Islam Mathathile Jathi Sambradayam / ഇസ്ലാം മതത്തിലെ ജാതി സന്പ്രദായം - ഇടമറുക്

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

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CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

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CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

Islam Mathathile Jathisampradayam Language: Malayalam (Caste System in Islamic Religion)

by Joseph Edamarukui First edition : 1981 IAP eBook edition : 2020 Published by Indian Atheist Publishers 779, Pocket 5, Mayur Vihar 1 New Delhi 110 091, India.

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Copyright © 1981 - 2020 by Rationalist International Except brief quotations for book reviews or critical appraisals, no part of this book may be forwarded, reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

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CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

tPmk^v CSadpIv

IAP

C³Uy³ FXoÌv ]»ntjgvkv 4

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

DÅS¡w apJhpc

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ao\m£o]pcs¯ aX]cnhÀ¯\w 11 CÉmwaX¯nsâ ]cmPbw 15 PmXnk{¼Zmbw D¯À{]tZinse apÉo§Ä¡nSbn 23 cmPØm\ntebpw lcnbm\bntebpw tatbm apÉo§Ä 30 CÉmanse PmXnk{¼Zmbw ]Ýnta´ybn 37 Xangv apÉo§fpw PmXnbpw 41 ]cntim[n¨ Nne {][m\ {KÙ§fpw tcJIfpw 48

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CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

BapJw khÀW lnµp¡fpsS ta[mhnXz¯nÂ\n¶v c£t\Sm³ ASp ¯ Ime¯v \nch[n ZenXpIÄ CÉmwaX¯n tNÀ¶p. ] s£, AhÀ PmXnbpsS \pI¯n \n¶v c£s]Sptam?

Csöv CÉmwaX¯nsâ Ncn{Xw sXfnbn¡p¶p. C³Uy bnse hnhn[ kwØm\§fnse apÉo§Ä¡nSbn \nehnencn ¡p¶ PmXnk{¼Zmbs¯¸än B[nImcnIambn ]T\w \S¯nb Xn\ptijw CSadpIv FgpXnb {KÙw. \nch[n B[nImcnI {KÙ§fpw tcJIfpw D²cn¨psIm­v, CÉman \nehnencn¡p¶ PmXnsb At±lw Xpd¶pImWn ¡p¶p.

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CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

1 apJhpc “a\pjytc! Htc kv{Xobn \n¶pw ]pcpj\n \n¶pamWv \n§ sf \mw krjvSn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. (]n¶oSv \mw \n§sf hnhn[ kap Zmb§fpw tKm{X§fpam¡n Xncn¨ncn¡p¶Xv \n§Ä¡ t\ym\yw a\Ênem¡m³th­nbmWv). \n§fn h¨v AÃmlp hn Gähpw BZcWob³ (PohnX¯nÂ) Gähpa[nIw kq£vaXbpÅh\mWv. AÃmlp AKm[ Úm\apÅh\pw kq £vamhØIÄ Adnbp¶h\pamIp¶p.”

Jpdm³þlPqdm¯v : 13 “C§s\sbÃmamsW¦nepw AhÀ `mhnbn A{Ia§fn \n¶pw AgnaXnIfn \n¶pw ]n³XncnbpIbpw \akvImcw apd t]mse A\pjvTn¡pIbpw, kIm¯p sImSp¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ ]£w AhÀ aX¯n \n§fpsS ktlmZc·mcmIp¶p. {Kln ¡p¶ P\Xbv¡p th­nbmWv \½psS ZrjvSm´§Ä \mw hniZ am¡ns¡mSp¡p¶Xv.” Jpdm³þ As¯u_: 11 Jpdm\nse Cu c­p hmIy§Ä [mcmfambn D²cn¡s¸«n «pÅXmWv. hnhn[ kapZmb§fpw tKm{X§fpambn thÀXncn ªp \n¡p¶ a\pjyscÃmw ssZh¯nsâ ap¼n Xpeycm sW¶pw a\pjyÀ¡p X½n DbÀ¨ XmgvNIfnsöpamWv CXn BZys¯ hmIy¯nsâ AÀ°w. CÉman tNÀ¶p Ign ªm FÃmhcpw ktlmZc·mcmsW¶v c­mas¯ hmIy¯n epw hyàam¡p¶p. kÀÆ kmtlmZcyamWv CÉmansâ ASn ¯dsb¶v km[mcWbmbn ]dbp¶Xv Cu ASnØm\¯nemWv. Zqsc\n¶p t\m¡pt¼mÄ CÉmwaX¯n\v Cu KpW§sfÃmw 7

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

Ds­¶p tXm¶pw. F¶m ASp¯p sNÃpt¼mÄ bmYmÀ°yw AXsöv a\ÊnemIpw. a\pjysc DbÀ¨XmgvNItfmSpIqSnb ÃmsX apl½Zv \_nt¡m A\pbmbnIÄt¡m ImWm³ Ignªn cp¶nÃ. ASnaXzs¯ apl½Zpw Jeo^mamcpw AwKoIcn¨ncp¶p. kv{XoIsf ASnaIsf¡mÄ XcwXmgv¯n. CXns\ms¡ ]pdta Nne tKm{X§Ä¡v {]tXyIØm\hpw ]Zhnbpw apl½Zv A\p hZn¨psImSp¯p.

“AÚm\Ime¯v Ad_nIfn DÂIrjvSÀ GsXÃmw IpSpw _§fmbncpt¶m AhÀ Xs¶bmWv CÉmanepw DÂIrjvSÀ.

AhÀ aXXXz§Ä {Kln¨p Ignªn«ps­¦nÂ.” apl½Zp\_n ]dªXmWnXv. klolp _pJmcn F¶ lZokv{KÙ¯n CXp tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«p­v. (kn.F³. Al ½Zp auehnbpsS XÀÖa. c­mw`mKw t]Pv 503) Ad_nIfn FÃm tKm{X§Ä¡pw Htc Øm\aà CÉmw aX¯n\I¯pÅ sX¶v CXp sXfnbn¡p¶p. asämcp Ahkc¯n apl½Zp ]dbp¶p: “a\pjysc \n§Ä J\nItft¸msebmWv ImWpI. Ahcn AÚm\Ime¯v t{ijvT·mcmbncp¶hÀ CÉman h¶ tij hpw t{ijvT·mÀ Xs¶bmbncn¡pw.” (klolp _pJmcn. hmeyw 2. t]Pv 523) apBhnbm F¶ Jeo^m D²cn¡p¶XmWv apl½Znsâ Xmsg sImSp¡p¶ hmNIw: “Cu `cWImcyw IpssdjnIfnemWv \nesImÅpI. AhÀ Zo\ns\ \ne\ndp¯p¶ Imea{Xbpw AhtcmSp FXnÀ¸p {]ISn ¸n¡p¶ Hcp¯s\bpw AÃmlp apJw Ip¯n¡mXncn¡pIbnÃ.” (klolp _pJmcn, hmeyw 2, t]Pv 523) apl½Zv P\n¨Xv Ipssdjn tKm{X¯nemWv. B tKm{X¯n\v CÉmwaX¯n D¶XØm\w \ne\ndp¯m³ At±lw hgnhn«p t]mepw {ian¨ncp¶p F¶v lZokpIÄ hmbn¨m a\ÊnemIpw. _pJmcn Xs¶ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶XmWv apl½Znsâ Xmsg sImSp ¡p¶ hmNI§Ä: “IpssdjnIfn c­pt]À Ahtijn¡p¶ Imea{Xbpw Cu `cWImcyw AhcnemWv \nesImÅpI.” 8

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

(klolp _pJmcn, hmeyw 2, t]Pv. 524) “a\pjycnepÅ apÉo§Ä IpssdjnIfnepÅ apÉo§tfbpw AapÉo§tfbpw ]n³]än \S¡m³ _m²yØcmWv. Ahcn AÚm\Ime¯v t{ijvTcmbncp¶hÀ CÉman tNÀ¶ tij hpw t{ijvT³amÀ Xs¶bmbncn¡pw.” (klolp _pJmcn, hmeyw 2. t]Pv 523) “IpssdjnIfpw A³kmcnIfpw Pqssl\, apssk\, AÉw, AivPAv, Ko^mdv F¶o tKm{X§fpw Fsâ an{X§fmWv. ” (klolp _pJmcn, hmeyw 2. t]Pv 524) CÉmwaX¯n tNcp¶hscÃmw Xpeycsöv apl½Znsâ Xs¶ taÂsImSp¯ hmNI§Ä sXfnbn¡p¶p. IpssdjnIÄ, A³kmcnIÄ, an{XtKm{X§Ä F¶n§s\ DbÀ¨XmgvNItfmSp IqSnb tKm{X§fmbn At±lw apÉo§sf hn`Pn¨ncp¶p. A\p bmbnIÄ ]n¡me¯v AXv hnIkn¸n¨p. C³Uybnse apÉo §Ä IpssdjnItfbpw A³kmcnItfbpw am{XaÃ. DbÀ¶ sX¶p IcpXs¸«ncp¶ hn`mK§fn \n¶p h¶hsc AtX Øm\t¯msS kzoIcn¨p. Xmgv¯s¸« PmXn¡mÀ B \nebnepw CÉman h¶p. C¶v lnµp¡sft¸mseXs¶ apÉo§fpw PmXnk{¼Zmbs¯ ]n´pScp¶p. hSt¡ C³Uybnse apÉo §Ä¡nSbnepÅ PmXnk{¼Zmbt¯¸än \¶mbn Adnbmhp¶ F\n¡v, PmXnbnÃmXm¡p¶Xn\pth­n Xangv\m«nse ao\m£n ]pc¯pw aäp Nne kwØm\§fnepw ZenXpIÄ Iq«t¯msS CÉmwaX¯n tNÀ¶p F¶p hmbn¨t¸mÄ AZv`pXw tXm¶n. \qäm­pIÄ¡pap¼v CÉmwaX¯n tNÀ¶hcpsS ]n³KmanIÄ C¶pw CÉmwaX¯nse PmXn¡pcp¡n InS¡pIbmWv. AXn \n¶v Xebqcm\mImsX F{Xtbm A[nIw P\§Ä IjvSs¸ Sp¶p! CÉmwaXt¯bpw AXnsâ kamaqlyLS\tbbpw]än ]Tn¡m¯XpsIm­mWv kaqlw AtX¸än Adnbm¯Xv F¶p am{Xw. PmXnbnÃmXm¡m³ Ignª \qäm­pIfn ]ecpw {Inkv XpaX¯n tNÀ¶p. t]cp amdnsb¶ÃmsX asämcp {]tbmP \hpw AhÀ¡p­mbnÃ. aX¯n tNÀ¶ ]peb³, ]peb³ 9

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

a¯mbnbpw ]peb³ Nmt¡mbpambn XpSÀ¶p. bPam\sâ hoSn\p ]pd¯pXs¶bmbncp¶p AhÀ¡p ]ns¶bpw Øm\w.

Ahi ss{IkvXhsc¶pw ZenXv {InkvXym\nIsf¶pw Adnb s¸Sp¶ B P\§Ä, X§fpsS ]nXmal·mÀ aXw amdnbXn C¶v ZpxJn¡p¶p.

PmXnbnÃmXm¡m³ aXw amäw Hcp amÀKasöv C³Uym Ncn{Xw sXfnbn¨p Ignªp. C³Uybnse Hmtcm kwØm\§ fnepapÅ apÉo§Ä¡nSbn C¶pw \ne\n¡p¶ PmXnIÄ GsXms¡bmsW¶pw Ahsbms¡X½nepÅ hyXymksa´m sW¶pw Cu {KÙ¯n hnhcn¡p¶p­v.

PmXnk{¼Zmbw CÃmXmIWsa¦n aX§Ä CÃmXmIpI tbm, hyàn]camhpItbm thWw. AXn\pÅ Gähpw {]mtbm KnIamb ]cn]mSn h³tXmXn an{ihnhml§sf t{]mÕmln ¸n¡pIbmWv. cà§Ä CSIecpt¼mÄ PmXym`nam\w XIcpw; P\§Ä H¶mIpw. PmXnsb \in¸n¡m³th­n CÉmwaX¯n tNÀ¶mÂ, icoc¯nse Hcp sNdnb Awiw apdn¨p Ifbm³ Ignbpsa¦nepw kaql¯n \n¶v A{Xbpw t]mepw PmXn Ifbphm³ km[n¡p IbnÃ.

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CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

2 ao\m£n]pcs¯ aX]cnhÀ¯\w 1981 s^{_phcn amk¯nÂ, Xangv\m«nse Xncps\Âthen Pnà bn s]« ao\m£o]pcw {Kma¯nse ZenXpIfn Hcp henb `mKw Iq«t¯msS CÉmwaX¯n tNcpIbp­mbn. C³Uy bnse lnµp¡sf BsI \Sp¡nb Hcp kw`hamWv AXv. lnµp aXs¯ ]p\ÀPohn¸n¡m³ HcpIq«À sIm­p]nSn¨p {iaw \S ¯p¶Xn\nSbnemWv Cu hmÀ¯ hcp¶Xv. ao\m£n]pcw {Km ahmknIsf A\pIcn¨v aäpNne Xangv\mSv {Kma§fnepw Nne IÀWmSI {Kma§fnepw lcnP\§Ä Iq«ambn¯s¶ CÉman tNÀ¶p. CsXÃmw C³Uysbm«msI NÀ¨mhnjbambn«p­v. KÄ ^p]Ww D]tbmKn¨mWv Cu aX]cnhÀ¯\w \S¯nbsX¶pw AXv lnµpaX¯ns\Xncmb \o¡amsW¶pw NneÀ hmZn¡p¶p. ]t£ Zmcn{Zyw sIm­Ã X§Ä aXw amdnbsX¶pw khÀW lnµpta[mhnXz¯n \n¶pw c£s¸Sm³th­n am{XamWv A§s\ sNbvXsX¶pw aXw amdnbhcn NneÀ ]dbpIbp ­mbn. CXmWp icnsb¶p IcpXm³ \ymb§fp­v. sXm«pIqSmbva: cma\mY]pcw, X©mhqÀ, Xncp\Âthen F ¶o PnÃIfn C¶pw sXm«pIqSmbva \ne\nev¡p¶p­v. A¬S¨ _nenän H^³kv BIvS\pkcn¨v 1978þhsc AhnsS F¬]Xp tIkpIÄ khÀWÀs¡Xncmbn FSp¯ncp¶p. AXn 74 tIkp IÄ CXn\Iw hn[nbmbn. ]s£ Hcp tIÊn am{XamWv Ipä ¡mcs\ in£n¡m³ IgnªXv. _m¡nsbm¶n\pw sXfnhpIÄ In«nbnÃ. Ing¡³ X©mhqÀ PnÃbn 1981 sabvamk¯n 62 tIkpIÄ cPnÌÀ sN¿pIbp­mbn. AXn¯s¶ 149 tIkp IfpsS NmÀPv joäv \ÂIm³ am{Xsa t]meokn\p IgnªpÅq.

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CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

Cu 149 tIkpIfn 18 F®w Hgn¨v _m¡nsbÃmw shdpsX hn«pt]mbn. shÌv X©mhqÀ PnÃbn A¬S¨_nenän H^ k³kv BIvS\pkcn¨v 25 tIkpIÄ cPnÌÀ sNbvXp. AXn Hcp tIknsâ am{Xta Xocpam\w CXphsc Bbn«pÅp. 1972þ Hmtcm samss_ t]meokv kvImUns\ hoXw Hmtcm PnÃbnepw Kh¬saâ v \nban¡pIbp­mbn. A¬S¨_nenän H^³kv BIv Sns\ Bsc¦nepw ewLn¨m AhÀs¡Xncmbn \S]SnsbSp¡p Ibmbncp¶p Dt±iw. Cu kvIzmUn\p i¼fambpw bm{Xm ]Sn bmbpw e£¡W¡n\p cq] CXn\Iw Kh¬saâ v sNehm¡n. ]t£, Hscmä tIkpt]mepw ]nSn¡m³ AhÀ¡p IgnªnÃ. sXm«pIqSmbva, Abn¯w XpS§nbh \nba{]Imcw IpäIcam sW¦nepw Xangv\m«nse H«p an¡ {Kma§fnepw C¶pw AXp \ne\n¡p¶p­v. s]mXp InWdpIfn \n¶pt]mepw shÅsa Sp¡m³ AhnsS ZenXpIÄ¡\phmZanÃ. IeymIpdnimÂ, I¸p \m]pcw F¶o {]tZi§fn Abn¯mNcWw hfsc iàambn \ne\n¡p¶ps­¶v Fw. A¸mZpssc Fw.FÂ.F ASp¯ kab¯p Nq­n¡m«pIbp­mbn. shÅw tImcm³ am{XaÃ, InWdn\Sp¯pIqSn \S¡m³ t]mepw ZenXpIsf AhnsS A\phZn¡mdnÃ. Nmb¡SIfn ZenXpIÄ¡v Nmb \ÂIp IbnÃ. hmkptZh]pcw \ntbmPIaÞe¯nÂ, {]tXyI ]m{X §fn ZenXpIÄ¡p Nmb sImSp¡pw. Nmb IpSn¨Xn\p tijw AhÀ Xs¶ ]m{Xw IgpInsImSp¡Ww. aäp ]e Øe§ fnte¡pw t]mIm\pÅ hgn¡mWv hm³s]mgn F¶ {Kmaw ØnXn sN¿p¶Xv . AhnsS khÀWlnµp¡fmWv Xmakn¡p¶Xv .

