Vedangal Oru Vimarsana Patanam by Sanal Edamaruku / വേദങ്ങൾ ഒരു വിമർശന പഠനം - സനൽ ഇടമറുക്

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

1

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

3

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Vedangal Oru Vimarsana Padanam (Vedas A Critical Study) Language: Malayalam

By Sanal Edamaruku First edition : 1982 2nd eBook edition : 2020 Published by Indian Atheist Publishers Phone: (011) 41253212 For ordering print edition of this book by, call or send text or WhatsApp message to : 91 9711188940 Email: indianatheist@gmail.com

Copyright © 1982 - 2020 by Sanal Edamaruku Except brief quotations for book reviews or critical appraisals, no part of this book may be fowarded, reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

For permissions, contact indianatheist@gmail.com

4

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

k\Â CSadpIv

IAP

C³Uy³ FXoÌv ]»ntjgvkv \yqsUÂln 5

DÅS¡w 1.

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

BapJw 9 thZ§Ä Ncn{X]camb {]m[m\yhpw ImeL«hpw EtKzZw 14 bPpÀthZw 15 kmathZw 15 AYÀhthZw 16 thZ ImeL«w 16

2.

thZImeL«¯nse tZh³amcpw Akpc³amcpw sshbàoIcWw 24 atZm³a¯cmb tZh³amÀ 26 k¦Â]§Ä 29 Akpc³amÀ cm£k³amÀ 30 ssZh§Ä 32 kv{Xo ssZh§Ä 32 hcpW³ 33 C{µ³ 33 Aán 36 Djkv 38 kqcytZh³amÀ 39 AiznIÄ 41 tkma³ 41 aÂkcn¡p¶ ssZh§Ä 41 EXhnizmkw 44 a{´¯n\v hnt[bamhp¶ ssZh§Ä

3.

tkmackhpw kpcbpw thZ§fpw tkmaw F¶ sNSn 53 kpc 54 AaÀXyXbpw tkmackhpw

4.

bmK§Ä thZ§fn Aizta[ bmKw 58 tKmta[ bmKw 63 ]pcpjta[w 66 kÀhta[w 68 bmKarKw `£W¯n\v

57

69

6

55

45

48

23

13

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

5.

6.

ssewKnI kZmNmcw thZ§fn 73 thZ§fnse kmaqly PohnXw 80 \nc´c bp²§Ä 82 `£Whpw hkv{Xhpw 85 Irjnbpw hyhkmbhpw 86 `cW hyhØ 87 IpSpw_ _豈 89

7.

`mjbpw kmlnXyhpw thZ§fn thZ§fnse kmlnXyw

8.

98

NmXpÀhÀWyw thZ§fnÂ

99

hÀWhyhØbpsS Bcw`w 100 "{_mÒWy"¯nsâ `oIc XmÞhw

9.

93

102

Aimkv{XobXIfpw AÔhnizmk§fpw {]]© ho£Ww 106 kzÀKw 109 thZ§fnse sshZyimkv{Xw a{´hmZw 114

111

10. thZ§fpsS C¶s¯ {]kàn

7

117

106

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

k\ CSadpIv CSp¡n PnÃbnse sXmSp]pgbn 1955 Pq¬ 5þ\v P\\w. tIm«b ¯pw Xncph\´]pc¯pw \yqsUÂlnbnse PhmlÀem s\ {lp kÀhIemimebnepambn hnZym`ymkw. C³Uy³ bpànhm Zn kwLw (Indian Rationalist Association), dmjWenÌv CâÀ\m jW (Rationalist International) F¶nhbpsS {]knUâ v, {_n« \nse dmjWenÌv {]kv Atkmkntbj³, \yqkneâ v Atkm kntbj³ Hm^v dmjWenÌv F¶nhbpsS HmWddn Atkm kntbäv, bp.Fkv. tI{µam¡n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ Akm[mcW {]Xn `mk§sf¡pdn¨p ]Tn¡m\pÅ A´Àt±iob I½änbpsS (CSICOP) s^tem. k\ CSadpIv FUnäpsNbvXv Cw¥ojv, {^©v, PÀ½³, kv]m\ojv, ^n¶ojv F¶o `mjIfn {]kn²oI cn¡p¶ dmjWenÌv CâÀ \mjWensâ CâÀs\äv ]Xn¸v kmÀ htZiob bpànhmZ cwKs¯ Gähpw {it²bamb {]kn²oI cWamWv. CwKÀtkmÄ, UmÀhn³, t{^mbvUv, hn³hpUv doUv, sehnkv sl³dnamcpsS IrXnIÄ BZyambn aebmf¯n {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xn\v t\XrXzw \ÂIn. FÃm `qJÞ§fnepw {]`mjW§Ä \S¯nbn«pÅ k\ensâ teJ\§fpsS ]cn`m j ap¸¯nc­p `mjIfn {]kn²oIcn¨n«p­v. thZ§sf¡pdn¨pÅ k\ CSadpInsâ {it²bamb Cu ]T\w 1982þemWv BZyw {]kn²oIcn¨Xv. _u²nIcwK¯v A¡me¯pXs¶ Cu ]pkvXIw Ne\w krjvSn¡pIbp­mbn.

8

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

9

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

BapJw thZ§sf¡pdn¨v Kucht¯msS Rm³ ]Tn¡m³ Bcw`n¨Xv Hcp {]tXyI kmlNcy¯nemWv. sUÂln bpànhmZn kwL ¯nsâ {]Xnhmc ÌUn¢mkpIfnse hnjb§fnsem¶mbn "thZ§Ä" \nÀWbn¡s¸«t¸mÄ B hnjb¯n\v ¢mskSp t¡­ NpaXe Fsâ Npaenembn. AXn\v hfsc ap¼pXs¶ hÅt¯mfnsâ EtKzZ ]cn`mjbpw BcykamP¡mcpsS hym Jym\§fpw amIvkv ayqfdpsS IrXnIfpw cm[mIrjvWsâ `mc Xob ZÀi\hpw Fsâ {i²bn s]«ncp¶p. ¢mskSp¡mhp¶ Xe¯n hnjb{Kmlyw D­mIphm³ AsXm¶pw t]mctÃm. sUÂlnbnse hnhn[ sse{_dnIÄ, {]tXyIn¨v sUÂln ]»n Iv sse{_dn, Cu hnjb¯n Hcp Iehd Xs¶bmbncp¶p.

Hmtcm ¢mkv Ignbpt¼mgpw ]pXnb tNmZy§Ä Dcp¯ncnªp h¶p. ho­pw ]T\w Bcw`n¨p. A³]tXmfw ÌUn ¢mkpIfpw AXn\p th­nbpÅ ]T\hpw tNmtZym¯c§fpw thZkmln Xyt¯mSv Fs¶ hfsc ASp¸n¨p. kmlnXy IrXnIÄ F¶ \nebn thZ§Ä¡v henb Hu¶ Xyap­v. `mj ]Tn¡p¶hÀ¡pw Ncn{XiIe§Ä tXSp¶hÀ ¡pw thZ§fn \n¶v ]eXpw In«m\p­v. F¶m B \nebn am{Xaà thZ§Ä KWn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. lnµpaX¯nsâ AN©e amb ASnØm\ambn«mWv thZ§sf ]ecpw ho£n¡p¶Xv. lnµp¡fpsS am{XaÃ, aäp aX§fnÂs]« `mcXobcptSbpw BNm cm\pjvTm\§fnepw hnizmk§fnepw thZ§Ä Hfnªpw sXfn ªpw kzm[o\w sNep¯p¶p­v. 'kXy'¯nsâ ASnØm\ XXz§fpw bYmÀ° Úm\¯n sâ k¯bpw thZ§fn AS§nbncn¡p¶psh¶v ]ecpw hniz kn¡p¶p. 'C³Uybnse amÀ«n³ eqYÀ' F¶v Bcy kamP¡mÀ 10

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

hntijn¸n¡p¶ kzman Zbm\µ kckzXn Cu hnizmkw Øm]n s¨Sp¡phm³ Atlmcm{Xw ]WnsbSp¯hcn {]apJ\mWv. ]e AÔhnizmk§tfbpw Zbm\µ kckzXn \ncmIcn¨n«p­v F¶Xv icnbmWv. ]t£, thZ§fpsS {]mamWyw Ac¡n«v Dd¸n¡m\pw thZ§fpsS A{]amZn¯w Øm]n¡m\pw B[p \nI hnÚm\¯nsâ shfn¨¯n ]p\ÀhymJym\w \S¯n thZ§sf kwc£n¨p \ndp¯m\pamWv At±l¯nsâ {iaw. bpànt_m[¯n\pw hkvXpXIÄ¡psaXncmbn thZ§fnse E¡pIÄ XSkw krjvSn¡pt¼mÄ ]pXnb hymJym\§fpambn Zbm\µ kckzXn c£bvs¡¯p¶q. hymJym\¡kÀ¯psIm ­v thZ kqà§sf c£n¨p \ndp¯phm\pÅ {iaamWnXv. sshZnI aX¯nsâ \thm²mcI\mWv Zbm\µ kckzXn. C¯cw \thm²mcIÀ am\h hnImk¯n\v KpWt¯¡mtf sd tZmjamWv sNbvXn«pÅXv. {InkvXpaXw XIÀ¨bpsS h¡n se¯n \n¶ Ime¯v s{]m«Ìâ v {]Øm\w Hcp ]p\cp°m\ ktµihpambn F¯nbXv, {InkvXpaX¯n {]Xo£ \in¨ncp ¶hcn ]pXnsbmcp DWÀhp­m¡n. Xm¡menIambn, XIÀ ¨bn \n¶v B aXs¯ c£n¡m³ \thm²mcIÀ¡v Ignªp.

AXv, ]n¡me¯v IqSpX tZmjw sNbvXp. Cu ]p\cp°m\ ¡mcmWv {ItaW ^­saâenÌpIfmbn amdp¶Xv. CÉmw aX ¯nepw, lnµpaX¯nepw ]p\cp°m\¡mcpsS {]Øm\§Ä¡v ^­saâenÌpIsf krjvSn¡phmt\ Ignªn«pÅq. thZ{]mam Wy¯n AanXambn hnizkn¡p¶ BcykamP¡mcpw, Zbm\ µ kckzXnbpsS injy³amcpw, ]ptcmKa\¯nsâ Fs´ms¡ apJw aqSnIÄ AhÀ¡ps­¦nepw, sslµh ^­saâenÌpIfm sW¶ Imcy¯n kwibn¡ms\m¶panÃ.

B[p\nI hnÚm\¯nsâ shfn¨¯n thZkqà§Ä \ncmIcn¡s¸Spt¼mÄ, B thZ`mK§Ä aqe IrXnbn D­m bncp¶Xsöpw ]n¡me¯v Iq«nt¨À¯XmsW¶pw ]dbp hm³ thZhmZnIÄ¡v aSnbnÃ. {InkvXym\nIfpsS 'At¸m{In^m'* ]pkvXI§Ät]mse, AwKoImcw \ÂImsX Nne thZ`mK§Ä amän \nÀ¯m\pÅ {iaw Bcw`n¨p Ignªn«p­v. F§ns\bpw, 11

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

amdnb ]cnXØnXnIfnepw, thZ§sf \ne\nÀ¯m\pw thZ {]mamWyw AwKoIcn¸n¡m\papÅ kq{XamWv CXn\p ]n¶nep ÅXv. Hcp Ime¯v tZiob {]Øm\¯n kPohambn ]s¦Sp¡pI bpw, ]n¡me¯v k\ymk¯nsâ ]pdt´mSn\pÅn A`bw tXSpIbpwsNbvX AchnµalÀjn thZ§sf ZpÀhymJym\w sNbvXhcn asämcp {]apJ\mWv. AXnKl\hpw km[mcW ¡mÀ¡v Zpcqlhpamb AÀ°§Ä EjnamÀ thZ§fn KqVamb `mjbm ad¨p sh¨ncn¡pIbmsW¶ hmZamWv At±l¯n\p ÅXv. thZ§fnse Hmtcm hm¡n\pw clkyamb AÀ°§fp­ t{X! Cu "clkymÀ°§Ä" Achnµ³ hymJym\n¨p hymJym\n ¨v, B[p\nI imkv{Xob hnÚm\¯n\p \nc¡p¶XmsW¶p hcp¯n¯oÀ¡m³ IjvSs¸SpIbmWv. F¶n«pw AXv km[n¡p ¶nà F¶XmWv ckIcamb hkvXpX. Aán, C{µ³, acp¯p ¡Ä XpS§nbhsbms¡ B hm¡pIfpsS AÀ°¯neà thZ §fn D]tbmKn¨n«pÅsX¶pw AXnKl\hpw Zpcqlhpw \ap ¡mÀ¡pw a\knem¡m\mhm¯Xpamb clkymÀ°§fmWv AXn\pÅsX¶pw ]dªm Imcy§Ä hfsc Ffp¸ambtÃm. kzman hnthIm\µs\t¸mepÅhÀ C¯cw hymJym\¡kÀ ¯pIsf iàambn¯s¶ hnaÀin¨n«p­v. At±lw FgpXn: 'thZ§sf¶m kwlnXIÄ am{XamsW¶pÅ hmZw hfsc ]pXnbXpw ]tcX\mb {io.Zbm\µkzmanIfm D¶bn¡s¸ «n«pÅXpamWv. km[mcW P\§fpsS CSbn AwKoIcn¡s¸«n «pÅXÃ, CXv. C§s\ hmZn¡phm\pÅ ImcWw, kwlnXIfn ]pXnb AÀ° ]cnIÂ]\ \S¯n, sshZnI kn²m´s¯ apgp h\pw hymJym\n¡m\pÅ Dt±iamWv. F¶n«pw hnja§Ä XoÀ ¶nÃ. CÆn[sams¡ sNbvXn«pw {_mÒWcpsS ASnØm\¯n te¡v Ah ]n¶oSpw \n]Xn¡pIXs¶ sNbvXp.' (hnthIm\ µsâ 'XncsªSp¯ I¯pIfn' \n¶v).

Achnµ alÀjnbpsS clkymÀ°hmZs¯ \ncmIcn¨psIm ­v tUm: cm[mIrjvW³ FgpXn: '{io. AchnµtLmjnsâ ho£ W_nµp F{XXs¶ kaÀ°ambncp¶mepw, C¶s¯ bqtdm 12

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

]y³ ]ÞnX³amcpsS ho£W¯n\v am{XaÃ, kmbWsâbpw thZhymJym\s¯ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw {]mamWnIambn AwKo Icn¡s¸«n«pÅ ]qÀhaoamwkbptSbpw ho£W¯n\p IqSn hncp²amWnsX¶v ImWp¶Xn\mÂ, At±l¯nsâ t\XrXzw ]n³XpScp¶Xn\v \mw hfsc kwibnt¡­Xp­v.' þ(`mcXob ZÀi\¯nsâ H¶mw hmey¯nÂ\n¶v) ss\cpàw, bmPvRnIw, sshbmIcWw, tPymXnjw, km{¼Zm bnIw, B²ymßnIw, sFXnlmknIw F¶n§s\ Ggp Xc¯n epÅ thZ hymJym\§Ä ]­v ]Xnhp­mbncp¶p. ]mÝmXy cpsS hymJym\ \ncq]W§Ä IqSmsXbmWnXv. thZkqৠfpsS XpSÀ¨bmb {_mÒW§fpw D]\nj¯pIfpw DÄs¡m­p am{Xta thZ§sf a\knem¡m³ Ignbq. FÃmhn[ kaImenI IrXnIfnÂ\n¶pw amän\nÀ¯n, kwlnXm`mKw am{XsaSp¯v, AXv ssZht{]màamsW¶v ]dªv hymJym\¡kÀ¯p \S¯p ¶Xv tImamfn¯w am{XaÃ, hnUvVn¯hpw IqSnbmWv. _n.kn.C. 1500 t\mSSp¯v kw`cn¨v EtKzZw {IaoIcn¡s¸«Xp apX Bcw`n¡p¶ thZ kmlnXyw ZoÀLImew shfn¨w Im WmsX {_mÒWcpsS Ip¯Ibmbn kq£n¡s¸«p. ]gb ]e hymJym\§fpw Ct¸mÄ e`yamsW¦nepw, kmbWsâ km{¼Zm bnImSnØm\¯nepÅ thZ {]ImiamWv AwKoImcyambXpw {]mamWnIhpw. thZ§fnse kwkv¡mchpw hnizmk§fpw [mcWIfpw {]m IrXamWv. C¶s¯ kmaqly PohnXw thZ kwkv¡mc¯nsâ ASnØm\¯n {IaoIcn¡Wsa¶v ]dbp¶Xnsâ A]ISw thZkqà§fneqsS IS¶p t]mIpt¼mtg a\knemIq. thZ§ fnse kwkv¡mcw ]p\:Øm]n¡m\pÅ {iaw \ncmIcn¡s¸tS ­XmWv. þ k\ CSadpIv

13

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

1 thZ§Ä: Ncn{X]camb {]m[m\yhpw ImeL«hpw EtKzZw, bPpÀthZw, kmathZw, AYÀhthZw F¶n§s\ thZ§Ä \mep­v . IpSntbä¡mcmb ]gb Bcy³amcpsS hnizmk kwlnX, at\m`mh§Ä, kapZmbnIØnXn, k¦Â] §Ä F¶nhsbms¡ Cu {KÙ§fn NnXdn¡nS¡p¶p. ]ucmWnI a\kv I cmb lnµp¡sf kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw thZ§Ä "ssZhw" Xs¶ X¶XmWv. thZ§Ä ]p\cp²cn¡p ¶Xn\v hfscb[nIw {ian¨hcnsemcmfpw BcykamPw F¶ kwLS\bpsS Øm]I\pamb Zbm\µ kckzXn hnizkn¡p Ibpw FgpXpIbpw sNbvX Xv , "krjvS nbpsS Bcw`¯n kÀhià\mb ssZhw thZ§sf krjv S n¨p"sh¶mWv .

Zbm\µ kckzXn XpSÀ¶p ]dbp¶p: "At±lw (ssZhw) Ahsb (thZ§sf) \mep t]À¡v \ÂIn þAXmbXv, Aán, hmbp, BZnXy³, AwKnc³ F¶nhÀ¡v. Nne ]pcmW§f\pkcn¨v ssZhw thZ§sf {_Òmhn\p am{Xta \ÂInbpÅq F¶pw ImWp¶p­v . thZ§Ä Adnhnsâ kq£n¸p tI{µhpw, imkv{X¯nsâ FÃm imJIfptSbpw DZv`hØm\hpamWv. Ah Fs¶¶pw \ne \n¡p¶Xpw Ahkm\anÃm¯XpamWv. Cu {]]©¯n t]cpÅ FÃmäns\¡pdn¨papÅ ]cn]mh\hpw sXäphcm³ km²yaÃm¯Xpamb hnhc§Ä Ah DÄs¡m Åp¶p...."1 CXpt]msetbm CXnt\¡mfptam hnUvVn¯§Ä ]ecpw thZ§sf¸än Fgp¶Ån¨n«p­v. \mep thZ§fnepw IqSn BsI 20358 tÇmI§fmWpÅXv. 14

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

AhbpsS hniZmwiw Xmsgs¡mSp¡p¶p: EtKzZw þ 10522 bPpÀthZw þ 1984 kmathZw þ 1875 AYÀhthZw þ 5977

EtKzZw thZ§fn XmcXtay\ ]g¡apÅXpw IqSpX {]m[m\yw sImSp¯p ImWmdpÅXpw EtKzZ¯n\mWv. hnhn[ ssZh§sf kvXpXn¨psIm­pÅ ImhymßI§fmb kqà§fpsS kamlm camWv EtKzZw. A§ns\bÃm¯ Nne kqà§Ä ]¯mw aÞe¯n ImWm\p­v. k¼¯v, sFizcyw, i{Xp¡fn \n ¶pÅ c£, i{Xp¡fpambpÅ Gäpap«en klmb¯n\mbpÅ A`yÀ°\ F¶nhbmWv an¡hmdpw FÃm kqà§fntebpw s]mXphmb hnjbw.

BsI ]¯v aÞe§fnembn 1017 kqà§fmWv EtKzZ¯n epÅXv. F«mw aÞe¯nÂ, ]n¡me¯v Iq«nt¨À¯Xm sW¶v NneÀ IcpXp¶ ]Xns\m¶p kqà§Ä IqSnbp­v. Ch bv¡v _meJneysa¶mWv ]dbmdpÅXv. CXpIqSn DÄs¸Sp¯n s¡m­msW¦n 10522 tÇmI§Ä (E¡pIÄ) Cu thZ¯nep ­v. ta¨n Øe§Ä tXSnh¶ IpSntbä¡mcmb Bcy³amÀ, ^e`qbnjvThpw kky§Ä \ndªXpamb knÔp kaXe¯n {]thin¡pt¼mÄ kt´mjn¡pIbpw AZv`pXs¸SpIbpw sN¿p ¶Xv \nch[n tÇmI§fneqsS hyàamIp¶p­v. henb \ZnIÄ ap¼p I­n«nÃm¯ AhÀ knÔp \Zo Xocs¯¯pt¼mÄ F{X am{Xw BÝcys¸«psh¶v B `mKw hnkvXcn¡p¶ kvtXm{X ¯nÂ\n¶v Adnbmw. {]_e³amcpw \KchmknIfpw tIm«IÄ sI«n hkn¨ncp¶hcpamb Zkyp¡tfmSv FXnÀ¯v Ahsc ]cm Pbs¸Sp¯msX apt¶m«p t]mhpI Akm²yambXn\m Ahsc Iogvs¸Sp¯m³ klmbn¡Wsa¶v ]e tÇmI§fnepw {]mÀ°n ¡p¶p­v. tZh³amsc, {][m\ambpw h{P[mcnbmb C{µs\, 15

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

k lmb¯n\mbn £Wn¡p¶XmWv ]e kqà§fpw.

bPpÀthZw bÚIÀ½§Ä¡mbpÅ thZamWv bPpÀthZw. A£c§Ä ¢n]vXaÃm¯ a{´§Ä¡mWv bPpkv F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. bPp kpIfpsS kamlmcamWv bPpÀthZw. BhÀ¯\§fpw, bmsXmcp amähpanÃmsX Htc Bib¯n sâ Xs¶ ]p\cmhnjvIcWhpw bPpÀthZ¯n [mcmfambn ImWmw. {]kànsbm¶panÃm¯ [mcmfw hymt£]I§fpw i_vZ§fpw 'Hmw' XpS§nb hm¡pIfpw F¼mSpw ZriyamWv. bPpÀthZs¯ {][m\ambpw c­v hn`mK§fmbn Xncn¡mw. ip¢ bPpÀthZw (AXmbXv ip²amb, shÅ \ndapÅ bPpÀ thZw), IrjvW bPpÀthZw (Ccp­, Idp¯ bPpÀthZw) F¶nh bmWh. ip¢ bPpÀthZ¯n \mÂ]Xv A²ymb§fmWpÅXv. Cu A²ymb§sf BsI 1975 JÞnIIfmbn thÀXncn¨ncn ¡p¶p. IrjvW bPpÀthZ¯n Ggv AjvSI§Ä (ImÞ§Ä) BWv DÅXv. Ch Hmtcm¶nepw A©p apX F«phsc {]]m[ I§Ä sImSp¯ncn¡p¶p. Hmtcm {]]m[Ihpw A\phmI§ fmbn ho­pw thÀXncn¨n«p­v. IrjvW bPpÀthZ¯nse BZy s¯ A\phmIw, ip¢ bPpÀthZ¯nse BZys¯ JÞnI tbmSv s]mcp¯s¸Sp¶ps­¦nepw _m¡nbpÅh LS\bnepw hnjb hn`P\¯nepw hn`n¶amWv. bPpÀthZ¯nse a{´§ fn \mensemt¶mfw EtKzZ¯nÂ\n¶v DZv`hn¡p¶hbmWv.

kmathZw kmathZ¯n BsIbpÅ 1875 tÇmI§fn an¡hmdpw F ÃmwXs¶ EtKzZ¯nÂ\n¶v t\cn«v FSp¯n«pÅhbmWv. A§n s\bÃm¯ tÇmI§fpsS F®w \qdn XmsgbmWv. kmathZw ]qhmÀ¨nI, D¯cmÀ¨nI F¶n§s\ c­p `mK§ fmbn thÀXncn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p. ]ptcmlnX³amÀ¡v bÚmhk c¯n sNÃp¶Xn\pth­n am{Xambn kamlcn¡s¸« a{´ §fmWv kmathZ¯nepÅXv. 16

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

AYÀh thZw AYÀh thZ¯nse {][m\ ]mTw a{´hmZw (B`nNmcw) BIp ¶p. tcmK§Ä, `qXt{]XmZnIÄ, h\yarK§Ä F¶p XpS§n A¡mes¯ a\pjys\ `uXnI PohnX¯nepw km¦Â]nI temI¯nepw Fs´ms¡ `bs¸Sp¯nbn«pt­m, Ahsbms¡ \nb{´Whnt[bam¡m\pÅ a{´§Ä AYÀh thZ¯n kpe `ambn ImWmw. Cu thZ¯n BsIbpÅ 5977 a{´§fnembn hnhn[ hnjb§Ä ]cmaÀin¡s¸Sp¶p. i{Xp \miw, bp²hnP bw, ]m]IÀ½§Ä, tcmK\nhmcWw, KÀ` [mcWw, KÀ`c£, ZoÀLmbpkn\mbpÅ km[\, A¶kn²n, sFizcyw XpS§nb hsbms¡ AYÀhthZ¯nse hnjb§fmWv. Ccp]Xp ImÞ§Ä 730 kqà§fmbn hn`Pn¡s¸«n«pÅ AYÀhthZ¯nse 1200 a{´§tfmfw EtKzZ¯n \n¶v cq]s¸ Sp¯nbn«pÅhbmWv. AYÀhthZ¯n\v {_ÒthZw, AarXthZw, BßthZw, F¶o t]cpIÄ IqSnbp­v.

thZ ImeL«w thZ§Ä GXp Ime¯mWv cq]s¸«p h¶Xv F¶Xns\s¨mÃn ]ÞnX³amÀ¡nSbn henb hnhmZ§Ä \S¶n«p­v. thZ§Ä ssZh hN\amsW¶pw, krjvSnbpsS Bcw`¯n a\pjys\ DbÀ¯p¶Xn\pw a\pjysâ k³amÀKnIhpw A²ymßnIhpw `u XnIhpamb NcyIsf \nb{´n¡p¶Xn\pw th­n shfnhm¡ s¸«XmWv F¶v hmZn¡p¶hcp­v.2 AÔamb aXhnizmk¯n sâtbm ]gabpsS Bcm[IcptStbm C¯cw k¦Â]§sf amän \nÀ¯ns¡m­v, Ncn{X]camb ho£W¯n thZImeL«ta Xmbncp¶psh¶v hniIe\w sN¿m\mWv ChnsS {ian¡p¶Xv. thZ§fn Gähpw ]g¡tadnbXv EtKzZamWv. _m¡nbpÅ aq¶p thZ§fntebpw ]e `mK§fpw EtKzZs¯ ASnØm\ am¡n cPn¡s¸«n«pÅXmWv. kn.C. 1400þmamt­mSpIqSn Pohn ¨ncp¶ kmbWmNmcy\mWv enJnXcq]¯n EtKzZw kamlcn ¨Xn {]apJ³. kmbWsâ hymJym\¯nÂXs¶ AXn\pap¼p ­mbncp¶ Nne hymJym\§sf¸än ]cmaÀi§fp­v.3 _p²aX 17

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

XoÀ°mSI\mbncp¶ lyqb³ kmMv kn.C. 629þ645 hÀj§Ä ¡nSbn ssN\bn \n¶v C³Uybnse¯pIbpw \nch[n Im cy§Ä tcJs¸Sp¯pIbpw sNbvXn«p­v. lyqb³ kmMnsâ ssN\okv `mjbnepÅ Ubdn Ìm\nkvem Pqenb³ {^©p `mj bnte¡pw XÀÖa sNbvXn«pÅXn \mep thZ§sf¸än t]sc Sp¯v ]dªv ]cmaÀin¡p¶p­v. bphm¡fmb {_mÒWÀ Ggp hbkp apX ]Xnaq¶p hbkphscbpÅ {]mb¯n GXm ­v apgph³ kabhpw thZ ]T\¯n\v D]tbmKn¨ncp¶psh¶ hnhchpw sshZnI kwkvIr¯nse Nne hymIcW LS\Isf¡p dn¨pÅ hnhcW§fpw Cu Ubdnbnep­v.4 lyqb³ kmMv C³Uybnse¯nb Imeambt¸mtg¡pw _p² aXw ChnsS £bn¨p XpS§nbncp¶p. {_mÒWcpsS A{]amZn ¯¯n\pw {_mÒWy¯n\psaXncmb {]XnIcWsa¶ \ne bnemWv _p²aXw BZyw hfÀ¶ph¶Xv. thZ§fnse hnaÀ in¡s¸Sm\mhm¯sX¶p IcpXnt¸m¶ {]mIrX hnizmk§fp tSbpw AdnhpIfptSbpw AdnhpIpdhntâbpw a{´§fptSbpw ta {_mÒWÀ¡v am{Xap­mbncp¶ kzm[o\amWv Cu kml Ncy¯n\v hgnsbmcp¡nbXv. _p²aXamIs«, _n.kn.C. aq¶mw \qäm­n AtimI km{amPy¯nsâ HutZymKnI aXambn AwKo Icn¡s¸«p Ignªncp¶p. N{µKp]vX³ apX Bcw`n¡p¶ aucycmPhwi¯nse aq¶mas¯ N{IhÀ¯nbmbncp¶p Atim I³. _n.kn.C. 315þt\mSSp¯v Pohn¨ncp¶ AeIvkm­À N{IhÀ ¯nbptSbpw skeq¡kntâbpw kaImenI\mWv N{µKp]vX aucys\¶Xv AwKoIcn¡s¸« Ncn{X hkvXpXbmWv. AXn\p sXm«pap¼p­mbncp¶ \µ cmPhwi¡me¯mWv thZ hymJym Xm¡fmb \nch[n {_mÒW ]ÞnX³amÀ¡v AwKoImcw In«n bXv. Chcn {]apJ\mb ku\I³, ImXymb\³, Aizmeb\³ XpS§nbhcptSbpw CtX Dt±it¯msS FgpXnb aäp ]ÞnX³ amcpsSbpw IrXnIÄ \s½ _n.kn.C. 600þhsc ]nt¶m¡w sIm­pt]mIp¶p.5 kq{X ImeL«w F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ Ime¯n\v ap¼mWv {_m ÒW§Ä F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ IrXnIÄ cNn¡s¸«n«pÅsX¶v Icp 18

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Xs¸Sp¶p. hnhn[ Xc¯nÂs]« {_mÒWcpsS NpaXeIfpw bÚ§sf¸änbpÅ hnhc§fpsams¡ hniZoIcn¡p¶ Cu {_mÒW§fnsem¶pw kq{X§Ä F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶ IrXn Isf¡pdn¨pÅ ]cmaÀi\§fnÃ. kq{X kmlnXy§Ä¡pw ap¼mWv {_mÒW§Ä cNn¡s¸«Xv F¶mWv CXv ImWn¡p ¶Xv. Cu {_mÒW§fmhs«, _n.kn.C. 800þ\pw, 600þ\pw at²y bmWv FgpXs¸«n«pÅXv.6 hnhn[ {_mÒW kaql§Ä D]tbmKn¨ph¶ thZ§Ä¡v ]e ]mTt`Z§Ä \nehnencp¶Xmbn {_mÒW§fn \n¶v hyàamhp¶p­v. hmbvsamgnbmbn XeapdIÄ ssIamdpIbpw hyànIfnÂ\n¶v hyànIfnte¡pw Hmtcm ]pXnb Kpcphn \n¶v injycnte¡pw ssIamäw sN¿p¶Xn\nSbnemhWw Cu ]mTt`Z§Ä D­mbnh¶Xv. amIvkv ayqfdpsS A`n{]mb¯n _n.kn.C. 1000þmam­n\v ap¼mbn ]e Ime§fmbn cq]s¸«ph¶ EtKzZw, _n.kn.C. 800þ\pw, _n.kn.C. 1000þ¯n\pw at²ybpÅ Ime¯mWv kamlcn¡s¸«Xv.7 kÀZmÀ sI.Fw. ]Wn¡sct¸msebpÅ Ncn{X ]ÞnX³amÀ Cu hmZapJw Ipsd¡qSn hn`n¶ambmWv AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv. At±lw ]dbp¶p: "Bcy³amÀ, kwkv¡mc¯n A[nIw ]ptcmKan¨n«nÃmXn cp¶ Hcp CSb PmXnbmbncp¶p. AhÀ FXnÀt¡­n h¶ lmc¸³amtcm, \KchmknIfpw kwkv¡mc k¼¶³amcpw hen b ZpÀK§ÄsI«n X§fpsS cmPys¯ kwc£n¨p t]m¶hcpam bncp¶p. ]t£, Bcy³amÀ _eimenIfpw AizmcqV³amcp ambncp¶Xn\mÂ, {ItaW AhÀ¡v lmc¸³amsc IogS¡phm\pw AhcpsS \Kc§sf \in¸n¡phm\pw km[n¨p. Cu bp²§sf ¸änbpÅ kqN\IÄ EtKzZ¯n FhnsS t\m¡nbmepw Im Wmw. C{µs\¸änbpÅ kvXpXnIÄ an¡hmdpw Cu {]_e³am cmb i{Xp¡sf kwlcn¡p¶Xn\v klmbat]£n¨psIm­m Wv. C{µsâ ]cm{Ia§Ä hÀWn¡p¶Xpw, AXp kw_Ôn¨p Xs¶. C{µ\v ]pcµc³ F¶ t]cv e`n¡phm³ ImcWw Xs¶, Zkyp¡fpsS ]pc§sf ]nfÀ¯ (\in¸n¨)XpsIm­mWtÃm.

