the field margin, the strategy proposes a model for bees and insects to live in. These patterns are arranged along the roads and next to strips of wildflowers and shrubs. This provides a habitat for pollinators and improves the landscape along roads in the area.
'MULINO DELLE API' A model of bee house used in Parma supports shelter and reproduction of insects and bees. (https://www.consorzioagrarioparma.it/blog/2021 /0 8/05/ilmulino-delle-api/)
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Instead of mono, now the landscape is lively with species and color.
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Community Garden- An pollination hotspot With the desire to promote and educate about pollinators, the strategy proposes to embellish a casina into a community garden in the future. This community garden includes: 1 ) Casina becoming a gathering place and museum for pollinators; 2) Woodplant, where birds and small animals live; 3) Flower Garden consists of wildflower meadow and various flower beds along with bee houses - a place to practice pollinator care and protection practices. Integrated 'Bee My Job': An urban beekeeping training and practice model: Model 'Bee My Job' with the goal of long-term maintenance of the community garden through operating the training model and implementing beekeeping and production and trading of bee products. Benefits from this model: Sustainability and people - Training and job offer - Product manufacturing - Conservation of bees and pollinators.
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Bird nest practice The aviary model is applied in the areas of plantations and orchards with the aim of creating a habitat and breeding environment for insectivorous species: The tits
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- The nest must be cleaned in Autumn every year. - Avoid installing the nest near the driveway - Some additional models can be applied to provide more food in winter for birds
C, The inner diameter of both the rim and the entrance hole: - Great tits (Parus major): 32mm - Blue tits (Parus caeruleus), Coal tit (P. ater), Crested tits (P. cristatus), Marsh tits (P. palustris) , Willow tits (P. montanus): 28mm
"According to the scientific study carried out in the Netherlands (Mais and Visser 2007), the great tits (Parus major) nesting in nest boxes in apple orchards can significantly (50%) reduce the pest-related damage to apple crop. The tits are generally not considered a threat to fruits and berries. Starlings, the species that eat fruit and berries in autumn, are remarkably larger birds than tits, so they do not fit through the opening of the nest box."
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