AXphgn IS¶pt]mIp¶ ZenXpIsf A]lkn¡pI, AhcpsS kv {XoIsf D]{Zhn¡pI XpS§nbh khÀW bphm¡·mÀ ]Xnhm¡nbncp¶p. CXns\Xnsc AhÀ t]meokn ]cmXn sImSp¯n«v Hcp {]tbmP\hpw D­mbnÃ. C¯cw ]cnX ØnXnIÄ Xangv\ m«nse ZenXpIsf At§bäw hnjan¸n ¡p¶p­v. AXn \n¶p tamN\w t\Sm\pÅ Hcp hgnsb¶ \nebnemWv ao\m£n]pcs¯bpw aäpw ZenXpIÄ CÉmwaX ¯n tNÀ¶Xv. 12

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

khÀWcpsS apXe¡®oÀ: ZenXpIÄ aXw amdnbt¸mÄ \mSmsI t£m`ap­mbncn¡p¶p. lnµp t\Xm¡·mÀ henb ZpxJw {]ISn¸n¨p. ChÀ lcnP\§Ä¡pth­n F´n\n§s\ apXe¡®oÀ Hgp¡p¶p? Ignª aqÆmbnct¯mfw hÀj§fmbn Hcp henb hn`mKw P\§sf ASnaIsf¡mÄ IjvSambn Xcw Xmgv¯n NqjWw sNbvXph¶Xv lnµpaXamWv. ChnSs¯ PmXn k{¼Zmbwt]mse a\pjyXzlo\amb asämcp GÀ¸mSv temI ¯n asämcnS¯pw D­mbncp¶nÃ. {_mÒWIpSpw_¯n P\n¡p¶ GXp t`mj\pw DbÀ¶ Øm\ap­v. t\sc adn¨v ZenXv IpSpw_¯n F{X _p²nam³ D­mbmepw Ah³ sXm«pIqSm¯h\pw Xo­n¡qSm¯h\pambn amdn\nev¡Ww. P\\m C§s\ \nÀWbn¡s¸Sp¶ PmXnamäphm\pw BÀ¡pw km[yaÃ. C³UybpsS apgph³ A[x]X\¯n\pw hntZi ASna Xz¯n\pw ImcWambn¯oÀ¶Xv Cu PmXnk{¼ZmbamsW¶v Ncn{Xw t\m¡nbm ImWmw. apl½Zp Kkv\nbpw apl½Zp tKmdnbpw C³Uy B{Ian¨ Ime¯v PmXn k{¼Zmbw AXncq£ ambncp¶p. PmXn hyhØ £{Xnbsc am{Xsa bp²w sN¿m³ A\phZn¡p¶pÅp. cmPy¯nsâ {]Xntcm[w AhcpsSam{Xw NpaXebmbncp¶p. _lp`qcn]£w hcp¶ sshiyÀ, iq{ZÀ, NÞmfÀ XpS§nbhÀ AXpsIm­p bp²¯n \n¶I¶p \n¶p. ]rYzocmPv Nulmsâ ssk\yhpw apl½Zv tKmdnbpsS ssk\yhpw X½n Gäp ap«nbt¸mÄ D­mb Hcp kw`hw tKmdn bpsS ssk\yt¯msSm¸w h¶ Hcp Ncn{XImc³ tcJs¸Sp¯n bn«p­v. bp²¡f¯n\p sXm«Sp¯ aeapIfn [mcmfw C³Uy ¡mÀ IqSnbncp¶p bp²w ImWm³. ]rYzncmPv Nulmsâ ssk\yw cWm¦W¯n h¨v ]cmPbs¸Spt¼mÄ AhÀ¡p bmsXmcp `mht`Zhpw D­mbncp¶nÃs{X. ImcWw, `cWw, {]Xn tcm[w XpS§nbh £{XnbÀ¡p am{Xw sN¿mhp¶ ImcyamWv. GXp cmPmhp `cn¨mepw NÞmf³, NÞmf\mbn¯s¶ XpStc­nbncp¶p. sXm«pIqSm¯h\pw Xo­n¡qSm¯h\p ambn¯s¶ Ah³ XpSÀ¶ncp¶p. D¯tc´ybn Cu ØnXn ¡v Ipsdsb ¦nepw amäap­mbXv. C³Uy IogS¡nb apÉo§Ä 13

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

]{´­mw iXI¯n Bcw`n¨ aX]cnhÀ¯\amsW¶pÅXv bmYmÀ°yamWv. D¯tc´ybnse lnµpaX¯n\v A¡me¯v I\¯ {]lcw Gäp. FÃm kapZmb§fnepw s]«hÀ A¶v Iq«t¯msS CÉmwaX¯n tNÀ¶p. Ahcn ]ecpw C³Uysb Hcp apÉow cmjv { Sam¡pIsb¶ Dt±it¯mSp IqSn¯s¶ aX]cnhÀ¯\s¯ ]e hn[¯nepw t{]mÕm ln¸n¨p. aX{`m´·mcmb Nne `cWm[nImcnIÄ lnµpt£{X §Ä XIÀ¡pIbpw BfpIsf _eambn aX¯n tNÀ¡pIbpw sNbvXn«p­v. apÉow `cWw ChnsS Dd¨p F¶v a\knem¡nbt¸mÄ, ]W ¯n\pw {]Xm]¯n\pw PohnXkuIcy§Ä¡pwth­n khÀW lnµp¡fpw [mcmfambn CÉmwaX¯n tNÀ¶p. bp²¯n tXmä cmPm¡·mÀ, tk\m\mbI·mÀ, t]mcmfnIÄ. DtZymKØ ·mÀ XpS§nbhÀ CXnÂs]Spw. PmXnk{¼Zmb¯n hfÀ¶ ChÀ aXw amdnbn«pw ]gb PmXn¡pip¼p XpSÀ¶ncp¶p. CÉmw aX¯n tNÀ¶ {_mÒWÀ DbÀ¶PmXn¡mc\mbn XpSÀ¶p. aXw amdnb NÞmf³ Xcw Xmgv¶ apÉoambn Pohnt¡­nh¶p. apl½Zv \_nbpsS hN\§fmWv PmXn \ne\ndp¯phm³ Ah sc klmbn¨Xv. C¶pw C³Uybnse apÉo§Ä¡nSbn ISp¯ PmXnhyXymkw \ne\n¡p¶p­v. ao\m£o]pc¯p aXw amdn bhcpw Xmgv¶PmXn¡mcmbn am{Xsa XpScpIbpÅp. a\pjycpsS CSbnepÅ PmXnhyXymkhpw AkaXzhpw CÃm Xm¡n ktlmZcyNn´ {]Ncn¸n¨p F¶p apÉo§Ä AhImi s¸Sp¶Xn Igs¼m¶panÃ. CÉmwaX¯nsâ Bcw`w apXepÅ kw`h§Ä ]cntim[n¨m F¶pw DbÀ¨XmgvNIsf AhÀ AwKoIcn¨ncp¶Xmbn ImWmw.

14

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

3 CÉmw aX¯nsâ ]cmPbw ssZhw GI\msW¶pw FÃm hnizmknIfpw ssZh¯nsâ ap ¼n XpeycmsW¶pamWv CÉmwaXØm]I\mb apl½Zp\_n ]Tn¸n¨Xv. hnizmknIÄ¡pw ssZh¯n\pw CSbn Hcp a[yØ t\bpw At±lw GÀs¸Sp¯nbnÃ. GXv hnizmkntbbpw AÅm lp Hcpt]mse am{Xta KWn¡pIbpÅq F¶v Jpdm\n hyàam ¡nbn«p­v. ]t£, apl½Zp Xs¶ A[nImcw In«nbXn\ptijw A`n{]mbw amän. IpssdjnItfbpw A³kmcnItfbpw At±lw DbÀ¯n¡mWn¨p. C¶v CÉmw kaql¯n Hcp XpeyXbpw \ap¡v ImWm³ Ignbp¶nÃ. F´mWXn\v ImcWw? Atd_y bnse tKm{XhÀK¡mcpsSbnSbn Pohn¨ncp¶ HcmfmWv apl ½Zv. henb hnZym`ymktam temI]cnNbtam At±l¯n\p­m bncp¶nÃ. ]ckv]cw Ieln¨ncp¶ tKm{XhÀK§sf IogS¡n kpiàamb Hcp cmPyw Øm]n¨Xn\p tijamWv kn.C. 632þ At±lw acn¡p¶Xv. apl½Zp\_nbpsS Nca¯n\ptijw A_qt_¡sd apÉo §Ä AhcpsS Jmen^m Bbn sXcsªSp¯p. At±lhpw ]n ´pSÀ¨¡mcpw aXw {]Ncn¸n¡p¶Xn\pth­n PnlmZv (hnip² bp²w) Bcw`n¨p. \qdp hÀj¯n\pÅn samtdmt¡m apX C³Uyhsc \o­p InS¡p¶ Hcp henb km{amPyw AhÀ ]Sp ¯pbÀ¯pIbpw sNbvXp. XmcXtay\ A]cnjvIrXcmb tKm{X hÀK P\X IogS¡nbhcn _m_ntemWnb¡mcpw t]Àjym ¡mcpw CuPn]vXpImcpsams¡ A¡mes¯ Gähpw DbÀ¶ kwkvImc¯nsâ {]Xn\n[nIfmbncp¶p. bp²¯n ]cmPnX cmb AhÀ tPXm¡fpsS aXw kzoIcns¨¦nepw AhchcpsS 15

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

kwkvImcw Im¯p kq£n¨p. Ad_nIfmIs«, AhÀ IogS¡nb {]tZi§fn I­ ]eImcy§fpw þ\ÃXpw No¯bpwþ DÄs¡m ÅpIbpw sNbvXp. kwLSnX CÉmwaXw, ]gb aX§fpsS Øm \¯v NqjWw XpSÀ¶p. ]n¡me¯v Atd_y³ km{amPyw On¶`n¶amhpIbpw Hmtcm cmPy¯pw AXmXnsâ kwkvImc ¯n\v A\ptbmPyambn ]pXnb cmPy§Ä DSseSp¡pIbpw sNbvXXv AXp sIm­mWv. kÀÆkmtlmZcyhpw ssZh¯nsâ GIXzhpw {]kwKn¡p¶ apÉow cmjv{S§Ä X½n X½n b²w sN¿p¶Xpw \½Ä I­n«p­v. AXv aX¯nsâ am{Xw IpäaÃ. Atd_ybnse tKm{XhÀK¯n P\n¨p hfÀ¶ apl½ Zn\v CXc cmPy§fnse kwkvImc§sf¸än Adnhp­mbncp¶n Ã. \mKcnIXIÄ IqSnIecpt¼mÄ D­mImhp¶ k¦oÀ®§ fmb {]iv\§tf¸änbpw At±lw t_m[hm\mbncp¶nÃ. Hcp a\pjy\pw Xsâ Npäp]mSpIfn \n¶I¶v AXn IqSpX Nn´n¡m³ km²yasöpÅXpw Hcp hkvXpXbmWv. apl½Zn {]hmNIXzw Z-Àin¡p¶hÀ¡ÃmsX AXn At±ls¯ Ipä s¸Sp¯m³ IgnbpIbnÃ. apl½Znsâ `mh\IÄ¡XoXambn CÉmwaXw hfÀ¶t¸mÄ, At±lw Bib§Ä Hs¶m¶mbn amän. injy·mcpsS Ime¯v CXv A[nIambn. AXn\v Npcp¡w Nne sXfnhpIÄ am{Xw ChnsS Nq­nImWn¡mw. apl½Zns\ XpSÀ¶v CÉmanI temI¯nsâ `cWm[nImcw GsäSp¯Xv Jeo^mamcmWtÃm. H¶mas¯ Jeo^m apl½Znsâ ASp¯ A\pbmbnbmb A_pt_¡À B bncp¶p. Hmtcm Jeo^ns\bpw dn¸»n¡³ k{¼Zmb¯n XncsªSp¡pIbmbncp¶p BZyw. F¶m \memas¯ Jeo ^bpsS acWt¯mSpIqSn B k{¼Zmbw \nebv¡pIbpw ]n´p SÀ¨mhImi {Ia¯n Jeo^mamÀ A[nImc¯n hcnIbpw sNbvXp. cmPm[nImcw C§s\ P\\¯nsâ ASnØm\¯nem bn¯oÀ¶p. P\\mÂ, cmPm¡·mcpw km[mcW¡mcpw D­m Ip¶ k{¼Zmbw CÉmwaXw A§s\ AwKoIcnt¡­nh¶p. 1 an¡ apÉow cmjv{S§fnepw Cu k{¼ZmbamWv \nehnepÅXv. FÃm a\pjycpw XpeycmsW¶v apÉo§Ä ]dbmdps­¦nepw 16

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

apl½Zp\_ntbm Jeo^mamtcm A§s\ s]cpamdnbncp¶nÃ.

AXmXv {]tZis¯ kwkvImc¯n\pw BNmc§Ä¡pw A\pkr Xambn CÉman ]e amä§fpw h¶ptNÀ¶p. AXnsâ Gähpw \à DZmlcWw ImWmhp¶Xv t]Àjy (Cdm³)bnemWv. hÀW§Ä t]ÀjybnÂ: Bcy·mÀ t]Àjy hgnbmWtÃm C³Uybnte¡v IpSntbdnbXv; Hcp henb hn`mKw Bcy·mÀ t]Àjybn X§pIbpw sNbvXp. AhcmWv t]Àjy³ kwkvIm c¯n\v hn¯p]mInbsX¶pÅ Imcy¯nepw Ncn{XImc·mÀ tbmPn¡p¶p. C³Uybnse BZna aX{KÙamb EKvthZhpw t]Àjy³ aX{KÙamb skâ v AshkvXbpw XmcXays¸Sp¯n t\m¡nbm Cu c­p kwkvImc§Ä¡pw X½nepÅ _Ôw hyàamIpw. EKvthZIme¯v Xs¶ C³Uybn \mephÀW §Ä \nehnep­mbncp¶Xmbn ]pcpj kqà¯n \n¶v hyà amIp¶p.2 Cu hÀW k{¼Zmbhpw C¶s¯ PmXnk{¼Zmbhpw H¶Ã. hÀWm{ia k{¼Zmb¯n \n¶v PmXnk{¼Zmb¯n te¡v amdphm³ \qäm­pIÄ Xs¶ th­nh¶p. 3 BZyIme¯v {_mÒWÀ, cmP\yÀ, sshiyÀ, iq{ZÀ F¶n§s\ \mep hÀ® §fmWp­mbncp¶Xv. CXn BZyt¯Xv aq¶pw Bcy·mcpsS CSbv¡pÅ sXmgnÂ]camb hn`P\ambncp¶p. ChscÃmw ZznP ·mcmbn¯s¶bmWv BZyw KWn¡s¸«ncp¶Xv. sXmgnensâ ASnØm\¯n hÀWw amäm\pw A¶v kzmX{´yap­mbncp¶p.

C³Uybnse Zkyp¡sf IogS¡nbt¸mÄ Ahsc ASnaIfm¡n amän. iq{ZÀ F¶ \memas¯ hÀ®w D­mIp¶Xv C§s\bm Wv. Cu \mep hÀW§Ä¡v ]pdta A]cnjvIrXcmb \njmZÀ, NÞmf·mÀ, ap¡phÀ, NamdpIÄ XpS§nbhsc A©mas¯ hÀWhpam¡n.4 Chsc sXm«pIqSm¯hcmbn amän \ndp¯pIbpw sNbvXp.5 Cu A©p X«pIfnepÅ P\§fnÂXs¶ càk¦cw aqehpw aäpw D­mb ]pXnb hn`mK§sf Hmtcm X«nt\mSpw tNÀ¯v D]PmXnIfm¡n \ndp¯n. {ItaW BÀ¡pw hÀWw amdm³ ]mSnsöpÅ \ne h¶p. At¸mgmWv PmXnk{¼Zmb ¯nsâ Bcw`w.6 At\I \qäm­pIÄ sIm­mWv Cu amäw D­mbXv. {_mÒWcpsS Imeambt¸mtg¡pw {_mÒW\mWv 17

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

FÃmän\pw \mY³ F¶ \ne h¶p tNÀ¶p. 7 ASp¯ Øm\w £{XnbÀ¡pw ]ns¶ sshiyÀ¡pw Bbncp¶p. \memas¯ hn`mKamWv iq{ZÀ. A©mas¯ hn`mKw ]©aPmXn¡mÀ F¶ dnbs¸Sp¶p. Ct¸mÄ C³Uybn aqhmbnc¯nÂ]cw PmXnI fpw \nch[n D]PmXnIfpw Ds­¦nepw AhsbÃmw A©p X «pIfmbn Xncn¡mw.