19

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

"taml³PZmtcmhnse e£y§fnÂ\n¶v sXfnbp¶Xv B cy³amÀ BZyambn `mcX¯n {]thin¨Xv {InkvXphn\v ap¼v 2500þmamt­mSpIqSn Bbncn¡Wsa¶mWv. {InkvXphn\p ap¼v 1500þtdmSp IqSn ]©\Zw IgnªpÅ cq]mÀ apXemb {]tZi§ fn lmc¸³ kwkv¡mcw AkvXan¨p F¶v sXfnhpÅXp sIm ­pw, Bcy³amÀ AhnsS {]thin¨p ]mÀ¸pd¸n¨p Ignªncp¶p F¶pÅXn\v e£y§Ä I­pIn«nbn«pÅXpsIm­pw, {In.ap.

2500þmamt­mSSp¯mWv Bcy³amÀ `mcX¯n {]thin¨sX ¶pw, {In.ap.1500þmamt­mSpIqSnbmWv AhÀ {]_e³amcmb Zkyp¡sf AaÀ¯n ]©\Zw Pbn¨p bap\mXS¯n F¯n bsX¶pw \nÀWbn¡mw."8 ChnsS {]kàamb c­p tNmZy§Ä DbÀ¶phcp¶p.

1. hnImc§fpw, hnNmc§fpw, Nn´m[mcIfpw GXp Ime¯mWv kmlnXycq]¯n C³UybnÂ, {]tXyIn¨v knÔp kaXe `qanbn Pohn¨hÀ, tcJs¸Sp¯m³ XpS§nbXv? 2. GXp Ime¯mWv \½Ä A£c§Ä ]Tn¨p XpS§nbXv? _n.kn.C. aq¶mw \qäm­n FgpXs¸« enJnX tcJIÄ C³UybnÂ\n¶v In«nbn«p­v. Cu ImeL«¯nse {][m\amb enJnX tcJIÄ, \msSm«p¡v Øm]n¡s¸« _p² ktµi§ fmWv. AtimIsâ ap¯Ñ\mb N{µKp]vX aucysâ ]mSeo]p{X ¯nse cmP[m\nbnÂ, skeq¡kv N{IhÀ¯nbpsS Aw_mk Udmbncp¶ BfmWv saKkvX\okv. C³Uybn \nba§Ä FgpXs¸«n«nsöpw \oXn]me\w HmÀ½bn \n¶mWv \S¯ s¸Sp¶sX¶pw, C³Uym¡mÀ A£cm`ymkanÃm¯hcmsW ¶pw saKkvX\okv tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«p­v.9 AXn\pw ap¼v C³ Uybnse¯nb AeIvk m­À N{IhÀ¯nbpsS AUv a nd \nbÀ¨qkv knÔp \ZnbneqsS ]mtbm«w \S¯pIbpw (_n.kn.

C. 325) hnhn[ \mhnI Xmhf§fnse I¨hS¡mcpambn _Ôw ]p eÀ¯pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. ']Xw hcp¯nb ]cp¯nbn C³Uym¡mÀ I¯pIÄ FgpXnbncp¶psh¶v ' \nbÀ¨qkv tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«p­v.10 saKkvX\okv tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅXp 20

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

t]mse, '\nba§Ä C³Uybn FgpXnbà kq£n¨n«pÅXv ' F¶v \nbÀ¨qkpw tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p­v. CtX Ime¯p Xs¶ C³UybneqsS k©cn¨ {Ko¡v k©mcnIÄ Zqcw Af¡p¶ kvXq]§sf¸änbpw I¶pImenIfpsS icoc¯n tcJs¸Sp ¯nb NnÓ§Ä, A¡§Ä F¶nhtb¸änbpw ]dbp¶Xv {it²bamWv. AeIvkm­dpsS B{IaW¯n\p ap¼pXs¶ Fgp¯v C³Uybn F¯nbncp¶psh¶mWv CsXÃmw ImWn ¡p¶Xv. F¶mÂ, kmlnXymhiy§Ä¡mbn A£c§Ä D] tbmKn¡p¶ k{¼Zmbw C³Uybnse¯nbXv CXnt\¡mÄ hfsc ap¼mWv F¶v IcpXphm³ h¿.

CsXms¡bmsW¦nepw CXnt\¡mfpw ]gb Hcp Ime¯mWv thZ§Ä cNn¡s¸«Xv F¶v \½Ä A\pam\nt¡­Xmbpw hcp ¶p.

EtKzZ¯n Hmtcm kqà¯nsâbpw EjnbpsS t]cp ]dªn«pÅXpsIm­v, AXnsâ cNbnXmhv B EjnbmsW¶v IcpXmhp¶XmWv. Asæn B EjnamcpsS t]cv, t{ImUoIcn ¡s¸« kab¯v IqSpX AwKoImcw In«m\mbn Iq«nt¨À¯Xp amhmw. AZv`pX ]cX{´`mh¯nÂ\n¶pw B{Kl§fnÂ\n¶pw `b¯nÂ\n¶pw cq]saSp¡pIbpw tlmamZn IÀ½§Ä¡mbn ]et¸mgmbn cNn¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXph¶ kqà§Ä ]n¡m e¯v kw`cn¨v {Ias¸Sp¯nbXmWv C¶dnbs¸Sp¶ thZ§Ä. thZ ImeL«s¯¸än \nch[n KthjW ]T\§sf B[mc am¡n 'tIw{_nUvPv lnÌdn Hm^v C³Uy' hniZoIcWw \ÂIp ¶p­v. {]kvXpX ImeKW\ Xmsgs¡mSp¡p¶p: 11 _n.kn.C. 2500þ Ct´mþbqtdm]y³ IpSntbä§fpsS XpS¡w GXm­v Cu Ime¯mWv. 1800 apXÂþ D¯c Gjybnepw, D¯c saks¸mt«anb apX aoUnbhscbpw Ct´mþbqtdm]y³amsc¸änbpÅ hnhc §Ä, Cu ImeL«¯nteXp e`yamWv. 1500 þ Bcy³amÀ C³Uybn BZys¯ B{IaWw \S¯nb 21

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Imew.

1400þ sshZnI cq]¯nepÅ Ct´mþBcy³ ssZh§sf¸änbpÅ IYIÄ kqNn¸n¡p¶ s_mKmkv tImbv Sm»äpIÄ C¡m eL«¯nteXv e`yamWv. hS¡p ]Snªmdp\n¶v IpSntbdn h¶hcnÂ, C¶s¯ Cdm³ `mK¯p\n¶v apt¶m«p \o§m sX AhnsS X§nbhcn \n¶mWv CXv DZv`hn¨sX¶v hyàamWv. AXn\ptijapÅ ImeL«¯n _m_ntem Wn Bcy³ ssZh§fpsS t]cpIfpsS AhinjvS§Ä e`yamsW¶Xpw {it²bamWv. 1200þ1000þ]Snªmd³ ]©m_nÂh¨v EtKzZ¯n se BZyIme kvtXm{X§Ä cq]s¸Sp¶p. Djkv, hcpW³ F¶nhsc kvXpXn¡p¶ kvtXm{X§Ä Cu ImeL«¯n teXmWv. 1000þ800þ {_Òmhr¯¯nÂh¨v EtKzZ¯nse ]n¡me kvtXm {X§Ä cNn¡s¸Sp¶p.kmathZhpw bPpÀthZhpw C¡m eL«¯nse cN\IfmWv. {_mÒW§Ä cNn¡s¸Sphm³ Bcw`n¡p¶p.

800þ600þ {_mÒWcpsS cN\.

600þ EtKzZw t{ImUoIcn¡s¸Sp¶p. tcJs¸Sp¯msX Xs¶ {_mÒW hnZymÀ°nIÄ thZw lrZn Øam¡nbncp¶p. F«p hÀj¡met¯mfw hcp¶ thZm`yk\ ImeL«amWv CXn\mbn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xv. N{µhÀjw ASn Øm\s¸Sp¯nbpÅ ]gb IW¡p Iq«en Hcp hÀj¯n\v 560 Znhkap­v. F«p hÀj§Ä At¸mÄ 2880 Znhk§fp­v ]T\ Imcy§fnÂ\n¶v amänh¨n«pÅ 384 Znhk§Ä Ipd¨m BsI 2,496 {]hr¯n Znhk§fmWpÅXv.12 30,000þt¯mfw hcp¶ BsI hcnIsf {]hr¯n Znhk§fpsS F®wsIm­v lcn¨m Hcp Imcyw hyàamIpw. Hcp Znhkw ]{´­p hcnIÄ hoXw lrZnØam¡pI F¶ eLphmb tPmenbmWv {_mÒW hnZymÀ °n¡p­mbncp¶Xv. aäv tPmenIsfm¶pw sN¿msXbpw thZm`yk\w PohnXImew 22

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

apgph³ NqjWw sNbvXv Pohn¡m\pÅ D]m[nbmbn IcpXpI bpw sNbvX {_mÒWÀ thZw lrZnØam¡n kq£n¨p. thZ§Ä {_mÒtWXcn F¯p¶Xns\ FÃm hn[¯nepw AhÀ XS ªp. enJnX cq]¯n thZ§Ä kq£n¡p¶Xp t]mepw Adnhv ssIadnªp t]mIp¶Xn\v ImcWamtb¡psa¶v {_mÒWÀ `b ¶p. thZw ]Tn¡m³ t]mIp¶ {_mÒtWXcÀ¡v cq£amb in £IÄ hn[n¨p.

References 1. Dayananda Saraswathi, Rigveda Bhashyam, p. 11 2. Devi Chand M.A. (Translator), "Introduction ; Genesis of the Vedas", The Yajur Veda (New Delhi, 1965), p.5 3. Fredrich Max Müller, The Vedas (Culcutta, 1956), p.15 4. Ibid., p. 19 5. Ibid.

6. Ibid, p. 20 7. Ibid.

8. sI.Fw. ]Wnbv¡À, (BapJw), hÅt¯mfnsâ EtKzZ kwlnX, hmeyw 1, H¶mw aÞew (XrÈnht]cqÀ, 1955) pp. 8-9 9. Max Müller, History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature, p.515.

10. Max Müller, The Vedas (Calcutta, 1956), p. 123.

11. Cambridge History of India, Vol.1 (1922) pp. 112-113, 697.

12. Max Müller, The Vedas (Calcutta, 1956), p. 124.

23

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

2 thZImeL«¯nse tZh³amcpw Akpc³amcpw thZImeL«¯nse Bcy³amÀ AhÀ¡p Npäpw I­ {]IrXn iànIsf Bcm[n¡pIbpw `bs¸SpIbpw kvXpXn¡pIbpw sN ¿p¶Xv thZ§fnepS\ofw hyàamWv. {]]© hnÚm\¯n sâ ssiih Ime¯v Xobpw agbpw Imäpsams¡ hniZoIcn¡m \mhm¯ A]cntab iànIfmWv. AhbpsSsbms¡ ap¶n \nklmb\mbn ap«pIp¯pIbpw ImcpWy¯n\mbn bmNn¡p Ibpw sN¿p¶ a\pjy³, Ahs\ `bs¸Sp¯p¶ tcmK§Ä, Ccp«v, hcĨ, acWw, h\yarK§Ä, i{Xp¡Ä F¶nhsb AXn Pohn¡m³ Cu A]cntab iànIÄ¡v Ignbpw F¶v hnizkn ¡pIbpw AXn\pÅ amÀK§Ä tXSpIbpw sN¿p¶ \nklmb amb a\pjy³; Ah³ ssZh§fmbn IcpXp¶ {]IrXn iànI sfms¡ Ahs\ t\cnSp¶ h\yarK§sft¸msetbm i{Xp¡sf t¸msetbm `£Ww, amwkw, {]Xn^ew, {]tem`\ hkvXp¡Ä F¶nh \ÂInbm hi¯mhpsa¶v sXäp[cn¨v AXn\mbn {ian ¡p¶ a\pjy³; Ahs\ AZv`pXs¸Sp¯p¶ FÃm {][m\ i ànItfbpw kvXpXn¡pIbpw Ahs\¡mÄ iànbps­¶v IcpXnt¸m¶ FÃmänt\bpw kvtXm{X§Ä Be]n¨v hi¯m ¡msa¶pw A§s\ th­sXms¡ t\Smsa¶pw IcpXp¶ {]mNo\ a\pjy³ þAXmWv EtKzZ kqà§Ä cNn¡s¸Sp¶ ImeL«¯nse a\pjy³.

A¶s¯ a\pjysâ k¦Â]§Ä {]IrXn iànIÄ¡v hyàncq]w \ÂIn. Ifn¸m«§Ä¡v hyàncq]w \ÂIp¶ inip 24

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

hnsâ am\knImhØ Xs¶bmWnXv. {]IrXnbn ImWp¶ sXms¡ hniZoIcn¡m\mhm¯ clky§fmbn IcpXnb a\p jy³ Ahsb¸än `bkw{`a§tfmsS Nn´n¡p¶Xv kzm`mhnI amWv. a\pjy\v klmbIcambnt¯m¶nb iànIsf Ah³ an{X§fmbn IcpXn. Ah\v {]iv\§Ä krjvSn¡pIbpw Ahs\ IjvSs¸Sp¯pIbpw sNbvX iànIsf A¶s¯ a\pjy³ i{Xphmbn¡mWpIbpw `bs¸SpIbpw sNbvXp.

sshbàoIcWw Xobv, kqcy³, BImiw, Imäv, {]`mXw F¶nhbvs¡ms¡ hyàn cq]w \ÂIpIbpw Ahsb kvXpXn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶Xv thZ§ fnse Hcp {]tXyIXbmWv. ChnsS GsX¦nepsamcp hkvXpthm {]IrXniàntbm ssZhambn k¦Â]n¡s¸SpIbmWv sN¿p ¶Xv. sshZnI hnizmka\pkcn¨v Cu ssZh§Ät¡mtcm¶n\pw Hmtcm {]tXyI taJebpsS NpaXebmWpÅXv. Hcp {]tXyI Imcyhpambn _Ôs¸« {]tXyI ssZh§fmbn«mWv Chtbmtcm ¶ns\bpw BZyw Bcm[n¨pt]m¶Xv. Cu iànIÄ¡pw hyàn ]camb cq]w k¦Â]n¡s¸«p. Ahbpw a\pjysct¸mse Nn´n ¡pIbpw kvXpXn KoX§fn kt´mjn¡pIbpw lhnkpIfm hi¯mhpIbpw sN¿psa¶mWv k¦Â]w.

Djkv {]`mX¯nsâ tZhnbmWv. kqcy\pw Aánbpw hmX (Imäv) hpw Zymhpkpw (BImiw) Chsc kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw ssZh§fmWv. Cu ssZh§fmhs«, a\pjysct¸mse, Nn´n¡p ¶hcpw cq]apÅhcpamWv. Hmtcm ssZhhpw, A¶s¯ a\pjys\ t¸mse, aäp ssZh§fpsS taJeIfnte¡v iànbpw kzm[o\hpw hym]n¸n¡phm³ {ian¡p¶hcpw A[nImctamlnIfpamWv. ]r Yzn (`qan), Zymhpkv (BImiw) F¶o k¦Â]§fnse hyàn cq] k¦Â]w A{Xt¯mfw ]qÀWasænepw, hcpW³, C{µ³ XpS§nbhÀ¡v XnIª hyànXzhpw hyàncq]hpw k¦Â]n ¡s¸Sp¶p­v . `qanbnse `cWm[nImcnIsft¸mse, Cu ssZh§fn NneÀ {]m_eytaJe hÀ²n¸n¡p¶Xpw NnecpsS {]m_ey taJe Ipdªphcp¶Xpw thZ§fn ImWmhp¶ 25

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

XmWv. BcytKm{X§Ä hnhn[ `uXnI kmlNcy§fn Pohn t¡­nhcpt¼mÄ ssZh§Ä¡v ]cnWma§fp­mhp¶Xv thZ §fn ImWmw. Hcp DZmlcWamWv hcpW³. EtKzZ¯nse kÀhià³amcnsemcmfmb hcpW³ ]n¡me¯v cm{XnbpsS ssZhamIp¶Xpw HSphn Ipf§fptSbpw XSmI§fptSbpw am{Xw ssZhambn Npcp§p¶Xpw {it²bamWv. tZh³amscÃmw Xs¶, `qanbnse a\pjysct¸mse, elcn ]nSn¡p¶ 'tkmaw' Ign¡m\m{Kln¡p¶hcmbn«mWv k¦Â]w.

EtKzZ ImeL«¯nse tZhmkpc k¦Â]§sf¡pdn¨v GXm s­mcp [mcW In«p¶Xn\v Nne `mK§Ä D²cn¡mw: "A[zcyp¡tf, \n§Ä C{µ\v tkmawsIm­p hcphn³; B aZIcamb A¶w ]m{X§Ä sIm­p XqIphn³; CXv IpSn¡m³ kZm sImXn¡p¶h\mWtÃm, B hoc³; AXn\m hrjmhn ¶mbn tlman¸n³. AXpXs¶bmWv AhnSp¶m{Kln¡p¶Xv. " "A[zcyp¡tf, Pes¯ ad¨p\n¶ taLs¯, BÀ CSnhmÄ sIm­v hr£s¯ F¶t]mse ]nfÀ¯ntbm; sImXnbv¡p¶ At±l¯n¶mbn AXv sIm­phcphn³; AXv IpSn¸m³ AÀl \mWtÃm Cu C{µ³."

"A[zcyp¡tf, BÀ `raoIs\* \nl\n¨pthm; At±l¯n \mbn CXns\, hm\¯v hmbphns\sb¶t]mse hym]n¸n¡p hm³ þC{µs\ tkmawsIm­v Inghs\ ]pX¸psIms­¶t]m se aqSphn³!"

"A[zcyp¡tf, sXm®qsäm¼Xv ssIIfp­mbncp¶ DcW s\* BÀ sIm¶pthm; BÀ AÀ_pZs\* Iagv¯n hogn¨pthm; B C{µs\ tkmasamcp¡n {]oXns¸Sp¯phn³."

"A[zcyp¡tf, BÀ Aiv \ s\, BÀ timjw ]äm¯ iqjvWs\, tXmÄsh«ns¡m¶pthm; BÀ ]n{]phns\, BÀ \apNnsb, BÀ cp[n{Imhns\ sIm¶pthm; B C{µ¶v A¶§Ä * `raoI³þHckpc³ * DcW³þHckpc³ * AÀ_pZ³þasämcp Akpc³

26

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

tlman¡phn³."

"A[zcyp¡tf, BÀ iw_csâ \qdp ]pcmX\ \Kc§sf h{Pw sIm­v ]nfÀ¯ntbm; BÀ hÀ¨nbpsS \qdmbncs¯ hogn¨pthm; B C{µ¶p tkmaw sIm­phcphn³."

"A[zcyp¡tf, BÀ \qdmbncw t]sc sIm¶v \new s]m¯n ¨pthm; IpÕ³, Bbp, ZnthmZmk³ F¶nhcpsS FXncmfnIsf sIms¶mSp¡ntbm; At±l¯n\v tkmaw sIm­phcphn³." "bÚt\Xm¡fmb A[zcyp¡sf,, \n§Ä C{µ¶v AXv thK¯n sIm­ph¶v A`ojvSw t\Sphn³: ]pIÄs¸« C{µ¶v ssIIÄsIm­cn¨ tkmaw sIm­phcphn³; tlmanbv¡phn³."

"A[zcyp¡tf, \n§Ä Cu C{µ¶p kpJIcamb tkmaw D­m¡phn³: shůn shSn¸p hcp¯n, Nak¯n ]Icp hn³. \n§fpsS Acn¨ tkmas¯ At±lw {]oXntbmsS CÑn ¡p¶p; B amZIw tlmanbv¡phn³."

"A[zcyp¡tf, ]¿nsâ AInSns\ ]m sIms­¶t]mse, Cu c£nXmhmb C{µs\ tkmaw sIm­v \ndbv¡phn³. Ftâ Xmb CXnsâ Cu clkyw F\nbv¡dnbmw: CXv sImSp¡m\n Ñn¡p¶hs\ B bjvShy³ [mcmfw Adnbpw!"

"A[zcyp¡tf, kzÀK¯nepw A´co£¯nepw `qanbnepap Å k¼¯n\v AcN³ Btcm; B C{µs\ \n§Ä, bhw sIm ­p hÃs¯sb¶t]mse, tkmawsIm­v \ndbv¡phn³. AXm hs« \n§fpsS tPmen!"1

atZm³a¯cmb tZh³amÀ tkmaw IpSn¨v atZm³a¯cmbn a\pjysâ B{Kl§Äs¡m ¯v tZh³amÀ klmbacpfpsa¶v hnizkn¨pt]m¶ Bcy³amÀ, tZh³amcpsS klmbw, {]iv \§Ä¡v ]cnlmcamhpsa¶pw IcpXn. kvXpXnKoX§fpw, lhnkpIfpw, tkmackhpw tZhX Isf {]oXns¸Sp¯m\pÅ {][m\ D]m[nIfmbn IcpXnt¸m¶p.

"Atá, BÀ hnbÀs¯men¨v hndsIm­p hcp¶pthm, BÀ a[p \ÂIp¶pthm, BÀ A§sb CÑn¨p \ndpI NpSphn¡p¶p 27

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

thm; Ah¶p `hm³ [\w \ÂIp¶p, ]cn]men¡p¶p. Ahs\ FÃm t{ZmlnIfn \n¶p c£s]Sp¯nbmepw."

"BÀ At¶Ñphmb A§bv¡v A¶samcp¡p¶pthm, BÀ AXnYnbm¡nbncp¯p¶pthm, tZhIma\mb BÀ Krl¯n DÖzen¸n¡p¶pthm; Ahsâ ]p{X¶p ssØcyhpw HuZmcyhpw DfhmIs«!"2 C§s\ tZh³amÀ¡pth­n a[p \ÂIpIbpw hnbÀs¯m en¨v hndIp sIm­phcnIbpw A¶samcp¡pIbpw sNbvXv, AXn sâsbms¡ IW¡p ]dªv, [\w, i{Xp¡fnÂ\n¶v c£, ]p {X³amÀ¡v ssØcyw F¶nh ssIhcn¡msa¶mWv EtKzZ Ime L«¯nse Bcy³amcpsS hnizmkw. bÚ¯n lhnkmbn AÀ¸n¡p¶Xv tZh³amÀ `£n¡psa¶pw AhÀ ^ew \ÂIp sa¶pw Ahsc hi¯m¡m³ Ffp¸amsW¶pw AhÀ hniz kn¨p. tkma\oÀ IpSn¨v atZm³a¯cmbn FÃm sImÅcpXmbva IÄ¡pw ]n´pW \ÂIphm³ tZh³amÀ Xbmdmhpsa¶ hnizm kw CSbvs¡ms¡ sXfnªp an¶p¶p­v. Imepw I®panÃm¯ ]cmhr¡v F¶ Ejn Nne I\yIamsc ]nSnIqSm³ t]mb Hcp IYbp­v. I\yIamÀ At¸mÄ HmSn c£s]«pht{X! DSs\ B Ejn C{µs\ kvXpXn¨v Imepw ImgvNbpw t\Sn. tkmackw Ip Sn¨v a¯\mbn«mWv C{µ³ CXp sNbvXsX¶pw AtX E¡n ¯s¶ ]dbp¶p­v.3 tkma\oÀ IpSn¨v, ]e {][m\ Imcy§fpw B elcnbn C{µ³ sNbvXpsh¶v EtKzZw hniZam¡p¶p. "kXy\mb alm\mb C{µsâ kXy§fmb alm IÀ½§Ä" hÀWn¨psIm­v KrÕaZ³ F¶ Ejn ]dbpIbmWv: "C{µ³ B`n¹hnI Zn\§fn tkma\oÀ IpSn¨p; AXnsâ a¯n hr{Xs\ h[n¨p."4 XpSÀ¶v, tkma¯nsâ a¯n C{µ³ sNbvX Imcy§Ä hÀ Wn¡pIbmWv: "AhnSp¶v BImi¯v tZymhns\ Dd¸n¨p; henb A´co £s¯bpw hm\qgnIsfbpw \nd¨p: `qansb Xm§n, hnkvXmc 28

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

s¸Sp¯n. tkma¯nsâ a¯net{X, C{µ³ CsXms¡ sNbvXXv!" "Hcp Krls¯sb¶t]mse Ingt¡ Zn¡ns\ icnbv¡f¶p; \ZnIfpsS ASnhi§sf h{PwsIm­v Ipgn¨p; amÀK§Ä \njv {]bmkw kpNncK´hy§fpam¡n. tkma¯nsâ a¯net{X C{µ³ CsXms¡ sNbvXXv!" "AhnSp¶v Z`oXnsb ]nSn¨psIm­pt]mhp¶htcmsSXnÀ¯v, (AhcpsS) Bbp[saÃmw I¯p¶ Xo¿nsecn¨p; At±l¯n\v KhmizcY§Ä \ÂIpIbpw sNbvXp. tkma¯nsâ a¯net{X, C{µ³ CsXms¡ sNbvXXv!" "AhnSp¶v Cu alm\Znbnse shÅw, IS¡mhp¶ hn[¯n Npcp¡n; Cd§m³ h¿m¯hsc kptJ\ adpIcbnse¯n¨p.

AhÀ IS¶p, [\m]vXn¡mbn \SsIm­p; tkma¯nsâ a¯ne t{X C{µ³ CsXms¡ sNbvXXv!" "AhnSp¶v alXz¯m knÔphns\ hSt¡ms«mgpIn¨p; Din cnÃm¯hsc Dinc³amscs¡m­p ]nfÀ¯v, Djknsâ h­n h{Pw sIm­p XhnSps]mSnbm¡n. tkma¯nsâ a¯net{X C {µ³ CsXms¡ sNbvXXv!"5 C{µsâ h{Pmbp[hpw cYhpw lcnIfpw BbpY§fpw ImahÀ jnIfmsW¶pw C{µ³Xs¶bmWv ImahÀjnbpw a¯p­m¡p ¶Xpamb tkmack¯nsâ DSbhs\¶pw {]Jym]n¡pIbpw; hÀjIamb tkmaw sIm­v aXnhcp¯phm³ C{µt\mSv A`yÀ °n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶Xv EtKzZ¯n ImWmw. 6 Nne `mK§fn 'kÖt\m¯a\pw' 'Pc ]ämsX Pc ]nSn¸n ¡p¶ \nXy bphmhp' amb C{µs\ c£bv¡mbn hnfn¡p¶p. C {µsâ iànbpw hocyhpw AXypÖe§ft{X! C{µ³ hfsc tbmP\ Hcq¡n ]d¡pt¼mÄ At±l¯nsâ _ew hm\qgn IÄt¡m cYw kap{Z ]ÀhX§Ät¡m XSp¡m\mhnÃt{X! C{µ sâ h{Ps¯ Bcpw t\cnSpIbnsömWv hnizmkw. 7 C{µsâ hocys¯¸än ]dbpIbmWv: 'alm\mb C{µs\¡qSmsX Cu temIw F´pÅq? At±l ¯nencn¡p¶p hocyw apgph³: 29

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

"AhnSp¶p hbän tkmahpw, h]pkn tXtPm_e§fpw, I¿n h{Phpw, Xebn Adnhpw hln¨cpfp¶p!"8

k¦Â]§Ä thZImeL«¯nsâ tZh³amcpw Akpc³amcpw cm£k³amcp sams¡ {]IrXn {]Xn`mk§fpsS sshbànI cq]§fmbmWv cq]saSp¯Xv F¶v t\cs¯ hyàam¡nbtÃm. ssZh§fpw Akpc³amcpw X½n iànbpsS ASnØm\ ¯n henb hyXymk§sfm¶panÃ. ]e Akpc³amcpw ZpÀ`qX §fpw iàcmbmWv Nn{XoIcn¡s¸«n«pÅXv. ssZh§Ä hi ¯m¡m³ Ffp¸apÅhcpw tkmacktam lhntkm \ÂInbm CjvSP\s¯, \ymbamb hnthN\anÃmsX klmbn¡p¶hcp amWv. Akpc³amÀ A]ISImcnIfpw {IqccpamWv. CÆn[¯n k¦Â]§Ä cq]oIcn¡s¸Sp¶Xn\p ]n¶nepÅ a\:imkv{Xw hniIe\w sN¿mhp¶tXbpÅp. {]IrXn iànIfpsS kzm`m hnI {]hÀ¯\w, A¶s¯ {]mIrX a\pjy\v Nnet¸mÄ KpWI cambn A\p`hs¸«Xpt]mse aäp Nnet¸mÄ _p²nap«pIfp­m ¡n. Ahs\ `bs¸Sp¯nsb¦nepw Xobv, shÅw, Imäv XpS§n bh Nne {]tbmP\§Ä \ÂIp¶Xmbn a\pjy³ I­p. Ah tZh³amtcm, ssZh§tfm Bbn cq]saSp¡pIbmWp­mbXv. Irjn \miw, Ccp«v, hcĨ, tcmK§Ä F¶nh a\pjysâ {ia §sf XIÀ¯p. Bcpw Cu {]iv\¯nÂ\n¶v Ah\v tamN\w \ÂInbnÃ. Nnet¸msgms¡ klmbImcnbmbn hÀ¯n¡mdpÅ {]IrXniànIÄ Ahs\ klmbn¡psa¶p IcpXnb a\pjy³, Chsb c­p hncp² iànIfmbn ImWpIbpw AXn\v sshb ànI cq]§Ä k¦Â]n¨v A\pIqe iànIsf hi¯m¡m³ {ian¡pIbpamWv sN¿p¶Xv.9 CSnan¶temSpIqSn hcp¶ ag hcĨbpsS {]iv\§sfÃmw ]cnlcn¡p¶XpI­ a\pjy³, CSnan¶ensâ tZh\mb C{µ\pw agsb XSªpsh¨ {hX\pw X½nepÅ bp²ambn CXns\ hymJym\n¨Xv kzm`mhnIw am{XamWv. BImi¯nse ]ip¡sf {hX³ Hfn¨ph¨ncp¶ Kpl, C{µsâ Bbp[§Ä Xpf¨pIbdn 30

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

XIcp¶Xpw, {hXs\ C{µ³ {]lcn¡p¶Xpw XSªph¨ ag DSs\ s]¿p¶Xpw A¶s¯ a\pjysâ k¦Â]§fn hncn ª IYIfmWv. ]ip¡sf tamjvSn¡p¶ Iųamcpambn {]Ir Xn kw`h§sf _Ôs¸Sp¯n Nn´n¨t¸mÄ C§s\sbmcp IY cq]saSp¡pIbmWv. IųamÀ ]ip¡sf tamjvSn¨v ]ÀhX §fnse Kplbn Hfn¨p ]mÀ¸n¡mdpÅXpt]mse, taL§fmb ]ip¡sf {hX³ tamjvSn¨v Kplbn ]mÀ¸n¡p¶XmbmWtÃm k¦Â]w. ChnsS taL§fmIp¶ ]ip¡sf ]mÀ¸n¨ncp¶ Kpl bv¡pt]mepw sshbànI cq]w k¦Â]n¡s¸Sp¶Xmbn¡m Wmw. {]IrXn {]Xn`mk§Ä k¦Â]§fn sshbànIcq]w ssIhcn¡p¶Xns\mcp DZmlcWw am{XamWnXv.

Akpc³amÀ þ cm£k³amÀ {][m\ ssZh§Ä¡pw tZhXIÄ¡pw EtKzZ¯n IqSpX {i² sImSp¯n«pÅXmbn¡mWmw. AYÀh thZ¯nepw {_mÒ W§fnepw aäpÅ tZh³amÀ¡pw Ipsdsbms¡ {]m[m\yhpw {i²bpw In«p¶p­v. Akpc³amÀ¡v EtKzZ¯n XmcXtay\ Ipd¨v {i²tb e`n¡p¶pÅq.

Akpc³amcn {][m\n {hX\mWv. '{hXl³' F¶v C{µ\v ]cymbw e`n¡p¶Xv, {hXs\ l\n¡p¶h³ F¶ AÀ°¯n emWv. BImi¯n hncmPn¡p¶ aäp ZpjvS iànIÄ kpjv\³, kw_c³, ]n{]p XpS§nbhcmWv. BImi¯nse FÃm tZh³amcptSbpw A[n]³ C{µ\msW ¶mWv EtKzZ¯n ]dbp¶Xv. C{µ\pw {hX\pw X½nepÅ kpZoÀL§fmb bp²§sf¸än EtKzZ¯n \nch[n ]cmaÀi §fp­v. `qanbnse {][m\ ZpjvS iànIÄ cm£k³amcmW t{X! `qanbnse AántZh³ cm£k³amsc Xpc¯psa¶mWv k¦Â]w. 'cmt£ml³' F¶v Aán¡v ]cymbap­mhp¶Xv Cu k¦Â]¯n \n¶mWv. ZpjvS iànIÄ F¶v thZImeL«¯n IcpXs¸«pt]m¶ {]IrXn {]Xn`mk§Ä¡v ]e t]cpIÄ thZ§fn \ÂIs¸«n «p­v. Zkyp¡Ä, ]mWnIÄ, cm£k³amÀ, {Zpl³amÀ, AcmXn 31

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

IÄ, bXp¡Ä, bmXp[\À, Akpc³amÀ Fs¶ms¡ Ahsc hnfn¡p¶Xmbn¡mWmw. Zkyp¡Ä Bcy³amcpsS IpSntbäs¯ t\cn«hcpw knÔpXS¯n Pohn¨ncp¶hcpamb a\pjyÀ Xs¶ bmWv. ChnsSbmWv, AXoh {it²bamb Hcp Imcyw hyàamIp ¶Xv. Bcy³amsc t\cn« i{Xp¡fmb Zkyp¡sf, {]IrXnbnse Zpjv S iànIfmbn IcpXs¸«pt]m¶ {]Xn`mk§fpambn XpeyX \ÂInbmWv Bcy³amÀ ho£n¨ncp¶Xv. hymJym\¯n\v _p²nap«p­mIp¶ Xc¯n Zkyp¡Ä F¶ ]cmaÀi¯n\v ]et¸mgpw AhyàXbp­v. {]IrXnbnse 'Zpjv S iànI sf'¡pdn¨mtWm, AtXm `qanbnse i{Xp¡sf¡pdn¨mtWm ]dbp¶Xv F¶v ]et¸mgpw hyàamhmsX hcp¶p­v. 10 EtKzZ ImeL«¯nÂ, ZpjvSiànIfmbhÀ Häbvt¡m Iq«m tbm, Ht¶m AXne[nItam {]_e ssZh§fpambn Gäpap«p¶ Xpw FÃmbvt]mgpw ssZh§ÄXs¶ Pbn¡p¶Xpw ImWmw. E tKzZ ImeL«¯nse Bcy³amcpsS hnPb§fptSbpw Bß hnizmk¯ntâbpw {]XoImßI§fmb \ngepIÄ Cu k¦Â ]§fn hyàamWv. A\pIqeamb ImemhØ, ^e`qbnjvT amb `qan, Bbp[§fpsS iàn F¶nhsbms¡ Cu Bß hnizmk¯n\p ImcWambn«p­mhmw.

F¶m ]n¡me sshZnI IrXnIfn Cu kzcaà DÅXv. {]_e\mb Hcp ssZh¯nsâ, Häbvt¡m Iq«mtbm DÅ ZpjvS iànIfpambpÅ Gäpap«epIÄ¡p ]Icw, tZh³amÀ Iq«mbn Hcp hi¯pw Akpc³amÀ Iq«mbn adphi¯papÅ bp²§sf ¸änbmWv ]n¡me sshZnI IrXnIfpsS ]cmaÀiw. Cu bp² §fn tZh³amÀ ]et¸mgpw ]cmPbs¸Sp¶Xpw ImWmw. KwKm XS¯nepw XpSÀ¶v Ingt¡m«v \o§p¶ Imcy¯nepw Bcy³amcm b IpSntbä¡mÀ t\cn« {]Xn_Ô§fpw, ITn\amb ImemhØ D­m¡nb {]iv\§fpw, Bßhnizmkw sISp¯nb ]Ým¯e ¯nemhWw Cu k¦Â]§Ä cq]saSp¯Xv F¶v ]e ]Þn X³amcpw Nq­n¡mWn¨n«p­v.11

32

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

ssZh§Ä thZImeL«¯nse hnizmka\pkcn¨v {]]©¯n\v {][m\ ambpw aq¶p Xe§fmWpÅXv. kzÀKw, a²ymImiw, `qan F¶n hbmWo Xe§Ä. Chbvs¡Ãmw IqSn ap¸¯naq¶v ssZh§fm WpÅXv. CXv EtKzZ¯n¯s¶bpÅ Gähpw ]gb IW¡p Iq«emWv. C¯cw k¦Â]§Ä cq]saSp¡p¶Xv, t\cs¯ kqNn¸n¨ Xpt]mse, Hcp P\Xbv¡v ]cnNbapÅ kmlNcy§fpsS ASn Øm\¯nemWv. saUnätd\nb³ IStemc¯v Xmakn¨ncp¶ blqZ³amcpsS k¦Â]¯nepw {]]©¯n\v aq¶p Xe§fmWp ÅXv Ft¶mÀ¡pI. IStemc¯v Pohn¨ncp¶XpsIm­v shÅ s¯¡pdn¨v AhÀ¡v hn`n¶amb k¦Â]amWp­mbXv. apI fnse kzÀKhpw, AXn\v XmsgbpÅ `qanbpw, `qanbv¡v XmsgbpÅ Pehpw12 blqZ k¦Â]§fn ImWmatÃm. thZImeL«§ fn ISepIsf¡pdn¨v Imcyamb Adnhv Bcy³amÀ t\Snbn«nà F¶v a\knem¡mhp¶XmWv. kap{Zw F¶v EtKzZ¯n ]cm aÀin¡p¶Xv \ZnIsfbpw XSmI§sfbpamWv.13 AXpsIm­v, {]]©¯nse {][m\ Xe§fnsem¶mbn thZ§fn Pes¯ ImWm¯Xv kzm`mhnIat{X!

kv{Xo ssZh§Ä `qanbn a\pjysct¸mse thZ§fnse ssZh§fpw kv{XoIÄ, ]pcpj³amÀ F¶n§s\ thÀXncn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p. kv{Xo ssZh §sf {][m\ambpw aq¶p hIp¸pIfmbn Xncn¡mw. 1. {]IrXnsb ASnØm\s¸Sp¯nbpÅ tZhXIÄ DZm: Djkv ({]`mXw), kckzXn (hyàncq]w k¦Â]n¡s¸« kckzXo \Zn), ]rYzn (`qan), cm{Xn, hmIv (hm¡v); 2. kvss{XW hyànXz§fmbn k¦Â]n¡s¸« AaqÀ¯ ]Z§ÄþDZm: ]pcwYn ([mcmfw), [nj W (Bhiy¯n\pÅ AhØ); 3. {]_e ssZh§fpsS `mcy amcmb kv{Xo ssZh§ÄþDZm: C{µmWn, hcpWm\n, AKv\mbn XpS§nbhÀ. a\pjysct¸mse, {]_e ssZh§Ä¡v `mcyamcps­¦nepw 33

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

B kv{XoIfmcpw s]mXp]cn]mSnIfnsem¶pw ]s¦Sp¡p¶Xm bn k¦Â]n¡s¸«n«nÃ. Ahscms¡ hoSpIfn Ignbp¶ `mcy amÀ am{XamWv. EtKzZ ImeL«¯nse hnhmlnXIfmb Bcy kv{XoIfpsS Øm\w Xs¶bmWv tZh]Xv\nIÄ¡v tZhtemI ¯nepw sImSp¯pImWp¶Xv.

hcpW³ EtKzZ¯nse Gähpw ià\mb tZh³ hcpW\mWv. tZh³amcp tSbpw a\pjycptSbpw cmPmhmbn«mWv hcpWs\ kvXpXn¡p ¶Xv. c­p temI§tfbpw AIän BImis¯ tatem«v DbÀ¯n bXpw kzÀKhpw `qanbpw thÀXncn¨p sh¨Xpw, \ZnIÄ ISen sN¶ptNcp¶Xpw hcpWsâ iànsIm­msW¶v k¦Â]w. kqcy³ BImi¯n Xnf§p¶Xpw kap{Z§Ä IhnsªmgpIm ¯Xpw B iànsIm­p Xs¶bt{X! \ZnIsf Hgp¡pIbpw kqcys\ {]tim`n¸n¡pIbpw kap{Z s¯ \ndbv¡mXncn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶, temIKXnbpsS \nb´m Xmhmb hcpWt\¡mÄ, C{µ\v {ItaW {]m_eyw hÀ²n¨Xv F´psIm­mWv? Zkyp¡fpambpÅ Gäpap«enÂ, "B{inXÀ¡p th­n bp²w sN¿m³" k¶²\mbXmWv C{µ\v {]m_eyw hÀ²n¡m\pÅ ImcWsa¶mWv sI.Fw. ]Wn¡cpsS A`n{]m bw.14 hcpWs\ Akpc\mbn«mWv BZyImeL«¯n KWnbv ¡p¶sX¶Xpw ChnsS {it²bamWv. {ItaW hcpWsâ iàn Ipdªp hcp¶Xmbn ImWmw. AYÀh thZ¯nepw aäpw XmcX tay\ iàn Ipdª tZh\mbn«mWv hcpW³ {]Xy£s¸Sp ¶Xv.

C{µ³ C{µ\mhs«, `qanbnse a\pjycpsS Imcy§fnsems¡ CSs]Sp ¶ tZh\mbn«mWv k¦Â]n¡s¸«n«pÅXv. kpµc\mb C{µsâ Bbp[w an¶Â¸nWdmWv (h{Pw). C{µsâ tXcmfn hmbphmWv. tkma]m\¯n AXoh XÂ]c\mb C{µs\ Nne Ahkc§ fn tkma]³ F¶ t]cn¯s¶ hÀWn¡p¶p­v. bp²Imcy§fn XmÂ]cysaSp¡pIbpw Bcy c£nXmhmbn 34

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

hÀ¯n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ C{µs\ kvXpXn¡pIbpw C{µsâ Ign hpIsf hmgv¯pIbpw sN¿p¶ \nch[n `mK§Ä thZ¯nepS \ofw ImWmw. KrÕ aZ³ F¶ Ejn EtKzZ¯n ]dbp¶p. 15 "BÀ P\n¨t¸mįs¶ {][m\\pw AXna\kznbpw tZh\p ambn«p, IÀ½wsIm­v tZh³amÀ¡v taemfmbn¨aªpthm; Bcp sS _e¯m hm\qgnIÄ t]Sn¨pt]mtbm; BfpItf, Hcp h¼n ¨ ssk\yhpapÅ At±lamWv, C{µ³!"

"BÀ `qanbpsS Cf¡w amäntbm, BÀ Nodn¸d¶ncp¶ ]ÀhX §sf AS¡n \nÀ¯ntbm; BÀ A´co£¯n\v hoXn Iq«ntbm; BÀ hm\ns\ Dd¸n¨pthm; BfpItf, At±lamWv C{µ³!"

"BÀ taL§sf ]nfÀ¯p, k]vX\ZnIsf {]hln¸n¨pthm; he³ XSªp \nÀ¯nb tKm¡sf BÀ hnSphn¨pthm; BÀ C cp taL§fpsS CSbn Aánsb DÂ]mZn¸n¨pthm; BfpI tf, bp²¯n h[n¡p¶ At±lamWv C{µ³."

"BÀ Cu `ph\§sf hogmXm¡ntbm; BÀ Xm¶ apSnb³ amsc Ipgnbn aqSntbm; e£ys¯ shÃp¶h\mb BÀ i{Xp hnsâ kar²nsb, Hcp thSs\¶t]mse ssI¡em¡ptam; Bfp Itf, At±lamWv C{µ³!"

"B tLmcs\ BfpIÄ tNmZn¡pw. 'AbmsfhnsS?' F¶v; Asæn At±ls¯¸än ]dbpw 'AbmfnsÃ'¶v. F¶mÂ, At±lw t]Sn¸n¨p Xt¶ apSn¡pw. i{Xphnsâ apXÂ. BfpItf, At±ls¯ hnizkn¸n³: At±lamWv, C{µ³!"

"BÀ k¼¶\pw, BÀ Zcn{Z\pw, BÀ bmNn¨p kvXpXn¡p¶ {_ÒÚ\pw [\w Ab¨psImSp¡p¶pthm; AgsIm¯ inc kpÅ BÀ tkmaw A½n¡pgsIm­v NX¨p ]ngnªhs\ c£n ¨cpfptam; BfpItf, At±lamWv, C{µ³!"

"Aiz§Ä BcpsS, tKm¡Ä BcpsS, {Kma§Ä BcpsS, FÃm cY§fpw BcpsS sNm¡ogn \n¡p¶pthm; kqcys\ BÀ, Djkns\ BÀ P\n¸n¨pthm; shÅw BÀ hÀjn¨pthm; BfpItf, At±lamWv C{µ³!" "tNÀ¶p \n¡p¶ hm\qgnIfpw, D¯aÀ A[aÀ F¶ c­p 35

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Xcw i{Xp¡fpw Bsc Blzm\w sN¿p¶pthm; Htc tXcnencn ¡p¶ CcphÀ Bsc \m\m {]ImtcW hnfnbv¡p¶pthm; Bfp Itf, At±lamWv C{µ³!"

"BfpIÄ Bsc¡qSmsX Pbw t\SnÃtbm; s]mcpXp¶hÀ c£bv¡v Bsc hnfn¡p¶pthm; kÀh temI¯n\pw {]Xn\n[n Btcm; BÀ hogm¯htbbpw hognbv¡ptam; BfpItf, At±l amWv C{µ³!"

"BÀ aeIfnsemfn¨ iw_cs\ \mÂ]Xmw kwhÕc¯n I­p]nSn¨pthm; sIÂs]Sp¯p s]mcpXnb B Zm\hs\ BÀ sIm¶p hogv¯ntbm; BfpIsf At±lamWv C{µ³!" "k]vXcivanbpw hÀjnXmhpw _ehm\pamb BÀ k]vX\Zn Isf HgpIn¨pthm; kzÀK¯nte¡p Ibdp¶ culnWs\ BÀ h{PsaSp¯p h[n¨pthm; BgpItf, At±lamWv C{µ³!" "hm\qgnIÄ Bsc hW§p¶pthm; ]ÀhX§Ä BcpsS _e s¯ t]Sn¡p¶pthm; tkma]\pw ZrVKm{X\pw h{PXpey _m lphpw, h{P ]mWnbpw Btcm; BfpItf At±lamWv C{µ³!"

"BÀ tkmaw ]ngnbp¶hs\, BÀ ]Nn¡p¶hs\, BÀ c£ bv¡p 'ikv{X'§Ä sNmÃp¶hs\, BÀ kvX pXn¡p¶hs\ c£n¡ptam; Bsc DÂIrjvS kvtXm{Xw, Bsc tkmaw, Bsc Cu A¶w hÀ²n¸n¡p¶pthm; BfpIsf At±lamWv C{µ³!" "]ngnbp¶h\v, ]Nn¡p¶h\v A¶sa¯n¨psImSp¡p¶ `K hm³ ZpÀtÚbs\¦nepw kXy³ Xs¶. C{µ, R§Ä A§ bv¡p {]nbs¸«hcpw tim`\hocm\znXcpambn«p, \mÄtXmdpw kvtXm{Xw sNmÃpamdmIWw!" ]cm{Ianbpw i{Xp \n{Kl\pamb C{µ³ \nch[n Akpc³ amsc h[n¨Xmbn thZ§fn ]dbp¶p­v. Aln, iqjvW³, iw_c³, he³, hr{X³ apXemb Akpc³amÀ CXnÂs¸Sp¶p. kzÀKob bp²§fnepw `qansb a\pjycpsS bp²¯nepw C{µ³ t\XrXzw hln¡p¶Xmbn ]et¸mgpw k¦Â]n¡s¸Sp¶p­v.

C{µ³ Bänse shÅw Ipd¨v kpZmsʶ cmPmhnsâ tk\IÄ ¡v XcWw sN¿mdm¡nsb¶pw, kp{ihkv \nklmb\mbt¸mÄ 36

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

tXÀN{Iw sIm­v 20 cmPm¡³amscbpw 60099 ]SbmfnItfbpw \in¸n¨psh¶pw ]dbp¶p­v. Zkyp¡fpambn Bcy³amÀ \S ¯nb kpZoÀL t]mcm«§Ä¡v C{µ³ klmbnbmbncp¶psh ¶mWv kqN\. Hcp bp²tZhs\¶ \nebn¯s¶bmWv C{µ k¦Â]w hfÀ¶p hcp¶Xv. shÅs¯ hnSpX sN¿n¨Xp hgnbpw \à hnfhv, A¶w, ]ip¡Ä, Aiz§Ä F¶nh \ÂIn bXp hgnbpw Hcp hnfshSp¸p ssZh k¦Â]¯nsâ kz`mhhpw C{µ\n ZriyamWv. kvXpXn]mTIÀ¡v [\hpw kz¯pw \ÂIp ¶Xpw C{µ\msW¶v hnizkn¡s¸«ncp¶p.

Aán Hcp ssZhsa¶ \nebn AánbpsS sshbàoIcWw Hs«m s¡ AaqÀ¯amhp¶p­v. Aán, Hcp bmYmÀ°yambn thZIme L«¯nse Bcy³amÀ¡v A\pZn\w ssIImcyw sNt¿­n h¶n cp¶p. kzÀK¯n kqcysâ t{]mÖzeXbmbpw, BImi¯v an ¶Â¸nWcmbpw, `qanbn I¯p¶ Xobmbpw AhÀ Aánsb ¡­p. taL§fn P\n¡pIbpw an¶Â¸nWcmbv `qanbn F¯pIbpw sNbvXncp¶ Aán, a\pjyÀ¡p ImWm\mhm¯ hn[w kzt±lw ad¨v Hfn¡p¶psh¶mWv k¦Â]w. amXcnizmhv Aánsb kzÀK¯n \n¶v `qanbnte¡p sIm­ph¶psh¶v Bcy³amÀ hnizkn¨p.16 EtKzZ¯nse \nch[n kvtXm{X§fn Aánsb AcWnI fn \n¶pw (ac¡jWw) P\n¸n¡p¶ Imcyw hmgv¯p¶p­v. amXcnizmhv Aánsb `rKphn\p \ÂInbXns\¯pSÀ¶mWv Aánsb ho­pw P\n¸n¡phm³ km[n¡p¶sX¶v AhÀ Icp Xn. IqÀ¯ XmSnsbÃpIfpw ]nwKf hÀWamb XmSnbpw I¯nsb cnbp¶ ]ÃpIfpw DÅh\mbn Aánsb hÀWn¡p¶Xv Aán bpsS `uXnI khntijXIÄ DÄs¡m­psIm­mWv. Aánsb hÀWn¡p¶Xv \m\mhn[§fnemWv. "AhnSp¶p h\§fn Zmlw ]q­h³ t]mse DÖzen¡p ¶p; shÅwt]mse HgpIp¶p; tXÀ¡pXnc t]mse apcfp¶p; B s]mÅn¡p¶ IrjvWhÀßmhp \£{X§fm ]p©ncnbn Sp¶ \`kpt]mse {]Imin¡p¶p."

37

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

"B tXPkznbmb Aán \m\m cq]\mbn ØnXnsN¿p¶p; `qanbnse§pw hfcp¶p; hc­hsb Fcn¨pw, t\mhn¡p¶hsb Icn¨pw, [mcmfw IpSnbv¡p¶ t]msebmbpw, CSb\nÃm¯ Hcp \m¡ment]mse kzbw taªpw \S¡p¶p!"17 {ItaW, Aán sb kw_Ôn¨ ssZhk¦Â]w BImit¯bpw `qantbbpw AI än \nÀ¯p¶ Hcp iànsb¶ Xc¯nepw, tZh³amÀ¡pw a\pjyÀ ¡panSbnse Hcp a²yØs\¶ Xc¯nepambn IqSpX AaqÀ¯amhp¶Xv tUm. cm[mIrjvW³ Nq­n¡mWn¡p¶p ­v.18 "tl Atá, R§fpsS Cu bmK¯nte¡v hcpWs\ B\bn¡pI. tZymhnÂ\n¶v C{µs\ sIm­phcnI. A´co£ ¯nÂ\n¶v acp¯p¡tfbpw." "Aán Fsâ ]nXmhmsW¶v Rm³ IcpXp¶p. Aán Fsâ ÚmXnbpw {`mXmhpw kJmhpamsW¶v Rm³ hnNmcn¡p¶p."19 'Krl]Xn' sb¶ \nebnepw Aán¡v {]mIrXa\pjysâ Nn ´m[mcIfnepw hnizmk§fnepw Øm\ap­v. Ccp«ns\ AI äp¶h\pw Zpcmßm¡tfbpw ZpÀa{´hmZt¯bpw Xpc¯p¶ h\pambn ]et¸mgpw thZ§Ä Aánsb ho£n¡p¶p­v.20 Aánsb {]oWn¸n¡p¶Xv ]e {]iv\§Ä¡papÅ ]cnlmc ambn hnizkn¨ {]mIrX a\pjy³ s\¿pw NaXbpw AánbneÀ ¸n¨v Aán AXv `£n¡p¶Xmbn hnizkn¨p. bmKmánbn kaÀ¸n¡s¸Sp¶ hkvXp¡Ä ssZh§Ä¡v Aán F¯n¨psIm Sp¡psa¶v AhÀ IcpXn. "_ehm\pw tim`\ IÀ½mhpamb Atá, Hens¡mÅp¶ `hm³ R§fpsS Cu bmKw tZh³amcn F¯n¨mepw"21 F¶v {]mÀ°n¡pt¼mÄ Cu {]mIrXhnizmkam Wv shfnbn hcp¶Xv. thZImeL«¯nse a\pjy³ Aán [mcmfambn D]tbmKn¨n cp¶psh¦nepw Aánbn AhÀ [mcmfw \nKqVXIÄ ZÀin¨p. ]mNI¯n\pÅ ASp¸nepw bmKthZnIfnepw Aán¡v AÀln ¡p¶ Øm\w D­mbn. Nnet¸msgms¡ Aán Hcp kplr¯mbn AhÀ¡p tXm¶nsb¦nÂ, aäp Nnet¸mÄ Hcp i{Xphmbn A\p `hs¸«p. \nehnencp¶ CXc {]mIrX hnizmk§fpambn, Aán sb kw_Ôn¨ Dulmt]ml§Ä A¶s¯ a\pjy³ IeÀ¯n 38

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

t\m¡n. Aánsb `bs¸SpIbpw, {]oWn¸n¡m³ {ian¡pIbpw Bcm[n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶Xv Cu ]Ým¯e¯nemWv.

Djkv Djkv ({]`mXw) kv{Xo cq]¯nepÅ Hcp ssZhambn«mWv thZ ImeL«¯n k¦Â]n¡s¸«pImWp¶Xv. Djkns\ {]IoÀ ¯n¡p¶ Ccp]¯nsbm¶v kqà§fp­v. thZ§fn {]m[m \yw sImSp¯p ImWp¶ GI kv{XossZhw DjkmWv. {]IrXn {]Xn`mk§Ä¡v hyànXzw k¦Â]n¡s¸Sp¶ AaqÀ¯X bv¡v Hcp \à DZmlcWamWv Djkv. Aánsbt¸msebpw kqcy s\t¸msebpw kpXmcyamWv Djkv F¶v Hcp `mK¯v ]dbp t¼mįs¶ asämcp `mK¯v kvss{XW kuµcy¯nsâ aqÀ ¯naZv`mhambn Djkns\ Nn{XoIcn¡p¶p­v. Aánbpw kqcy \pw ]qj\pw AizntZh³amcpsams¡ Djknsâ IanXm¡fmbpw Nne `mK§fn hÀWn¨ncn¡p¶p. sshZnI antYmfPnsb¡pdn¨v Bg¯n ]Tn¡m³ {ian¨ ]ÞnX\mb aIvsUm\mfnsâ A`n{]mb¯nÂ, thZImhy§fnse AXn at\mlcamsbmcp kr jvSnbmWv, Djkv.22 C{µs\ ]cmaÀin¡p¶ kqà§Ä¡v Icp¯pw iànbpw DÅXpt]mse, Djkpambn _Ôs¸« kqà§Ä¡v A¯cw ]cmaÀi§Ä CÃ. DZmlcW¯n\v, C{µ\v tkmaw AÀ¸n¡p ¶Xpt]mse Djkn\v Hcn¡epw tkmaw \ÂIp¶Xmbn ImWp ¶nÃ. kuµcys¯¡pdn¨pw, kuµcy kwc£Ws¯¡pdn¨pw kqN\ \ÂIp¶ \nch[n `mK§Ä Djkpambn _Ôs¸«p Im Wp¶p­v. bp²tZh\mb C{µ\v A¡meL«¯nse tbm²mhn sâ e£W§Ä sImSp¯p ImWp¶Xpt]mse, bÚtZh\mb Aán¡v ]ptcmlnXsâ e£W§Ä sImSp¯n«pÅXpt]mse, Djkn\v A¶s¯ a\pjy³ A¡meL«¯nse kv{XoIfpsS e£W§Ä \ÂIn. thZ kmlnXyImc³amcpsS k¦Â]¯nÂ, `qXImehpw `mhn Imehpw X½nepÅ hn`P\ tcJ DZbamWv. PohnX¯nsâ A´y ¯nte¡v Hcp Znhkw IqSn ASp¸n¡p¶Xv {]`mXat{X! Djkn 39

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

sâ hchv, shfn¨¯nsâ BKa\w, Ccp«ns\ `b¶ {]mNo\ a\pjy\v BtamZIcambncp¶p. cm{XnbpsS Idp¯ Icn¼Ss¯ Djkv amäp¶psh¶pw, Zp:kz]v\§sf Xpc¯p¶psh¶pw, Zpcm ßm¡sf HmSn¡p¶psh¶pw Ah³ hnizkn¨p. kvss{XWcq]w \ÂIs¸« Djkv ]p©ncn¡p¶Xmbpw, ]m«p]mSp¶Xmbpw, ku µcyw {]ZÀin¸n¡p¶Xmbpw, amdnSw shfnhm¡p¶Xmbpsams¡ a\pjy³ k¦Â]n¨p.