Bcy·mÀ C³Uybn hcp¶ Ime¯v AhcpsSbnSbnep­m bncp¶ hÀWhyhØ GXm­v AtX coXnbn Xs¶ t]Àjy bnepw \ne\n¶ncp¶p. ]ptcmlnXÀ, `cWm[nImcnIÄ (]Sbmfn Ifpw CXn s]Spw), km[mcW¡mÀ F¶v aq¶p hÀW§Ä BZna t]Àjy³ kaql¯nepw D­mbncp¶p. AhÀ IogS¡nb P\§sf ASnaIÄ F¶v \memasXmcp hÀWhpam¡n.8 Cu k{¼Zmbw t]Àjy kÊm\nb³ `cW¯nembt¸mgpw ]n´pSÀ ¶p. kn.C. 650þemWv Ad_nIÄ t]Àjy IogS¡p¶Xv. t]Àjym ¡mÀ XpSÀ¶v Iq«t¯msS CÉmw aX¯n tNÀ¶p. ]t£, AhnsS \nehnencp¶ hÀWhyXymkw CÉmwaX¯nepw XpSÀ ¶p. \mkndpZo³ A¯qbn F¶ apÉow ]ÞnX³ ]n¡me¯v Cu hÀW§sf \ymboIcn¨p. ]Xnt\gmw iXI¯n FgpX s¸« ‘PmanCþap^oZn’ F¶ {KÙ¯nepw Cu \mep hÀW§Ä \ne\n¡p¶Xmbn ]dbp¶p.9 CXnsâ AÀ°w t]Àjy³ km aqly LS\bv¡v ]änb hn[¯n CÉmwaXw AhnsS cq]m ´cs¸«p F¶mWv. Cdm\nse ]Xn\mbnc¡W¡n\v apÅmIÄ Bbs¯mÅm sJmao\nbpsS t\XrXz¯n jmsb ]pd¯m¡n AhnsS A[nImcw ]nSns¨Sp¡pIbp­mbtÃm. sshZnI `cWamWv Ct¸mÄ AhnsS \S¡p¶Xv . ]gb t]Àjy³ kaql¯nse BZy ]ptcmlnX·mcpsS ]n´pSÀ¨¡mcmWv Cu apÅmamÀ.

CÉmwaXw C³UybnÂ: apl½Zp \_nbpsS Ime¯pXs¶ I¨hS¡mcmb apÉo§Ä C³UybpsS ]Snªmsd Xoc¯v h¶n cp¶p. AhtcmsSm¸w aX{]NmcI·mcpw AhnsS F¯pIbp­m bs{X. ChtcmSv hfsc kulmÀ±]qÀhamWv C³Uy³ `cWm[n ImcnIÄ s]cpamdnbncp¶Xpw F¶m D¯tc´ysb kw_Ôn 18

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

¨nSt¯mfw B{IaWkz`mht¯mSpIqSn¯s¶bmWv CÉmw aXw BhnÀ`hn¨Xv. Ad_nIÄ t]Àjy B{Ian¨p IogS¡nb AtX hÀjw kn.C. 650þ C³UybpsS t\scbpÅ BZys¯ apÉow B{IaWw \S¶p. hS¡p ]Snªmsd Xoc{]tZi¯v Nne sImÅIÄ \S¯nbXn\ptijw A¶v AhÀ ]n´ncnªp. ho ­pw kn.C. 711þ apl½Zv _n³ Imknw F¶ P\densâ t\XrXz ¯n Hcp kwLw apÉow ]SbmfnIÄ kn³Up {]tZiw B{Ian ¨p IogS¡n. knÔp \ZnbpsS ]X\Øe¯n\Sp¯ {]tZi§ sfÃmw AhÀ ssIhis¸Sp¯nsb¦nepw cmP]p{Xssk\yw Ahsc tXmev]n¨v HmSn¨p. ]n¶oSv c­c iXm_vZ¡met¯mfw C³Uybn apÉow B{IaWw D­mbn«nÃ. AXn\v c­p ImcW §Ä D­mbncp¶p. kn.C. 800þIfpsS Ahkm\t¯mSpIqSn t]À jybnse Ad_n`cWw Ahkm\n¨p. CkvemwaX¡mcmbn ¯s¶ AhÀ XpSÀs¶¦nepw Ad_nta[mhnXzw AwKoIcn ¡m³ AhÀ X¿mdmbnÃ. sNdnb sNdnb cmPy§fmbn t]Àjy A¡me¯v Nn¶n¨nXdnt¸mbn. ]ckv]cw X½n¯Ãns¡m­n cp¶ B cmPy§Ä¡v Ad_nIÄ Hcp s]mXpi{Xphpambncp¶p.

A^vKm\nØmsâ Ing¡p`mK¯pÅ Kkv\n F¶ Øew tI{µam¡n kn.C. ]¯mw iXI¯n Hcp SÀ¡v apÉow cmPyw \nehn h¶p. AhnsS `cWm[nImcnbmb apl½Zv Kkv\n At±l¯nsâ `cWIme¯v (kn.C. 997þ1030) ]eh«w C³Uy B{Ian¡pIbpw sImÅbSn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. KpPdm¯nse {]kn²amb tkma\mYt£{Xw XIÀ¯v AhnSs¯ hn{Klw At±lw sIm­pt]mbn. Hcn¡Â Kkv\nbpsS ssk\yw _\m dkv hsc Ingt¡m«pt]mbn sImÅbSn¨p. {ioIrjvWsâ P· Øesa¶p hnizkn¡s¸Sp¶ aYpcbpw Kkv\n Aán¡ncbm¡n.

IW¡nÃmsX ChnsS\n¶v [\w IhÀ¶p sIm­pt]mbXÃm sX At±lw AhnsS `cWsam¶pw Øm]n¨nÃ. C³Uybnse khÀWta[mhnXz¯nsâ Bßhnizmkw XIÀ¯ Hcp kw`h amWnXv. apl½Zv Kkv\nbpsS Nca¯n\ptijw {Sm³tkmIvkn bm\bn skÂPqIv hÀK¡mÀ A[nImc¯n h¶p. AhÀ ]n¶oSv Kkv\n cmPyw ]nSn¨S¡n. Cu Ipg¸¯nsâ Ime¯v 19

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

1030 apX 1186 hsc C³Uy B{IaW hnapàambn IgnªpIqSn. Kkv\n cmPy¯nsâ ]X\¯n\ptijw ]Ýna A^vKm\n Øm\nse tLmÀ F¶ Øew tI{µam¡n Hcp ]pXnb cmP hwiw A[nImc¯n h¶p. Cu hwi¯nse Gähpw {]JymX \mb cmPmhmbncp¶p apl½Zv tLmdn. At±lw 1186þ emtlm dpw 1191þ BPvaodpw B{Ian¨p. Cu c­mas¯ B{IaWs¯ ]rYzocmPv FXnÀ¯p tXmev]n¨p. Hcp hÀj¯n\p tijw henb Hcp ssk\yhpambn apl½Zv tLmdn Xncns¨¯n. C¯hW A t±lw ]rYzocmPns\ tXmev]n¡pIbpw BPvaoÀ km{amPyt¯mSv Iq«nt¨À¡pIbpw sNbvXp. At±lw Xsâ ASnabpw tk\m\mb I\pamb Ip«_v±o³ sF_¡ns\ C³Uybnse KhÀWdm¡n.

D¯tc´ybn CÉmwaX¯n\pw `cW¯n\pw ASn¯dbn«Xv Ip¯_v±o³ BWv. At±lw sUÂln B{Ian¨p IogS¡pIbpw AhnSw tI{µ am¡n `cWw Bcw`n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. F¬]Xp hÀjs¯ ASna cmPhwi¯nsâ `cWIme¯v sXt¡m«v \mKv ] qÀ hscbpw Ingt¡m«v _wKmÄ hscbpw km{amPyw hnIkn¨p. ]n¶oSnt§m«v , cmPhwi§Ä ]eXv amdnsb¦nepw apÉow `cWambncp¶p 1857þhscbpw. sX¡v I\ymIpamcn hscbpw AhcpsS taÂt¡mbva AwKoIcn¡s¸«ncp¶p. Cu Ime¯v [mcmfamfpIÄ CÉmwaX¯n tNÀ¶p. ]dªp am\km´c s¸Sp¯n am{XaÃ, hmfnsâ hmbv¯esb `b¶pw ]ecpw aXw amdnbn«p­v. aäv NneÀ DtZymK§Ä¡pw Øm\am\§Ä¡pw th­n ]pXnb aXw kzoIcn¨p. C³Uybn \nehnencp¶ IÀ¡i§fmb PmXn hyhØbpsS Ipcp¡n \n¶v c£ s]Smsa¶v IcpXn aXw amdnbhcpw [mcmfamWv. kaXz¯n \n¶v AkaXz¯nte¡v: CÉmansâ kaXzhpw kmtlmZcyhpw Bcw`Ime¯v am{Xta D­mbncp¶pÅq F¶pw apl½Znsâ Ime¯pXs¶ AXn\v hyXymkw h¶ncp¶p F¶pw \½Ä I­p. t]Àjybn sN¶t¸mÄ AhnsS \nehnencp¶ k{¼Zmb¯n\\pkcn¨v AXv cq]w amdn. ]{´­mw iXI¯n sâ Ahkm\¯n C³Uybnse¯nb CÉmwaXw, AXnsâ 20

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

t]Àjy³ cq]¯nepÅXmbncp¶p.10 ChnSs¯ apÉow `cWm[n ImcnIÄ XpÀ¡nItfm A^vKm³Imtcm t]Àjym¡mtcm Bbncp ¶psh¦nepw AhÀ¡v t]Àjy³ kwkvImc¯nsâ ]n´pSÀ¨ bmWv D­mbncp¶Xv. apÉow `cW Ime¯v C³UybpsS HutZym KnI `mjbpw t]Àjy\mbncp¶p. aX]camb Imcy§Ä¡pth­n am{Xamb Ad_nIv `mjbv¡pw B \m«n \n¶v h¶hÀ¡pw aX]camb Hcp Hu¶Xyw hIsh¨psImSp¡m\pw AhÀ aSn¨n cp¶nÃ. CsXms¡ Hcp Ime¯v kaXz¯n A[njvTnXam bncp¶ CÉmw aXs¯ PmXnk{¼Zmb¯n Ipcp¡m³ klm bn¨p.

C³Uybnse¯pt¼mįs¶ apÉo§Ä¡nSbnÂ, t]Àjy bnteXpamXncn ]ptcmlnX³, `cWhÀKw, km[mcW¡mÀ F¶n §s\ hyàamb aq¶p XncnhpIÄ D­mbncp¶p. Ad_nIÄ, XpÀ¡nIÄ, A^vKm\nIÄ, Xm§n¡pIÄ F¶n§s\bpÅ hn`mK§fpw A¡q«¯n D­mbncp¶p. hnhmlmZnImcy§Ä hcpt¼mÄ Cu hn`mK§Ä AhcpsS kapZmb¯nte¡v ]n³h enbpIbmbncp¶p AhcpsSsbms¡ ]Xnhv. F¦nepw C³Uym ¡mcpsS ZrjvSnbn AhscÃmw tPXm¡fpw HäaX¡mcpambn cp¶p.12 hntZi¯p\n¶v h¶hscÃmw Ajd^v F¶ s]mXp t]cn Adnbs¸«p. _lpam\yÀ F¶mWv B ]Z¯nsâ AÀ °w. aXw amdnb C³Uym¡mÀ¡v ‘Pknb’ F¶ aX¡cw sImSp t¡­nbncp¶nsænepw Ajd^pIfpsS Øm\w AhÀ¡p­m bncp¶nÃ. BZys¯ Bcy\m{IaWIme¯pw GXm­v CXpt]m sebmWv kw`hn¨Xv. A{Ian¨p IogS¡nbhÀ aäpÅhtc¡mÄ t{ijvTX \Sn¨v amdn\n¶p. Bcy³, Ajd^v F¶o ]Z§fpsS AÀ°w H¶msW¶pÅXpw kvacWobamWv.13 hntZi¯p\n¶p h¶ apÉo§Ä t]Àjybnse¶t]mse X s¶ ]camh[n C³Uy³ kwkvImcw DÄs¡m­p. tPXm¡fmb AhÀ DbÀ¶ PmXn¡mcmbn amdn\n¶p. C³Uybn PmXnbn \n¶v hnapàamb Hcp kaqlw D­mbncp¶nÃ. PmXnt{iWn bpsS hnhn[ X«pIfn \n¶ ]etcbpw AhÀ CÉmw aX¯n tNÀ¯p. £{XnbÀ apÉo§fmbn«v AhcpsS PmXym`nam\w hn«p 21

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

Ifbm³ X¿mdmbnÃ. aX¯n tNÀ¶ sshiyÀ sshiycmbpw, NÞmfÀ NÞmfcmbpw Xs¶ CÉmw aX¯n XpSÀ¶p. 14 PmXn am{Xaà lnµpaX¯nse ]e A\mNmc§fpw AtX]Sn CÉmwaX¯n XpSÀ¶p. PlmwKoÀ N{IhÀ¯n (kn.C.1605þ1627) At±l¯nsâ Hcp A\p`hw hnhcn¡p¶Xp t\m¡pI: “Cu {]tZis¯ (Imivaocnse cmPuÀ) BfpIÄ ]gbIm es¯ lnµp¡sft¸msebmWv. P·namÀ cmPm¡·mÀ F¶mW dnbs¸Sp¶Xv. kp¯m³ s^dqkv XpKvf¡v Chsc apl½Zob cm¡n. F¶mepw AhÀ cmPm¡·mÀ F¶p hnfn¡s¸Sp¶p. A ÚXbpsS Imes¯ ASbmf§Ä C¶pw AhÀ¡p­v. AXn H¶v acn¨pt]mb `À¯mhnsâ arXtZlt¯msSm¸w Pohn¨n cn¡p¶ `mcybpw Aánbn acn¡p¶XmWv. Cu kv{XoIsf `À ¯mhnsâ iht¯msSm¸w Ipgnbn CSp¶p. ]t¯m ]{´t­m hbÊpÅ Hcp s]¬Ip«nsb Poht\msS, acn¨pt]mb `À¯m hnsâ iht¯msSm¸w Ipgnbnen«Xmbn Rm³ tI«p. Cu `À¯m hn\pw AhfpsS {]mbambncp¶p. bmsXmcp PohnX kuIcyhp anÃm¯ Hcph\v Hcp s]¬Ip«nbp­mbn... AhÀ B Ip«nsb sR¡ns¡m¶p. AhÀ lnµp¡fpambn kJy¯nemWv. AhÀ At§m«pant§m«pw s]¬Ip«nIsf sImSp¡p¶p... C\n taen C§s\sbm¶pw sN¿cpsX¶pw Cu Ipä§Ä sN¿p¶hÀ¡v acWin£ sImSp¡Wsa¶pw Rm³ Iev]\ sImSp¯n«p­v.”15 PlmwKodnsâ Cu Iev]\sIm­pw Imivaocnse apÉo§Ä ¡nSbn henb amäsam¶pw D­mbnà F¶v ]n¡meNcn{Xw sXfnbn¨p.

C³Uybnse apÉo§Ä¡nSbn lnµp¡fptSXpamXncn sXm «pIqSm¯hcpw sXm«pXn¶pIbnÃm¯hcpw hnhml_Ôw ]mSn Ãm¯hcpamb \nch[n PmXnIÄ C¶pw \ne\n¡p¶p. Hmtcm kwØm\¯pw Hmtcm kmwkvImcnI taJebnepw CXv {]tXyI cq]¯nemWv \ne\n¡p¶Xv. lnµp¡fpsS CSbnepÅ PmXn k{¼Zmb¯nsâ kz`mhhpw AXp Xs¶bmWtÃm. {][m\s¸« C³Uy³ kwØm\§fn \nehnencn¡p¶ apÉow PmXn k{¼ Zmbs¯¸änbpÅ hnhc§Ä XpSÀ¶pÅ A²ymb§fn sIm Sp¡mw.