Djkv Ccp«ns\, Hcp £pcIs\t]mse hSn¨p Ifbp¶p; amdnSs¯, Hcp ]ip AInSns\ F¶t]mse shfns¸Sp¯p¶p; tKm¡Ä sXmgp¯nse¶t]mse Ing¡p`mK¯Wªp, temI ¯ns\Ãmw shfn¨w \ÂIp¶p; AÔImcs¯ AIäp¶p!"

"ChfpsS Xnf§p¶ tXPkv Ing¡phi¯v ImWs¸«p, AXv \osf hym]n¨p, Icnw]c¸ns\ X«n\o¡n. Cu tZymhn·IÄ Xsâ cq]s¯ bÚ§fn bq]s¯sb¶Xpt]mse, an\p¸n¨p; HSp hn al\obamb kqcy¦Â sN¶ptNÀ¶p!" "\mw Cu Ccp«nsâ adpIcsb¯n¡gnªp; Djkv Xakns\ \o¡n, t_m[w Dfhm¡p¶p. {]oXn¡mbn AÔImcs¯ hngp §nb Cu kpµcmwKn, Hcp hioIcW \n]pW³ ]Ww In«ms\ ¶t]mse, kz{]ImiwsIm­v ]p©ncnbnSp¶p."23 thZ§fn aäp Nne kv{Xo ssZh§sf¡pdn¨pw ]dbp¶p­v.

AZnXn Hcp tZhXbmbn¯s¶ AhXcn¡s¸Sp¶p. Hcp kqà ¯n 24 knÔp\Znsb Hcp tZhnbmbn hmgv¯p¶p­v. hcpW\v ssZhnI Øm\¯n {ItaWbp­mb cq]m´cwt]mse, Hcp \Znbmbncp¶ kckzXn {ItaW cq]m´cw {]m]n¨v hnZybpsS ssZhambn amdp¶Xv ImWmw. h\¯nsâ tZhXbmb AcWym \n kw`mjW¯nsâ tZhnbmb hm¡v F¶nh EtKzZ¯nse aäp kv{Xo ssZh§fmWv.

kqcytZh³amÀ hfsc¸gb Imew apX Xs¶ kqcymcm[\ temI¯nsâ ]e `mK§fnepw \ne\n¶ncp¶p. kqcytZhsâ asämcp cq]sa¶ \nebn {]mNo\ t]Àjybnepw {Koknepw an{XtZhs\ Bcm[n 40

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

¨ncp¶Xn\v \nch[n Ncn{X tcJIfp­v. thZ§fnse an{X³ Nnet¸mÄ kqcy\pw, aäp Nnet¸mÄ {]Im ihpamWv. {]mNo\ t]Àjybnse¶t]mse kÀh ZÀinbpw kXys¯ kvt\ln¡p¶h\pamb Hcp ssZhambn«mWv thZ§ fpw an{Xs\ ho£n¡p¶Xv. IpSntbä¡mcmb Bcy³amÀ X§ tfmsSm¸w sIm­ph¶ kqcymcm[\bpsS Hcp LSIcq]amWv thZ§fnse an{XtZh³.

Hcp {]_e ssZhamb hcpWsâ kplr¯mbmWv an{X³ thZ§fn {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xv. hcpWt\bpw an{Xt\bpw H¶n ¨p tNÀ¯mWv an¡t¸mgpw Ahml\w sN¿p¶Xv. an{X³ ]m] §Ä¡v am¸p \ÂIp¶h\msW¶pw k¦Â]ap­v. F¶m ]n¡me kqà§fn an{X³ {]`mX {]Imi¯nsâbpw, hcp W³ cm{XnImemImi¯nsâbpw ssZh§fmbn ]cnWan¡p¶ Xpw ImWmw. Hcp tZhs\¶ \nebn ]t¯mfw kqà§fn kqcys\ A`nkwt_m[\ sN¿p¶p­v. kqcy\n \nch[n iànIÄ Btcm]n¡s¸Sp¶p­v. "At±lw Xmsg a\pjys\ t\m¡p¶p. Ømhchpw PwKahpamb FÃmänt\bpw kwc£n¡p¶ kqcy³ a\pjyÀ¡nSbnepÅ ]m]]pWy§sf \nco£n¡p¶p." 25 Chn[¯nepÅ \nch[n kqN\IÄ kqcycm[\sb hyàam ¡p¶Xmbn thZ§fn ImWmhp¶XmWv. kqcy³ temI¯nsâ {kjvSmhpw c£nXmhpamsW¶pw At±lw kÀh{ZjvSmhmsW ¶pw ]dbp¶p­v. kqcy³ Nen¡p¶Xnsâbpw \n¡p¶Xnsâ bpw FÃmw Poh\msW¶mWv k¦Â]w. khnXmhpw ]qj\pw thZ§fnse hnjvWphpw Hmtcm kqcytZ h³amÀ Xs¶bmWv. khnXmhns\¸än ]Xns\m¶p kqৠfn {]IoÀ¯n¡p¶p­v. an¡hmdpw FÃmbvt]mgpw Xs¶ kqcy \pambn GIoIcn¨mWv khnXmhns\¡pdn¨v ]dbp¶Xv. F¶m Nne `mK§fn kqcy\nÂ\n¶pw hyXymks¸Sp¯nbpw ]dbp ¶p­v. cm{XnbpsS AZriy\mb kqcy\mWv khnXmsh¶mWv k¦Â]w. asämcp kqcytZh\mb ]qjmhv I¶pImenIfpsS kwc£I\pw a\pjysâ D¯a kplr¯pamWt{X! 41

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

]n¡me§fnse hnizmk§fn hnjvWphn\v {]_eamb Hcp Øm\aps­¦nepw thZ§fn hnjvWp A{]kà\mWv. hnjvWphnsâ cq]¯n kqcy³ temI§sfsbÃmw Xm§n \n¡p¶psh¶mWv EtKzZ¯nsemcp `mK¯v ]dbp¶Xv. 26

AiznIÄ Cc«]nd¶hcmbn IcpXs¸Sp¶ AiznIÄ DÖzeXbptSbpw {]Imi¯nsâbpw A[n]³amcmWv. A³]¯n\mev kqৠfn AiznIÄ {]IoÀ¯n¡s¸Sp¶p­v. "]pecnbntebpw kmbw kÔybntebpw a§nb shfn¨amWv Cu tZh³amcpsS k¦Â] ¯n\m[mcamb `uXnI {]Xn`mksa¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶p."27 {]`m XþkmbwkÔyIÄ¡v CW§p¶ hn[¯n c­v AiznIfp ÅXv C¡mcWw sIm­mWv. Ime{ItaW, Zm¼Xy PohnX¯n sâbpw Zm¼Xy kpJ¯nsâbpw kwc£Icpw, tZh³amcpsSbpw a\pjy³amcpsSbpw sshZy³amcpsams¡bmbn AiznIsf¡pdn¨p Å k¦Â]w ]cnWan¨p.

tkma³ elcnZmbIamb tkmacks¯ Hcp ssZhambn sshbàoI cWw \ÂIn¯s¶ Nn{XoIcn¡p¶ \nch[n `mK§Ä thZ§fn epS\ofw ImWmw. ASp¯ A²ymb¯n Cu hnjbw hniZ ambn NÀ¨ sN¿p¶p­v. elcn ]ZmÀ°w \ÂIp¶ lcaqÀÑ, Znhyamb A\p`qXnbmbpw B²ymßnIamb A´À ZÀi\ambpw sXäp[cn¡p¶ `mK§Ä [mcmfambn¡mWmw. ]et¸mgmbn ]cmaÀin¡s¸Sp¶ CXc thZIme ssZh§Ä C\nbpap­v. hmXw AYhm hmbp (Imäv), acp¯pIÄ (`b¦camb sImSp¦mänsâ ssZh§Ä), Aedp¶ cp{Z³ XpS§nb Cu ssZh §sfms¡ XmcXtay\ A{]kàcmWv.

aÂkcn¡p¶ ssZh§Ä ]ckv]cw IqSpX Øm\¯n\mbpw AwKoImc¯n\mbpw i ànbv¡mbpw aÂkcn¡p¶ ssZh§sfbmWv EtKzZ¯n Im Wm³ Ignbp¶Xv. Hmtcm {]_e ssZhhpw aäp ssZh§fpsS 42

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

IgnhpIfpw iànbpw X§Ä¡p­v F¶v Øm]n¡m³ {ian¡p ¶Xmbn¡mWmw. Hcp Iq«w ssZh§fpsS AcmPIXzImesa¶v hntijn¸n¡mhp¶ Cu ImeL«¯n ]e {]_e ssZh§fpw £oWn¨p hcp¶Xpw aäp Nne ssZh§Ä iàcmhp¶Xpw Zriy amWv. hnhn[ ssZh§sf Bcm[n¨ncp¶ BcytKm{X§fpsS ]c kv]c aÂkc¯nsâbpw Imepjy¯nsâbpw {]XoI§fmWv Cu ssZh§Ä. Hmtcm {]_e ssZhhpw aäp ssZh§fpsS Ignhp Ifpw iànbpw X§Ä¡p­v F¶v Øm]n¡m³ {ian¡p¶Xm bn¡mWmw. Hcp Iq«w ssZh§fpsS AcmPIXzImesa¶v hnti jn¸n¡mhp¶ Cu ImeL«¯n ]e {]_e ssZh§fpw £o Wn¨p hcp¶Xpw aäp Nne ssZh§Ä iàcmhp¶Xpw Zriy amWv. hnhn[ ssZh§sf Bcm[n¨ncp¶ BcytKm{X§fpsS ]c kv]c aÕc¯nsâbpw Imepjy¯nsâbpw {]XoI§fmWv Cu ssZh§Ä. Hmtcm ssZhs¯bpw Bcm[n¨ncp¶hÀ X§Ä B cm[n¡p¶ ssZhw am{XamWv {]]©s¯ apgph³ \nb{´n¡p¶ GI ssZhsa¶v hnizkn¨pt]mcp¶ Bcy hnizmk k{¼Zmb s¯ slt\m¯nkw (Henotheism) F¶mWv amIvkv ayqfÀ hnfn ¡p¶Xv. kvtXm{X IÀ¯mhnsâ `àn, Bcm[\m hnt[b\m hp¶ ssZh¯nsâ {]m]vXn¡qSpX k¦Â]n¡pw. "hcpW\m Wv tZymhv, hcpW\mWv ]rYzn, hcpW\mWv A´co£w, hnizhpw AXn\v A¸pdhpapÅsXÃmw hcpW³ Xs¶" F¶p ]dbpt¼mÄ Cu t_m[w Xs¶bmWv hyàamIp¶Xv. tZh³amcpsS hnkvab Icamb CSs]SepIÄ am\hPohnXs¯bmsI kzm[o\n¡p sa¶ hnizmkamWv Cu {]mÀ°\IfpsS asämcp ASnØm\w.

EtKzZ¯nse \memw aÞe¯n \mÂ]¯nc­mw kqà ¯n hcpW³ ]dbp¶p: "Rm³ cmPmhmWv, cmjv{SsatâXmWv, tZh³amscÃmw Fsâ IognemWv; FÃmhÀ¡pw Poh³ \ÂIp ¶Xv Rm\t{X, hcpWsâ \nba§sf ]n³XpScpI, a\pjycpsS Gähpw DbÀ¶ aµnc§fn Rm³ `cWw \S¯p¶p. þcmPmhmb hcpW\mWvþ Rm³. tl C{µ Rm³ hcpW\mIp¶p, hnime 43

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

§fpw Kw`oc§fpw A\pKrloX§fpamb c­p temI§fpw FtâXmWv. AdnhpÅ Hcp \nÀ½mXmhmb Rm³ FÃm hkvXp ¡tfbpw krjvSn¨p. Zymhm ]rYznIsf \ne\nÀ¯p¶Xv Rm\ t{X. HgpIp¶ Pe§sf Rm³ hÀ²n¸n¨p. BImis¯ hnip² amb AXnsâ Øm\¯n Rm³ Øm]n¨p. AZnXnbpsS ]p{X \mb Rm³ {Xn`mKamb {]]©s¯ ]c¯n."

XpSÀ¶v C{µ³ Xsâ amlmßy§Ä hÀWn¡pIbmWv: "bp ²¯n {]bmkw t\cnSpt¼mÄ Aizhm³amcmb a\pjyÀ Fs¶bmWv hnfn¡p¶Xv. ià\mb Rm\t{X hÀ²n¨ _ew \nan¯w bp²w aqÀÑn¸n¡p¶Xpw s]mSn ]d¸n¡p¶Xpw. AsX Ãmw Rm³ sNbvXn«p­v. tZh³amcpsS FÃmhcptSbpw iàn H ¯ptNÀ¶mepw, A]cmPnX\mb Fs¶ XSbpI km²yaÃ. B lpXnIÄ sIm­pw kvtXm{X§Ä sIm­pw F\n¡v aZw Ibdp t¼mÄ A]mc§fmb Zym]rYznIÄ t]Sn hndbv¡p¶p."

Hmtcm ssZh¯nsâbpw Bcm[IÀ X§fpsS D]mk\m i ànIsf aäp ssZh§tf¡mÄ {]_ecm¡n Nn{XoIcn¡pIbpw B ssZh§sf {]]©¯nsâ apgph³ \nb´mXm¡fm¡n Im WpIbpamWv. ssZh§fpsS Cu aÕc¯n Nne ssZh§Ä hfÀ¶p iàcmbn. thZ§fnse A{]kàcmb ssZh§fnsemcmfmb hnjvWp, `KhZvKoXm cq]oIcW Ime¯v kÀhià\mbn Nn{XoIcn¡ s¸Sp¶Xpw CXpt]mse Xs¶bmWv. `KhZvKoXbnse Irjv W³(hnjvWp) ]dbp¶Xmbn KoXmIÀ¯mhv FgpXp¶ `mKw {i²n¡pI: "Aán kvtXmahmZnbmb {IXp¡fpw kvarXn kvarXnhnlnX amb ]©bÚ§fpw {im²mZnIfpw Huj[§fpw thtZmà a{´§fpw LrXmZntlma {Zhy§fpw AánIfpw tlmahpw F Ãmw Rm³ Xs¶bmIp¶p." (`KhZvKoX 9 : 16) "Cu PK¯nsâ ]nXmhpw amXmhpw ]nXmal\pw IÀ½^e ZmXmhpw Adnbs¸tS­ hkvXphpw ]cnip² hkvXphpw Hm¦m chpw EtKzZhpw kmathZhpw bPqÀthZhpw Rm³ Xs¶bmIp ¶p." (`KhZvKoX 9 : 17) 44

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Cu {]hWX Bcw`n¡p¶Xv thZImeL«¯n Xs¶ bmWv. CXv GtIizchmZambn tUm: cm[mIrjvWs\t¸mep ÅhÀ hymJym\n¡p¶Xn Igs¼m¶panÃ. AtXbhkc¯n ¯s¶, _lpssZh§fpsS B[nIy¯nÂ, "IkvssatZhmb lhn jm hnt[a" (GXp tZh\mWv \½Ä lhnkv AÀ¸nt¡­ Xv?)28 F¶ i¦bpw DbÀ¶phcp¶p­v. Zkyp¡fpsS ]cmPb¯n \nSbm¡nb Bcy³amcpsS {][m\ kac§Ä AhÀ¡v \ÂInb ]ckv]c_Ôw, ]e ssZh§fptSbpw IqSnt¨cen\v kmlNcyw Hcp¡n. Npcp¡n¸dªmÂ, Hmtcm ssZhs¯bpw krjvSnIÀ¯m hpw {]]© \nb´mXmhpambn IW¡m¡nt¸m¶ncp¶ Bcy tKm{X§fpsS `uXnI kmlNcy§fnep­mb amäw AhcpsS ssZh§fpsS iàntbbpw kzm[o\t¯bpw Iq«pItbm Ipdbv¡p Itbm sNbvXp.

EXhnizmkw ]n¡me IpSntbä§fnep­mb ]cmPbw Bcy³amcpsS ]gb ssZh k¦Â]§Ä¡v a§teÂ]n¨p. FÃmw \nÝnXamb Hcp ]ÙmhneqsSbmWv Ncn¡p¶sX¶pw, ssZh§Ät]mepw AXn\v hnt[bamsW¶pw NneÀ IcpXm³ XpS§n. hkvXp¡fpsS KXn, F¶ AÀ°w hcp¶ Hcp hm¡mWv EXw.29 {]]©¯nsâ KXn hnKXnIsf¡pdn¨v Imcyamb {Kmlysam¶panÃmXncp¶ {]mNo\ a\pjy³ ]Iepw cm{Xnbpw amdnhcp¶Xpw kqcyN{µ³amcpsS Ne\hpw, EXp¡fpsS amähpw {i²n¨v Nne {]mYanI [mcW Ifnse¯m³ {ian¡p¶Xv ChnsS hyàamWv. a\pjyPohnX ¯nsâ sNdnb ImebfhnÂ\n¶v ImWpt¼mÄ tXm¶p¶Xp t]mse {Iaambn«Ã {]]© Ne\§Ä F¶v C¶s¯ a\pjy\v imkv{XhnÚm\¯nsâ ASnØm\¯n Adnbmw. F¶m tKm{XPohnXw \bn¨p h¶ {]mNo\ Bcy³amÀ¡v B [mcW D­mhWsa¶nÃtÃm.

EX k¦Â]¯n\p­mhp¶ {]_eX, ssZh§fpsS iàn Ipdhmbn KWn¡s¸Sp¶Xv {it²bat{X! "Djkv EX¯nsâ amÀKs¯, kaoNo\amb amÀKs¯, AXns\¸än ap¼v Adnªn cp¶mse¶Xpt]mse, ]n³XpScp¶p. AhÄ Hcn¡epw AXnÀ 45

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

IS¶pt]mIp¶nÃ. kqcy³ EX¯nsâ amÀK¯neqsS Ncn¡p ¶p."30 Cu t_m[w kqNn¸n¡p¶ \nch[n DZmlcW§Ä EtKzZ ¯n ImWm³ Ignbpw. "acp¯p¡Ä Zqsc EX¯nsâ Øm\¯p \n¶mWv hcp¶Xv",31 "hnjvWp EX¯nsâ KÀ`amWv",32 "EXw \nan¯amWv Zymhm ]rYznIÄ B \nebnembncn¡p¶Xv",33 XpS §nb k¦Â]§fn ssZh§fpsS ZuÀ_eyhpw, hn[n hnizmk hpw \nklmbXm t_m[hpw {ItaW BcytKm{X§sf hngp§p ¶Xv \ap¡v ImWm³ Ignbpw.

a{´¯n\v hnt[bamhp¶ ssZh§Ä Zkyp¡sf IogS¡nbpw ]pXnb `qanIÄ I¿S¡nbpw h¶ Bcy tKm{X§Ä¡nSbn Ime{ItaW \nklmbXmt_m[hpw {]] ©iànIfpsS ap¼nepÅ ]cm{ibt_m[hpw hfÀ¶ph¶p. tcmK§Ä, bp²¯nse ]cmPb§Ä, acWw, sISpXnIÄ F¶n hbpsSsbms¡ ap¶n \nklmb\mbn\n¶ a\pjy³, {]IrXn iànItfmSv FXncn«p\n¡m³ X\n¡p Ignhnsöv IcpXm³ XpS§n. sshbànI cq]w \ÂIs¸« {]iv\§Ä, D]mb§Ä aptJ\ ]cnlcn¡m\pÅ {ia§Ä XpS§n. Icp¯nsâbpw Gäp ap«ensâbpw kzcw a§pIbpw ssZh§Ä, ]nimNp¡Ä, cm£ k³amÀ XpS§nbhsc hi¯m¡m\pÅ B`nNmc hnZyIfpw a {´hmZhpw hfcpIbpw sNbvXp. a{´§ÄsIm­v ssZh§sf {]kmZn¸n¡msa¶pw A§s\ Imcykn²n t\Smsa¶pw AhÀ IcpXn. A¡meL«¯nse kq{X¡mcmb {_mÒWÀ \nklmb \mb a\pjys\, ssZh§sf kzm[o\n¡m\pÅ Ipdp¡p hgnI fmb a{´§Ähgn, \nb{´n¡m³ {ian¡pIbmWv. AYÀhthZ ¯nepS\ofw Cu am{´nI hnZyIfpsS _lfamWv. ZpÀa{´hmZ ¯ns\Xncmb kÂa{´hmZw, hcw \ÂIm\njvSanÃm¯ ssZh t¯mSv ASp¯pIqSn tkh ]nSn¨v Imcy§Ä t\SpI... CXmW Xnse kzcw. ssZh§Ä a{´§Ä¡[o\amsW¶pw a{´§Ä {_mÒWÀ ¡v am{Xw A[o\amsW¶pw {]Ncn¸n¡s¸«p. XpSÀ¶v thZ§ fpw AXnse a{´§fpw {_mÒWÀ¡ÃmsX aämÀ¡pw ]Tn¡m\m hm¯ hn[¯n \nba§Ä cq]oIcn¡s¸«p. Cu \nba§fnÂ, 46

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

{_mÒtWXcmb iq{ZÀ Fgp¯p ]Tn¨m Zqsc amän \nÀ¯W sa¶pw, iq{Z³ NpSpIm«n\v Xpey\msW¶pw, thZwtI« iq{Zsâ ImXn Cubhpw Ac¡pw Dcp¡nsbmgn¡Wsa¶pw, thZw D¨ cn¨ iq{Zsâ \mhv Adps¯Sp¡Wsa¶pw, thZw ]Tn¨ iq{Zsâ lrZbw ]nfÀ¡Wsa¶pw,34 thZm[nImcnIfmb Bcy³amÀ i Tn¨p.

References 1. EtKzZw, aÞew 4, kqàw 14 2. EtKzZw, aÞew 4, kqàw 2 3. EtKzZw, aÞew 2, kqàw 15 4. EtKzZw, aÞew 2, kqàw 15 5. EtKzZw, aÞew 2, kqàw 15 6. EtKzZw, aÞew 2, kqàw 16 7. EtKzZw, aÞew 2, kqàw 16 8. Ibid.

9. H.D. Griswold, The Religion of the Rigveda, (Mangalore, 1923) p. 88 10. Ibid.

11. Ibid p. 90 12.

]pd¸mSp ]pkvXIw 20:4 13. Ip`m, knÔp, kphmkvXp, hnXkvX, Aknàn, ]cpjvWn, hn]mi, iX{Zn, kckzXn, bap\ F¶nhbmWv EtKzZ¯nse {][m\ \ZnIÄ. KwKm\Zn ]n¡me¯v `mcX¯n ]pWy \Znbmbn KWn¡s¸Sp¶ps­¦nepw, KwKsb¸än EtKzZ ¯n Htcsbmcp {]mhiyta ]dªn«pÅq.

14. sI.Fw. ]Wn¡À, (BapJw), hÅt¯mfnsâ EtKzZ kwlnX (Xrinht]cqÀ, 1955) p. 16 15. EtKzZw, aÞew 2, kqàw 4 16. The Religion of the Rigveda, p. 163 17.

EtKzZw, aÞew 2, kqàw 4 47

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w 18. cm[mIrjvW³, 1975) p. 62

`mcXob ZÀi\w, H¶mw hmfyw (tImgnt¡mSv,

19.

cm[mIrjvW³ `mcXob ZÀi\¯n D²cn¡p¶ `mKam WnXv, EtKzZw Xþ70þ11, EtKzZw Xþ7þ3 20. EtKzZw VIIþ15þ2; IVþ1þ9; IIIþ1þ7; IIIþ5þ1; Iþ94þ5; VIIIþ43þ32; Xþ88þ2 21. EtKzZw, aÞew III, kqàw 2 22. Macdonell, Vedic Mythology in Grundiss, (Strassburg, 1897) p. 46 23.

EtKzZw, aÞew I, kqàw 92 24. EtKzZw, aÞew X, 75þ2, 4,6 25. EtKzZw, aÞew VII, kqàw 60 26. EtKzZw, aÞew I kqàw 154, 1þ2 27. cm[mIrjvW³, `mcXob ZÀi\w, H¶mw hmfyw (tImgnt¡mSv, 1975) p.61 28. EtKzZw, aÞew X, kqàw 121 29. Cw¥ojnse "rhythm" F¶ hm¡nsâ AÀ°t¯mSv hfsc ASp¯p hcp¶ H¶mWnXv. 30. EtKzZw, aÞew I, kqàw 24 31. EtKzZw, aÞew I, kqàw 21 32. EtKzZw, aÞew I, kqàw 156 33. EtKzZw, aÞew X, kqàw 121 34. "iq{Za£c kwbpàw ZqcX: ]cnhÀÖtbbv "; "]Zyplhm GXXv ivaim\w bÑq{Z XkvamXv iq{Zkaot]\mt²yXhyw"; "AkythZ ap]irWzX: {X]pPXp`ymw t{im{X {]Xn]qcWw"; "D¨mctW PnlzmtÑZ\mXv "; "[mctW lrZbhnZmcWw."

48

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

3 tkmackhpw kpcbpw thZ§fpw thZImeL«¯nse {][m\ elcn ]ZmÀ°§fmWv tkmac khpw kpcbpw. Bcy³amÀ¡v Hgn¨pIqSm³ h¿m¯ Hcp ab¡p acp¶pXs¶bmWv tkmackw. ]s¯m¼Xmw \qäm­n ssN\ ¡msc Idp¸v Xoän _m[n¨ncp¶t]msetbm AXne[nItam Bbn tkma]m\w thZImes¯ Bcy³amsc kzm[o\n¨psh¶ Xn\v [mcmfw sXfnhpIfp­v. thZ ImeL«§fn Bcy³amÀ D]tbmKn¨ph¶ Gähpw iànbpÅ elcn ]ZmÀ°w tkmaw Xs¶bmbncp¶p. thZ§fnse hÀW\IfnÂ\n¶v hyàambn A\pam\n¡m³ Ignbp¶Xv, I©mhpXs¶bmWv tkmaw F¶m Wv. thZImeL«¯n {]Nmc¯nencp¶ aZyw BWv kpc. kpc bptSbpw tkma¯nsâbpw amlmßys¯¸änbpw AXv \ÂIp¶ ambnI{`as¯¸änbpw thZ§fnepS\ofw \ap¡v hnhc§Ä e`yamWv. {]IrXn iànIÄ¡pw `qanbnse i{Xp¡Ä¡pw at²y, \ne \nÂ]n\pw IogS¡en\pw th­nbpÅ D¡S Zmlhpambn¡gn ª thZImeL«¯nse ]pcmX\ a\pjysc BËmZ aqÀÑbn te¡v \bn¡phm³ AhÀ Is­¯nb ab¡p acp¶pIÄ¡v Ignªp. Cu {`m´amb ambnImhØ Hcp Znhyamb A\p`qXn bmsW¶v AhÀ IcpXnbXv XnI¨pw kzm`mhnIamWv. imcocnI amb Cu ambnI {`aw, AaqÀ¯amb k¦Â]§Ä cq]saSp¡p¶ Xn\pÅ ]Ým¯eambn `hn¨p. hnäv\n (Whitny)sb D²cn¨psIm­v tUm. cm[mIrjvW³ CXv hyàambn¯s¶ ]dbp¶p­v. "{]IrXnbpsS BÝcyIc§ fmb iànItfbpw {]Xn`mk§tfbpw ]qPn¡pI F¶Xn 49

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

aXk¦Â]w apgph³ AS§nbncp¶ kcf lrZb³amcmb B cy³amÀ Btßm³tajs¯ DbÀ¯phm\pw, km[mcW \ne bn sN¿m³ Ignbm¯ {]hr¯nIÄ sNbvhm\pÅ t{]cWbpw Ignhpw hyànIfnepfhm¡p¶ Xm¡menIamb HcpXcw el cn DÂ]mZn¸n¡phm\pw Hcp {ZmhI¯n\v Ignhps­¶v I­ tXmsS, Znhyamb Ft´m H¶mWsX¶v IcpXm³ XpS§n. Xm³ {]thin¡p¶ hyànIÄs¡Ãmw tZthmNnX§fmb iànIÄ {]Zm\w sN¿p¶ Hcp tZhXbmbn¯oÀ¶p AhcpsS ZrjvSnbn B ]m\obw. AXp­m¡p¶ sNSnbmIs«, Ahsc kw_Ôn¨nS t¯mfw Huj[nIfpsS cmPmhpw, AXnÂ\n¶v ]m\obap­m ¡p¶ {]{Inb hnip²amb Hcp bÚhpw, AXn¶p]tbmKn ¡p¶ D]IcW§Ä ]mh\hpambn¯oÀ¶p. Cu Bcm[\m k{¼Zmbw hfscb[nIw {]mNo\amsW¶v t]Àky³ AshkvX bn AXns\¸än¡mWp¶ kqN\IÄ sXfnbn¡p¶p. F¦nepw C´ybpsS `q{]tZi¯v F¯nbXn\ptijw AXn\v Hcp ]pXnb Poh³ h¶Xmbn¡mWp¶p."1 EtKzZ¯nÂ, GXm­v \qän Ccp]tXmfw kqà§Ä tkma s¯tbm tkmatZhs\tbm A`n kwt_m[\ sNbvXpsIm­pÅ hbmWv. kqà§fpsS F®w sIm­v Øm\w \nÀWbn¡pIbm sW¦n EKvthZ¯n aq¶mas¯ Øm\w tkma¯n\v (tkma tZh\v) BWv. tkma]m\w AacXz¯nte¡v \bn¡psa¶pw, "shfn¨"¯n te¡v {]thin¸nbv¡psa¶pw BWv Nne kqà§Ä hyàam¡p ¶Xv. tZh³amsc Adnbm\pw tkma]m\w D]Icn¡pat{X! "R §Ä tkmaw ]m\w sNbvXp. AarX³amcmbn¯oÀ¶p. tPymXn knte¡v {]thin¨p. tZh³amsc Adnªp," F¶mWv EKvthZ cNbnXm¡fnsemcmÄ ]dbp¶Xv.2 tkmaw, AYhm I©mhv, C{µ³ Ac¨pIe¡n¡pSn¨t¸mÄ At±l¯n\p­mb Xo{hamb elcnsb¸än ]dbp¶Xv C§s\bmWv: "C{µ³ hnizcq]s\ sIm¶p. AXn\v ]Icambn hnizcq]sâ ]p{X\mb XzjvSmhv tkmas¯ B`nNmc {]tbmKwsIm­v A] lcn¨p. CXdnª C{µ³ HmSns¨¶v XzjvSmhnsâ I¿nÂ\n¶v 50

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

tkmas¯ ]nSn¨p]dn¨p IpSn¨p. CXnsâ elcn C{µsâ tZlw apgph³ hym]n¨p. C{µhocyw Htcm AwK§fn¡qSnbpw ]pd t¯¡v \nÀKan¨p. I®pIfnÂ\n¶v tXPkv a§n. \mknIIÄ hgnbmbn hocyw tNmÀ¶pt]mbn. apJ¯nÂ\n¶v iàn AkvX an¨p. sNhnIÄ¡pÅ tIgvhn \in¨p. ip¢w {khn¨p. aq{Xw hgnbm bn HmPkv {khn¨p. A§s\ C{µ³ Xsâ i{Xphmb \apNn tbmSpIqSn k©cn¨p."