22

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

4 PmXnk{¼Zmbw D¯À{]tZinse apÉo§Ä¡nSbn C³Uybn Gähpw IqSpX P\kwJybpÅ kwØm\amWv D¯À{]tZiv. 1971þse sk³kkv A\pkcn¨v H³]XptImSn tbmfw P\§Ä AhnsSbp­v. AXn 14 iXam\w (1,36,76,533) apÉo§fmWv. apl½Zp\_n P\n¨ kuZn Atd_ybn Hcp tImSnbn Xmsg am{Xsa apÉo§Ä DÅq Ft¶mÀ¡pt¼mgmWv bp.]n.bnse CÉmwaX¯nsâ iàn a\ÊnemIp¶Xv. \nch[n ]pcmX\ ]ÅnIfpw apÉow XoÀ°mS\tI{µ§fpw Cu kw Øm\¯p­v. lnµp¡sf kw_Ôn¨pw D¯À{]tZiv hfsc {]m[m\yw AÀln¡p¶ ØeamWv. ]pcmW§fnse BcymhÀ ¯¯nsâ {][m\`mKw..... {ioIrjvW³, {iocma³, inh³ XpS §nb sslµh ssZh§fpsS IYIfpambn _Ôs¸« D¯c JÞhpw aYpcbpw Atbm[ybpwþChnsSbmWv. lcnZzmcw, Kw tKm{Xn, _\mdkv XpS§nb XoÀ°mS\tI{µ§Ä KwK, bap\ XpS§nb ‘]pWy’ \ZnIÄ! kzmX{´y¯n\p ap¼pw ]n¼pw hÀKobelfIÄ¡v D¯À{] tZiv Ip{]kn²n t\Snbn«p­v. samdmZm_mZv, AenKUv XpS§nb Øe§fn aX¯nsâ t]cn cà¸pgIÄ HgpInbXv \mw C\nbpw ad¶n«nÃ. ChnSps¯ lnµp¡fpw apÉo§fpw At§b äs¯ bmYmØnXnI Nn´ sh¨p]peÀ¯p¶p. PmXnk{¼Zmbw hfsc IÀi\ambn ]men¡p¶ Imcy¯n Cu c­p aX¡mcpw Hcpt]msebmWv. D¯À{]tZinse apÉo§Ä lnµp¡sft¸mse Xs¶ \nc 23

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

h[n PmXnIfpw D]PmXnIfpambn XncnªmWv Pohn¡p¶Xv. Chsc Ajd^pIÄ, cmP]p{XÀ, sXmgn¡mÀ, A[xIrXÀ F¶v s]mXpsh \membn Xncn¡mw. Cu \mep X«pIfnepÅhÀ Xs¶ \nch[n sIm¨psIm¨p hn`mK§fmbn ho­pw hn`Pn¡s¸«n cn¡p¶p. CXn Ajd^pIÄ hntZi¯p \n¶p h¶hcmWv. _m¡nsbÃmhcpw C³Uy³ apÉo§fpw. 1931þse sk³kkv Ime¯v D¯À{]tZinep­mbncp¶ apÉow PmXnIÄ Xmsg ]d bp¶hbmWv. 1. Ajd^v (jdo^v): CXn Xs¶ sk¿Zv, sjbn¡v, ap KÄ, ]¯m³ F¶n§s\ \mep PmXnIfp­v. Hmtcm¶n\pw D]PmXnIÄ thsdbpw.

2. khÀW apÉow cmP]p{XÀ 3. sXmgn¡mÀ : Chcn 13 D]hn`mK§fp­v.

(1) Pqemlm (s\bv¯pImÀ) (2) ZÀkn (X¿Â¡mc³) (3) Izkm_v (Iim¸pImc³) (4) \mbn (£pcI³) (5) I_mUn (NnÃd I¨hS¡mc³) (6) andmkn (]m«pImÀ) (7) Ipw`À (IpihÀ) (8) a\nlÀ (hfbp­m¡p¶hÀ) (9) [p\nb (\q \q¡p¶h³) (10) ^¡oÀ (`n£¡mc³) (11) sXen (F®bm«pImÀ) (12) t[m_n (Ae¡pImÀ) (13) Zp[vhme (KÍn) (]m¡mÀ) 4. A[xIrXÀ, NamdpIÄ, hmevaoInIÄ, `wKnIÄ F¶p XpS §nb A[xIrXÀ Cu hn`mK¯nÂs]Spw. Cu Hmtcm PmXnItf ¸änbpw AhbpsS kmaqly \netb¸änbpÅ Nne hnhc§Ä Adnbp¶Xv ckIcambncn¡pw.

Ajd^pIÄ: sjdo^v F¶ Ad_n ]Z¯nsâ _lphN\ cq]amWv Cu ]Zw. Atd_y, t]Àjy, SÀ¡n, A^vKm\nØm³ 24

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

F¶nhnS§fn \n¶v IpSntbdnb hntZi apÉo§fmWv ChÀ. hntZi¯p \n¶p h¶ ChÀs¡Ãmw ChnsS aXw amdn apÉo§fm bhtc¡mÄ B`nPmXyhpw ta·bpw Iev]n¡s¸Sp¶p­v. Cu hntZi apÉo§Ä t]mepw FÃmhcpw Htc Øm\¯Ã. AhÀ t]mepw DbÀ¨ XmgvNIfpÅ ]e PmXnIfmbn thÀXncnªmWv Ignbp¶Xv. 1. sk¿Zv: cmPIpamc³ F¶mWv Cu ]Z¯n\À°w. apl½Zp \_nbpsS ]p{Xn ^m¯nambpsS hwi ]c¼cbn s]«hcmWv C¡q«sc¶mWv ChcpsS AhImihmZw. \memas¯ Jeo^ bmb Aensb BWv ^m¯na hnhmlw sNbvXncp¶Xv. Cu Z¼XnIfpsS k´m\]c¼cbn s]« sk¿ZpIÄ D¯À{]tZ in am{XaÃ, C³UybpsS ]e `mK§fnepap­v. AhscÃmw apÉow kapZmb¯n Gähpw DbÀ¶ Øm\w Ae¦cn¡p¶p. ]mc¼cya\pkcn¨v Hcp sk¿Zn\v Bcpw k¡m¯p sImSp¯p klmbnt¡­ ImcyanÃ. sk¿Zn\v klmbw Bhiyaps­¶ dnªm Adnªv Ahsc klmbn¡m\pÅ NpaXe FÃm apÉo §Ä¡pap­s{X. A§s\ sImSp¡p¶Xv lZn¿m (k½m\w) Bbn«mWv. Zm\ambn«Ã KWnt¡­Xv.1 BZyIme¯v lÊm\n IÄ F¶pw lpssk\nIÄ F¶pw c­p hn`mK¡mÀ sk¿nZp IfpsS Iq«¯n D­mbncp¶p. ]n¶oSv thsdbpw D]hn`mK§Ä D­mbn. CXn H¶v P^mcnIÄ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p. P^mÀ A ÊmZnJv F¶ ]n¡mes¯ Hcp sk¿Zv hwiPsâ ]mc¼cyw AhImis¸Sp¶hcmWv C¡q«À. Aen C_³aqkm AÀtdk bpsS k´m\]c¼cIÄ dnkvhnIÄ F¶mWv Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. NnjvSn, Pemen, IzmZncnb F¶o D]hn`mK§fpw {][m\s¸« XmWv.2 2. sjbn¡v: CÉmanI PmXnt{iWnbn c­mas¯ Øm\ amWv sjbn¡n\pÅXv. Xeh³ F¶mWv Cu ]Z¯n\À°w. sa¡, saZo\ F¶nhnS§fn \n¶v IpSntbdn¸mÀ¯ apÉo§Ä ¡mWv Cu PmXn\maw DÅXv. CÉmwaX¯nsâ Bcw`Ime¯v saZo\bn c­p Xcw apÉo§Ä D­mbncp¶p. AXn H¶v A³kmcnIfmWv. klmbnIÄ F¶À°amb Hcp ]ZamWXv. 25

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

sa¡bn \n¶pw HmSnh¶ {]hmNI\pw A\pbmbnIÄ¡pw A`bhpw klmbhpw sImSp¯hcmWnhÀ. {]hmNIt\msSm¸w saZo\bnse¯nbhÀ apPmlnc¬ (IpSntbä¡mÀ) F¶pw Adnbs¸«p. Cu c­p Iq«cptSbpw k´m\]c¼cbn s]«hÀ C³Uybn ]n¡me¯v IpSntbdn¸mÀ¯n«p­v. CXn c­m as¯ hn`mK¯n s]«hcmsW¶v AhImis¸Sp¶hcmWv D¯À{]tZinse kn±nJv, AÂhn, ^dq¡n XpS§nb PmXn¡mÀ.

A³kmcnIÄ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ bp.]n. apÉo§Ä saZo\bpsS ]mc¼cyhpw AhImis¸Sp¶p.3 sk¿ZpIfpw sjbn¡pIfpw lnµp kapZmb¯nse {_mÒW tct¸mse DbÀ¶ PmXn¡mcmbn«mWv IcpXs¸Sp¶Xv. 4 ChÀ ]mc¼cyambn¯s¶ ]ptcmlnX {]hr¯n XpScp¶p. D¯À{]tZ in ]oÀ (]ptcmlnX³) BIm\pÅ BZys¯ tbmKyX Cu c­p PmXnIfn GXnse¦nepamtWm P\n¨sX¶pÅXmWv. ]¯m³þapKÄ hwiPcn Bsc¦nepw HcmÄ ]oÀ Bbm t]mepw Hcp sk¿tZm, sjbvt¡m Kpcphnsâ ]mc¼cyw AbmÄ sXfnbn¡Ww.5 sk¿ZpIfpw sjbn¡pIfpw AhcpsS PmXn¡p ]pd¯p \n¶p hnhmlw sN¿pI km[mcWbÃ. Nne Ahkc §fn aäp PmXnIfn \n¶v kv{XoIsf kzoIcn¡mdp­v.

Ahcn D­mIp¶ Ip«nIÄ ]nXmhnsâ hwiPcmbn KWn¡ s¸Spw. Xmgv¶ CXc PmXn¡mÀ¡v Hcn¡epw ChÀ s]¬Ip«n Isf hnhmlw sNbvXp sImSp¡pIbnÃ.6 3. apKf·mÀ: CÉmanI PmXn k{¼Zmb¯n ChÀ aq¶mw Øm\¯p \n¡p¶p. awtKmÄ F¶ ]Z¯nsâ Hcp C³Uy³ cq]m´camWv apKÄ F¶Xv. ]Xn\mdmw iXI¯n t__À C³Uy B{Ian¨t¸mgpw AXn\ptijhpw ChnsSh¶p Xmak apd¸n¨ awtKmÄ hwiPcpsS ]n´pSÀ¨¡mcmWnhÀ. NKvXmbn, Dks_Iv, XmPnIv, SÀIvam³, Izokn _mjv XpS§n hnhn[ hÀK§fnÂs]« apÉo§Ä t__dpsS ssk\y¯n D­mbn cp¶p. D¯À{]tZinse tdmlnÂJÞv, aodäv Unhnj\pIfn emWv Chsc A[nIambn ImWp¶Xv. 1931þse sk³kkv Ime ¯v 59381 apKf·mÀ D­mbncp¶p.7 apKf·mcpsSbnSbn ta 26

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

s¡mSp¯ D]hn`mK§Ä Ct¸mgpap­v.

4. ]¯m³: apKf·mÀs¡m¸w Xs¶ PmXnbn Øm\apÅ hcmWv ]¯m³amÀ. A^vKm\nØm\n \nt¶m ]màvXqWn kvXm\n \nt¶m IpSntbdn ]mÀ¯hcmWhÀ. Ct¸mÄ ChÀ ¡nSbnÂXs¶ ]e Ahm´chn`mK§Ä ImWmw. AXn Hcp hn`mKw tdmlv ]¯m·msc¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶p. tdmlnÂJÞv {]tZi¯mWv AhÀ Xmakn¡p¶Xv. _m¡nbpÅ ]¯m³amÀ D¯À{]tZin NnXdnbmWv Xmakn¡p¶Xv . LnÂkmbn, Smcn³, samÒµv, apl½Zvkmbn, Zpcnbm\n, _dmIvkmbn, _msdIv, A{^nZn, s_ÄKmjv, ZnekmIv, ISIv, HdmIvkmbn, F¶n§s\ ]e D]PmXnIfmbn Ahcpw Xncnªncn¡p¶p. 8 CXn BZyw ]dª tdmlv ]¯m³amÀ CÂsa³ \Zn¡v ]SnªmdpÅ A^vKm³ {]tZi¯p\n¶v h¶XmWv. tdmlv F¶Xv B {]tZi ¯nsâ t]cmWv. aäp ]¯m·msc PmXnbn Xmgv¶hcmbn«mWv tdmlv ]¯m·mÀ IcpXp¶Xv.9 D¯À{]tZinse FÃm PmXn ¡mcmb ]¯m³Imcpw IqSn 1931þse IW¡\pkcn¨v 10,94,386 t]Àhcpw.10 Chcpw Xmgv¶ PmXn apÉo§fpambn hnhml _Ô ¯n GÀs¸SpItbm klIcn¡pItbm sN¿mdnÃ. khÀW apÉow cP]p{XÀ: lnµpaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmb {]Imcw {_mÒWÀ Ignªm ASp¯ Øm\w £{XnbÀ¡m WtÃm. D¯tc´ybnse cP]p{XscÃmw £{XnbhwiPcmbn «mWv KWn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. Chcn Hcp henb hn`mKw apÉow `cW Ime¯v CÉmwaXw kzoIcn¨p. ]t£ AhÀ C¶pw AhcpsS PmXym`nam\w Im¯p kq£n¡p¶p. Xmgv¶ PmXnbn \n¶v aXw amdnb apÉo§fpambn C¡q«À hnhml_Ô¯n GÀs¸SpIbnÃ. AhÀ¡p ]änb hnhml¯n\v apÉow cP]p{X cn \n¶v Bsf In«msXh¶m AtX dm¦nepÅ lnµp cP ]p{Xcn \n¶v AhÀ Bsf kzoIcns¨¶p hcpw. A§s\bpÅ apÉow hnhml§Ä ]Snªmd³ bp.]n.bn [mcmfw \S¶n «p­v.11 apÉow cP]p{XÀt]mepw Hcp PmXnbmbn«Ã Ignbp¶Xv. lnµp cP]p{Xsct¸mseXs¶ DbÀ¨ XmgvNIfpÅ ]e PmXnIfmbn 27

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

thÀXncnªmWv Ahcpw Ignbp¶Xv. _mbnkv _ÀKpPmÀ, `«n, _nsk³, NmsÞÂ, Nulm³, KuXav, ]³hmÀ, sdbnIvhmUv, dt¯mÀ, k¼m³kn, sSmamÀ, F¶nh AXn {][m\s¸«XmWv. `mse, kp¯m³, cwLmÀkv, emÂJm\n F¶nhbpw bp.]n.bn se cP]p{X apÉow PmXnIfmWv. sXmgn¡mÀ: Ajd^pIÄ, cmP]p{XÀ F¶nhÀ Ign ªmÂ, hnhn[ sXmgnepIÄ sN¿p¶ hnhn[ apÉow PmXnIÄ ¡mWv bp.]n.bn Øm\apÅXv. CÉmwaX¯n tNcp¶Xn \pap¼v AhÀ sNbvXncp¶ tPment¡m, AhÀ¡p­mbncp¶ PmXn\nebvt¡m aXw amäwsIm­v H«pwXs¶ hyXymkw D­m bnÃ. _Àlmbn (Bimcn), ZÀin (X¿Â¡mc³), t[m_n (Ae ¡pImÀ), Ipw`À (IpihÀ), temlÀ (sIm÷mÀ) \mbn (£pcI ·mÀ), kp\mÀ (X«m·mÀ), sXen (F®bm«pImc³), XpS§nb PmXnIsf lnµp¡fptSbpw apÉo§fptSbpw CSbn ImWmw. khÀWÀ Cu c­pIq«tcmSpw Hcpt]msebmWv s]cpamdp¶Xv. aXw amdnbXpsIm­v ChÀ¡v bmsXmcp sa¨hpw D­mbn«nÃ. lnµp¡fpsSbnSbn ImWs¸Sm¯Xpw apÉo§fpsS CS bn am{Xw ImWs¸Sp¶Xpamb Nne PmXn¡mcpsS t]cpIÄ Xmsg sImSp¡p¶p. ChÀ¡v Xpeyamb lnµpPmXnIÄ ImWm ¯Xp sIm­v apÉow `cWIme¯v AhÀ Iq«ambn aXw amdnb XmsW¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶p.

1. AXojv_mjv (shSns¡«pImÀ) 2. `mÞv (hnZqjIÀ) 3. `«nbmc (k{Xw hnNmcn¸pImÀ) 4. `njvSn (shÅw tImcpImÀ) 5. KÍn (ImenIsf tabv¡p¶hÀ) 6. taman³ Pqemlm (apÉow s\bv¯pImÀ) 7. andmkn (]m«pImÀ) 8. IzÊm_v (Iim¸pImÀ) 9. ^¡oÀ (`n£¡mÀ) A[xIrX apÉo§Ä: lnµp¡fpsS CSbnepÅ ]©aPmXn ¡mcn \n¶pw H«pw sa¨aÃ, A¡q«¯nÂ\n¶v CÉmw 28

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

aX¯n tNÀ¶hcpsS ØnXn. `wKnIÄ, NamdpIÄ XpS§nbhÀ apÉow `cWIme¯v PmXnbpsS ]nSnbn \n¶p c£s]Sm³ th­n Iq«t¯msS CÉmwaX¯n tNÀ¶p. ]t£, ChÀ F{X hr¯nbmbn«p \S¶mepw apÉow ]ÅnIfn ChÀ¡v {]thi\w A\phZn¡mdnÃ.12 lnµp¡fn iq{ZÀ¡pw ]©aÀ¡pw thZw ]Tn¡m³ am{XaÃ, tIÄ¡m³ IqSn ]mSnsömWtÃm \nbaw.

F¶m A[xIrXapÉo§Ä¡v Jpdm³ ]Tn¡m³ AhImiap­v. ]t£ AXp aäpÅhsc ]Tn¸n¡m³ ChÀ¡v A\phmZanÃ.13 DbÀ¶ PmXn¡mcmb apÉo§fpsS ho«n \n¶v ChÀ¡v km[m cWbmbn `£Ww sImSp¡mdnà AYhm sImSp¯m Xs¶ A[xIrXÀ sIm­phcp¶ ]m{X¯nembncn¡pw AXv. Ft¸msg ¦nepw AhÀ¡v AÃmsX `£Ww sImSpt¡­nh¶m a]m{Xambncn¡pw D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. `£Ww IgnªmepSs\ AXp s]m«n¨pIfbpIbpw sN¿pw.14 apÉow `wKnIsf ta¯À F¶pw D¯À{]tZin hnfn¡mdp­v. cmPm¡·mcpsS the¡mÀ F¶ AÀ°¯nemWv Cu t]cv A hÀ¡v In«nbXv. hmÂaoIn, [\pIv, tlem, emÂt_Kn, ]«vlÀ t]mÀ F¶p XpS§n A[xIrX apÉo§Ä¡nSbn¯s¶ ]e Ahm´c hn`mK§fpw ImWmw. ChÀ X½nÂt]mepw hnhml §Ä \S¡mdnÃ.

Hcp A[xIrXapÉow GsX¦nepw hn[¯n ]W¡mc\mbm epw AbmÄ¡v khÀW apÉo§fpsS H¸w Hcn¡epw Øm\w In«pIbnÃ. hmWnb³ cmPmhnt\mfw ]W¡mc\mbmepw hmWnb³ Xs¶ Fs¶mcp sNmÃv HuMv {]tZi¯p­v. 15 amäs¸Sm³ ]mSnÃm¯ PmXnirwJesIm­v _Ôn¡s¸«mWv A[xIrX apÉo§Ä D¯À{]tZin Ignbp¶Xv.

29

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

5 PmXn k{¼Zmbw _wKmÄ þ _olmÀ apÉo§Ä¡nSbn D¯À{]tZiv Ignªm apÉo§Ä IqSpXepÅ kwØm\amWv _olmÀ. 1971þse IW¡\pkcn¨v BdptImSntbmfw P\§Ä AhnsSbp­v. AXn 13.48% (75,94,173) apÉo§fmWv. ]qÀWob, N¼cm³, ZÀ`wK F¶o PnÃIfnemWv AhÀ A[nIambn«pÅXv. kn.C. 1195þ `àymÀ InÂPnbmWv _olmÀ IogS¡n sUÂln kp¯mt\änt\mSv tNÀ¯Xv. AXn\p tijw h³tXmXn AhnsS Iq« aX]cnhÀ¯\§Ä \S¶p. khÀ®cpw AhÀWcp amb \nch[nbmfpIÄ C§s\ CÉmw aX¯n tNÀ¶psh¦n epw DbÀ¨ XmgvNIÄ ]gbXpt]mse XpScpIbmWp­mbXv. D¯À{]tZinteXpt]mseXs¶ PmXnt{iWnbn Gähpw Dbc¯n ØnXn sN¿p¶Xv sk¿ZpIfpw sjbn¡pIfpamWv. lnµpaX¯nse {_mÒWÀ¡v Xpeyamb ]ZhnbmWv AhÀ¡v ChnsSbpÅXv. _olmdn apKfÀ CÃ. ]t£, AhÀ¡v Xpey amb Øm\apÅ asämcp PmXn¡mÀ AhnsSbp­v. aÃn¡v F¶m Wv AhÀ Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. Xeh³ AYhm cmPmhv F¶mWv B ]Z¯n\ÀYw. kp¯m³ apl½Zv XpKvf¡nsâ tk\m\m bI\mb aÃn¡v apl½Zv C{-_mlnansâ hwi¡mcmWnhsc¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p.1 _olmdnse Ajd^pIÄ kz´w PmXnbn \n¶v Hcp hnhm lhpw aäp PmXnIfn \n¶v thsd hnhml§fpw Ign¡p¶ ]Xnhp­mbncp¶p. tIcf¯nse \¼qXncnamcpsS \mbÀ_Ôw t]msebsænepw ]e Imcy§fnepw CXn\v AtXmSv kmay ap­v. \¼qXncn¡v \mbÀ kv{Xobnep­mIp¶ Ip«n \mbcmbncn 30

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

¡pw. AXpt]mseXs¶ Ajvd^n\v Xmgv¶ PmXnbnep­mIp¶ Ip«nIÄ A½bpsS PmXn¡mcmbncn¡pw. Cu Ip«nIÄ¡v Ajvd ^v PmXn¡mcnbmb `mcybn P\n¨ Ip«nIfptSXpt]msebpÅ kz¯hImihpanÃ. skanµmcn k{¼Zmbw Ahkm\n¨tXmSp IqSn Cu k{¼Zmbw Ipdªn«p­v. _olmdnse lnµp¡fn \n¶v aXwamdnbhÀ t]mKth A{X ^pIÄ AYhm APvembnIÄ F¶v hnfn¡s¸Sp¶p. Bimcn, I¶pIment\m«¡mÀ, XpI ]Wn¡mÀ, ]mepImÀ XpS§nbh cmWv A{X^pIfn {][m\nIÄ. Nne Øe§fn A{km Fs¶mcp PmXn¡mcpap­v. ChÀ Gähpw Xmgv¶ hn`mK¡mcmbn KWn¡s¸Sp¶p. lhmÂt¡mÀ, emÂs_Kn, A_vZm³, t_Unb XpS§nb PmXn¡mÀ A[xIrXhn`mK¯nÂs]Spw. C¡q«cpam sbm¶pw khÀW apÉo§Ä klIcn¡pItbm hnhml_Ô ¯n GÀs¸SpItbm sN¿pIbnÃ. ChÀ¡v apÉow ]ÅnIfnepw {]thi\w A\phZn¡p¶nÃ.2 _wKmfnÂ: C³Uy³ kwØm\§fn kwkvImc¯nepw ]cnjvImc¯nepw ap¶n«p \n¡p¶ Hcp {]tZiamWv ]ivNna _wKmÄ. hÀj§fmbn CSXp]£ Kh¬saâpIÄ AhnsS `c Ww \S¯n. ]e \thm°m\ {]Øm\§fpw cq]wsIm­ {]tZihpamWnXv. 1971þse IW¡\pkcn¨v \mectImSnbmfpIÄ ]ivNna_wKmfnep­v. AXn 90 e£amfpIÄ apÉo§fmWv. CXv GXm­v kuZn Atd_ybnse P\kwJy¡v ASp¯phcpw. ]t£, ChÀ 35 hn`n¶ PmXnIfmbn thÀXncnªmWv \n¡p ¶Xv.3 aäv D¯tc´y³ kwØm\§fnteXpt]mse sk¿Zv, sjbn ¡v, ]¯m³, apKÄ F¶v \mev khÀWapÉow PmXnIÄ ]ivNna _wKmfnepap­v; Cu Hmtcm hn`mKhpw Hmtcm PmXv IfmWv. _wKmfnIÄ¡v PmXv F¶m PmXnsb¶pXs¶bmWÀ°w. 4 sk¿ZpIfpsS kwJy _wKmfn IpdhmWv. ]t£, sjbn¡p PmXn¡mÀ [mcmfap­pXm\pw. ]¯m³, apKÄ F¶o PmXn¡mÀ X§sf¡mÄ Xmgv¶hcmsW¶mWv ChÀ IcpXp¶Xv.5 apKfcpw _wKmfnep­v. anÀk F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ apÉow hn`mKw apKÄ 31

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw 6

hwiPcmWv. jm^¡oÀ, taman³kv AYhm PqemlIÄ, ]Sp hmkv (s]mtSmkv) F¶n§s\ aq¶pXcw _wKmfn apÉo§sf {Kma{]tZi§fn ImWmw. CXn jm^¡oÀamÀ aX]camb `n£mS\w sIm­v Pohn¡p¶hcmWv. s\bv¯pImcmWv taman³ kv F¶dnbs¸Sp¶sX¦nepw Ahcn ]ecpw Ipes¯mgn Dt]£n¨p Ignªp. F¦nepw PmXn C¶pw Ahsc hn«pamdnbn «nÃ. Ct¸mÄ AhÀ IÀjIsXmgnemfnIfmbn«mWv Pohn¡p ¶Xv. Npcp¡w NneÀ ]¨¡dn¡¨hSw t]mepÅXn GÀs¸«p Pohn¡p¶p.7 apÉo§fmsW¦nepw sslµhmNmc§fpw IÀ½ §fpw [mcmfambn ]n´pScp¶ Hcp PmXn¡mcmWv ]Sphmkv (s]mtSmkv). t£{X§fnse s]bnânwKv, Nn{X¸WnIÄ F¶nh bmWv ChcpsS {][m\ sXmgnepIÄ. AXpsIm­mWv sslµhm Nmc§fpambn AhÀ _Ôs¸«p \n¡p¶Xv. 8 _wKmfnse apÉow PmXnIfn NneXv ]ckv]cw aÕcn¡p Ibpw IqSpX DbÀ¶hcmsW¶p ]dbpIbpw sN¿mdp­v. ] t£, Hcp¯cw sk¿ZpIfpsS Øm\w tNmZyw sN¿mdnÃ. kz ´w ssIsIm­v Dgthm CXc Irjn¸WnItfm sk¿ZpIÄ sN¿mdnÃ.9 sjbn¡pIÄ, ]¯m³ImÀ X§tf¡mÄ Xmgv¶h cmsW¶p ]dbp¶ps­¦nepw _wKmfn ]¯m³ AXp k½Xn ¡p¶nÃ. ]¯m³Imcn NneÀ CÉman\p \njn²amb aZyw D]tbmKn¡psa¶pÅXmWv sjbn¡pIÄ AhÀs¡Xncmbn D¶bn¡p¶ Hcp Ipäw. AhÀ aoishbv¡p¶ps­¶pw GsX ¦nepw `£Wkm[\w aoibnÂsXm«m CÉmw \nba{]Imcw AXv ldmamIpsa¶pw sjbn¡p hwiPÀ Nq­n¡mWn¡p¶p.

CsXm¶pw ]¯m³ImÀ AwKoIcn¡p¶nÃ. AhÀ ]dbp¶Xv sk¿ZpIÄ Ignªm ASp¯ Øm\w AhÀ¡msW¶mWv. CXpt]mse Xs¶ apKfÀ ]¯m³Imscbpw sjbn¡pItfbpw ImÄ PmXnbn DbÀ¶hcmsW¶p hmZn¡p¶p.10 jm^¡oÀamÀ XnIª Zcn{Zcpw bmNIcpamsW¦nepw PmXym`nam\¯n Ah cpw H«pw IpdhpÅhcÃ. sk¿ZpIÄ Ignªm ASp¯ Øm\w AhÀ¡msW¶mWv AhÀ ]dbp¶Xv. ^¡oÀamÀ aäp `n£¡m sct¸msebsöpw aX]camb Hcp IÀ½amWv AhÀ sN¿p¶ 32

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

sX¶pw AhÀ AhImis¸Sp¶p. sk¿ZpIÄ Ie¸ ssIsIm­p sXmSm¯Xpt]mseXs¶ Chcpw Ie¸ ssIsIm­v sXmSmdnÃ.

PmXnbn DbÀ¶hcmsW¶p ImWn¡m\pÅ Hcp {iaamWnXv.11 _wKmfn apÉo§fn Gähpw Zcn{Zcpw PmXnbn Gähpw XmWhcpw taman\pIfpw ]SphmamcpamWv. ChÀ c­p Iq«cpw AXv AwKoIcn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. sslµhPmXnIÄ X½n hnhml_Ôw \S¯mdnÃtÃm. Cu apÉow PmXnIfpw A¡mcy ¯n hyXykvXcÃ.12 Cu hnhn[ apÉow PmXnIÄ H¶n¨ncp¶v `£Ww Ign¡pIt]mepanÃs{X!13 CXn\v aX]camb \ymboI cWw ]dbm³ km[yaÃm¯XpsIm­v, CXn\v DbÀ¶ PmXn¡mÀ Hcp \ymboIcWw I­p]nSn¨n«p­v. Xmgv¶ PmXn¡mÀ Zcn{Zcm bXpsIm­v AhÀ¡v th­{X hr¯nbnsöv. sXm«pIqSmbva bpw Xo­nIqSmbvabpw iXm_vZ§fmbn Cu \ymboIcWwsIm ­v \ne\ndp¯m³ bmYmØnXnIÀ {ian¨pt]mcp¶p. Zmcn{Zyhpw hr¯nbpw X½n Hcp _ÔhpanÃ. {Kma§fnse Zcn{ZcpsS IpSnepIÄ s]mXpth hr¯nbpÅXmWv. ]«W§fnse tNcnI fn am{Xta hr¯ntISpIÄ ImWm³ IgnbpIbpÅq. XmXznI ambn apÉo§sfms¡ H¶msW¶pw ]ÅnIfn FÃmhÀ¡pw Xpey Øm\aps­¶pw ]dbmdp­v. ]t£, _wKmfnse apÉow ]ÅnIfn {]mÀ°\ \S¡pt¼mÄ Xmgv¶ PmXn apÉo§Ä Hcn¡epw ap³\ncbn \n¡mdnÃ. \n¶m aäpÅhÀ kln¡p IbpanÃ. sImÂs¡m¯ \Kc¯nÂ: ]Ýna _wKmfnsâ XeØm\ amb sImÂs¡m¯ C³Uybnse {][m\ \Kc§fn H¶mWv. kn. C. 1690þ Cw¥ojv CuÌn³Uy I¼\n¡mÀ Øm]n¨ Cu \Kcw 1773þ C³UybpsS XeØm\ \Kcambn amdn. 1912þ am{XamWv XeØm\w sUÂlnbnte¡p amäp¶Xv. P\kwJy A\pkcn¨p t\m¡nbm C³Uy³ \Kc§fn C¶pw H¶mwØm\w sImÂs¡m¯¡mWv. ]e ]ptcmKa\ {]Øm\ §fpsSbpw tI{µw F¶ \nebnepw B \Kcw Adnbs¸Sp¶p.

Cu \Kc¯nse P\§fn 12.78 iXam\w apÉo§fmWv .