AXniàhpw, {`m´nsâ ht¡mfw F¯n¡p¶Xpamb A] ISImcnbmb Cu ab¡pacp¶v thZ§fpsS cN\mL«¯n EjnamÀ¡v {]tNmZIambn `hn¨p F¶mWv A\pam\nt¡­Xv. t_m [w \in¡p¶ AhØbnepÅ {`aw B²ymßnI A\p`qXn bmbn sXäp[cn¡s¸«p. ab¡pacp¶pw ssZhoIm\p`qXnsb¶ {`ahpw CXpt]mse aäp ]e hnizmk§fnepw k¦Â]§fnepw IqSn¡pgªv ImWmhp¶XmWv. t]Àky³ AshkvXbnse ltbma (Haoma), hoªnsâbpw ap´ncnbptSbpw tZhXbmbn {]mNo\ {KokpImÀ Bcm[n¨ UtbmWnkkv (Dionysos) F¶nh bpw tkmahpw X½nepÅ kmayw {it²bamWv. tkma¯n\v ssZ hnIXbps­¶pw Huj[ iànbps­¶pw {]mIrXcmb Bcy³ amÀ IcpXn. tkmaw apS´³amsc \S¯psa¶pw AÔ³amÀ¡v ImgvN \ÂIpsa¶pw AhÀ hnizkn¨p. tkmaeXbnÂ\n¶v {ZmhIw ]ngnsªSp¡pt¼mÄ ]mSm³ Dt±in¡s¸«hbmWv tkma kqà§Ä. tkmat¯mSpÅ `àn, hcpW³ Xs¶bmWv tkma³ F¶p]dbp¶ Xc¯n hfÀ¶p.

EtKzZ¯nse XmsgsImSp¡p¶ kqàw Cu `àn shfnhm¡p ¶XmWv. "tkma, cmPmhpw hcpW\pamb A§bpsSbmWtÃm, IÀ½ §Ä. hnimehpw Kw`ochpat{X A§bpsS tXPkv. tkma, A§v {]nbs¸« an{X³ t]mse ]mh\\mIp¶p þ kqcy³t]mse hÀ²bnXmhmIp¶p!" "tkma, cmPmth, A§bpsS tXPkpIÄ tZymhn Fhtbm, `qhn Fhtbm, ]ÀhX§fn Fhtbm, Huj[nIfn Fhtbm, Pe§fn Fhtbm, AhtbmsSÃmsam¶n¨v `hm³, 51

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Acnis¸SmsX a\w sXfnªv, R§fpsS lhnkpIÄ ssIs¡m ­mepw!" "tkma, A§v kÂ]XnbmIp¶p. A§p cmPmhmIp¶p, hr{X kqZ\\mIp¶p. A§pXs¶, tim`\amb bmKw!" "tkma, kvtXm{X§fn {]oXnbpÅ h\kv]Xnbmb `hm¶v CjvSamWv R§fpsS PohnXsa¦n R§Ä acn¨pt]mInÃ!" "tkma, hr²\mb bÚIÀ¯mhn¶pw bphmhn¶pw Pohn ¸m³ aXnbmb [\w `hm³ IÂ]n¨psImSp¡p¶p!" "tkma, cmPmth, `hm³ R§sf FÃm t{ZmtlÑp¡fn \n ¶pw c£n¡pI. A§sbt¸mepÅhsâ kJmhpw \in¡nà tÃm!" "tkma, lhnÀ±mhns\ kpJn¸n¡p¶ c£Ifp­tÃm `hmsâ ]¡Â. AXpsIm­v R§sf ]men¨cpfpI!" "tkma, AhnSp¶v Cu bÚhpw Cu kvXpXnbpw kzoIcn¨v Fgp¶Ån hcnI. R§Ä¡v A`nhr²n hcp¯pI!" "tkma, hmIyÚcmb R§Ä A§sb kvXpXnIÄsIm­p hfÀ¯p¶p. A§p R§Ä¡p \à kpJw \ÂIm³ h¶ptNcp I!" "tkma, A§p R§Ä¡p [\w hÀ²n¸n¡pI. tcmK§Ä ian¸n¡pI. k¼¯p \ÂIpI. ]pjvSn Iq«pI. \à kJm¡sf XcnI!" "tkma, tKm¡Ä ]p¸c¸nse¶t]msebpw, a\pjy³ kz Krl¯nse¶t]msebpw A§p R§fpsS lrZb¯n can ¨mepw!" "tkma A§bpsS kJy¯n\mbn bmsXmcp aÀXy³ kvXpXn ¡ptam; Ahs\ Ihnbpw \n]pW\pamb `hm³ A\p{Kln¨ cpfpw!" "tkma, A§p R§sf A`n]mi¯n \n¶p c£n¡Ww. R§fpsS ]m]hpw \o¡Ww. F¶n«p R§Ä¡p kpJw \ Ip¶ kJmhmbn hÀ¯n¨mepw!"

52

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

"tkma, hÀ²n¸qXmI; A§bpsS hocyw F§pw tNÀ¶p \n¡s«! A¶w X¶cpfpI!" "C¼w apgp¯ tkma, `hm³ FÃm civanItfmSpwIqSn hÀ²n ¨mepw. \à `£Ww [mcmfw X¶v R§sf ]pjvSns¸Sp¯p¶ kJmhmbn¯oÀ¶mepw!" "tkma, ]mepw tNmdpw hocyhpsams¡ sshcn l´mhmb ` hm¦Â h¶ptNcs«. `hm³ R§sf acWclnX\m¡m³ apXnÀ ¶psIm­v, kzÀK¯n anI¨ t`mPy§Ä kw`cn¨mepw!" "tkma, lhnkp sIm­v ]qPn¡s¸Sp¶hbmWtÃm `hmsâ tXPkpIÄ. AhsbÃmw (R§fpsS) bÚs¯ Nqgv¶p \n ¡s«. Krls¯ A`nhr²ns¸Sp¯p¶, ZpcnX§fnÂ\n¶p tIäp ¶, \à hoctcmSpIqSnb, ]p{Xt]mjI\mb `hm³ (R§fpsS) Krl¯n h¶ptNÀ¶mepw!" "tkma³ lhnÀ±mXmhn\p ]¿ns\ sImSp¡p¶p; tkma³ IpXnt¨mSp¶ IpXncsb sImSp¡p¶p; tkma³ IÀ½Ipie\pw, Krl¯n\p sImÅmhp¶h\pw, bÚmÀl\pw, k`y\pw, AÑ s\ hnfns¸Sp¯p¶h\pamb ]p{Xs\ sImSp¡p¶p!" "bp²§fn A[rjy³, tk\Ifn XnIhp hcp¯p¶h³, kzÀK {]m]I³, ag s]mgn¡p¶h³ _e c£I³, bmK§fn sNÃp¶h³, \à ]mÀ¸nShpw \à bikpapÅh³, hnPbnþ C{] ImcapÅ A§sb HmÀ¯p tkma, R§Ä C¼w sImÅs«!" "tkma, A§v Cu Huj[nIsfsbÃmw krjvSn¨p. A§p Pe s¯ P\n¸n¨p. tKm¡sf D¸mZn¸n¨p. A§p hnimeamb A´co£¯n\p hoXn Iq«n. A§v {]ImiwsIm­v Ccp«ns\ s]m¡n!" "_ehm\mb tkmatZh, XncphpÅw sXfnªp Ipsd [\w R§Ä¡b¨pX¶mepw! A§bv¡v D]{Zhw t\cnSnÃ. CcpIq «cptSbpw hocyw A§bpsS hcpXnbnemWtÃm. AhnSp¶p t]m cn R§sf c£nbv¡pI!"4

53

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

tkmaw F¶ sNSn ssZhnIXzw \ÂIs¸«v Bcm[n¡s¸Sp¶ tkmas¯ ]ngnsª Sp¯v ]m\w sN¿pIsb¶Xv al¯camb Imcyambn [cn¨p h ¶ncp¶p. sNSnbmb tkmaw F´mbncp¶psh¶v hyàamb kqN \IÄ thZ§Ä Xs¶ \ÂIp¶p­v. ku{XmaWnbmKw \S¯p ¶Xn\v, tkmas¯ FÃm e£W§fpw hniZoIcn¨psIm­v bPqÀthZ¯n hÀWn¡p¶p­v. I©mhv Xs¶bmWv tkmaw F¶v XnI¨pw hyàamWv. "]ÀhX {]m´§fn hfcp¶, Xq§p¶ inJc§fpw lcnhÀ WhpapÅ" tkmaw F§ns\bmWv IpSn¡phm³ ]mI¯n ]ngn ªv ip²nsNbvsXSp¡p¶sX¶pw thZ§fnep­v. ]ÀhX {]tZ i§fnepÅ ]mds¡«pIfnemWv tkmaap­mIp¶sX¶v bPqÀ thZ¯n ]dbp¶p. CXn\p]tbmKn¨ncp¶ ijv]w F¶ hm¡n \v, sNdnb sNSnsb¶mWv AÀ°w. Cu sNSn ]dn¨p sIm­ph¶v \à Pe¯n Hmtcmtcm Znhkambn ap½q¶p {]mhiyhpw, H¶v, c­v, aq¶v F¶o {Ia¯n ]ip¡fpsS ]men Hmtcmtcm Znh kambn aq¶p {]mhiyw ip²nsNbvsXSp¯v Ac¨p Ie¡n IpSn ¨m hocyhÀ²\hpw AXnelcnbpw D­mhpsa¶mWv ]dªn «pÅXv. C§s\bmWv tkma¯n\v Pemwiap­mIp¶Xv. thZ§ fn tkmaw F¶p]dbp¶ I©mhv, BbpÀthZ hn[nIfn Hcp apJy Huj[hpw hmPoIcWw \ÂIp¶ hkvXphpambn«mWv KWn¡s¸Sp¶sX¶pw {it²bamWv. ku{XmaWn bmK¯n\pth­n tkmaw D­m¡p¶Xns\¸än iX]Y{_mÒW¯n ]dbp¶Xv C§s\bmWv: "tkmaw sIm­ph¶v BZys¯ cm{Xn apgph\pw shůn en«ph¨v Imes¯ FSp¯v shÅsamgn¨v \Ãt]mse IgpInsbSp ¡Ww. Cu ip²n¡v Bizn\w F¶mWv t]cv." "c­mas¯ cm{Xnbnepw shůnen«p sh¨n«p sXm«Sp¯ Znhkw D¨bv¡v FSp¯v \¶mbn IgpInsbSp¡pI. C§s\sN ¿p¶ c­mas¯ ip²n¡v kmckzXw F¶mWv t]cv." "aq¶mas¯ cm{Xnbnepw CXpt]mse shÅsamgn¨psh¨v 54

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

ip²n sN¿Ww. aq¶mas¯ ip²n¡v sF{µw F¶mWv t]cv."5 X\n¡pw Xsâ Øm\¯n\pw th­n A[zcyp¡Ä Aizn\ t¯bpw, tlmXmhv, {_Òmhv, ssa{XmhcpW³ F¶nhÀ kc kzXt¯bpw, bmKw sN¿n¡p¶ bPam\³ sF{µt¯bpw `£n ¡p¶psh¶v ]dªn«p­v.6 tkmas¯ ]mepsIm­v ip²oIcn¡p¶tX¸änbpw ]cmaÀi §fp­v. BZys¯ Znhkw Hcp ]iphnsâ ]mepsIm­mWv ip²n sNt¿­Xv. c­mas¯ cm{Xnbn c­p ]ip¡fpsS ]mep sIm­pw aq¶mas¯ cm{Xnbn aq¶p ]ip¡fpsS ]mepsIm ­pw ip²n sNt¿­XmWt{X!7 `qanbnse a\pjysct¸mse, AhcpsS k¦Â]§fnse ssZh §fpw tkma]m\nIfmWv. C{µ³ tkma]m\w sN¿p¶Xmbpw, tkmaw \ÂIn C{µs\ {]oWn¸n¡p¶Xmbpw ]dbp¶ \nch[n kqà§Ä EtKzZ¯n ImWmhp¶XmWv. I©mhnsâ el cnbn `mh\IÄ¡v NndIpIfp­mbn. k¦Â] temIw Ne\mß Iambn. tZh³amcptSbpw ssZh§fptSbpw ]ndhnbpsS ]n¶nse \ntj[n¡m\mhm¯ Hcp kmlNcyw CXmWv. bp²mhkc§fn Dt¯PI hkvXphmbpw tkmas¯ KWn ¨p ImWp¶p­v. km[mcWKXnbn sN¿m³ ]äm¯ ]e Imcy §fpw I©mhnsâ elcnbn sN¿m³ tbm²m¡Ä¡v Ignªp. ssk\nIÀ¡v B[p\nI bpK¯n Bhiym\pkcWw aZyw \ÂIp¶Xnsâ Hcp ]gb cq]w Xs¶bmWnXv. tkma¯n\p th­n¯s¶ Bcy³amÀ Zkyp¡fpambn bp²w sNbvXXmbn ]dbp¶p­v. Hgn¨pIqSm³ h¿m¯ hn[w thZImes¯ Bcy³ amÀ tkma¯n\v (I©mhn\v) ASnaIfmbncp¶p F¶v ImWmhp ¶XmWv. Bcy³amsc B{ibn¨p\n¶ ]pcqchkv XpS§nb A\m cy³amÀ¡pw AhÀ tkmaw \ÂIn h¶ncp¶pht{X!

kpc thZ§fn ]dbp¶ kpc Hcp aZyamWv. 'kpcbÃmsX aäp aZy §Ä {_mÒWÀ IpSn¨pIqSm, F¶v t_m[mb\[À½ kq{X ¯n ]dbp¶p.' 8 [m\y§Ä s]mSn¨p Ie¡nsh¨v ]pfn¸ns¨Sp 55

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

¡p¶ Hcp aZyamWv kpc. kpc D­m¡n Hgn¨p h¨Xn\ptijw sXfnsbSp¯psIm­v _m¡n Dt]£nt¡­XmsW¶v kmbW `mjy¯n hniZam¡p¶p­v. kpcbpsS amlmßys¯¡pdn¨v iX]Y{_mÒWw ]dbp¶p: "kpcsIm­v ]cnip²am¡n¯oÀ¡p¶p. kpc Xs¶ ]cnip² ambn«pÅXmWtÃm. ]cnip²amb kpcsb sXfnsbSp¯psIm ­v thÀXncn¡p¶p. CXv a\knem¡ns¡m­v ku{XmaWn bmK s¯ sNbvXp."9

AaÀXyXbpw tkmackhpw acWw, F¡mes¯bpw a\pjys\ A¼c¸n¡pIbpw `bs¸Sp ¯pIbpw sNbvXn«p­v. acWs¯ AXnPohn¡m\pw AaÀXyX ssIhcn¡m\papÅ D¡Samb B{Klw FÃm {]mNo\ aX §fptSbpw hnizmk kwlnXIfn ZriyamWv. thZImes¯ AacXz¯n\pÅ, B{Klw {]ISamIp¶Xv hnhn[§fmb a{´ §fneqsSbpw kqà§fneqsSbpamWv. AacXzw ssIhcn¡m\p Å Znhy Huj[ambn tkmas¯ ImWp¶ ]e `mK§fp­v.

Xmsgs¡mSp¯ncn¡p¶ tkma kqàw {i²n¡pI: "FhnsS \nXy {]Imiapt­m, GXp temI¯n kqcy³ Øm]nX\mbncn¡p¶pthm; B AaÀXyhpw A\izchpamb temI¯n tl tkmam, Fs¶ Øm]n¨mepw." "hnhkzmsâ ]p{X³ FhnsS cmPmhmbn hmgp¶pthm, kzÀK ¯nsâ KqVamb Øm\w FhnsStbm, Cu iàntbdnb Pe §Ä DÅsXt§m, AhnsS Fs¶ AaÀXy\m¡ns¨bvXmepw." "aq¶mw kzÀK¯n PohnXsahnsS kzX{´tam, temI§Ä FhnsS Zo]yam\§tfm, AhnsS Fs¶ AaÀXy\m¡nbmepw."

"FhnsS kpJhpw B\µhpapt­m, FhnsS BËmZhpw k´p jvSnbpw hkn¡p¶pthm, FhnsS R§fpsS B{Kl§sfÃmw \ndthdp¶pthm AhnsS Fs¶ AaÀXy\m¡nbmepw."10 tkmack¯nsâ D³amZw AKm[amb DÄ¡mgvNbmbpw, lrZ b Zo]vXnbmbpw B²ymßnIamb A´ÀZÀi\ambpw IcpXs¸ «p. {]]©iànIÄ¡v ap¶n AZv`pX]cX{´\mb thZIme 56

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

s¯ a\pjy³ tkmas¯ Hcp A¯mWnbmbn¡cpXn. `mh\IÄ ¡pw ambnI{`a§Ä¡pw tkmaw (I©mhv) Ahkcw \ÂIn. References: 1. Whitny, Journal of American Oriental Society, iii, 292

(`mcXob ZÀi\¯n (H¶mw hmfyw) tUm.cm[mIrjvW³ D²cn¡p ¶Xv. t]Pv 62þ63) 2. EtKzZw, aÞew VIII, kqàw 48 3. ip¢ bPqÀthZob iX]Y {_mÒWw 7þ3þ2þ1, 2,3 (C³Uy bnse hÀWkacw F¶ {KÙ¯n Xncph§mSv kn.

IrjvW¡pdp¸v D²cn¡p¶Xv. p.66) 4. EtKzZw, aÞew 1, kqàw 91 5. iX]Y{_mÒWw 12þ8þ2þ8, 9,10 6. Ibid., 12þ8þ2þ23, 24 7. Ibid., 12þ8þ2þ11 8. t_m[mb\ [À½kq{Xw, 1þ1þ10 9. iX]Y{_mÒWw 13þ8þ1þ16 10. Sacred Books of the East, Vedic Hymns, Part I p. 20

57

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

4 bmK§Ä thZ§fn kwlnXIfpw {_mÒW§fpw tNÀ¶ thZ§fnÂ, bPqÀthZ amWv bmK§sf¸änbpw, bmKmZnIfpsS {]tbmK coXnIsf¡p dn¨pw hniZoIcn¡p¶Xv. ssZh§sf {]oXns¸Sp¯m\pÅ _en k{¼Zmb¯nsâ asämcp cq]w Xs¶bmWv bmK§Ä. "tIhew bm{´nIamb ]ptcmlnXhmZ¯nsâ kz`mhapÅXmWv bPqÀ thZ {]Xn]mZnXamb aXw" F¶pw, 'bPqÀthZ a{´§Ä PohnX¯n {]tbmP\apÅ GsX¦nepw hkvXphn\pth­n \S¯p¶ \nkmc {]mÀ°\IfpsS hnckamb ]p\cmhÀ¯\ §Ä am{XamWv' F¶pw ]dªv sslµh ZmÀi\nI hymJymXm ¡fn {]apJ\mb tUm. cm[mIrjvW³, At±l¯nsâ '`mc Xob ZÀi\'¯n XSnX¸pIbmWv.1 bPqÀthZ¯n hniZam ¡p¶Xpw, Xpd¶p ImWn¡phm³ sslµh ]ÞnX³amÀ Ad¨p \n¡p¶Xpamb Imcy§Ä F´mWv? bPqÀthZ {Iaa\pkcn¨v {_mÒW ]ptcmlnX³amÀ Bbnc¡W¡n\p hÀj§fn A£cmÀ°¯n \S¯nh¶n«pÅ bmK§Ä FÆn[amWv? CXdnbphm\pÅ _m²yX \apt¡mtcmcp¯À¡pw D­v. ssZh t{]màamsW¶pw Ejn t{]màamsW¶pw B[p\nI kwkv¡m c¯n\v amXrIbmbn `hnt¡­XmsW¶pw ]dbs¸Sp¶ thZ§ fnse bmK§Ä, a\pjy a\Êm£nsb thZ\n¸n¡pIbpw sR«n ¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶hbmWv. Aánbn s\¿v AÀ¸n¨psIm­v \S¯p¶ bmK§Ä apX a\pjys\ AánIpÞ¯nsednªp sIm­p \S¯p¶ bmK§Ä hsc, \nch[n Xc¯nepÅ bmK §Ä \nehnencp¶Xmbn ImWmhp¶XmWv. Cu bmK§tfm tcm¶pw A¡me¯v \nehnencp¶ hnizmk§tfbpw BNmc 58

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

§tfbpw ]utcmlnXy¯nsâ KÀhnjvTXtbbpw Xpd¶v ImWn ¡p¶hbmWv. FÃm bmK§fptSbpw t\XrXzhpw DSamhImihpw {_mÒWcptSXmsW¶v hyàambn iX]Y {_mÒW¯n ]dbp¶p.2 ]ptcmlnX³ ]cam[nImcnbmIp¶ ImeamWnXv. bmKw \S¯p¶ kab¯v sNmÃm\pÅ a{´§sf hniZoIcn ¡p¶ kmathZw cNn¡s¸«p. Aizta[w, tKmta[w, \cta[w, kÀhta[w XpS§nb bmK§Ä A§ns\ \nehn h¶p.

Aizta[bmKw cmPmhnsâ A[nImckoabv¡v hnkvXrXn D­mhp¶tXmsS AXn\v cmjv{Sobhpw aX]chpamb AwKoImcw t\SnsbSp¡p¶ Xn\pth­n \S¯s¸«ncp¶ bmKamWnXv. bPqÀthZ¯nsâ iX ]Y {_mÒW¯nepw, hmPkt\b kwlnXsb¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶ ip¢bPqÀthZ¯nsâ kwlnXm`mK¯nepw Aizta[bmKw hÀWn¡p¶p­v.

BZyL«¯n Icp¯\msbmcp IpXncsb Xpd¶phnSpIbm Wv. ssk\nIcpw \qtdmfw IpXncIfpw Cu IpXncsb ]n³XpS cpw. IpXnc kzX{´ambn k©cn¡pw. CXv aäp cmPm¡³amÀ¡v Hcp shÃphnfnbmWv. Bsc¦nepw IpXncsb _Ôn¨m cmPm hnsâ A[nImciàns¡Xncmb shÃphnfnbmbn AXp IcpX s¸SpIbpw _e]co£Wtam bp²tam Bhiyambn hcnIbpw sN¿pw. cmPmhpw cmÚnbpw GXm­v Hcp sImÃt¯mfw Znhtk \bpÅ bmKIÀ½§Ä A\pjvTn¡pw. HSphn sI«gn¨phn« IpXncsb aS¡nsIm­phcpw.3 AXn\ptijamWv bYmÀ° Aiz ta[bmKw \S¡p¶Xv. bmK¯n\pÅ IpXnc AgIpÅXpw Hcp hbkpam{Xw {]mbap ÅXpw Bbncw ]ip¡fpsS hnebpÅXpw hninjvS KpW§fpÅ Xpambncn¡Wsa¶v bPqÀthZob iX]Y {_mÒW¯n \nÀ t±in¨n«p­v.4 XpSÀ¶pÅ `mK§Ä iX]Y {_mÒW¯n hÀ Wn¡p¶p­v.

A[zcyp, {_Òmhv, DZvKmXmhv, tlmXmhv XpS§nb ]ptcm lnX³amtcmSpw, k]Xv\namcmb hmhmXmhv, ]cnhràmhv apX 59

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

embhtcmSpw, bPam\\mb kz`À¯mhn\mepw, \m\qtdmfw hn hn[ s]¬Ip«nIfmepw A\pKXbmbn, FÃmhn[ BVw_c §fpw AWnªv, cXnNn´tbmsS, bmKimebnte¡v Ingt¡ hmXneneqsS bPam\]Xv\n {]thin¡pIbmWv. bPam\ ]Xv\nsb bPam\³ Xs¶ sIm¶p InS¯nb IpXnc bpsS apIfnte¡p XÅnbn«p ]nSn¨pInS¯nbtijw 'kzÀKob kpJs¯ A\p`hn¨p sImÅpI' F¶p]dbp¶p. XpSÀ¶v, kvXp XnKoX§Ä¡nSbn bPam\]Xv\nbpw N¯ IpXncbpw X½n epÅ kwt`mKamWv \S¡p¶Xv.5 Cubhkc¯n 'tl, Aizw F¶nte¡p hcnI. \nsâ ip¢w Rm³ {khn¸n¡mw. \nsâ ip ¢wsIm­v F\n¡v KÀ`hXnbmIWw' F¶v AÀ°w hcp¶ tÇm Iw bPam\ ]Xv\n sNmÃmdps­¶v, ip¢bPqÀthZ¯nsâ alo [c `mjy¯n ]dbp¶p.6 IpXncbpw cmP]Xv\nbpw Cu hn[ ¯n ibn¨psIm­ncn¡pt¼mÄ, bPam\\mb cmPmhv ssewKn ImkàntbmsS Nne E¡pIÄ sNmtíXp­v. ]ptcmlnX\mb A[zcyp, Cu Ahkc¯n cmP]Xv\ntbmSv, ssewKnImkàntbmsS, 'Ipamcn! lsb! lsb! Ipamcn! bImf kIuiIp´nIm' F¶v ]dbpw. AXn\pÅ adp]Sn F¶ \nebn Ipamcn ]dtb­Xv 'tl! A[ztcym! lsb! lsb! A[ztcym! btImkIuiIp´I' F¶mWv.7 XpSÀ¶pÅ `mK§Ä, kmbW `mjys¯ NphSp ]nSn¨p sIm ­v 'C´ybnse hÀWkacw' F¶ {KÙ¯nÂ, kwkvIrX¯n \n¶v hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp tNÀ¯n«pÅXv NphsS sImSp¡p¶p: 'A\´cw asämcp ]ptcmlnX\mb {_Òmhv* cmPIpamcnsb t\m¡n, 'lsb! lsb! alnjn! \nsâ AÑ\½amÀ apf¨p hcp¶ hr£¯nsâ A{K§fmWv' F¶p hnfn¨p ]dbp¶p. cmPIpamcn ¡v \qdp cmP]p{XnIÄ ]cnNmcnIIfmbn«p­v. AhÀ {_Òmhn s\ t\m¡n, 'lsb! {_Òmsh! A§bpsS AÑ\½amÀ {IoUn ¡p¶ hr£¯nsâ apIfnemWv ' F¶p adp]Sn ]dbp¶p.8 *

{XnaqÀ¯nIfn s]« {_ÒmhÃ, \mev EXzn`mK§fn s]« BfmWv ChnsS ]cmaÀin¡s¸Sp¶ {_Òmhv

60

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

'A\´cw asämcp ]ptcmlnX\mb DZvKmXmhv alnjnbpsS k]Xv\nbmb hmhmXmhns\ t\m¡n 'lsb! lsb! hmhmXm sh! Cu bPam\ ]Xv\nbpsS........' F¶p adp]Sn ]dbp¶p.

AhÄ¡v \qdp £{Xnb kv{XoIÄ ]cnNmcnIIfmbn«p­v.

AhÀ DZvKmXmhns\ t\m¡n, 'DZvKmXmsh! lsb! lsb! DZvKmXmsh! Xm¦Ä IpXncbpsS.................* 9 'thsdsbmcp ]ptcmlnX\mb tlmXmhv alnjnbpsS asämcp k]Xv\nbmb ]cnhràmhnt\mSv C{]ImcwXs¶ AÇotem ànIÄ ]dbpIbpw AXn¶v AhfpsS ]cnNmcnIIfmb \qdp kqX {KmaWnIÄ adp]Sn ]dbpIbpw sN¿p¶XmWv Cu {_mÒ Ww.'10 '£¯mhv ]emKentbmSv CXpt]mseXs¶ ]dbpIbpw AXn \v AhfpsS ]cnNmcnIIfmb £{Xnb³amcpsS \qdp sh¸m«nIÄ adp]Sn ]dbpIbpw sN¿p¶XmWv Cu {_mÒWw.'11 'Ahkm\ambn Cu ]dª hm¡pIsfÃmw kÀh ^e{]m ]vXnIfpw DÅhbmWv. Aizta[¯n kIe^e§fpw kn²n ¡p¶p. FÃm hm¡pIÄsIm­pw kIe A`ojvS§fpw \ap¡v {]m]n¡mwþF¶n§s\ ]dªpsIm­v, B kv{XoIsfÃmw IqSn t¨À¶v cmPIpamcnsb IpXncbpsS taÂ\n¶v Fgpt¶Â]n¨p hnSp¶p. Ahcn Nne kv{XoIÄ 'Z[n{ImhvtWm, AImcnjw' F¶ E¡ns\, kpJw A\p`hn¨p Ignª cmPIpamcnsb t\m¡n D¨cn¡p¶p.'12 CXmWv al¯csa¶v hntijn¸n¡s¸«n«pÅ Aizta[bmK ¯nse {][m\ IÀ½w. XpSÀ¶v bmKmizs¯ Aánbn Nps«Sp ¡p¶tXmsS Aizta[bmKw ]qÀWamhpw.

Aizta[ bmK¯n\v _enarKs¯ sI«nbnSp¶ bq]§Ä ]pcmhkvXp KthjIÀ ]et¸mgpw DXvJ\\w sNbvXv Is­¯n * Cu a{´§fpsSsbÃmw AÀ°§Ä BZy´w AÇoeabambXpsIm­v A§pan§pw Nne ]cn`mjItf tNÀ¯n«pÅq.

61

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

bn«p­v. Aizta[w icnbmb coXnbn \S¯nbXnsâ {]mNo\ amb AhinjvS§Ä BZyw Is­¯nbXv, C´ymKh¬saân sâ ]pcmXXz hIp¸n 1958 hsc tPmbnâ v UbdIvSdmbncp¶ Sn.F³. cmaN{µ\mWv. sUlvdmUqWnÂ\n¶v ap¸Xv ssaepIÄ ]Snªmdpamdn ØnXnsN¿p¶ PKXv{Kmw F¶ bap\mXoc {Kma ¯nse J\\§fnÂ\n¶v, Aizta[¯n\pth­n D­m¡nb aq¶p thZnIfpsS AhinjvS§Ä e`n¨p. Cu DXvJ\\ ]T\ s¯¸än {]kn² \chwi imkv{XÚ\mb tUm: F. A¿¸³ FgpXp¶p: "PKXv {Kma¯n Is­¯nb thZnIfpsS 'BIrXnbpw CjvSnIIfpsS hen¸hpw aäpw iqÂ_ imkv{X§fn ]dªn «pÅXpt]mse Xs¶bmbncp¶p. thZnbpsS BIrXn tiy\ (IgpI) cq]¯nembncp¶p. Aizta[w \S¯nb N{IhÀ¯n bpsS t]À ioehÀ½³ F¶mbncp¶p. ({In.]n.300) c­mas¯ Aizta[ thZnbnse CjvSnIIfn³ta A\pjvSp¸v hr¯¯n tÇmI§Ä sIm¯nsh¨ncp¶p. Ahbn bpKssiteizcs\ ¶pw bptKis\¶pw hÀj KWys\¶pw cmPmhns\ hÀWn¨n cp¶p. ]mWn\n hnhcn¨n«pÅ tKm{X§fn Adp]s¯m¼Xma t¯XmWv hrjKWtKm{Xw. _lZvkwlnXbn hnjvWp XpS §n ]{´­v bptKizc³amcpsS hnhcWap­v. hrjKW tKm{XP \mb N{IhÀ¯n, Aizta[w \S¯nbXpsIm­v ]cnip²\mbn, hnjvWp apXemb bptKitcmSv Xpey\mbv¯oÀ¶psh¶mWv B tÇmI§fn ]dbp¶Xv."13 tUm. A¿¸³ XpScp¶p: "CjvSnIIfn³ta sIm¯nbn«pÅ tÇmI§fn NnehbpsS AÀ°w C§s\bmWv: 'bpKssiem[n]\pw bptKizc\pamb ioehÀ½sâ Aizta[ ¯nsâ CjvSnIbmWnXv.' 'hrjKW tKm{XP\pw t]mWk´XnIfn Bdmas¯ Xeap dbnÂs¸«h\pamb ioehÀ½cmPmhv \S¯nb \memas¯ Aizta[¯nsâ thZnbmWnXv. ('t]mW' F¶Xv hwi Øm] Isâ t]tcm, B hwi¯nse cmPm¡fn ]eÀ¡pw D­mbncp ¶ Hcp t]tcm F¶v XoÀ¨bnÃ).'

62

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

'lnameb km\p¡fnse ià\mb Hcp KncnP\ N{IhÀ¯n bmbncn¡mw ioehÀ½s\¶pw, A\mcycmb B{Ô cmPm¡fpw aäpw PmXnbn DbÀ¨ In«p¶Xn\pth­n bÚ§Ä \S¯nb Xpt]mse, ioehÀ½\pw Xsâ kapZmbntIm¶a\¯n\pth­n Aizta[w ]e XhW sN¿n¨Xmhmsa¶pw {io. cmaN{µ³ A\p am\n¡p¶p."14 Aizta[ bmK¯nse IÀ½§sf¡pdn¨v t\cs¯ FgpXnbn cp¶phtÃm. 'JmÄkn þ Aizta[w \S¶ {]mNo\ \Kcw' F¶ teJ\¯nÂ, tUm. A¿¸\pw Aizta[ IÀ½§fpsS GItZi cq]w \ÂIp¶p­v. At±lw FgpXp¶p: "_en Ign¸n¡m³ Dt±in¨n«pÅ IpXnctbmSpIqSn thsd aq ¶p IpXncItfbpw ]q«nb Hcp tXcn {][m\ ]ptcmlnX\mb A[zcyphpw asämcp IÀ½nbpw Ccp¶v Hcp XSmI¯n\Sp¯p t]mbn IpXncsb Ipfn¸n¡p¶p. AhnsS\n¶v bÚimebn te¡v aS§nsb¯nb IpXncsb cmPalnjnamÀ kzoIcn¨v AXn sâ tZl¯n aq¶p `mK§fn s\bv ]pc«p¶p. ]ns¶ a{´ klnXw AXnsâ Xebnepw Igp¯nepw hmenepw kzÀW aWnIÄ sI«p¶p. Xte Znhks¯ ss\thZyw AXn¶v Xn·m³ sImSp¡p¶p. ss\thZyw AXv Xn¶m¯ ]£w shůn Fdnbp¶p. bq]¯n\Sp¯v AXn¶ptijw ]ptcmlnX³amÀ X½n XXz]camb kw`mjWw \S¯p¶p. ]n¶oSv AhÀ IpXn csb IoÀ¯n¡p¶p. ]pÃn³ta XpWn hncn¨v, AXn³ta s]m¶psh¨v IpXncsb sImÃp¶p. sIm¶ IpXncbpsS Npäpw H³]Xp {]mhiyw cmÚnamÀ {]Z£nWambpw A{]Zn£W ambpw t]mIp¶p. ]n¶oSv, cmPmhnsâ ]«alnjn IpXncbpsS ASp¯pInS¡p¶p; ]ptcmlnX³ IpXnctbbpw cmÚnsbbpw Hcp XpWn sIm­v aqSp¶p; IpXncbpsS enwKw sIm­v cmÚn tbm\n kv]Àiw sN¿p¶p. AÇoe hN\§fp]tbmKn¨v ]ptcm lnXcnsemcp¯³ cmÚnsb No¯ ]dbp¶p. cmÚnbpsS A\pNmcnIÄ AXn¶v AtX cq]¯n adp]Snbpw ]dbp¶p. cmÚnsb tXmgnIÄ IpXncbpsS ASp¯p\n¶v Fgpt¶Â]n ¡p¶p. Hmtcm Ahkc¯n¶pw tbmPn¨ a{´§Ä ]ptcmlnX³ 63

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

amÀ Dcphn«psIm­ncn¡pw. kzÀWw, shÅn, HmSv apXemb teml §ÄsIm­pÅ I¯nIÄsIm­v dmWnamÀ IpXncsb IjW am¡p¶p: IpXncbpsS AI¯p\n¶v sImgps¸Sp¡p¶p. IpXnc bpsS tNmc ]mIw sNbvXv aäp \nthZy§Ä¡ptijw tZhX IÄ¡v AÀ¸n¡p¶p. {]Pm]Xnbv¡v BSpItfbpw aäpw 'h]' AÀ¸n¡p¶ NS§n\pap¼v ]ptcmlnX³amÀ XXz]camb NÀ¨ IÄ \S¯p¶p. tZhXIÄ¡v 'h]' sImSp¡p¶Xn\pap¼v thsd ]e km[\§fpw AÀ¨\ sNbvhm\p­v. "]n¶oSv cmPmhv knwl¯nsâtbm ]penbptStbm tXmen³ ta Ccn¡p¶p. cmPmhnsâ ioÀjW¯n 's]m¶v ' hbv¡p¶p. taem¸mbv ImfbpsS tXm ]nSn¡p¶p. cmPmhv aq¶pZnhkw CShnSmsXI­pÅ {InbIÄ sNt¿­Xp­v . aq¶mas¯ Znhkw {InbIÄ¡ptijw cmPmhv Ah`rXkv\m\w sN¿p¶p."5 thZhn[nb\pkcn¨v, taÂ]dª IÀ½§tfmsS Bbnc¡ W¡n\p hÀj§fn sslµh cmPm¡³amÀ Aizta[bmK §Ä \S¯n. cmambW¯nse IÂ]nX \mbI\mb {iocma³ \S¯nsb¶p ]dbp¶ Aizta[bmKhpw CXpXs¶. Adnbs¸ Sp¶ Ncn{X¯n thZhn[nItfmsS Aizta[bmKw \S¯nb Ahkm\s¯ sslµh cmPmhv, Pbv¸qÀ \Kc¯nsâ Øm]I \mb Pbknwl\mWv. (kn.C. 1734þ35)16 kv{XoIfpsS t\sc sshZnI {_mÒWÀ \S¯nb AXn\oN amb asämcp bmKhn[nbmWv, ']uÞcoIw' AYhm, 'sFImlnI alm{hXw'. GXm­v Hcp \qäm­p ap¼vv Xangv\m«nse Xncps\ then PnÃbn sh¨v {_mÒWÀ Cu bmKw \S¯pIbp­mbn.

tKm ta[ bmKw ]iphns\ sImÃpIbpw sImÃs¸« ]iphnsâ s\¿v acn¨p t]mb {]]nXmal³amÀ¡pth­n kaÀ¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ bmKamWv tKmta[ bmKw.17 bmK¯n\mbn sImÃp¶ ]iphnsâ Cd¨n bmK¯n ]s¦Sp¡p¶hÀ¡v hnXcWw sNbvXv `£n¡pIbpw sNbvXph¶p. bPqÀthZ `mjyamb ssX¯oX {_mÒW¯n ImfI 64

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

tfbpw, ]ip¡tfbpw D]tbmKn¨v \S¯p¶ bmK§sf¸än hniZ ambn¯s¶ ]dbp¶p­v. GsXms¡ e£W§fpÅ ImfI tfbpw ]ip¡tfbpw GsXms¡ ssZh§Ä¡mWv kaÀ¸nt¡­ sX¶pXs¶ AXn hyàam¡nbn«p­v. IpÅ\mb Imfsb hnjvWphn\pw, Iotgm«p Xq§nb sIm¼pÅ Imfsb C{µ\pw, \miImcnIfmb ImfIsf hrX\pw, Idp¯ ]iphns\ ]qj\pw, Nph¶ ]iphns\ cp{Z\pw th­n bmKmánbn _enbmbn AÀ¸n¡Wsa¶mWv Bhiys¸«pImWp¶Xv. ]iphpw Imfbpw ]pWyarK§fmsW¶pw AXpsIm­v Ahsb XoÀ¨bmbpw, ` £n¡Wsa¶pamWv B]kvXw_ [À½kq{X¯n ]dªn «pÅXv.18 ]n¡me¯v ]iphns\ Hcp ]pWyarKambn IcpXn Bcm[n ¨psh¦nepw, thZImeL«¯n ]ip¡sf `£W¯n\mbpw aäpw sIm¶ncp¶Xv kÀhkm[mcWambncp¶p F¶Xn\v [mcm fw sXfnhpIfp­v. EtKzZ kqà§Ä Xs¶ {][m\ sXfnhmWv. C{µ³ Hcp `mK¯v ]dbp¶p: 'AhÀ F\n¡pth­n ]Xn\©pw Ccp]Xpw hrj`§sf ]mNIw sNbvXp.'19 A¡me¯v hmfp] tbmKnt¨m agp D]tbmKnt¨m BWv ]ip¡sf sIm¶ncp¶sX ¶pw EtKzZ¯n \n¶v hyàamWv.20 ]ip¡sf sImÃp¶Xv ]m]amsW¶v IcpXp¶ C¡mes¯ lnµp¡fn NneÀ, ]ip¡sf sImÃp¶Xv thZ§Ä XSªncp ¶psh¶v hmZn¡mdp­v. AhcpsS hmZapJw F´msW¶pIqSn {i²nt¡­XmWv. EtKzZw H¶mw aÞe¯nse 164þmw kqà ¯nepw \memw aÞe¯nse H¶mw kqà¯nepw Ggmw aÞ e¯nse 69þmw kqà¯nepw, ]¯mw aÞe¯nse 87þmw kqà¯nepw ]iphns\¡pdn¨v 'Ah[y' F¶v ]dªn«p­v F ¶mWv AhcpsS hmZw. hm¡pIsf, Ah D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ kml Ncy§fnÂ\n¶v amän¡mWn¨v t\cÃm¯ hmZapJ§Ä Øm]n ¡phm\pÅ {iaamWv Cu hmZ¯nepÅXv. CXn BZys¯ E¡pXs¶ \aps¡m¶p ]cntim[n¨p t\m¡mhp¶XmWv. AXv C{]ImcamWv: 'Ip«nsb kvt\ln¡p¶ B [\hXn D¼bn«pw sIm­ph 65

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

s¶¯n; Ah[ybmb ChÄ AiznIÄ¡mbn ]m Npc¯s«; AhÄ al¯mb ku`mKy¯n\mbn hÀ²n¸qXmI.'21 ]m \ Ip¶ ]iphns\ B Ahkc¯n sImÃcpXv F¶Xn¡hn ª kqN\sbm¶pw CXnenà F¶XmWv bmYmÀ°yw.

'Cu kp`K\mb tZhsâ anI¨ Xncpt\m«w, Imabam\¶p emfnbv¡s¸tS­p¶ ]¿nsâ sXfnsªmgpIp¶ ]m t]mse bpw, tKmem`w t]msebpw, a\pjyÀ¡v kv]rlWobhpw al\ob hpamIp¶p'22 F¶p ]dbpt¼mgpw IdhbpÅ ]ip emfnbv¡ s¸tS­XmsW¶ kqN\tbbpÅq. ]ÞnX\mb tUm. _n.BÀ. Awt_Zv¡À 'Akv]riyÀ' F¶ {]JymXamb {]_Ô¯n Cu hnjbs¯¸än ]dbp¶Xv {i t²bamWv: "EtKzZ¯nse sXfnhpIsf ASnØm\s¸Sp¯pI bmsW¦nÂ, Cu \nKa\§Ä (tKmlXybvs¡Xncmb \nKa\ §Ä) sXämbn hmbn¨XpsImt­m, sXämbn a\knem¡nbXp sImt­m Bhmw D­mbXv. ALv\y* F¶ hntijWw EtKzZ ¯n ]iphn\v D]tbmKn¨n«pÅXnsâ AÀ°w, Hcp ]ip Idh bpÅXmsW¶pw, AXv sImÃs¸Sm³ ]änbXsöpamWv. ]ip EtKzhZ¯n BZcn¡s¸«n«ps­¶pÅXv icnbmWv. ImÀjnI cwK¯p­mbncp¶ Ct´mþBcy³amcnÂ\n¶mWv AXp­mbn «pÅXv. Cu D]t`mKyX, Blmc¯n\mbn ]iphns\ sImÃp ¶XnÂ\n¶v Bcy³amsc XSªn«nÃ."23 thZIme¯v AXnYnIÄ¡v 'tKmLv\l' (]iphns\ sImÃp ¶h³) F¶ ]cymbw D­mbXns\¸änbpw Awt_Zv¡À FgpXn bn«p­v. kmaqlymNmcsa¶ \nebnepw Hcp NSs§¶ \nebn epw AXnYn k¡mcw Bcy³amÀ¡nSbn D­mbncp¶p. Gä hpw {][m\s¸« k¡mcw 'a[p]À¡'bmWv. amwkmlmcanÃm sX a[p]À¡ \S¯cpsX¶v am[hKrly kq{X¯n ]dbp ¶p.24 ]iphnsâ Cd¨nbmWv CXn\p]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xv. ]ip Agnªp t]mbncn¡pIbmsW¦n BSnsâ Cd¨n Bhmsa¶pw, B«nd ¨nbpw e`yasæn ']mbkw' BImsa¶pw * ALv\y þ Ah[y, sImÃs¸ScpXm¯hÄ

66

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

]dªncn¡p¶p. C§s\ tKmlXy hfsc¡qSpXemb kmlN cy¯nemWv AXnYnbv¡v ''tKmLv\l" F¶ ]cymbw D­mbXv.

]pcpj ta[w a\pjys\ sIm¶v \S¯nbncp¶ bmK¯n\mWv ]pcpjta[ bmKw F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. iX]Y{_mÒW¯nse hnhc§fn \n¶v, ]e Xc¯nepÅ ]pcpjta[§Ä {]m_ey¯nencp¶ Xmbn a\knem¡mhp¶XmWv . hmPkt\b kwlnXsb¶ t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶ ip¢bPqÀthZob kwlnX, IrjvW bPqÀ thZ¯nse ssX¯cob {_mÒWw, EtKzZ¯nse sFXtcb {_mÒWw, F¶nhbnepw \c_enbn ASnØm\s¸Sp¯n bpÅ bmK§sf¡pdn¨v hnhc§fp­v. EtKzhZ kwlnXbpsS H¶mw aÞew Ccp]¯n\memw kqà¯nse c­v E¡pIfpw, EtKzZob sFXtcb {_mÒW¯nsâ Ggmw ]©nIbn aq¶mw A²ymb¯n sImSp¯n«pÅ AhbpsS D]mJym\hpw ]pcpj ta[bmKs¯¡pdn¨v [mcmfw hnhc§Ä Xcp¶p. ]pcpjta[¯nse NS§pIÄ¡v Aizta[bmK¯nse NS§p ItfmSv hfscb[nIw kmZriap­v. _enbv¡p hnt[b\mth­ a\pjy\v PohnXw BkzZn¡m\mbn Hcp sImámew e`n¡pw.

C¡me¯n\nSbnÂ, AbmfpsS FÃm B{Kl§fpw k^eoI cn¡s¸Spw. Aizta[bmK¯n cmÚn IpXnctbmSv GXp hn[ ¯n _Ôs¸«pthm, AtX hn[¯n cmP]Xv\n Cu ]pcp j\pambn _Ôs¸Spw.26 temI¯n kam[m\hpw kt´mj hpw D­mIp¶Xn\mbn, A\´cw, B a\pjys\ Igp¯dp¯p sImÃpIbpw _enbmbn AÀ¸n¡pIbpw sN¿pw. ip¢ bPqÀthZ kwlnXbn ]pcpjta[¯nsâ {]tbmKhn [nIsf¡pdn¨v hÀWn¡p¶p­v: "{_mÒW\pw £{Xnb\pamWv ]pcpjta[w \S¯p¶Xn\pÅ A[nImcn. ssN{Xamk¯nse ip¢ Zianbn Bcw`n¨v, \mÂ]Xp ZnhkwsIm­v {]kvXpX bmK¯n\v ]cnkam]vXn hcpt¯­XmWv. CXn 23 Zo£bpw 12 D]k¯pw 5 kqXyIfpw BhiyamWv. C§s\ \mÂ]Xp Znhk§ÄsIm­v Cu bmKw Ahkm\n¨Xn\p tijw bmKIÀ ¯mhv hm\{]Øm{iaw kzoIcnt¡­XmWv."27 67

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

EtKzZ¯nsâ H¶mw aÞe¯nÂ, 24þmw kqà¯n kw{K ln¨p ]dbp¶ Hcp ]pcpj ta[bmK IY sFXtcb {_mÒW ¯n hniZoIcn¡p¶p­v. AXv C{]ImcamWv: lcnÝ{µ\v Hcn¡Â DZc tcmKap­mbn. AXv ]cnlcn¨v In«p¶Xn\v At±lw hcpW tZht\mSv {]mÀ°n¨t¸mÄ, X\n¡v Hcp ]p{X\p­mbm Ahs\ Adp¯v hcpWtZh\v _en sImSp ¡msa¶v hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. ]p{X\p­mbn, ]p{X³ hfÀ¶n«pw ]dªXpt]mse At±lw _en \ÂInbnÃ. kmam\yw {]mb ambtXmsS, ]p{X³ `b¶v Xs¶¯m³ \mSphn«pt]mbn. A©mdp hÀjw ]e Øe§fnepw Npän¯ncnªv, Hcp\mÄ AwKncÊnsâ tKm{X¡mc\mb APoKÀ¯s\¶ {_mÒWs\ At±lw kao ]n¨p. Cu {_mÒWsâ ]p{X\mb iq\:t]is\, X\n¡p ]Ic ambn IpcpXnsImSp¡p¶Xn\pth­n, \qdp ]ip¡sf {]Xn^e ambn sImSp¯psIm­v, AbmÄ hnebv¡p hm§n. lcnÝ{µ\m hs«, iq\:t]is\ bÚ]iphm¡ns¡m­v ]pcpjta[ bmK ¯n\pÅ Hcp¡§Ä XpS§n. bq]¯n _Ôn¡s¸«v, Ad¡ s¸Sp¶Xn\mbn X¿mdm¡s¸« iq\:t]isâ KpWm[nIy¯m hnizman{X³ hioIcn¡s¸SpIbpw, iq\:t]i³ acW¯n \n¶v hntamNnX\mhpIbpw sNbvXpht{X!28 tkmabmK¯nsâ Ahkm\¯nÂ, bp²¯n ]nSn¡s¸« i{Xp¡sf \nc¸n Icn§men, Iqhfw, tZhZmcp F¶nhbpsS GsX¦nepw IpänIÄ Ipgn¨p\m«n, AXn Hmtcmcp¯sc hoXw sI«nbn«v, FÃmhtc bpw Igp¯dp¯p sImÃp¶ k{¼Zmbhpw \nehnep­mbncp¶p. ssX¯cob {_mÒW¯n {_mÒW PmXy`nam\n tZhXbv¡m bn {_mÒWs\ Adp¯p _en sImSp¡Wsa¶p ]dbp¶p.29 am\h \mKcnIXbpsS Bcw`Ime¯v, \nch[n {]mIrX hnizmk§fm \bn¡s¸« IncmXÀ arK_enbpw a\pjy _enbpw \S¯nh¶ncp¶Xv temIs¯Ãm `mK¯pw ImWmhp ¶XmWv. _enbmbn \ÂIs¸Sp¶ arKtam a\pjyt\m, _enbÀ ¸n¡p¶ Bcm[Isâ D]mk\m ssZh§Ä¡pÅ AÀ¨\I fmbn IcpXs¸«p. ssZh§Ä Ahsb kzoIcn¨v {]kmZn¡p sa¶pw B{Kl§Ä km[n¨pXcpsa¶pw, {]iv\§Ä ]cnl 68

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

cn¨p sImSp¡psa¶pw AhÀ hnizkn¨p. thZImeL«¯nse a\pjysâ {]mIrX hnizmk§fnte¡v hnc Nq­p¶hbt{X hnhn[§fmb bmKhn[nIÄ. ]s¯m¼Xmw \qäm­nsâ a²yImew hsc ]pcpjta[§Ä Nne Øe§fnsems¡ \S¶p h¶ncp¶Xn\v tcJIfp­v . kn.C. 1841þ _wKmfnepw a{Zmknepambn 240 t]sc ]pcpj ta[¯n\v hnt[bcm¡ns¡m¶psh¶v 'tIw{_nUvPv tjmÀ«v lnÌdn' (Cambridge Short History) ]dbp¶p.30 _enbÀ¸n¡m³ th­n am{XapÅ Hcp kaqlw sJm­³amÀ¡nSbneps­¶pw {]kvXpX {KÙw Nq­n¡mWn¡p¶p. 'acnl' F¶v Adnbs¸Sp ¶ Cu kaql¯nte¡v ZqctZi§fnÂ\n¶v X«ns¡m­ph¶ hsc sJm­³amÀ¡v hnäv, BÄ¡mscbp­m¡nh¶p. thZ§Ä {]amW {KÙ§fmbn AwKoIcn¡p¶ hensbmcp iXam\w BÄ¡mÀ C¶pw \½psS cmPy¯p­v. a\pjysc þ {]tXyIn¨v sIm¨p Ip«nIsf, _enbmbn AÀ¸n ¡m³ {ian¡p¶ {]mIrX hnizmknIsf¡pdn¨pÅ hmÀ¯IÄ C¡me¯pw ]{X]wànIfn Øm\w ]nSn¡mdp­v. thZ§ fnse {]mIrX k¦Â]§Ä C¶pw \½psS kaql¯n sNep ¯p¶ hnIeamb kzm[o\amWv CXv hyàam¡p¶Xv.

kÀhta[w EtKzZ¯n Hcp `mK¯v kÀhta[w Fs¶mcp bmKs¯¡pdn¨v ]dbp¶p­v. ]nXmhpw ]ptcmlnX\pamb hnizIÀ½mhv hkvXp¡ sfsbÃmw _enbm¡nbXn\ptijw, kzbwta[w \S¯n \S¯n _enbmbn¯oÀ¶psh¶mWv ]dbp¶Xv.31 kzÀK {]m]vXn tamln ¨v temIs¯, AXmbXv ASp¯pÅ hkvXp¡sf, hnizIÀ½mhv Zln¸n¡pIbpw ]n¶oSv kzbw Pzen¡p¶ Aánbn {]thin ¡pIbpw sNbvXpsh¶v hyàambn¯s¶ ]dªpImWp¶p. bmkvIsâ `mjy¯nepw, `uhm\sâ ]p{X\mb hnizIÀ½mhv BßlXy sNbvXpsIm­v kÀhta[w \S¯nb IY ]dbp ¶p­v.

69

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

bmKarKw `£W¯n\v ssZh{]oXnbv¡mbn sImÃs¸Sp¶ Aizw, ]ip, BSv, Imf XpS §nbhsb, Aánbn AÀ¸n¨n«v, Ahsb Xncns¨Sp¯v bmKw \S¯nbncp¶ ]ptcmlnX³amÀ Blcn¨p h¶ncp¶p. {_mÒW ]ptcmlnX³amÀ¡v kp`n£ambn amwkmlmcw e`n¡phm\pw Ah `£n¡phm\papÅ Ahkcambncp¶p bmK§Ä. bmK¯n \mbn sImÃs¸Sp¶ arK¯nsâ amwkw ]¦ntS­Xv F§ns\ bmsW¶v At{Xb {_mÒW¯n ]dbp¶p: "bmKarKs¯ ]ptcmlnX³amÀ¡nSbn hn`Pnt¡­Xv Xm sg¸dbpw hn[amWv. XmSnsbÃpIfpw \m¡pw {]kvtXmdn\v sImSp ¡Ww. IgpIsâ BIrXnbnepÅ s\©v DZvKXÀ¡v sImSp ¡Ww. Igp¯pw A®m¡pw {]XnlÀ¯mdn\v. het¯ CSp¸n sâ Iogv`mKw tlmXmhn\v, CSXp`mKw {_Òmhn¶v. hetX XpS ssa{XhcpW\pw CStX XpS {_mÒWÑmavkn¡pw. tXmfnsâ heXp`mKw A[zcyphn\v, a{´§Ä sNmÃp¶Xn\v klmbn¨h À¡v CSXp `mKw...."32 C§s\ ap¸¯nbmdv `mK§fmbn bmKar Ks¯ `mKn¨Xn\ptijw (am{´nI hn[nIf\pkcn¨mWv CXv sNbvXp h¶ncp¶Xv) bmKarKs¯ AhÀ `£n¨ph¶p. CÆn[w sN¿p¶Xp hgn, bmK¯n sImÃs¸« arK¯n\v kzÀKw In«p sa¶mWv hnizmkw.

Cu hnizmk¯ns\XnscbmWv thZ kwkvImc¯ns\Xnsc Hcp hnkvt^mS\wt]mse s]m«ns¯dn¨ NmÀhmI³. "tPymXnjvtSma bmK¯n sImÃs¸Sp¶ arKw t\cn«v kzÀKw ]qIpsa¦nÂ, bmPIs\´psIm­v DSs\ Xsâ ]nXmhns\ bÚ¯n _enbÀ¸n¡p¶nÃ?"33 F¶v tNmZn¨Xv. thZ§fnse s]můc§fpw bmK§sf¶ hnUvVnt¡mam fn¯§fpw I­ NmÀhmIs\¶ {]mNo\ `uXnI hmZnbpsS {]XnIcWw ChnsS {it²bamWv. "]ÞnX³amcpsS FÃm a{´§fpw PÀ^cn XÀ^cn apXemb hbpw Aizta[¯n dmWnbv¡pth­n hn[n¨ FÃm AÇoe IÀ½ Iem]§fpsaÃmw hnZqjI³amcpsS I­p]nSp¯§ 70

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

fmWv; AXpt]mse ]ptcmlnX³amÀ¡v \ÂIphm³ hn[n¨ \m\m hn[¯nepÅ Z£nWIfpw."34 thZImeL«¯n Bcy³amÀ amwkmlmcw, {]tXyIn¨v ]ip hnsâbpw ImfbpsSbpw Cd¨n, D]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xn\v, [mcmfw kqN\Ifp­v. B]kvXw_ [À½kq{X¯n ]dbp¶p: 'Idh¸iphnsâbpw ImfbptSbpw amwkw ({_mÒWÀ¡v) `£n¡mhp¶XmWv.'35 'Imfbnd¨n AXnYn k¡mc¯n\v \ÃXmsW¶v hmPk t\b³ ]dbp¶p.'36 'DSp¼v, Ba, t]mÀ¡³ ]¶n, apų ]¶n, Im­marKw, apb F¶o arK§sf ({_mÒWÀ¡v) `£n¡mw.'37 aZyhpw amwkhpamWv hmPt]b bmK¯nse {][m\ km[\w. hP F¶m aZyamWv. cmPkqb bmK¯nse Hcp {]tXyI NS§v NqXpIfnbmWv. References 1. cm[mIrjvW³, `mcXobZÀi\w (tImgnt¡mSv, 1975) p. 101 2. iX]Y {_mÒWw, 1þ1þ1þ12 3. Surendra Ajnat, Critique on Vedas (Jullunder, 1979) p. 22 4.

Xncph§mSv kn. IrjvW¡pdp¸v, C´ybnse hÀW kacw (tImgnt¡mSv, 1965), p. 53 5. bPqÀthZob iX]Y{_mÒWw 13þ3þ4þ1,2 (GtXf Dàzm/ bZ{[ntKm : ]cninjvSw `hXnX ZmlÆmtkmf[nhmkw lnc WyanXy izmtbm ]kvXrW´n Xkvant¶\a[n kwÚ] b´n kwÚ]vtXjp ]ipjp]Xv\y: ]mt¶Pss\ cpZmb´n NX{kÝjvTmbm : Ipamco ]©mao NXzmcn iX\y\p Nco tWmw! \njvTntXjp ]mt¶Pt\jp! alnjoaizm tbm]\nhmZb´y ssY\mh[n ]k\ kwt{]mWp]´n kzÀtK temte t{]mWp hmYmatXyjssh kzÀtK temtI b{X]ipw 71

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

kwÚ]b´n \ncmbXymizináw alnjyp alnjyp ]tØ\n[t¯ hrjÆmPotcXm [mtctXm ZbmXn anYp\ ssky hkjXzmb!!)

6. aloc[sâ ip¢ bPqÀtÆZob `mjyw.