ChcpsSbnSbn \ne\n¡p¶ PmXnk{¼Zmbs¯¸än 33

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

B{´t¸mfPn¡Â kÀtÆ Hm^v C³Uy 1967þepw 1968þepw hniZamb Hcp ]T\w \S¯n. AXns\ ASnØm\s¸Sp¯n Fw.sI.F. kn²n¡v sImÂs¡m¯m \Kc¯nepÅ apÉow PmXnIsf C§s\ XcwXncn¡p¶p.14 1. hntZiapÉo§Ä I. A^vKm\pIÄ (i) Peme_mZn (ii) Izm§vlmcn (iii) Kkv\hn (iv) ajÀ jdn^n II. Cdm\nIÄ III. Ad_nIÄ IV Sn_äpImÀ, ssN\¡mÀ XpS§nbhÀ 2. C³Uy³ apÉo§Ä I hS¡p]Snªmsd C³Uy¡mÀ (i) ]àqWpIÄ (ii) s]jhmdnIÄ (a) sk¿Zv (]ptcmlnX³) (b) AƳ (IgpXIsf hfÀ¯p¶h³) (c) IIkmbn (tKm{XhÀK¡mÀ) (d) IemÄ (Ipih³) (e) Imivaocn s]jhmdn (hym]mcn) (iii) ImivaocnIÄ (iv) ]©m_nIÄ (a) cmP]p{XÀ (b) Pm«pIÄ II ]Ýnta´ym¡mÀ (i) cmPØm³ImÀ (a) tjJmhXn (b) amSn (c) am\nlmÀ (hfbp­m¡p¶hÀ) (d) tkmWÀ (X«m·mÀ) 34

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

(e) temlÀ (sIm÷mÀ) (f) t[m_n (Ae¡pImÀ) (g) s_kmXn (hym]mcnIÄ) (ii) KpPdm¯nIÄ (a) ZmhqZn t_mlvdm (hym]mcnIÄ) (b) Caman Ckvabnen¸nbm (hym]mcnIÄ) (c) lembn taa³ (hym]mcnIÄ) (d) I¨ntaa³ (hym]mcnIÄ) (e) kp¶n t_mlvd (hym]mcnIÄ) (f) AYv\m Ajdnt_mlvd (hym]mcnIÄ) III sXt¡ C³Uy¡mÀ i Xangv apÉo§Ä (a) acbv¡mÀ (\mhnI hym]mcnIÄ) (b) dmhp¯À (IpXnc hym]mcnIÄ) (c) eº (]ptcmlnX·mÀ) ii aebmfn apÉo§Ä (a) X§Ä (sk¿ZpIÄ) (b) apkenbmÀ (]ptcmlnX³) (c) am¸nf (d) dmhp¯À (c) tIbn 3. D¯tc³Uy³ apÉo§Ä i hntZi apÉo§Ä (a) sk¿Zv (b) sjbn¡v (c) apKÄ (d) ]¯m³ 4. C³Uy³ apÉo§Ä (a) Izmsa ]©m_nb³ (sUÂln) (b) Izmsa ]©m_nb³ (A³hve) (c) cP]p{XÀ (d) Pm«v 35

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

(e) amenIv (f) taman³ (A³kmcn) þ s\bv¯pImÀ (g) dm¦n (Cdm¡v) (h) ZÀkn (_wKmfn) þ X¿Â¡mÀ (i) ZÀkn (_wKmfnbÃm¯ X¿Â¡mc³) (j) JcUn þ XSn¸Wn¡mÀ (k) Izkm_v þ Iim¸pImÀ (l) NnIv þ BSd¸pImÀ (m) dmbn þ Imen tabv¡p¶hÀ (n) s_km¯n þ I¨hS¡mÀ (o) a³kqcn þ \q \q¡p¶hÀ (p) NpcnlÀ þ hfbp­m¡p¶hÀ (q) \nImcn þ ao³]nSp¯¡mÀ (r) Z^men þ sN­bp­m¡p¶hÀ (s) lÖmw þ _mÀ_À (t) t[m_n þ Ae¡pImÀ (u) anÀjnIÀ þ ]£n ]nSp¯¡mÀ (v) Izem­À (w) ^¡oÀ (`n£¡mÀ) (x) ]mSphm þ Nn{X¸Wn¡mÀ (y) sjbnIvPn, tatbm, tLmkn þ ]m¡mÀ (z) emÂt_Kn þ tXm«nIÄ C³UybpsS hnhn[ `mK§fnepÅ CÉmanse Ht«sd PmXn ¡mÀ sIm¡¯m \Kc¯neps­¶v Cu ]«nI sXfnbn¡p¶p. ]t£, CXv ]qÀWamb enÌsöv CXp tiJcn¨hÀ Xs¶ ]dbp¶p­v. Cu PmXnIfn an¡Xpw ]ckv]cw DbÀ¨ XmgvN IÄ Iev]n¡p¶p­v. ChÀ X½n hnhmlw \S¡pIbpanÃ.

Cu apÉow PmXn¡mcpsS kmaqly {]iv\§Ä ssIImcyw sN¿p ¶Xv ]ÅnIfn sh¨Ã AhchcpsS PmXob k`IfnemWv.

36

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

6 cmPØm\ntebpw lcnbm\bntebpw tatbm apÉo§Ä C³UybpsS hS¡p]Snªmdp `mK¯v ]mInØms\ sXm«pInS ¡p¶ Hcp kwØm\amWv cmPØm³. 1971þse IW¡\pkcn¨v c­ct¡mSnbne[nIamfpIÄ AhnsSbp­v. Chcn 18 e£ t¯mfw apÉo§fmWv. cmPØm\p hS¡p Ing¡v, C³UybpsS XeØm\ \Kcamb sUÂlnsb aq¶p hihpw hebw sNbvXp InS¡p¶ lcnbm\bnemIs«, \mep e£¯nÂ]cw apÉo§fm WpÅXv. Cu c­p kwØm\§fntebpw apÉo§Ä¡v ]e Imcy§fnepw kmwkvImcnIamb tbmPn¸p­v. AXpsIm­v Cu c­p kwØm\§fnsebpw apÉo§Ä¡nSbn \ne\n¡p¶ PmXn k{¼Zmbs¯¸än Hcpan¨v Cu A²ymb¯n {]Xn]mZn ¡msa¶p IcpXp¶p. aäp kwØm\§fnteXpt]mse Cu c­p {]tZi§fnepw Ajd^pIfpw APem^pIfpap­v. CXc kwØm\§fnteXp t]mse DbÀ¨XmgvNIÄ ChÀ¡nSbnepw ImWmw. AhnsSbpÅ tatbmkv F¶ apÉow PmXn¡mÀ Chcn \ns¶Ãmw thÀs]«v Hcp {]tXyI PmXnbmbn«mWv \n¡p¶Xv. {]kn² \chÀK imkv{XÚ\mb tUmIvSÀ {]Xm]v kn. AKÀhmÄ Chtc¸än ]dbp¶Xn§s\bmWv: “tatbmknsâ kmaqlyLS\ XnI¨pw Hcp {]tXyI PmXnbp tSXmWv. CXcþlnµp apÉow PmXnIÄ¡nSbn AhÀ¡v {] tXyIamb Hcp ]Zhnbp­v. tatbmIfpw aäpÅhcpw AXwKo Icn¨n«p­v bYmÀ°¯n PmXn t{iWnbn tatbmIÄ¡v kmam\yw DbÀ¶ Øm\amWpÅXv. AXp kwc£n¡phm³ {ian 37

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

¡p¶pap­v. tatbm PmXnbn AwKXzap­mIp¶Xv P\\w sIm ­p am{XamWv. tatbm AÑ\½amÀ¡p­mIp¶ FÃm Ip«nIfpw km[mcW KXnbn tatbmbmIpw. aX]ctam aäp hn[¯ntem DÅ _Ôw hgn BÀ¡pw tatbm BIm³ km[yaÃ. Zs¯Sp¯ Ip«n tatbm PmXnbn s]«Xmbn KWn¡s¸SpIbnÃ.” “ tatbmIÄ Xs¶ IcpXp¶Xv AhÀ Hcp {]tXyI PmXn¡m cmsW¶mWv. aäp lnµpþapÉow PmXnIÄ Chsc Hcp PmXn¡m cmbn ImWp¶p F¶p am{XaÃ, AhtcmSv Hcp {]tXyI PmXn¡m tcmsS¶Xpt]mse s]cpamdpIbpw sN¿p¶p. tatbmIÄ¡v aäp PmXnItfmSpÅ kao]\w {]tXyIw {i²bÀln¡p¶XmWv. Xmgv¶ PmXn¡mÀ¡nÃm¯Xpw AhÀ¡pÅXpamb AhImi §fpw Øm]\§fpw kwc£n¡m³ AhÀ {ian¡pIbpw sN¿p ¶p.”1 lcnbm\bpsSbpw cmPØmsâbpw AXnÀ¯n {]tZi¯p ØnXn sN¿p¶ tahmÀ F¶ Øe¯mWv tatbmIÄ F¶ Cu apÉow PmXn¡mÀ Xmakn¡p¶Xv. 1961þse sk³kkv A\p kcn¨v AhcpsS P\kwJy aq¶c e£amWv. F¶m 1901þ AhcpsS BsI kwJy 335164 Bbncp¶p. Adp]Xp hÀjw sIm­v ChÀ¡v Imcyamb P\kwJymhÀ²\hp­mbnà F¶Ã CXn\À°w. C³Uy hn`Pn¨t¸mÄ Ahcn Hcp henb hn`mKw ]mInØm\nte¡v IpSntbdn¸mÀ¯p. tatbm PmXn¡mcpsS tI{µw F¶ \nebv¡mWv tahmdn\v B Øe\maw In«nbsX¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p. Ct¸mgs¯ `q]S§fn Hcp {]tXyI {]tZi ambn Cu Øew tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«nÃ. Hcp {]tXyI `cWhn`m Kaà AsX¶pÅXmWv AXn\v ImcWw. lcnbm\bnse KpUv Kmthm¬, cmPØm\nse BÄhmÀ, `cXv]qÀ F¶o PnÃIÄ tNcp¶XmWv ]gb tahmÀ. BchÃn aeIÄ CXnsâ \Sphn ØnXn sN¿p¶p. Cu aeIÄ¡v NpäpapÅ Irjn¡p]bpàamb {]tZi¯mWv 2000þ¯nÂ]cw hcp¶ tatbm {Kma§Ä. 250 apX 5000 hsc AwKkwJybpÅ {Kma§Ä ChnsS ImWmw. 2 13þmw iXIw apX tatbm PmXn¡mÀ ChnsS Xmakn¨ncp¶p F¶pÅXn\v sXfnhpIfp­v. ln³Uvhmcn þ C³UvhmÀ F¶ 38

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

Øew tI{µam¡n cmWm³]m Fs¶mcp tahmÀ cmPmhv A¡me¯p AhnsS `cWw \S¯nbncp¶p. B \Kc¯nsâ \jvSinjvS§Ä Ct¸mgpw AhnsS ImWmw. 398þ B Øew tI{µam¡n `cWw \S¯nbncp¶ _lZqÀ\lÀ F¶ cmPmhn t\¸änbpw Ncn{X¯n Nne ]cmaÀi\§Ä ImWmw. AXpIgn ªv tahmdnIsf¸än \½Ä Adnbp¶Xv ]Xn\mdmw iXI¯n emWv. lʳJm³ tahmdn F¶ cmPmhv, kn{In bp²¯n dm WmkwKtbmSv tNÀ¶v t__dnt\mSv kacw sN¿pIbp­mbn.

CXn \n¶pw C¡me¯n\p ap¼pXs¶ tatbmIÄ CÉmwaXw kzoIcn¨ncp¶p F¶v hyàamIp¶p. tatbmIÄ AhImis¸Sp¶Xv AhÀ cP]p{X hwiPcmsW ¶mWv. IrjnbmWv AhcpsS {][m\ D]Poh\amÀKw. C³Uy kzmX{´yw {]m]n¡p¶ Ime¯v, tahmÀ hÀKob elfIfpsS Hcp tI{µambncp¶p. c­p tatbm t\Xm¡·mÀþ KpUvKmthm Wnse kÀZmÀ apl½Zpw `cXv]qdnse k]XvJm\pwþ apÉow eoKnsâ t\Xm¡·mcpw ]mInØmsâ A\pIqenIfpambncp¶p.

At¸mÄ `cXv]qÀ, BÄhmÀ F¶o \m«pcmPy§fn s]«mWv tahmÀ InS¶ncp¶Xv. B c­p Øe§fntebpw lnµp cmPm¡ ·mÀ lnµphÀKobhmZnIfpw Chsc FXnÀ¡p¶hcpambncp¶p. ]mInØm\n \n¶pw h¶ lnµp A`bmÀ°nIfpsS ØnXn I­v tcmjmIpecmb tahmdnse lnµp¡Ä AhnsSbpÅ apÉo§Äs¡Xncmbn Iem]w XpS§n. CXn\nSbn tatbmIsf lnµp¡fm¡p¶Xn\pth­nbpÅ {ia§fpw \S¯s¸«p. AXn \pth­n AhnShnsS “ip²nIym¼pIÄ” kwLSn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. CsXms¡s¡m­v Hcp henb kwLw tatbmIÄ AÄ hmÀPþ`cXv]qÀ cmPy§Ä hn«v KpUvKmthmWnte¡p t]mbn.

A´co£w im´ambt¸mÄ AhÀ ho­pw kz´w Øe§fn t]mbn Xmakw Bcw`n¨p. C¡me¯v GXm­v Ccp]Xv iXam \t¯mfw tatbmIÄ ]mInØm\nte¡v IpSntbdpIbpw sNbv Xp. C³Uym hn`P\Ime¯v lnµpaX¯n tNÀ¶ tatbmIÄ ho­pw ]gbXpt]mse CÉmwaX¡mcmbn. Fgp]XnÂ]cw tKm{X§Ä ChÀ¡nSbnep­v.

39

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

tatbm apÉo§Ä khÀW lnµp¡sft¸mse Xs¶, A[xIr XtcmSv sXm«pIqSmbvabpw Xo­n¡qSmbvabpw ]peÀ¯p¶p­v. tatbmIÄ Xmakn¡p¶ {]tZi§fn BfpIÄ t]cnt\mSv PmXntNÀ¯p ]dbp¶ k{¼ZmbamWpÅXv. ‘tJap NmamÀ’, ‘kp aÀ tatbm’, ‘_ldp _\nbm’, ‘KpÂkmcn {_mÒWÀ’, Fs¶m s¡bmWv AhÀ ]cnNbs¸Sp¯p¶Xv. A§s\ sNbvsX¦n am{Xta PmXobamb BNmc§Ä \ne\nÀ¯m³ AhÀ¡v Ign bpIbpÅphs{X. DZmlcW¯n\v A]cnNnX³ Hcp NmamÀ PmXn ¡mc\msW¦n tatbm AbmtfmSv BXnYyacymZIsfm¶pw ImWnt¡­XnÃ. AtX kabw A]cnNnX³ asämcp tatbm apÉow BsW¦n Xpey \nebn am\yambn AbmtfmSv s]cp amdWw. A[:IrXcmb NmamÀ PmXn¡mÀ¡v tatbm apÉo§fpsS H¸w Ccn¡mt\m Hcp Øe¯ncp¶p `£Ww Ign¡mt\m A\p hmZanÃ. tatbmIÄ D©n PmXn (DbÀ¶ PmXn¡mÀ) Bbn«mWv KWn ¡s¸Sp¶Xv. {_mÒWÀ, tatbm apÉo§Ä, knJpImÀ, _\nbÀ F¶nhcmWv tahmdnse khÀW hn`mK§Ä. CXn tatbmIÄ £{Xnbcmbn«mWv IcpXs¸Sp¶Xv. D©nPmXn¡mÀ Ignªm Ian³ PmXn¡mÀ¡mWv {]m[m\yw. hn`n¶ sXmgnepIÄ sN¿p¶ ]nt¶m¡ PmXn¡mcmWv AhÀ. J{Xn (Bimcn), temlÀ (sIm ó), Ut¡m«v ({_mÒW `n£p), \mbn (£pcI³), ss_cmKn (sNcp¸pIp¯n), tPmKn (sNcp¸pIp¯n), ^¡oÀ (apÉow `n£ ¡mÀ), kJm (apÉow shÅw tImcpImÀ), anÀkmbn (apÉow hnZqjIÀ) F¶nhÀ Cu hn`mK¯n s]Spw. ChÀ¡pw Xmsg, kaql¯nsâ Gähpw Xmsg X«nemWv NmamdpIfpw `wKnIfpw.

CXn Ian³ PmXn hn`mK¯n temlÀ, ^¡oÀ, k¡m, ankmdn F¶nhÀ apÉo§fmsW¦nepw tatbmIÄ AhtcmSv Xmgv¶ PmXn¡mtcmsS¶t]msebmWv s]cpamdp¶Xv. `wKnIÄ, NmamdpIÄ F¶o ZenXv hn`mK§tfmSv aäp khÀW PmXn lnµp¡Ä ImWn¡p¶ ]pÑhpw AhKW\bpw [n¡mchpw khÀWcmb apÉo§fpw FSp¡p¶p.

40

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

7 CÉmanse PmXnk{¼Zmbw ]Ýnta´ybn kn³Uv apX I\ymIpamcnhsc \o­pInS¡p¶ C³UybpsS ]Snªmsd ¯oc¯v Atd_ybpambn AXn]pcmX\Imew apX hmWnPy_Ôap­v. ^n\ojycpsS Imew apX Cu {]tZi¯v a[y]uckvXytZi¯p \n¶pw BfpIÄ hcnIbpw C³Uy³ Dev]¶§Ä hm§ns¡m­pt]mhpIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. H¶mw iXI¯n ln¸meqkv F¶ IS¡mäv I­p]nSn¨tXmSpIqSn B hym]mcw hfsc hÀ²n¨p. Ggmw iXI¯n Atd_y CÉmw aXw kzoIcn¨t¸mÄ I¨hS¡mcmb Ad_nIfpw Hgnªpamdn bnÃ. ]pXnb aX¯nsâ ktµiImc·mcmb anj\dnamÀ Ah tcmsSm¸w ]Snªmtd Xoc¯v ]e Øe¯pw h¶p. I¨hS¡m cmb Ad_nIÄ \m«pImtcmSv hfsc kvt\l]qÀÆw s]cpamdpI kzm`mhnIamWtÃm. AXpsIm­pXs¶ AhcpsS aXt¯mSpw ]Ýnta´y¡mÀ hfsc BZc]qÀÆamWv s]cpamdnbncp¶Xv. KpP dm¯nepw tIcf¯nepw apÉow I¨hS¡mÀ¡v \m«pcmPm¡·mcp ambp­mbncp¶ ASp¯ _Ôt¯¸än Ncn{XImc·mÀ tcJs¸ Sp¯nbn«p­v. C§s\ \à _Ôw \ne\n¶ncp¶XpsIm­v AhnsS aXwamäw hfsc aµKXnbnemWv \S¶Xv. \nÀ_ÔnX aX]cnhÀ¯\w Npcp¡w Nne L«§fn am{Xta \S¶n«pÅq F¦nÂt]mepw Cu {]tZi§fnse apÉo§fpw PmXnbpsS ]nSnbn AaÀ¶p t]mbn«p­v.