Quoted in Ajnat, Critique on Vedas (Jullunder, 1979) 7.

bPqÀthZob iX]Y{_mÒWw, 13þ3þ4þ4 8. iX]Y {_mÒWw 13þ3þ4þ6 9. Ibid.

10. Ibid., 13-3-4-7 11. Ibid., 13-3-4-8 12. Ibid., 13-3-4-9 13.

tUm.F. A¿¸³, `mcX¸ga (tImgnt¡mSv 1962) p.125, 126

14. Ibid., p. 126 15. Ibid., p. 124þ125 16. Ajant, p. 26 17.

aloc[sâ ip¢bPqÀthZob `mjyw 8/30;35/20 18. B]kvXw_ [À½kq{Xw 1þ5þ14þ29 19. EtKzZw, aÞew X, kqàw 86, 4 20. Ibid., aÞew X kqàw 164, 27 21. Ibid., aÞew 1, kqàw 164, 27 22. Ibid., aÞew IV, kqàw 1,6 23. Quoted in Ajnat, p. 27 24.

am[h Krly kq{Xw 1þ9þ22

25. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, The Untouchables, p. 108þ111 26. R.C. Majumdar, Ancient India, p. 86 27.

ip¢bPqÀthZob kwlnX, A²ymb§Ä 30þ31 28. EtKzZob sFXtcb {_mÒWw, 7þ3 29. '{_ÒtW {_mÒWX ame`tX' F¶mWv ]dbp¶Xv .

72

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

ssX¯cob {_mÒWw, 3þ4þ1 30. Cambridge Short History, Part 3, p.564 31.

EtKzZw, aÞew X, kqàw 81,1

32. Quoted in Ajnat, pp. 23-24-25.

33.

kÀh ZÀi\ kw{Kl¯nÂ\n¶v tUm. cm[mIrjvW³ D² cn¡p¶Xv, `mcXob ZÀi\w (tImgnt¡mSv, 1975) p. 256.

34. Ibid.

35.

B]kvXw_[À½kq{Xw.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid.

73

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

5 ssewKnI kZmNmcw thZ§fn C¶v kaql¯n s]mXpsh AwKoImc¯nepÅ ssewKnI k ZmNmc k¦Â]§Ä kaqlw \nch[n hÀj§fnse A\p`h §Ä, ]mT§Ä, kmaqly kmlNcy§Ä F¶nhbpsS ASnØm \¯n hfÀ¯nsbSp¯XmWv. ]gb hnizmk kwlnXIÄ¡pw aX§Ä¡pw C¶s¯ ssewKnI kZmNmc k¦Â]§fpsS cq]oIcW¯n {][m\s¸« ]¦p­v F¶v aX§fpsS hàm ¡Ä ]et¸mgpw AhImis¸«p tIÄ¡mdp­v. F¶m al¯c sa¶v hntijn¡s¸Sp¶ ]gb aX{KÙ§fnsems¡¯s¶, B[p\nI kZmNmc k¦Â]§sf XInSw adn¡p¶ [mcmfw A\pjvTm\§Ä ImWmw. ss__nfnse C¯cw kwKXnIsf '{InkvXpaXhpw ssewKnI kZmNmchpw' F¶ {KÙ¯n tPm k^v sehnkv Xpd¶p ImWn¡p¶p­v. CÉmw aX hnizmknI fpsS {]amW {KÙamb JpÀB\nepw Aimkv{Xobamb \nch[n kZmNmc ]cnIÂ]\IÄ ImWm\p­v.1 thZ§fnemhs«, \nIr jv S sa¶pXs¶ hntijn¸n¡mhp¶ \nch[n ssewKnI ]cmaÀi §fp­v. thZ§fneqsS kphyàamIp¶ thZIme kZmNmc k¦Â]§fmWnXpsIm­v hyàamIp¶Xv. hnNn{Xsa¶v ]dbs«, thZ§fpsS ]e hymJymXm¡fpw hnhÀ¯Icpw C¯cw ]cmaÀi\§fpÅ `mK§Ä hn«pIfbp Itbm, kqNn¸n¡pI am{Xw sNbvXv IS¶pt]mhpItbm, sN¿p ¶p. ssha\kyt¯msSsb¦nepw Nne `mK§Ä Cu {KÙ¯n Nq­n¡mWn¡phm³ Rm³ aSnImWn¡p¶nÃ, bPqÀthZ¯n ]dbp¶p: 74

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

"tl a\pjysc! s]®mSpambn kwt`mK¯nteÀs¸SpI. AXv \n§fpsS {]mW hmbp¡tfbpw ]rjvS¯nÂ\n¶v Iotgm«p t]mhp¶ hmbphnt\bpw \nb{´n¡pw. hmKvssh`hw t\Sm³ ap«\mSpambn kwt`mKn¡pI. ]caamb sFizcy§Ä e`n¡m \mbn Imfbpambn kwt`mKn¡pI."2 AYÀhthZ¯nÂ\n¶v Hcp `mKw: "`À¯mhns\ CÑn¡p¶ Cu kv{Xo Fsâ ASp¡Â h¶ncn ¡p¶p. Rm\pw Ahsf B{Kln¨psIm­v Ahsf {]m]n¨ncn ¡p¶p. Rm³ [\t¯mSpIqSn, t{ijvT\mb Aizw AXnsâ CWbpsS ASp¡te¡v t]mIp¶Xpt]mse AhfpsS ASp¡Â h¶ncn¡p¶p."3 AYÀhthZ¯n¯s¶ asämcp `mK¯v Ipamcnbmsbmcp kpµcnsb A`nkwt_m[\ sN¿p¶ `mK¯v ]dbpIbmWv: "tl Ipamcn, \nsâ amdnSw hnkvXrXambncn¡p¶p. \o [cn ¡p¶Xpt]mse \obnt¸mÄ Hcp sIm¨pIp«nbÃ. \nsâ amdnSw ]pcpj\m ]ni\w sN¿s¸tS­XmWv. \nsâ amXmhv Ah cpsS amdnSw ]pcpj³amÀ¡v \ÂIm¯Xn\m Abªpt]mbn. hgs¡m¶pw tIÄ¡msX \o Øes¯¯ptam? AXn\ptijw Ccn¡pItbm ibn¡pItbm, \o F{]Imcw B{Kln¡p¶pthm A{]Imcamhmw. AXv \nsâ XmÂ]cyw."'4 ssewKnI _Ô¯nsâ hnhn[mhØIsfbpw XmÂ]cy §tfbpw tZymXn¸n¡p¶ [mcmfw `mK§Ä thZ§fnep­v.

AYÀhthZ¯nÂ\n¶pXs¶ asämcp `mKw D²cn¡mw: "tl, ]qjmth! XpSIÄ AI¯nb Bcn \mw _oPs¯ \nt£]n¡ms\mcp§p¶pthm, B kv{Xosb Dt¯Pn¸n¡q."5 B[p\nI a\pjy\v, ktlmZcnbpw ktlmZc\pw X½nepÅ ssewKnI_Ôw Nn´n¡phm³ IqSn km[yaÃtÃm. F¶m thZImeL«¯nse {]mIrX a\pjy\v AXv \njn²amb Imcy ambncp¶nsöv hyàam¡p¶ Hcp `mKw EtKzZ¯nsâ ]¯mw ImÞ¯nep­v. "basâ ktlmZcn ImamXpcbmbn, kz´w ktlmZc\mb bas\ ssewKnI _Ô¯n\v £Wn¡p¶ `mKam 75

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

WnXv: "ktlmZc\mb bam, GsXmcp ktlmZc\mtWm kz´w ktlmZcnbpambn kwt`mK¯nteÀs¸Sm¯Xv, AbmÄ Hcp No ¯ ktlmZc\mWv. Ima³ Fs¶ ]dbn¸n¡p¶XpsIm­p am{XamWv Rm\n§s\ ]dªpt]mIp¶Xv . AXpsIm­v , ktlmZcm, hcq, Ft¶msSm¸w kwt`mK¯nteÀs¸Sq."6 ]nXmhv, kz´w ]p{Xnsb KÀ`nWnbm¡p¶Xmbn AYÀhthZw ]dbp¶p.7 bmK§Ä \S¯nbncp¶ ]ptcmlnX am[mhnIfpsS hnIehpw {]mIrXhpamb ssewKnI ho£W¯n\v F{X thWsa¦nepw DZmlcW§Ä thZ§fnsehnsSbpw Nq­n¡mWn¡m\mhpw.

Aizta[bmK¯nsâ IÀ½§Ä Bkq{XWw sNbvX {_mÒW ]ptcmlnXÀ tami¡mcmhm³ hgnbnÃtÃm. bmKthZnbnÂ, bÚIÀ½§f\pjvTn¡p¶Xn\nSbn bmK ¯n\v t\XrXzw sImSp¡p¶ ]ptcmlnX³amÀ GsXms¡ hn[ ¯n ssewKnI Imcy§fn hym]rXcmbncp¶psh¶v a\knem ¡pt¼mÄ \ap¡v Xami tXm¶pw. Cu kwkv¡mcw ]n´pScm³ B{Kln¡p¶, ]utcmlnXy¯nsâ B[p\nI ]Xn¸pIÄ bPqÀ thZ¯nsâ kzm[o\w ]n´pSÀ¶m F§s\bncn¡psa¶v Nn´n¡pt¼mgmWv CXnsâ Kuchw a\knemhp¶Xv. bmKthZnbnencn¡p¶ ]ptcmlnX {]apJÀ k]Xv\namtcmSpw, sh¸m«namtcmSpw, bmKIÀ½§Ä¡nSbn Ipiew ]dbpI bmWv: "tbm\n Nq­n¡mWn¨v AhÀ ]dbpw, Hcp kv{Xo \S¡p t¼mÄ AhfpsS tbm\nbnÂ\n¶v, Hcp Ipcphn i_vZn¡p¶Xp t]mse 'l lÂ'i_vZap­m¡pw. enwKw AXn\pÅn {]thin ¡pt¼mgmIs«, ip¢w {khn¡p¶Xpaqew 'KÄ KÄ' i_vZam Wp­mhp¶Xv."8 kv{XoIÄ A[zcyphnsâ Cu Xami tI«v shdpsX Ccn¡pI bÃ. AhÀ DSs\ ]ptcmlnXsâ enwK¯nte¡v hnc Nq­n adp]Sn ]dbpw: "tl, ]ptcmlnXm, A§bpsS hmbv, kwkmcn¡p t¼mÄ, 'lele' i_v Z ap­m¡p¶p. A§bpsS hmbv ¡ v 76

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

enwKt¯mSv kmZriyap­v; ImcWw c­n\pw Hmtcm Zzmcap­v.

AXpsIm­v A§v R§tfmSv kwkmcnt¡­."9 ssewKnIamb hocy¯n\pw ssewKnI kpJ¯n\pw th­nbp Å \nch[n {]mÀ°\Ifp­v. ]cn]Izamhm¯ ssewKnI ho£ Ww Cu {]mÀ°\Ifnepw kvt{Xm{X§fnepsaÃmw ImWmhp¶ XmWv. kwkv¡mc¯nsâ k¦Â]§fpw hnNmc§fpamWv thZ §fnepÅXv. C¶s¯ ssewKnI [mcWIf\pkcn¨p ]cntim[n ¡pt¼mÄ, XnI¨pw Ip¯gnª ssewKnI PohnXamWv thZIm e¯v \SamSnbncp¶sX¶v a\knemhp¶XmWv. ssewKnI hocy¯n\mbn A`yÀ°n¡p¶ Hcp {]mÀ°\ t\m¡q: "tl ssIYm (Hcp acp¶v), hocy hÀ²Iuj[amb \ns¶, h cpWsâ hocyw \in¨pt]mbt¸mÄ FÆn[w KÔÀh\m am´n sbSp¡s¸« \o hocyw Xncn¨psImSp¯pthm, AÆn[w Fsâ enwK¯n\v Dt¯P\ap­mhm\mbn, Rm³ am´nsbSp¡p¶p."10 ssewKnI tcmK§Ä, \nebnÃm¯ ssewKnI _Ô¯nsâ ^eambn ]SÀ¶p ]nSn¡pw. GsX¦nepw hn[¯nepÅ ssewKnI tcmK§Ä thZImeL«¯nÂXs¶ \nehnep­mbncpt¶m?

Ds­¶mWv Nne a{´§Ä [z\n¸n¡p¶Xv. "tl Aáo! Cu hocym`nemjnbpsS icocmwKs¯ hocybpà am¡n iànsb {]Zm\w sN¿tW. tl kqcym! tl kckzXo! tl {_Òkv]tX! \n§Ä hocys¯ B{Kln¡p¶ Chsâ enwK s¯ tcmKclnXam¡n XoÀ¡q." "hocys¯ A`nejn¡p¶ tl ]pcpjm! Rm³ \nsâ ssewKn Imhbhs¯ hocybpàam¡p¶p. AXn\mÂ, \o hrj`s¯ t¸mse \r¯w sNbvXv \nsâ CWsb {]m]n¡q." "tl, Huj[o! Aizw, hrj`w, aÞqIw, tImhÀ IgpX apXem bhbn ImWs¸Sp¶ hocywt]mse Xs¶bpÅ hocys¯ Cu ]pcpjsâ icoc¯nepw Øm]n¡q."11 tcmKnbmb ]pcpjsâ ssewKnI iànIÄ t]mjn¸n¡p¶ Xmbn Nne `mK§fn ]dbp¶p. thZImes¯ Ip¯gnª 77

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

ssewKnI PohnXw AhÀ¡p k½m\n¨ ssewKnI tcmKs¯ ¡pdn¨v ]dbp¶ asämcp `mKw XmsgsImSp¡p¶p: "tl ]pcpjm! \o tkN\ kaÀ°\mb hrj`¯n\p Xpeyw IÀ½hm\mhs«. \o ZrV{]mW bpà\pw hnkvXoÀ®amb AwK t¯mSp IqSnbh\pamhs«. \nsâ DÂ]mZt\{µnbw ]pjvSamIs«. \n\¡p D]bpàamb CWsb e`n¡s«." "bmsXmcp Pohck¯m bpà\mb ]pcpjs\ hocybpà³ F¶p ]dbp¶pthm, B ck¯m tcmKnbmb ]pcpjs\ t]mjn ¸n¡p¶p. tl {_ÒWkv]tX! B ck¯m¯s¶ Cu ]pcp jsâ AwKw ]pjvShpw kaÀ°hpamIs«." "tl, hocys¯ A`nejn¡p¶ ]pcpjm! Rm³ \ns¶ a{´ iànbmÂ, hnÃn hen¨p sI«nbncn¡p¶ RmWn\p Xpeyw ]pjvS\m¡p¶p. AXn\m \o tkN\ kaÀ°\mb hrj`¯n\p Xpeyw {]k¶Nn¯\mbn Xsâ CWbpsS ASp¡te¡p t]m Iq."12 ta sImSp¯n«pÅ a{´§fnÂ\n¶pw E¡pIfn \n¶pw hyàamIp¶ Hcp {][m\Imcyw, thZImeL«¯nse Bcy³ amÀ¡nSbnÂ, C¶p \½Ä {]mIrXsa¶pw IncmXsa¶pw Icp Xp¶ Xc¯nepÅ ssewKnI sshIrX§Ä ]SÀ¶p ]nSn¨ncp ¶psh¶mWv. {]mIrX kaql§fnsems¡, ssewKnIXbpambn _Ôs¸« [mcmfw AÔhnizmk§fpw arKXpeyamb ssewKnI PohnXhpw ImWmhp¶XmWv. am\h kaql¯nsâ apt¶m«pÅ hfÀ¨bn Chbn ]eXpw Dt]£n¡s¸«p. `uXnIhpw kmaq lyhpw km¼¯nIhpw a\:imkv{X]chpamb kmlNcy§fn eqsS Icp¯mÀÖn¨v, Ime¯neqsSbpw tZi§fneqsSbpw cq]m ´cw {]m]n¨v C¶s¯ ssewKnI kZmNmcw Dcp¯ncnªp h¶p. C¶v kaql¯n s]mXpth AwKoIcn¨phcp¶ ssewKn Ihpw AÃm¯Xpamb kZmNmc k¦Â]§fpw \nXm´ambn \ne\n¡pIbnÃ. imkv{Xob \nKa\§fptSbpw kmaqly kmlNcy§fptSbpw ASnØm\¯n C¶pÅ kZmNmc k¦Â]§Ä¡pw amäw hcmhp¶XmWv. 78

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

kwkv¡mcw hnIkn¡p¶Xn\pap¼pÅ Hcp ImeL«¯n {]mNo\cmb IpSntbä¡mcpsS kmaqly PohnXcoXnbpsS ]Ým ¯e¯n AhÀ ]peÀ¯nt¸m¶ ssewKnI kZmNmc k¦Â ]§Ä, C¶s¯ a\pjysâ ho£W¯n {]mIrXhpw IncmX hpamWv F¶p ]dbp¶Xn AkmwKXysam¶panÃ.

References 1. CtX¸än IqSpX hnhc§Ä¡v Xmsgs¡mSp¡p¶ {KÙ§Ä ]cntim[n¡pI: tPmk^v sehnkv, {InkvXpaXhpw ssewKnI kZmNmchpw, (\yq sUÂln, 1982) tPmk^v CSadpIv, JpÀ B³ þ Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w, (\yq sUÂln, 1982) 2. bPqÀthZw 21þ60 thZ§sf, sXämbn hymJym\n¨v A]IS§fnÂ\n¶v c£n ¡phm³ ITn\ambn bXv\n¨hcn Hcmfmb kzman Zbm\µ kckzXnbpsS hymJym\¯n t]mepw C§s\Xs¶ ]d tb­nh¶n«p­v. AXn ]dbp¶p. "|ÉÉhÉ +Éè®Âú +{ÉÉxÉ Eàò ʱÉBà, nÖùJÉ Ê´ÉxÉÉ¶É Eò®ÂúxÉà´ÉɱÉà Uàô®úÒ +ÉÊnù {ɶÉÖ ºÉà, ´ÉÉhÉÒ Eàò ʱÉBà ¨Éà`öÉ ºÉà, |ɶÉxÉ Bà¶É´ÉªÉÇ Eàò ʱÉBà ¤Éè±É ºÉà ¦ÉÉäMÉ Eò®àú" (p. 788) 3. AYÀh thZw, ZznXob ImÞw, kqàw 30, 5.

4. AYÀh thZw, hnwiImÞw, kqàw 133, 1þ4 (hnXXu IncWu Zzu Xmhm]n\jvSn ]pcpj: \ssh Ipamcn XXv XYm bYm Ipamcn a\ytk, amXpjvtS IncWu Zzu \nhr¯: ]pcpjm\rtX, \ ssh Ipamcn XXv XYm bYm Ipamcn a\ytk, \nKrly IÀW Iu Zzu \ncmbÝkn a[yta 79

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

\ ssh Ipamcn XXv XYm bYm Ipamcn a\ytk DXm\mssb ibm\mssb XnjvS´n hmh Kqlkn \ ssh Ipamcn XXv XYmbYm Ipamcn a\ytk) 5. AYÀhthZw, NXpÀZi ImÞw, kqàw 2, 38 (Xmw ]qjÑnhXamtacbkzbkyw _oPw a\pjymh]´n bm \ Ducq DiXo hn{ibmXn bkymaqi´ : {]ltca tij:) 6. EtKzZw, aÞew X, kqàw 10, 11 7. AYÀh thZw, \ha ImÞw, kqàw 10, 12 (]nXm ZplnXpÀ KÀ` am[mXv) 8. bPqÀthZw 23þ22 ip¢bPqÀthZ kwlnXbpsS alo[c `mjy ¯n CXv sXfnbn¨pXs¶ ]dbp¶p:t]Pv 437.

9. bPqÀthZw 23þ23 alo[c `mjyw t]Pv 437.

(Also quoted by Surendra Ajnat, Critique on Vedas, Jullender, 1979, p.21-22) 10.

AYÀhthZw, NXpÀ°ImÞw, kqàw 4þ1.

11. Ibid, kqàw 4þ6, 7,8 12. AYÀhthZw, AjvSa ImÞw, kqàw 101þ1,2,3.

80

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

6 thZ§fnse kmaqly PohnXw kwkv¡mc¯nsâ ssiih Zibn cq]w sIm­ ]pcmWmJym \§fmWv thZ§sf¶v \mw I­pIgnªp. C¶s¯ a\pjy\v kzoIcn¡m\mhm¯ \nch[n Imcy§Ä thZ§fnep­v . {]mIrXamb hnizmk§Ä, ab¡pacp¶pIfm {]tNmZnXcmhpI bpw Ahsb Bcm[n¡pIbpw sN¿Â, {]IrXn {]Xn`mk§sf ssZhambn sXäp[cn¨v Ahsb hi¯m¡m³ {ian¡Â, AXn {]mIrXhpw a\pjyXzlo\hpamb bmK§Ä XpS§nbhsbms¡ thZ§fn ImWmw. F¶m Ct¶bv¡v 3500 hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼v apX Bcw`n¡p¶ Hcp ImeL«¯n Pohn¨ncp¶ a\p jycpsS kmaqly PohnXs¯¸änbpw kmwkv¡mcnI [mcWIsf ¸änbpw Nne hnhc§Ä \ÂIp¶ Ncn{X kqN\IÄ thZ§fnep ­v F¶v \nkwibw ]dbmw. ]cnWma {]{Inbbn GXhØbnembncp¶p, C´ybnse ¯nb {]mNo\cmb Bcy³amÀ? AXn\p ap¼v ChnsS Pohn¨ncp ¶hcpsS ]cnWmaL«hpw kwkv¡mchpw GXfhnembncp¶p?

Cu c­p tNmZy§Ä¡pw D¯cw ]dªpsIm­p am{Xta, thZ §fneqsS \ap¡v a\knem¡m³ Ignbp¶ {]mNo\ tKm{X§ fpsS kmaqly PohnXs¯¡pdn¨v \nKa\§fn F¯m\mhq.

Im«parK§fpsS F®w {ItaW Ipdªph¶XpsIm­pw hcĨ, agbpsS A`mhw XpS§nb {]iv\§Ä Ae«nbXpsIm ­pamWv, ]gb Imes¯ a\pjy³ \mbm«nt\¡mÄ ^e{]Zamb `£W k¼mZ\ amÀK§Ä Bcmbm³ XpS§nbXv. ]Snªmd³ Gjy, D¯c B{^n¡, Ing¡³ bqtdm¸v F¶nhnS§fnemWv C¯csamcp ]pXnb Nn´mKXnbpsS ^ew BZyambn {]Xy£ 81

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

s¸Sp¶Xv. arK§sf th«bmSn D]Poh\w Ign¨hÀ, {ItaW hfÀ¯p arK§fpsS DSaØcmbn amdn. Nne arK§Ä {]tXy In¨pw I¶pImenIÄ Ffp¸w sacp§pIbpw Im«nse¶Xp t]m se s]cpIpIbpw sN¿p¶Xmbn AhÀ I­p. Fcpa, ]ip, BSv, H«Iw XpS§nb PohnIfpsS amwkt¯msSm¸w AhbpsS ]mepw Hcp Blmcambn amdn. Im«p s\Ãnsâbpw Im«p tKmX¼nsâbpw aWnIÄ AÂ]mÂ]w Ducns¡m­ph¶v Xn¶ncp¶ a\pjy³, XmakØe¯n\Sp¯v Cu sNSnbpsS Im«p hn¯pIÄ apf¸n ¡p¶Xv A¡mes¯ Hcp henb hnImkamWv. Ifn a®p Ipg¨v cq]s¸Sp¯n Nps«Sp¯m AXv ]m{Xambn cq]m´cs¸Spsa¶ Adnhv a\pjy\p­mhp¶Xpw GXm­v Cu Ime¯mWv. Irjn Øe§Ä \\bv¡m³ sNdp Pemib§fpw BSpamSpIsf tabv ¡m³ ta¨n Øe§fpw D­mbn.

Hmtcm ]pXnb PohnXhnZy I­p]nSnbv¡s¸Sp¶tXmsS Hm tcm ]pXnb Bbp[§fpsS \nÀ½mWw Bhiyambn¯oÀ¶p.

IÃpsIm­pÅ agpIÄ an\pks¸Sp¯n aqÀ¨ Iq«n a\pjyÀ D] tbmKn¡m³ XpS§n. IÃp sIm­pXs¶bpÅ sNdp Xq¼Ifpw tImSmenIfpw sIm¿phm\pÅ AcnhmfpIfpw \nÀ½nbv¡s¸«p. teml§Ä I­p]nSnbv¡s¸Sp¶Xv a\pjysâ hnImk¯n se DÖzeamb L«¯nemWv. BZyIme¯v, sN¼psIm­pw aäpapÅ NnÃd Bbp[§Ä D­m¡phm\mWv a\pjyÀ ]Tn¨Xv. sN¼v Dcp¡msX ASn¨p ]c¯n BZyw D]tbmKn¨p. ]ns¶ Dcp¡nb teml§Ä D]tbmKn¡m³ XpS§n.

Bcy³amÀ C³Uybnse¯p¶Xv sh¦ebpK¯nemsW ¶mWv ]pcmhkvXp KthjIcpw \chwi imkv{XÚcpw B[n ImcnIambn¯s¶ ]dbp¶p­v.1 AhÀ¡v, C³Uybn Pohn¨n cp¶ BZna \nhmknIfptSXnt\¡mÄ ]cnjv¡cn¨ A¼pw hnÃpw D­mbncp¶p. bp²¯n AhÀ IpXncIsf D]tbmKn ¨ncp¶p. EtKzZ¯n Ccp¼p IhN§sf¸än hÀWn¨pImWp ¶XpsIm­v, Ccp¼p]Wnbnepw AhÀ sshZKv[yw t\Snbncp¶p F¶v hyàamhp¶p.

Cu Imebfhns\¸än F¨v.kn.shÕv At±l¯nsâ temI 82

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Ncn{X kw{Kl¯n ]dbp¶Xv {it²bamWv: 'Bcy³amÀ ImfIsf ]q«n \neapgpXv tKmX¼p Irjn sNbvXncp¶psh¦nepw, B Irjn Øe§Ä¡cnsI Xmakapd¸n¨ncp¶nÃ. hnfhp sIm bvsXSp¯m AhÀ Xmakw amäpw. AhcpsS I¿n ]n¨f F ¶ temlap­mbncp¶p. GItZiw 1500þm am­n\Sp¯v AhÀ Ccp¼pw ssIhiam¡n. Ahcmbncn¡mw BZyw Ccp¼p­m¡p¶ hnZy I­p ]nSn¨Xv. GXm­v B Ime¯p Xs¶bmhmw AhÀ ¡v IpXncsb In«nbXpw.2 Bcy³amcpsS hchn\v ap¼mbn knÔpXS¯n Pohn¨ncp¶ Hcp {]_e kwkv¡mcs¯¡pdn¨v taml³PZmtcmbntebpw lm c¸mbntebpw DXvJ\\§Ä kwibteianÃmsX sXfnbn¡p ¶p­v. knÔp\Zn IS¶ph¶ Bcy³amÀ BZyambn t\cntS­n h¶Xv, henb ]«W§fnepw tIm«Ifnepambn Ignªncp¶ Hcp P\XsbbmWv. AXnkwkvIrXcpw {]_e³amcpambncp¶ lmc¸³amcmWv C³Uybn Pohn¨ncp¶, Bcy³amÀ t\cnSpI bpw ]cmPbs¸Sp¯pIbpw sNbvX P\§Ä F¶v B[p\nI Ncn{XImc³amÀ AwKoIcn¡p¶ hkvXpXbmWv.3 Zkyp¡Ä F¶v Bcy³amÀ hnfn¨ lmc¸³amcpsS kwkv¡m cw Bcy³amcptSXnt\¡mÄ DbÀ¶Xmbncp¶psh¶Xn\v EtKz Zw Xs¶bmWv sXfnhv.

\nc´c bp²§Ä EtKzZ¯neqsS hyàamIp¶ BcykapZmbw \nc´cambn bp² §Ä \S¯nbncp¶ Hcp kaqlat{X! sFizcy¯n\pw A[n Imc¯n\pw th­nbpÅ sImSpw kac§sf¸än EtKzZ¯n [mcmfambn ]dbp¶p­v. Cu bp²§fpsS Ahkm\¯n Zkyp ¡Ä ASnbdhp ]dbpIbpw Bcy³amÀ knÔpXS¯n k¼qÀ Wamb ta[mhnXzw Dd¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. EtKzZ¯n ]dªn «pÅ A\mcy³amscbpw AhÀ¡v D­mbncp¶ \mKcnIXsbbpw XIÀ¡pIbpw \in¸n¡pIbpw sNbvX Bcy³amÀ, XnI¨pw ka tcmÂkpIcmb Hcp hÀKambncp¶p. Bbp[ iànbn AhÀ ]qÀWambn hnizkn¨ncp¶p.

83

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

bmK§Ä A\pjvTn¡m¯hcmbncp¶p Zkyp¡Ä. AhcpsS hnizmk§fpw BNmc§fpw hyXykvXambncp¶p. i{Xp¡sf \in¸n¡phm³ ssZhamb C{µt\mSv {]mÀ°n¡pt¼mgpw CXv ]dbp¶p­v: "R§Ä \mep `mK¯pw Zmk³amcpsS tKm{X§fm Npäs¸ «ncn¡p¶p. AhÀ bmKw sN¿p¶nÃ; AhÀ bmsXm¶nepw hniz kn¡p¶nÃ; AhcpsS BNmc§Ä hyXykvXamWv; AhÀ a\pjy cÃ! AÃtbm i{Xp¡fpsS \miIÀ¯mth, Ahsc sImÃpI! Zmk³amcpsS hwis¯ \in¸n¡pI."4 Bcy³amcpw A\mcy³amcpw X½n \S¶ sImSpw bp²§fn te¡v EtKzZ `mK§Ä shfn¨w hoip¶p. `qan Zmk³amcpsS ivaim\amsW¶pw C{µ³ Idp¯ Zmk³amcpsS ]«W§sf XIÀ¯psh¶pw ap¸Xn\mbncw Zmk³amsc sIm¶psh¶pw A Xn ]dbp¶p.5 Bcytbm²m¡Ä¡v D­mbncp¶ i{Xp sshchpw bp²Zm lhpw kqNn¸n¡p¶ EtKzhZ kqà§Ä sI. ZmtamZc³ D²cn ¡p¶p­v: "]S¨«bWnª ]Sbmfn kacm¦W¯nend§pt¼mÄ Ah sâ apJw CSnapg¡w \ndª taLw t]memIp¶p." "icoc¯n\v sXÃpw apdnhp]ämsX \o hnPbnbmhs«!" "]S¨«bpsS Icp¯v \ns¶ c£n¡s«! hnÃpsIm­v \mw I¶pImenIsf t\Spw! hnÃpsIm­vXs¶ \mw ISp¯ kac §fnseÃmw hnPbw t\Spw." "hnÃv i{Xphns\ \in¸n¡pw; hnÃpsIm­v \mw \mSpIÄ ]nSn ¨S¡pw. {]nb kplr¯mb hnÃns\ ]pWÀ¶p]nSn¨psIm­v, Ft´m a{´n¡ms\¶t]mse Rm¬ sNhnItfmSv ASp¸n¡p ¶p." "\s½ hnPb¯nte¡p \bn¡p¶ B X´p hnÃn \osf F¯n¸nSn¨psIm­v, Hcp s]¬InSmhns\t¸mse sNhnbn ko¡mc i_vZw ]pds¸Sphn¡p¶p."6 \qäm­pItfmfw \o­p\n¶ bp²¯nÂ, XmcXtay\ ]cn 84

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

jvIrXcmbncp¶psh¦nepw Zkyp¡Ä ]cmPbs¸«Xn\v, Zkyp ¡Ä¡nSbnep­mbncp¶ ]ckv]c amÂkcyw Hcp {][m\ Imc Wambncp¶psh¶mWv tImkmw_nbpsS A`n{]mbw.