KpPdm¯nÂ: BZyw kam[m\ioecmb apÉow I¨hS¡mcpw anj\dnamcpamWv KpPdm¯n h¶sX¦nepw C³UymNcn{X ¯nse Gähpw {Iqcamb apÉow B{IaW§Ä¡v B kwØm 41

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

\w hnt[bambn. F«mw iXI¯n A^vKm\nØm³ {]tZi¯p \n¶pw _olmdn \n¶pw \S¶ B{IaW§Ä AXn {][m\ s¸«XmWv. apl½Zv Kkv\n sImÅbSn¨ t£{X§fn H¶v KpPdm¯nse tkma\mY t£{XamWtÃm. GXmbmepw ]n¡m e¯v C³Uybnse apÉow kwkvImc¯nsâ Hcp {][m\ tI{µ ambn KpPdm¯v amdn. C³Uym hn`P\Ime¯v AhnsS \n¶pw hfscbmfpIÄ ]m¡nØm\n IpSntbdn]mÀ¯p. F¦n t]m epw 23 e£t¯mfw apÉo§Ä 1971þse sk³kk\pkcn¨v AhnsSbp­v.

Cu 23 e£w apÉo§Ä 66 PmXnIfmbn hn`Pn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p1 F¶p tI«m \ap¡p hnizkn¡phm³ {]bmkw tXm¶pw. aäp kwØm\§fnteXpt]mseXs¶ sk¿Zv hwi¡mÀ¡mWv PmXnt{iWnbn ChnsSbpw Gähpw DbÀ¶ Øm\w. kn.C. 1400þ1500 Ime¯mWv ChcnÂs]« Nne IpSpw_§Ä KpPdm ¯n IpSntbdn]mÀ¯Xv. Ct¸mÄ ]Xns\m¶v {]apJ sk¿Zv IpSpw_§Ä AhnsSbp­v.2 ]ÅnIfn {]mÀ°\bv¡p \n ¡pt¼mÄ t]mepw sk¿ZpIÄ¡mWv ap¼n \nev¡m³ AhIm iw.5 AhÀ Ignªm sjbn¡pIfmWv DbÀ¶ Øm\w hln ¡p¶Xv.6 aäp Nne {]apJ apÉow PmXnIsf¸änbpÅ Npcp§nb hnhc §Ä Xmsg sImSp¡p¶p.

1. Ad_n: Atd_ybn \n¶v I¨hS¯n\p th­n h¶h cpsS ]n³Xeapd¡mcmWnhÀ. Ad_n cà¯nsâ ip²n \ne \ndp¯Wsa¶p IcpXp¶ ChÀ CXc apÉow kapZmb§fpambn hnhml _Ô¯n GÀs¸Sm³ CjvSs¸Sp¶nÃ.

2. A³kmcn: saZo\¯p \n¶pw IpSntbdn¸mÀ¯hcmWnh cs{X. Chcpw hÀKip²n \ne\ndp¯m³ {ian¡p¶p. 6 3. s_lvenw: D¯c KpPdm¯nepÅ Hcp £{Xnb apÉow Pm Xn¡mcmWnhÀ. cP]p{XcpsS GtXm Hcp tKm{X¯n \n¶p aXw amdn h¶hcmWnhÀ. ]¯m³, sjbn¡v, tLmdn F¶nhÀ ¡pw s_lnenIÄ¡pw kaql¯n GXm­v Htc Øm\amWv. Hcp samlÃbn H¶n¨mWnhÀ Xmakn¡p¶Xv . {]tXyI 42

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

ihkwkvImc Øe¯mWv AhÀ ihw ASp¡p¶Xv. 4. `³Uv: D¯À{]tZin \n¶v IpSntbdn¸mÀ¯ apÉow ]m«p ImcmWnhÀ. k¼¶ apÉo§fpsS hnhmlmtLmj§fnepw P\ \mtLmj§fnepw ]m«p]mSp¶XmWv `³UpIfpsS tPmen. ]n t¶m¡ hn`mK¡mcpambn DbÀ¶ apÉow PmXn¡mÀ Chcpambn hnhml _Ô¯n GÀs¸SpIbnÃ. hfsc Xmgv¶ apÉo§ fpambn _Ôw ]peÀ¯m³ Chcpw CjvSs¸Sp¶nÃ. 6 5. t`mbn: ]nt¶m¡ PmXn¡mcmb Hcp hn`mKw apÉo§fmWn hÀ. k¼¶cpsS hoSpIfn ChÀ tPmen¡p \n¡p¶p. t`mbn IÄ H¶n¨p Xmakn¡p¶ Øe¯n\v t`mbnhmUv F¶p ]dbp ¶p. DbÀ¶ PmXn¡mcmb apÉo§fpsS H¸w Ccn¡m³ t]mepw ChÀ¡v A\phmZanÃ.7 6. Nulm³: cmP]p{Xcn \n¶pw aXwamdnb Hcp £{Xnb apÉow hn`mKw. XpeyØm\apÅ CXc apÉow PmXnIfn \n¶p hnhmlw sN¿phm³ C¡q«À¡p aSnbnÃ. ]t£, aäp £{Xnb PmXnIfmcpw PmXn¡¸pd¯p hnhmlw sN¿p¶Xn Xmev]cy s¸Sp¶nÃ. AXpsIm­v Nulm³amcpw AhcpsS PmXn¡I ¯pam{Xw hnhmlw \S¯p¶p.8 7. O¸À_µv: Al½Zm_mZv {]tZi¯mWv Chsc A[nI ambn ImWp¶Xv. ta¡qc sI«p¶hÀ F¶mWv B PmXn \ma¯nsâ AÀ°w. ]mc¼cyambn Ibdp]ncn¡p¶ sXmgnen hym]rXcmbncp¶p C¡q«À. Chcpw PmXn¡p ]pd¯p \n¶v hnhm lw Ign¡mdnÃ.9 8. t[m_n: XpWn Ae¡pImcmb apÉo§Ä. Chsc hfsc Xmgv¶ PmXn¡mcmbn«mWv aäp apÉo§Ä ImWp¶Xv. kaql ¯n aäpÅhcpsS H¸w Ccn¡m³t]mepw ChÀ¡v A\phmZanÃ.

C§s\ _m¡nbpÅ 58 PmXnItf¸änbpw hnhcn¡m³ Ign bpw. Øe ZuÀe`ywsIm­v AXp hn«pIfbp¶p. KpPdm¯nse apÉow PmXn¡mÀ¡pÅ Hcp {]tXyIX Hmtcm PmXn¡pw {] tXyIw PamA¯v (Iq«mbvatbmKw) Ds­¶pÅXmWv. “Pam AXv _Ôn” F¶m PmXnk{¼Zmbw Xs¶. PmXn acymZ ]men¡pI, Hmtcm PmXn¡I¯pw D­mIp¶ {]mtZinI {]iv\§Ä ]dªp 43

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

XoÀ¡pI XpS§nbhbmWv Pam A¯nsâ Dt±i§Ä. \nch[n apÉow PmXnIÄ¡p ]pdta ]e apÉow aXhn`m K§fpw AhnsSbp­v. t_mlvdmIÄ, tJmPm apÉo§Ä, Caman, Ckvambnen, jnbm, lebn taa³ I¿ntaa³, kp¶n t_mlvdm, AXv\m Ajmcn t_mlvdm F¶nhbmWv AXn {][m\s¸«Xv. almcmjv{SbnÂ: KpPdm¯nepÅ H«pap¡mepw apÉow PmXn IÄ almcmjv{Sbnepw ImWmw. F¦nepw Ahcn Gähpw {][m \s¸«Xv Ckvambnen apÉo§fpsS Hcp imJbmb tJmPm apÉo §fmWv. BKmJm\mWv ChcpsS Bßob Kpcp. XmcXtay\ hfsc k¼¶cmWv tJmPmIÄ. kn³Uv, I¯nbhmÀ XpS§nb Øe§fnembncp¶p ap¼v AhÀ¡p IqSpX AwKkwJybp ­mbncp¶Xv ]Xns\«mw iXI¯nemWv Ahcn Hcp hn`mKw apwss_bn IpSntbdn]mÀ¯Xv. Ct¸mÄ AhÀ almcmjv{Sbn se {]_e PmXnIfn H¶mW.v {]mb]qÀ¯nbmb tJmPm apÉo§Ä AwK§fmb PamA¯v Hcp PmXnk` am{XamsW ¶v Pbndmkv ]oÀt_mbn Hcp tImSXnbn Xs¶ sXfnhp \ÂIn bn«p­v.10 Cu apÉow PmXn¡mÀ aX¯nsâ ASnØm\¯n jnbmIsf¶pw kp¶nIsf¶pw XncnªmWv Ignbp¶Xv.11 ChÀ¡v ]pdsa t_mlvdmIÄ, lembn taa³, I¿ntam³, kp¶n t_mlvdm A^v\m Ajmcn t_mlvdm F¶p XpS§n Fgp]tXmfw apÉow PmXnIÄ almcmjv{Sbneps­¶v IW¡m ¡s¸Sp¶p. tIcf¯nepw IÀWmSI¯nepw: almcmjv{S Ignªm apÉo§Ä¡v \à kzm[o\apÅ c­p kwØm\§fmWv IÀWmS Ihpw tIcfhpw. CXn IÀWmSI¯n 31 e£hpw tIcf ¯n 41 e£hpw apÉo§fmWv 1971þse IW¡\pkcn¨pÅXv. ChÀ¡nSbn {][m\ambn aq¶pXcw XncnhpIÄ D­v. CXn {][m\s¸« H¶v ae_mdnse am¸nfamcmWv. sIm¦Wn apÉo §fpw IÀWmSI¯nse \hbmXpIfpamWv aäp c­p hn`mK §Ä.12 CXn ae_mdnse am¸nfamÀ {][m\s¸« Hcp hn`mK amWv. XncphnXmwIqÀþsIm¨n {]tZis¯ apÉo§Ä C¡q« ¯n s]Sp¶nÃ. Ahcnepw DbÀ¨ XmgvNIfpÅ ]e PmXnIfp 44

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

ap­v. tIcf¯nse apÉo§fn a¡¯mbnIÄ, acpa¡¯mbn IÄ F¶n§s\bpÅ thÀXncnhpw ImWmw. tIcf¯nse apÉo §Ä¡nSbnepÅ {][m\ PmXnIÄ Xmsg ]dbp¶hbmWv. 1. X§Ä: D¯tc´ybnepÅ sk¿Zv hwi¡msct¸mse Ch cpw apl½Zp \_nbpsS ]p{Xn ^m¯nambpsS hwi]c¼cbn s]«hcmsW¶v A`nam\n¡p¶p. apÉo§fpsSbnSbn Gähpw DbÀ¶ PmXn¡mcmWv X§ÄamÀ. \¼qXncnamÀ¡v lnµp kapZm b¯nepÅ Øm\w Xs¶bmWv ChÀ¡p apÉow kapZmb¯n epÅXv. X§Ä hn`mK¯nÂs]« Hcp s]¬Ip«ntbbpw aäp hn`mK¡m cmb apÉo§Ä¡v AhÀ hnhmlw sNbvXpsImSp¡pIbnÃ. AtX kabw X§Ä hn`mK¯nÂs]« ]pcpj\v GXp apÉow hn`mK ¯n \n¶pthWsa¦nepw hnhmlw Ign¡mw. Ip«nIÄ ]nXmhn sâ PmXnbnemWv s]Sp¶Xv.13 2. Ad_nIÄ: Atd_ybn \n¶v tIcf¯n IpSntbdn¸mÀ ¯ I¨hS¡mcpsS ]n³KmanIfmWv ChÀ. C¶pw Ad_nIfpam bpÅ _Ôw AhÀ Im¯p kq£n¡p¶p. X§ÄamÀ Ignªm PmXnbn DbÀ¶Xv ChcmWv. Ad_n ]pcpj·mÀ sXm«p Xmsg bpÅ am¸nfamcn \n¶v kv{XoIsf hnhmlw sN¿pw. ChÀ¡v X§Ä PmXnbnÂs]« kv{XoIsf hnhmlw sN¿m³ AhImi anÃ.14 am¸nfamÀ: lnµp¡fpsSbnSbn \mbÀ, tat\m³, ssIaÄ XpS§nb PmXn¡mÀ¡pÅ Øm\amWv am¸nfamÀ¡v tIcf ¯nse apÉow kapZmb¯nepÅXv. Chsc ae_mdnIÄ F¶p ]dbmdp­v. kaql¯n hfsc DbÀ¶ Øm\aps­¦nepw am¸nfamÀ¡v X§Ä, Ad_n hwi¡mcn \n¶pw s]¬Ip«nIsf hnhmlw Ign¡m³ AhImianÃ. am¸nfamcn Xs¶ Nne IpSpw_§Ä¡p kaql¯n hfsc DbÀ¶ Øm\w \ÂIs¸Sp¶p. XetÈcnbnse tIbnamÀ aäp am¸nfamtc¡mÄ DbÀ¶hcmsW¶mWv KWn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. sh ÅnbmgvN {]mÀ°\bv¡v AhÀ XetÈcn ]Ånbn hcpsa¦nepw aäp Znhk§fn AhÀ \akvIcn¡p¶Xv AhcpsS {]tXyI 45

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

]ÅnbnemWv. AhÀ¡v {]tXyIamb ihkwkvImc Øehpap ­v. ChcpsS IzmZnbpw (hnhml¯n\p t\XrXzw sImSp¡p¶ IÀ½n) thsdbmWv. km[mcW am¸nfamcpsS kZyt¡m atäm ChÀ t]mbm AhÀ¡v {]tXyI koäpw Øm\hpw \ÂIs¸ Spw.15 XetÈcnbn tIbn XdhmSn\pÅXpt]mse DbÀ¶ Øm \w I®qcnse Adbv¡Â XdhmSn\pap­v. {_n«ojpImÀ ae_mÀ IogS¡p¶Xphsc I®qcnepw Npäp]mSpIfnepw `cWw \S¯nbn cp¶ apÉow cmPIpSpw_¯nsâ ]n´pSÀ¨¡mcmWnhÀ. I®qcn se Hcp IpSpw_¯nte¡pw, AhÀ F{X DbÀ¶hcmsW¦nepw Adbv¡se kv{XoIsf hnhmlw sNbvXp sImSp¡pambncp¶nÃ.

AhscÃmw {]PIfmsW¶pÅ [mcWbmWs{X AXn\p Imc Ww. Adbv ¡  Xdhm«pImÀ¡pw kz´ambn ]Ånbpw ihkwkvImc Øehpw IzmZnbpap­v. 16 tImb, Ipcn¡Ä, \l, aq¸³ F¶n§s\ Adnbs¸Sp¶hcpw am¸nfamcmWv. 4. ]pÊmeÀ: ]pXpXmbn CÉman tNÀ¶hcmWv Chsc ¶mWv IcpXs¸Sp¶Xv. IS¯oc¯pÅ apÉow ap¡phÀ Cu t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶p. X§Ä, Ad_n, am¸nf F¶o apÉow PmXn¡mcmcpw ChtcmSv klIcn¡mdnÃ. ChÀ Xmakn¡p¶ XpXs¶ {]tXyI {]tZi§fnemWv. AhÀ¡v {]mÀ°\bv¡v {]tXyI ]ÅnIfpamWpÅXv. ]pÊmecpsS IzmZnbpw knat¯ cnbpw thsdbmWv. ]pÊmeÀ hn`mK¯nÂs]« HcmÄ F{X ]W ¡mc\mbmepw am¸nf kapZmb¯n \n¶v Hcp s]¬Ip«nsb hnhmlw sN¿m\pw km[yaÃ.17 5. HkvXm³: apÉo§Ä¡nSbnepÅ £pcI·mcmWnhÀ. ]pÊm esct¸mseXs¶ Xmgv¶ PmXn¡mcmWnhcpw. ChÀ apÉow kap Zmb¯n Hcp {]tXyI PmXnbmbn«mWv Ignbp¶Xv.18 6. ]pXn CÉmw: {InkvXym\nIfpsSbnSbn ]pXpXmbn aXw amdn hcp¶hsc ]pXp{InkvXym\nIÄ F¶p hnfn¡mdp­v.

AXpt]msebmWv ]pXnb CÉmw hn`mK¡mcpsS ØnXnbpw.

AhÀ ap¼v GXp kmaqly]Zhn Ae¦cn¨ncpt¶m AXn\p Xpeyamb kmaqly]Zhn am{Xta CÉmwaX¯nepw In«pIbpÅq.

7. _ymcnIÄ: tIc fs¯ sXm«pInS¡p¶ Im\d 46

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

{]tZi¯pÅ Hcp CÉmw hn`mKamWnXv.19 8. eºamÀ: Xangv\m«n \n¶pw XncphnXmwIqÀ {]tZi¯p IpSntbdn¸mÀ¯ Hcp apÉow PmXnbmWv eº. ChÀ ]mc¼cy ambn ]ptcmlnXhr¯n sN¿p¶p.

9. dmhp¯À: Xangv\m«nse IpXnc¡¨hS¡mcpsS ]n³KmanI fmWnhÀ. ChcpsS Iq«¯n {]ikvXcmb ]e ]SbmfnIfpw D­mbn«p­v. I¨hShpw ssk\nI tkh\hpambncp¶p ChcpsS sXmgnÂ.

10. acbv¡mÀ: I¸tem«w, hntZi hym]mcw XpS§nbh sXmgn em¡nbncp¶ Hcp apÉow hn`mKamWv acbv¡mÀamÀ. Ipªmenac bv¡mcptSbpw I«ymen acbv¡mcpsSbpsams¡ ssk\nI ]mc ¼cyw tIcf¯n\p ad¡m\mhnÃ. ChcpsS ]n³KmanIfpw CÉmw aX¯n\I¯v Hcp {]tXyI PmXn¡mcmbn¯s¶bmWv \n¡p ¶Xv.

47

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

8 Xangv apÉo§fpw PmXnbpw C³UybpsS ]Snªmsd Xoc¯pw, D¯tc´ybnepapÅ apÉo §fpsS CSbn \nehnepÅ PmXn k{¼Zmbw thsd hn[¯n HdoÊm, B{Ôm{]tZiv F¶o kwØm\§fnepw \ne\n¡p ¶p­v. F¶m Xangv\m«n am{Xw C¡mcy¯n Aev]w hy Xymkap­v. AhnsSbpff 22 e£t¯mfw apÉo§fn _lp `qcn]£hpw ]«W§tfmSp _Ôs¸«mWv Pohn¡p¶Xv . 1 AXpsIm­pXs¶bmhmw aäp kwØm\§fnepÅ apÉo§fp tSXpt]mse DbÀ¨XmgvNIfpÅ PmXnk{¼Zmbw AhnsS Ipd hmWv. F¦nepw AhÀ ]qÀWambpw PmXn¡v AXoXcmsW¶v CXn\À°anÃ. eº, dmhp¯À, acbv¡mÀ, IbmfÀ F¶v \mep PmXn apÉo§sf Xangv\m«n ImWmw. Ahtc¸änbpÅ Nne hnhc§Ä Xmsg sImSp¡p¶p.

1. eº: Xangv\mSnsâ a[y`mK¯pw ]m­n{]tZi§fnepw am{Xta eºamsc A[nIambn ImWmdpÅq. ChÀ kp¶nIfmWv. a[pc `mK¯v s]mXpth apÉo§sf eºIÄ F¶p hnfn¡mdp ­s{X.2 ChÀ aXw ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw D]tZin¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ ]ptcmlnX³amcmsW¦nepw aäp apÉo§tf¡mÄ DbÀ¶ Øm\ sam¶pw sImSp¡p¶nÃ.

2. dmhp¯À: eºamsct¸mse Chcpw Xangv\m«nse DÄ\mS³ ]«W§fnemWv Xmakn¡p¶Xv. ap³Ime§fn IpXnc¡¨ hShpw bp²tkh\hpambncp¶p ChcpsS sXmgnÂ. ]m­nbn \n¶pw tIcf¯nsâ Ing¡³ `mK§fnte¡v AhÀ [mcmfambn IpSntbdnbn«p­v.

3. acbv¡mÀ: I¸Â tPmen¡mcpw \mhnI¸SbmfnIfpambn cp¶p acbv¡mÀamÀ. Xangv\mSnsâ Ingt¡ Xoc{]tZi§tfmS\p _Ôn¨pÅ ]«W§fnemWv AhÀ Xmakn¨ncp¶Xv. ChÀ BZyIme¯v Xangv\mSnsâ sXt¡ Aä¯mWs{X Xmakn¨n 48

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

cp¶Xv. ]n¶oShÀ Ingt¡ Xoc¯v Iptd¡qSn hSt¡m«p \o§n.

Chcpw kp¶n hn`mK¡mcmWv. 4. IfbmÀ: Chcpw Xangv\mSnsâ Ingt¡ Xoc {]tZi§fn emWv Xmakn¨ncp¶Xv. ChÀ ac¡m·mcpsS Xs¶ Hcp imJbm sW¶p ]dbp¶hcp­v.

Cu \mep PmXn¡mcpw X½n kmaqlym´Ên\v hyXymksam ¶panÃ. AtX kabw Xncps\Âthenbnse ]pfnb¦Sn apÉo §fpw, cma\m«p PnÃbnse Cfb³IpSn apÉo§fpw, Fgp¯pImÀ apÉo§fpw Chtc¡mÄ Aev]w XmWhcmbn NneÀ KWn¡p ¶p­v. GXmbmepw Hcp Imcyw FÃmhcpw k½Xn¡pw. hnhmlw, aäp kmaqly _豈 F¶nhbpsS Imcy¯n Cu PmXnI sfms¡ X½n AIew ]peÀ¯p¶p­v. ]t£, C³UybpsS aäp Øe§fnepÅXpt]mse hfscb[nIw DbÀ¨ XmgvNIfpÅ PmXnk{¼Zmbw Xangv\m«nse apÉo§Ä¡nSbn CÃ. AXp sIm­mWv bmYmØnXnI apÉo§Ä¡v ZenXpIsf ]dªp sXän²cn¸n¨v CÉmaX¯n tNÀ¡m³ IgnªXv. t\sc adn¨v D¯À{]tZintem, _olmdntem KpPdm¯ntem Bcpw PmXn Ifbm³ th­n CÉmw aX¯n tNcpIbnÃ. PmXnk{¼Zmbw ]men¡p¶ Imcy¯n lnµp¡sf¡mÄ H«pw tamiaà Ah sc¶v D¯tc³Uybnse ZenXpIÄ¡dnbmw.

PmXnk{¼Zmbt¯¡mÄ ISp¯ asämcp kmaqly\nbahp anÃ. C³Uybn P\m[n]Xyw hnPbn¡Wsa¦n PmXnsb \in¸nt¨ Xocq. ]pd¯p PmXns¡Xncmbn {]kwKn¡p¶hcpsS DÅn PmXnbps­¶v AhcpsS kzImcyPohnXw ]cntim [n¨m a\ÊnemIpw. \½psS \m«n h¶ FÃm {]Øm\§fpw Cu PmXnk{¼Zmb¯nsâ sIWnbn hoWpt]mbn. CÉmwaX ¯n\p ap¼v ChnsS h¶Xv {InkvXpaXamWtÃm. AhÀ XnI¨pw PmXn¡v ASnas¸«pt]msb¶v tIcf¯nse {InkvXym\nIfpsS Ncn{Xw ]cntim[n¨m ImWmw. \¼qXncnamÀ amÀK¯n tNÀ ¶hcmsW¶v Ahcn Hcp Iq«À A`nam\n¡p¶p. ]n¡me¯v {InkvXpaXw kzoIcn¨ e¯o³ {InkvXym\nIsf AhÀ khÀW {InkvXym\nIfmbn AwKoIcn¡p¶nÃ. ]pebÀ, ]dbÀ XpS§nb 49

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A[xIrXÀ aX¯n tNÀ¶t¸mÄ Ahsc ]pXp {InkvXym\nI sf¶p hnfn¨p. C¶pw Hcp ]pXp {InkvXym\n¡v ]gb khÀW {InkvXym\nIfpsSbnSbn \n¶v hnhmlw Ign¡m³ km[yaÃ.

Nmt¡m¸peb³, ]db³ a¯mbn F¶n§s\bmWv AhÀ Adn bs¸Sp¶Xv. CtX ØnXnXs¶bmWv CÉmwaX¯n\pw D­m bXv. amäs¸Sm³ ]mSnÃm¯Xpw DbÀ¨ XmgvNIfpÅXpamb \nc h[n PmXnIÄ D¯tc´ybnepw ]ivNnta´ybnepw DÅ apÉo §Ä¡nSbn D­mbn. AhscÃmw ZenXpIsf sXm«pIqSm¯ hcmbpw Xo­n¡qSm¯hcpambn IcpXp¶p. F´nt\sd? ASp¯ Ime¯v C³Uybn {]hÀ¯\w Bcw`n¨ cmjv{Sob {]Øm \§Ä t]mepw PmXn¡v AXoXcÃ.

PmXnbnÃmXm¡msX C³Uybv¡p ]ptcmKXn D­mhpIbn sö Imcy¯n FÃmhcpw tbmPn¡pw. ]s£, aX]cnhÀ ¯\w AXns\mcp amÀKamtWm? tUm. Awt_ZvIÀ Ipsdb[nIw ZenXpIfpambn ap¼v lnµpaX¯n \n¶v _p²aX¯n tNÀ¶p. ]t£, kaql¯n AhÀ ZenXpIfmbn XpSÀ¶p. {InkvXpaX¯n tNÀ¶hcpsSbpw apÉow aX¯n tNÀ¶h cpsSbpw KXn CXp Xs¶bmWv. A§s\sb¦n \ap¡v CXn \ns¶mcp tamN\antÃ? Csöp Nne \ncmimhmZnIÄ ]dbpw. ]t£ Rm³ A§s\ IcpXp¶nÃ. PmXnsb c£n¨p \ndp¯nbn cn¡p¶Xv aX§fmWv. Cu aX§fnÃmXmbm PmXnbpw H¸w CÃmXmIpw. aX§fpsS t]cnemWv 1947þ C³Uy sh«napdn¡s¸«Xv. Ahkm\anÃm¯ cà¸pg HgpInbXpw aX¯nsâ t]cnemWv. samdmZm_mZnepw _olmÀ sjco^nepw AenKUnepw ASp¯ Ime¯v Iel§fp­mbXn\pw D¯chmZnIÄ aX§Ä Xs¶ bmWv. Hcp hn[¯nesænÂ, asämcp hn[¯n aX§sf Kh¬saâ v t{]mÕmln¸n¡p¶p. A[nImcnIÄ kzmÀ°em` ¯n\p th­n aX§sf X½n AIän \ndp¯pIbpw ]ckv]cw ASn¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. FÃm aX§tfbpw cmjv{S¯n \n¶p thÀXncn¡pIbpw icnbmb AÀ°¯n CsXmcp sk¡peÀ cmjv{Sam¡pIbpw sN¿pI. hnhn[ aX¡mcpw PmXn¡mcpw X½n 50

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epÅ an{ihnhml§Ä¡v klmbhpw \ÂIpI. CsXms¡bmWv PmXn \in¸n¡m\pÅ {]mtbmKnI ]cn]mSnIÄ. lnµpaX¯nse PmXn t]Sn¨v CÉmw aX¯ntem {InkvXpaX ¯ntem tNcp¶Xv FcnXobn \n¶v ASp¸nte¡v FSp¯p NmSp¶Xpt]msetbbpÅq.

51

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

References Chapter 3 1. Habib, Introduction to Elliot and Dawson’s History of India, (Aligarh, 1955), p-6 2. EtKzZw X 90, -12 3. Senart, E, Castes in India, (London), p.128.

4. Dutt, N.K., Origin and Growth of Caste in India, (London, 1931), p.60 5. Ibid. p.60 6. Ansari. G, Muslim Caste Uttar Pradesh, (Lucknow, 1960), p.12 7. AYÀhw V: 17,9 8. Hitti, P K, The Arabs, (London, 1953), p. 82 9. Ansari, G, Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh, (Lucknow, 1960), p.10 10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. p.26 12. Ibid. p.30 13. Ibid.

14. Ibid. p.31 15. Mohammad Yasin, A Social History of Islamic India, (Lucknow, 1958), p.14.

Chapter 4 1. Ansari, G-Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh, p.31.

2. Blunt E.A.H - The Caste System of Northern India (London, 1931), pp.186-87 3. Ansari, G-Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh, p.31 4. Ibid. p.37

52

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Ibid. p.39 Ibid.

Census Report, U.P. 1931, Vol. XVIII, Part-I, Report p.35 Table.

Ansari G- Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh, P-37.

Mohammad Yasin, A Social History of Islam in India, (Lucknow, 1958), p. 5.

10. Census Report, U P. 1931, p-35, Vol. XVIII, Part-I, Report p.35 Table.

11. Ansari G, Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh, p.40.

12. Ibid. p..50 13. Ibid.

14. Ibid 15. Ibid. pp.60-61

Chapter 5 1.

2.

3.

4.

Khajapuri A.H , History of the Mallicks, (Patna, 1935), p.5 Census of India, Bihar, 1901, pp.543-44.

Talke J, Islam in Bengal, 1914, p.12 Battacharya Ranjit K— Caste and Social Stratification among Muslims. (ed... Imtias Ahmad (Delhi, 1973) p. 113 5. Ibid. p.114 6. Ibid.

7. Ibid. p.115 8. Bhattacharya Ranjit K, Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims, p.116 9. Ibid. p.118 10. Ibid. pp.118-19 11. Ibid. p.120 12. Ibid. p.123 13. Ibid p.124 14. Siddiqual M.K.A, Caste Among the Muslims of Calcutta, (ed.

Imtiaz Ahmed), Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims, pp.137-40.

53

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

Chapter 6 1. Aggarwal Pratap C, The Meos of Rajastan and Haryana, (ed...

Imtiaz Ahmad), Caste and Sicial Stratification among Muslims. pp.22-23 2. Aggarwal, p.23 3. Aggarwal, p.25

Chapter 7 1. Misra Satish. C., Muslim Communitites in Gujarat, (Baroda, 1964), pp.69-77 2. Ibid. p.137 3. Ibid. p.131 4. Ibid. p.137 5. Ibid. p.81 6. Ibid. p.82 7. Ibid. p. 84 8. Ibid.

9. Ibid. p.85 10. Masselos J.C, The Khojas of Bombay: The Defining of Formal Membership Criteria During the Nineteenth Century, (ed, Imtiaz Ahmad), Social Stratification among the Muslims, pp.2-4.

11. Ibid. p.5 12. D’Souza, Victor S, The Navayats of Kanara; A Study of Culture Contact, (Dharwar, 1953) p.6 13. D’Souza, Victor S, Status Groups Among the Moplatis on the South - West Coast Stratification among the Muslims, (Delhi.

1973), p.59 14. Ibid. p.51 15. Ibid. p.54 16. Ibid. p.56 17. Ibid. p.54 18. Ibid. p.57

54

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

Chapter 8 1. Mines Mattison, Social Stratification Among Muslim Tamils in Tamil Nadu, South India, (ed. Imtiaz Ahmad), Caste and Social Stratification Among the Muslims, p.63 2. Ibid. p.64

]cntim[n¨ Nne {][m\ {KÙ§fpw tcJIfpw Aggarwal, Pratap, C., A Muslims Sub-Caste of North India Problems of Cultural Integration (Article Published in Economic and Polititcal Weekly, 1966) Ahmad, Imtiaz (ed.), Caste and Social Stratification Among the Muslims, (Delhi, 1973) Ansari, Ghaus, Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh, (Lucknow, 1961) Bhattacharya, J.N., Hindu Castes and Sects, (Calcutta, 1896) Blunt, E.A.H, The Caste System of Northern India, (London, 1931) Dutt, N.K., Origin and Growth of Caste in India, (London, 1931) Habib, Introduction to Elliot and Dawsons’s History of India, (Aligarh, 1955), (London, 1953) Hitti, P.K., The Arabs Holy Quran Khajapuri, A.H., History of the Mallicks, (Patna, 1935) Massani, R.P, Caste and Structure of Society, (Oxford, n.d) Misra, Satich, C, Muslim Communities in Gujarat, (Baroda, 1964) The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat, (Bombay, 1963) Qreshi, Ishtaqu Hussain, The Muslim Community of the Indo Pakistan Sub-Continent (Hague, 1962) Ram, Gopal, Indian Muslims, (Bombay, 1964) Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, (Leiden 1953) Singh, Harjinder, Caste Among Non-Hindus in India, (Delhi, 1977) Talke, J, Islam in Bengal Yasin, Mohamed, A Social History of Islamic India, (Lucknow, 1958)

55

CÉmwaX¯nse PmXnk{¼Zmbw

Zemer, Wherry & Barton, The Mohammadan World of Today, (Allahabad, 1976) _pJmcn, Camw apl½ZpÂ, klolp _pJmcn, (tImgnt¡mSv, 1970)

56