"Htc Xcw BNmc§tfmSp IqSnb Hcp P\kaqlw BZnaIme §fn kpJkar²ntbmSpIqSn PohnXw \bn¡p¶p. Ime{Ia ¯n Ahcn Hcp sNdnb hÀK¡mÀ¡v A[nImcw apgph³ kn²n¡p¶p. AhÀ kpJkar²nItfmSpIqSn PohnXw \bn¡p¶p.

Ime{Ia¯n Ahcn Hcp sNdnb hÀK¡mÀ¡v A[nImcw apgph³ kn²n¡p¶p. AhÀ kpJkar²nItfmSpIqSn Ignbp t¼mÄ A[nImcem`¯n\pth­n ]ckv]cw aÂkcn¡p¶p.

X³aqew km[mcW P\§fpsSta IqSpXemb \nIpXn`mcw Npa¯m\nSbmhpIbpw, AXpsIm­v P\§Ä¡v A[nImcnI tfmSv hntZzjw hÀ²n¡m\nSbmhpIbpw sN¿p¶p. At¸mÄ Ah tc¡mÄ A]cnjvIrXcmb hntZinIÄ¡v H¯ptNcm\pÅ ]gp Xp In«p¶p. AhÀ H¯ptNÀ¶v B{Ian¨v cmPyw Iogvs¸Sp¯p ¶p....."

"ZmkhÀK¡mÀ sNdnb sNdnb ]«W§fn hkn¨ncp¶p. ]«WhmknIfmbncp¶ AhÀ ]ckv]c i{XpXzt¯msS hÀ¯n ¨ncp¶p. Zmk³amcn ZnthmZmk³ C{µ\pambn tNÀ¶psh¶v EtKzZ¯n ]teS¯pw ]dªpImWp¶p."7 taml³PZmtcmbnse DXvJ\\¯nÂ\n¶v shfnhmb Hcp {][m\ Imcyw Ahkm\Ime¯v AhnsS ZriyamIp¶ IjvS XIfmWv. kÀ¡mcnsâ ZuÀ_eyw hyàam¡p¶ ]e e£W §fpw Is­Sp¡m³ Ignªn«p­v: Hcp sXcphnsâ \Sp¡v ImWs¸Sp¶ CjvSnI¨qf, sXmgnemfnbpsS ho«n tamjvSn¨p sIm­ph¶p Ipgn¨n«ncn¡p¶ kzÀWm`cW§Ä F¶nh Ch bn DÄs¸Sp¶p. taml³PZmtcmbnepw lmc¸bnepw, Ahkm\ Ime¯v kmapZmbnI `{ZXbv¡pw kar²n¡pw tIm«w ]änbn«pÅ Xmbn ImWmw. lmc¸³amcpsS (Zkyp¡fpsS) tIm«IÄ \in¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv hÀWn¡p¶ A\h[n `mK§Ä thZ§fnep­v. lmc¸m \K c¯n B{IaWw \S¯nb Bcy³amcpw IogS¡s¸« \m«p 85

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Imcpw X½n \S¶ s]mcnª bp²¯nsâ {]Xn[z\nbmWv C{µsâ ]pcµcXzw. bp²mkàcmb Bcy³amÀ i{Xp¡fmb \m«pImtcmSv bm sXmcp ImcpWyhpw ImWn¨nÃ. AhcpsS I¶pImenIsf X«n s¡m­pt]mhpIbpw kz¯p sImÅbSn¡pIbpw kv{XoIsf X«ns¡m­p t]mhpIbpw ]pcpj³amsc sImÃpIbpw sNbvXn cp¶p. ]ckv]c i{XpXbpw A[nImctamlhpw aqew BcytKm {X§Ä X½nepw C¯cw B{IaW§Ä \S¯nbncp¶p. "taml³PZmtcm B{IaWthfbn sh«napdn¨n« ]uc³am cpsS þ kv{XoIfpw Ip«nIfpw Ahbn s]Spw þ ih§Ä adhp sN¿msX A§pan§pw hens¨dnbpIbmWp sNbvXXv. Nne XetbmSpIfn hmfpsIm­p sh«nb apdnhpIÄ ImWmw. Xsâ `mcytbbpw Ip«nItfbpw c£s¸Sp¯phm³ {ian¨ Hcp B\ s¡m¼p ]Wn¡mcsâbpw IpSpw_¯nsâbpw arXtZl§Ä Hcp ho«n\Sp¯p\n¶p In«n. B ]mhw Xsâ hne]nSn¨ B\s¡m¼p Ifpw tXmfn h¨mWv HmSnt¸mIphm³ {ian¨Xv. sImÅ¡mÀ B\s¡m¼pIÄ AhnsS¯s¶ hens¨dnªpt]mbn. Hcp kv{Xobpw DÄs¸Sp¶ thsdmcp Iq«w ]ucsc sh«ns¡m¶Xv InWän\cnInÂsh¨mbncp¶p."8 sh¦ew sIm­p \nÀ½n¨ hmfp Ifmbncp¶p, lmc¸³amsc B{Ian¨ ssk\nIÀ D]tbmKn¨ncp ¶sX¶pw [mcmfw kqN\IÄ D­v. taml³PZmtcmbntebpw lmc¸bnsebpw DXvJ\\§fn shfnhmb asäm¶v {KmaoWcpsS hfscb[nIw kmam\§Ä B \Kc§fn I­psh¶XmWv. B{IanIfmb Bcy³amÀ Xe Øm\ \Kc§Ä B{Ian¨p Iogvs¸Sp¯p¶Xn\p ap¼v sNdp\Kc §fn bp²w Xo£vWambn \S¶ncn¡mw. sNdnb ]«W§fn \n¶v P\§Ä {][m\ \Kc§fntebv¡v ]emb\w sNbvXncn ¡Ww. cmWLp­mbv, jmlnXp¼v apXemb Øe§fn \S¶ DXvJ\\§Ä CXv ØncoIcn¡p¶p.

`£Whpw hkv{Xhpw thZ§fneqsS IS¶pt]mIpt¼mÄ thZcNbnXm¡fmb Bcy³ 86

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

amcpsS `£W k{¼Zmbs¯¡pdn¨pw hkv{X[mcW coXnsb ¡pdn¨pw [mcmfw hnhc§Ä e`yamIp¶XmWv. Bcy³amcpsS \ndw shÅbmbncp¶p. Zkyp¡Ä Idp¯hcm sW¶pw ]Xnª aq¡pÅhcmsW¶pw ]dbp¶p. thZ§fn hnhcnbv¡s¸Sp¶ Zkyp¡Ä {ZmhnU³amcmbncp¶psh¶v {]_ eamsbmcp hmZKXnbp­v. shÅ\ndhpw XebpsS heXp `mK¯v IpSpabpapÅ tl! hknjvT³amsc!9 Fs¶mcp ]cmaÀiw EtKzZ ¯n ImWp¶Xn \n¶v Bcy³amcn Nnesc¦nepw IpSpa hfÀ¯nbncp¶Xmbn a\knem¡mw. thZImeL«¯nse B cy³amcn ]ecpw XmSn hfÀ¯nbncp¶psh¶pw kqN\Ifp ­v."tkmaw IpSn¨p Ignbpt¼mÄ A§bpsS aoi XpSt¨¡Ww" XpS§nb `mK§Ä CXn\p sXfnhmWv. km[mcW¡mcmb B cy³amÀ hk\hpw D¯cobhpw [cn¨ncp¶Xmbn ImWp¶p. Ejn IÄ APn\amWv DSp¯ncp¶Xv. `£WImcy¯n IpSntbä¡mcmb Bcy³amÀ s]mXpsh XÂ]ccmbncp¶p. amwk `£Ww hfsc {]nbs¸«Xmbn IcpXn ¡mWp¶p. BSv, Fcpa, ]ip, IpXnc, F¶nhbpsS amwkw [mcmf ambn D]tbmKn¨p h¶p. Idh¸iphns\t¸mepw sIm¶p `£n ¡mhp¶XmsW¶v Hchkc¯n ]dbp¶p­v.10 DSp¼v, Ba, t]mÀ¡³ ]¶n, apų]¶n, Im­marKw, apb F¶nhtbbpw {_mÒWÀ `£n¨ncp¶p. tkmaw, kpc XpS§nb elcn]ZmÀ °§Ä¡v hfscb[nIw {]Nmcap­mbncp¶p. tKmX¼pw _mÀ enbpw {][m\ `£W§fmbncp¶p. ]mÂ, s\¿v, ssXcv XpS§nb `£y hkvXp¡Ä D]tbmKn¡m\pw AhÀ ]Tn¨ncp¶p.

Irjnbpw hyhkmbhpw Bcy³amcpsS hchn\p ap¼pXs¶ lmc¸³amÀ Irjnbpw I¨h Shpw Bcw`n¨ncp¶p. AhÀ _mÀenbpw tKmX¼pw Cu¯¸ghpw IrjnsNbvX ncp¶p. arK§sf sacp¡nsbSp¯p hfÀ¯p¶ k{¼Zmbhpw, ImfIsf ]q«p¶ h­nIfpw AhÀ¡p­mbncp ¶Xn\v hnizk\obamb sXfnhpIfp­v. ]qªbpÅ ImfIÄ, IpdpInb sIm¼pÅ ImfIÄ, BSv, ]¶n, \mbv, B\, H«Iw F ¶o arK§sf lmc¸³amÀ sacp¡n h¶ncp¶psh¦nepw Aiz 87

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

§sf¸änbpw ]q¨Isf¸änbpw AhÀ¡v Adnhp­mbncp¶nÃ.

Bcy³amÀ¡pw Irjn hiambncp¶psh¶v EtKzZ¯nÂXs¶ sXfnhpIfp­v. Irjnbpambn _Ôs¸« NS§pIÄ hniZ ambn¯s¶ {]Xn]mZn¨n«p­v. Bdpw F«pw ]{´­pw ImfI sfs¡«n Irjn `qan Dgp¶Xmbn ]dbp¶p. {]mtbW hnImkw {]m]n¨ ImÀjnI k{¼Zmb§Ä ioen¨ncp¶hcmWv Bcy³am sc¶mWv kqN\. {]mNo\cpw {]mIrXcpsa¦nepw _mÀen, tKmX ¼v XpS§nb [m\y§fpw, hkv{Xap­m¡m\pÅ ]cp¯nbpw AhÀ Irjn sNbvXp. Chbn ]eXpw, \m«pImcmb Zkyp¡fn \n¶v Bcy³amÀ ]Tn¨XmsW¶pw, IpSntbdn h¶ Ime¯v Cu Irjn k{¼Zmb §Ä AhÀ¡v AÚmXambncp¶psh¶pw A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶ KthjIcp­v. lmc¸³amÀ hnIkn¨ ImÀjnI k{¼Zmb§Ä \S¸nem¡nbncp¶Xmbpw ]gb cq]¯n Hcp PetkN\ ]cn]mSn \S¸nem¡nbncp¶Xmbpw sXfnhpIfp­v. I¶pImen Isf tabv¡embncp¶p Bcy³amcpsS {][m\ sXmgnÂ. Bbp[ _ewsIm­v AhÀ Iogvs¸Sp¯nb lmc¸³amcn \n¶mbncn ¡Ww thZImeL«¯nse Bcy³amÀ¡v hnIkn¨ aäp ]e sXmgnepIfpw e`n¨Xv. Bcy³amÀ C´ybn Xmakapd¸n¨Xn\p tijw ac¸Wn, I¨hSw, teml¸Wn, s\bv¯v F¶nhbn AhÀ {ItaW {]mK Ûyw t\Sn. I¼nfn¸pX¸pIfpw ]cp¯n¯pWnIfpw AhÀ D] tbmKn¨ncp¶Xn\v EtKzZ¯n [mcmfw kqN\Ifp­v.

`cWhyhØ tKm{X PohnX¯nÂ\n¶v {ItaW cmPy§fnte¡v ]cnhÀ ¯n¨psIm­ncn¡p¶ Hcp kaqls¯bmWv \ap¡v thZ§fn ImWm³ Ignbp¶Xv. tKm{X§fpw KW§fpw ]ckv]cw Gäp ap«pIbpw ZpÀ_e KW§tfbpw tKm{X§tfbpw iàcmb tKm{X§Ä Iogvs¸Sp¯pIbpw sNbvXph¶p. A[oiXz¯n\pw kz¯n\pw th­nbpÅ B{Klw ]ckv]cw Gäpap«p¶Xn\v Bcy³amsc t{]cn¸n¨p. ]gb tKm{X§fpsS XIÀ¨bpw hfÀ 88

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

¨bpw DÄs¡m­v sNdnb cmPy§Ä DbÀ¶ph¶p. amÕyw, aK [w, iucytk\ XpS§nb cmPy§Ä {ItaW \nehnÂh¶p. "{In.ap.H¶mw kl{km_vZ ¯nsâ a²yImeambt¸mtg¡pw KwKmXoc {]tZi§fn Icp, ]m©mew, AwKw, hwKw Ah´n, tImkew, Imin, anYne XpS§nb Hcp Ukt\mfw cmPy§Ä BhnÀ`hn¨p Ignªncp¶p."11 bp²§fn Iogvs¸«hsc ASnaIfm¡n ]WnsbSp¸n¡m³ Bcw`n¨Xv Bcy `cW hyhØbnse {it²bamsbmcp Awiam Wv. ASnaItfbpw kz¯p¡sfbpw \nb{´n¨p h¶hÀ I¨hSw \S¯pIbpw Irjn`qanIfpsS DSaIfmhpIbpw sNbvXp. `cWm[n Imcnbmb cmPmhv FÃmänsâbpw ]cn]meI\mbn KWnbv¡ s¸«p. F¶mÂ, cmPXzwXs¶ ssZh§fn A[njvTnXamsW ¶pw ssZh§Ä a{´§Ä¡[o\cmsW¶pw ]dbp¶ I]S\mSy ¡mcmb IŸptcmlnXhÀKw CXn\nSbn kzm[o\w ]peÀ ¯n \n¶p. thZ§fnse a{´§fpw {_mÒW§fpw AhÀ ]Tn ¡pIbpw ssZh¯nsâbpw cmPmhnsâbpw at²ybpÅ CS\ne ¡mcmbn NabpIbpw sNbvXp. cmPm¡³amÀ [\nIcpsS {]Xn\n[nIfmbn«mWv `cWw \S ¯nbncp¶Xv. Zkyp¡fptSbpw i{XptKm{X§fptSbpw at²y Pohn¨hÀ kpc£nXXz¯n\pth­nbpw cmPXz¯n\v hgns¸«p.

EtKzZ¯n Hcp cmPmhns\ A`ntjIw sNbvXv hmgv¯p¶p­v: "Rm³ \ns¶ (cmPmhmbn) A`ntjIw sN¿p¶p. R§fpsS CSbn hcnI. ssØcyt¯mSpw AN©e a\tkmSpw Ccn¡pI. \nsâ {]PIsfÃmw \ns¶ kvt\ln¡s«. \nsâ cmPyw \n¶n \n¶v Hcp \mfpw t]mImXncn¡s«."12 ZnthmZmk³, kpZmÊv, Aw_coj³, \lqj³, ]pcqchkv apXemb cmPm¡³amcpsS t]cpIfpw EtKzZ¯nep­v. {Kmaw, hnjbw, P\w, cmjv{Sw F¶n§s\ `cWXe¯n\pw kmaqly PohnX¯n\pw \mep ]SnIÄ D­mbncp¶p. ]e Ipe §Ä H¶n¨p Xmakn¡p¶ CSamWv '{Kmaw'. ]e {Kma§Ä IqSn t¨À¶pÅ hmkØew 'hnjbw' F¶v Adnbs¸«p. ]e hnjb §Ä tNÀ¶ kapZmb¯n\v 'P\w' F¶mbncp¶p t]cv. hnhn[ 89

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

P\§Ä IqSnt¨À¶m cmjv{Shpambn. ]ptcmlnX³amÀ cmPm¡³amcpsS {][m\ D]tZjvSm¡fm bncp¶p. cmPm¡³amcmhs«, A[nImciàn Dd¸n¡p¶Xn\p th­n ]ptcmlnX³amscbpw P\§fpsS hnizmkmNmc§tf bpw D]tbmKn¡m³ ]Tn¨p. ]ptcmlnX\pw cmPmhpw X½nÂ, NqjW¯n\ncbmbn DS¼Snbp­m¡nb hn[¯nÂ, ]ckv]c ]qcI§fmbn {]hÀ¯n¨p.

IpSpw_ _豈 thZImeL«¯nse IpSpw_§fpsS kz`mhsa´mbncp¶p F¶v At\zjn¡pt¼mgpw thZ§fnse a{´§fpw {_mÒW§fpw Xs¶ B hnjb¯nte¡v shfn¨w hoip¶p. hnhml§Ä A¡me¯v \S¶ncp¶psh¶pw IpSpw_ _Ô §Ä D­mbncp¶psh¶pw kqN\Ifp­v. F¶mÂ, C¶t¯Xp t]mse Hcp `mcybpw `À¯mhpw DÅ IpSpw_§fmbncp¶nà A¡met¯Xv. `À¯mhnsâ \nb{´W¯nepÅ `h\¯n \nch[n kv{XoIÄ `mcyamcmbn¡gnªp. _lp`mcymXzw kÀh km[mcWambncp¶p.

IpSpw__Ô¯n kv{XoIÄ¡v am\yXtbm XpeyXtbm e`n ¨ncp¶nÃ. kv{Xo ]pcpjsâ Zmknbmbn¯s¶bmWv IcpXs¸ «ncp¶Xv. ssewKnI hnImc ]qcW¯n\pÅ D]IcW§fmbn Ahsc thZ§Ä Xcw Xmgv¯nbmWv ZÀin¡p¶Xv. ]ip¡sf t¸mse `mcyamcpw Krl\mYsâ kz¯mbn KWn¡s¸«p. IogS ¡s¸« i{Xp¡fpsS kv{XoIÄ an¡t¸mgpw hnPbnbpsS `mcymK W¯n DÄs¸Sp¯s¸«p.

AYÀhthZ¯n ]dbpIbmWv: "inh\pw kqcy\pw \nsâ Ic§Ä ]nSn¨ncn¡p¶p. AXn\m \o [À½]qÀhIambn Fsâ `mcybmbncn¡p¶p. Rm³ \nsâ ]Xnbpw Bbncn¡p¶p." "_rlkv]Zn \ns¶ F\nbv¡mbn \ÂInbncn¡p¶p. \o Rm \mIp¶ ]XntbmSptNÀ¶v k´m\hXnbmbn `hn¡s«. Hcp \qdp kwhÕc¯nsâ Bbpkns\ A\p`hn¨psIm­v Fsâ 90

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w 13

Zmknbmbncn¡q." hnhmltijw h[p `ÀXrKrl¯nte¡v t]m tI­XmsW¶v EtKzZ¯n ]dbp¶p.14 thZImeL«¯n kv{Xo[\w ]Xnhmbncp¶psh¶v hyà am¡p¶ [mcmfw a{´§fp­v. "tl a\pjytc! Fsâ hm¡pIÄ {ihn¡q. h\kv]XnIfn KÔÀh³amcp­v, A]vkckpIfp­v. AhÀ ChÀ¡v \ÂIp¶h cmItW. kv{Xo[\ cq]amb [\s¯ \in¸n¡cptX. BinÀhm ZmßIamb hmWnItfmSpIqSn ChÀ c­pw D¯a ]ZmÀ°§sf D]t`mKw sN¿s«."

"N{µnIbv¡v Xpeyw {]k¶Xm {]Zamb kv{Xo[\¯nte¡v bmsXmcp hn\mi hkvXp¡Ä hcpt¶m, Ah h¶ CS¯nte ¡pXs¶ bÚobtZhX Xncn¨p sIm­p t]mhs«."15 "Rm³ kv{Xo[\s¯ a{´¯mepw \£{X¯mepw Zo]vXam ¡p¶p. Chbn hn`n¶ coXnbnepÅ ]ZmÀ°§sf {]m]n¡p¶ hsc kqcytZh³ kpJapÅhcm¡tW."16 "tl ]pcpjm! DÀhcbmb Cu kv{Xobn \o _oPs¯ \nt£ ]n¡q. Ej` kam\amb \nsâ hocyt¯bpw £oct¯bpw hln ¨ncn¡p¶ ChÄ \n\¡pth­n k´m\s¯ DÛhn¸n¡s«."17 thZImeL«¯nse kv{XoIÄ¡v kmaqlyamb bmsXmcp Øm\hpw D­mbncp¶nÃ.18 kv{XoIÄ¡v _p²n IpdhmsW¶pw Ahsc ]Tn¸n¡p¶Xv Zpjv¡camsW¶pw AhÀ hnizkn¨p. 19 kv{XoIfpambn kulrZap­m¡p¶Xpt]mepw hne¡s¸«p. 20 thZImeL«¯nÂ, kv{XoIsft¸mseXs¶ Ip«nIsfbpw kzImcykz¯n\v Xpeycmbn«mWv IcpXnbncp¶Xv. APoKÀ¯s\ ¶ {_mÒW³ iq\:ti]s\ hn¡p¶ IY Ignsªmcp A²ymb¯n hnhcn¨ncp¶phtÃm. a¡sf hn¡p¶Xn\pw AhcpsS kz¯hImiw CÃmbva sN¿p¶Xn\pw ]nXmhn\v AhImiap­mbncp¶p. Xsâ A`n{]mb¯n\v hncp²ambn \n¶ A³]Xv a¡sf hnizman{X³ IpSpw_¯nÂ\n¶v ]pd¯m¡nb Xmbpw ImWp¶p­v. thZ§fneqsS hyàamIp¶ kmaqly hyhØ {]mIrXw 91

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Xs¶bmWv. A¡meL«¯n temI¯nse CXc `mK§fn Pohn¨ncp¶ aäp {]mIrX tKm{X§tf¡mÄ t`Zs¸« kmaqly hyhØnXn thZIme¯v D­mbncp¶psh¶v A\pam\n¡phm³ bmsXmcp \ymbhpw ImWp¶nÃ.

Bcy³amcpsS hchn\p ap¼mbn knÔpXS¯n Pohn¨ncp¶, Zkyp¡Ä F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ lmc¸³amsc¡mÄ ({ZmhnUsc ¡mÄ) ]e Imcy§fnepw Bcy kwkv¡mcw ]n¶nembncp¶p.

Zkyp¡fnÂ\n¶v, Ahsc ]msS \in¸n¨psh¦nepw, ]e Imcy §fpw Bcy³amÀ kzoIcn¨n«p­v.

A§ns\ ]n¡me¯v Dcp¯ncnªph¶ BcyþZkyp k¦c kwkv¡mcamWv ]n¡me `mcX¯nse \mKcnIXbv¡pw kmaq ly hnImk¯n\pw ]Ým¯eambn `hn¨Xv. References 1. F. A¿¸³, `mcX¸ga (tImgnt¡mSv, 1962) ]oTnI p. ix 2. sI. ZmtamZc³, 'C´ybpsS Bßmhv', F¶ {KÙ¯n D² cn¡p¶Xv. (tIm«bw, 1959) p.24 3. CtX¡pdn¨v hniZamb [mcW e`n¡phm³, tUm. F. A¿ ¸sâ 'kmlnXy¸ga' F¶ {KÙ¯nse (lmc¸m km{am Pyw), F¶ A²ymbw {i²n¡pI. kÀZmÀ sI.Fw. ]Wnbv¡À B[nImcnIambn¯s¶ Cu A`n{]mbw {]ISn¸n¡p¶p­v. hÅt¯mfnsâ EtKzZ kwlnXm hnhÀ¯\¯n\v, sI.Fw. ]Wnbv¡À FgpXnb BapJw t\m¡pI. 4. EtKzZw, aÞew I, kqàw 22þ8 5. Jayaswalal, Hindu Civilization, p. 24 6.

sI. ZmtamZc³, 'C´ybpsS Bßmhv ', p. 25

7. Quoted in Ibid., pp. 30-31 8.

F. A¿¸³, p. 94 9. EtKzZw, aÞew I, kqàw 33þ1 10. B]kvXw_ [À½kq{Xw 92

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w 11.

sI. ZmtamZc³, p. 39 12. EtKzZw, aÞew X, kqàw 22 13. AYÀhthZw, NXpÀZiImÞw, kqàw 1þ51, 52 14. EtKzZw, aÞew X, kqàw 11 15. AYÀhthZw, NXpÀZiImÞw, kqàw 2þ9, 10 16. Ibid., 12 17. Ibid., 14 18.

ssX¯cob kwlnX 6þ5þ8þ2 19. EtKzZw, aÞew VIII, kqàw 33, 17 20. EtKzZw, aÞew X, kqàw 95, 15

93

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

7 `mjbpw kmlnXyhpw thZ§fn thZ a{´§Ä cq]oIcnbv¡s¸Sp¶ Ime¯v Bcy³amÀ D]tbm Kn¨ncp¶ `mjbv¡v h¼n¨ amä§Ä D­mbn«p­v. hymIcW ¯nepw henb ]cnhÀ¯\§Ä D­mbn. thZ§fmhs«, {_mÒ WcpsS lrZnØam¡en HXp§n\n¶p. AXnse `mjm]camb {]tXyIXIÄ aqew, amdnb kmlNcy§fn Ah DÄs¡m­p a\knem¡pI F¶Xv Zpjv¡cambn¯oÀ¶p. bmkvIsâ \ncp àhpw kmbWmNmcysâ thZmÀ°{]ImihpamWv ZpÀ{Kmlymh Øbn \n¶v thZ§sf c£n¨Xv. kmbWsâ `mjyamWv thZ §fnse `mjbnte¡p IS¶psNÃphm³ C¶v \s½ {][m\ ambpw klmbn¡p¶Xv. `mjm]ÞnX³amÀ 'C³tUmþCdm\nb³' F¶p hnfn¨ph cp¶ Hcp aqe`mjbn \n¶v thÀ]ncnª c­v D]`mjIfmWv Cdm\nb\pw kwkvIrXhpw. Cdm³ F¶ hm¡n\pXs¶ 'Bcy³' F¶ hm¡nt\mSv hfscbSp¯ _Ôap­v. kucmjv{ScpsS aX {KÙamb 'AshkvsX'bn Cdm\nb³ `mjbpsS ]gb cq]w ImWmhp¶XmW.v thZ§Ä¡pw AshkvXbv¡pw GXm­v Htc ]g¡w ImWWw. AshkvXbpsS BZy`mKamb 'KmY'bv¡pw thZ§Ä¡pw AZv` pXmhlamb `mjmkmayap­v. Nne DZm lcW§Ä Xmsgs¡mSp¡p¶p.1 kwkvIrXw AshkvX lncWy kcWy tk\ tl\ bÚ bkv\ 94

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

tkma tlma BlpXn BkpXn tlmXÀ tkm{X ssZh§fpsS t]cpIfnepw Cu kmZriyw ZriyamWv. Cu kmZriyw tUm. cm[m IpapZv ap¡ÀPn Nq­n¡mWn¡p¶p­v. 2 kwkvIrXw AshkvX C{µ C{µ hmbp hmbp an{X an{X \mkXy \thm³sslXy hr{XLv\ shc{XLv\ `mjbnse AZv`pXmhlamb Cu kmayw Nq­n¡mWn¡p ¶Xv, AshkvXbpsS cNbnXm¡fmb Cdm³Imcpw thZ§fpsS cNbnXm¡fmb Bcy³amcpw Htc IpSntbä¯nsâ c­p `mK §Ä am{XamsW¶mWv. hS¡p ]Snªmdp\n¶v h¶ IpSntbä ¡mcn Hcp hn`mKw BÄ¡mÀ Cdm\n (t]ÀkybnÂ) X§n. ]pXnb ta¨n Øe§Ä tXSn _m¡nbpÅhÀ ho­pw sXt¡m«p \o§n. knÔp \ZoXS¯n AhÀ F¯p¶Xphsc bpÅ `q{]tZi§fnseÃmapÅ P\§fpsS `mjIfn IpSntb ä¡mcmb Bcy³amcpsS `mj \nÀWmbIamb kzm[o\w sNep ¯nbn«pÅXmbn tcJIfp­v.3 lmc¸³ P\§Ä en]nIÄ D]tbmKn¨ncp¶psh¦nepw Ah cpsS `mj \ap¡v C\nbpw hmbn¨p a\knem¡phm³ Ignªn «nÃ. Hcp ]t£, B `mj k¼qÀWambpw \in¨pt]mbn«p­m hmw. C´ybn Ct¸mÄ \nehnepÅ BtcyXc `mjIfnteXn sâsb¦nepw aqe`mjbmtWm AXv? {ZmhnU `mjm hn`mK¯n s¸Sp¶ Hcp aqe`mjbmWv lmc¸³amÀ D]tbmKn¨ncp¶sX¶v {]_eamb Hcp hmZapJap­v. Xangv, sXep¦v, I¶S, aebmfw, Xpfp, sIm¯, tXmU XpS§nb sX¶n´y³ `mjIÄ; a[y `mcX¯nse \mbv¡ n, tImeman, ]mÀkn, HÃmcn, tKmÞn, sIm­, Ipbn XpS§nb A{][m\ `mjIÄ, D¯tc´ybnse 95

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

IpdqJv, amÄt«m XpS§nb tKm{XhÀK `mjIÄ; _eqNnØm \nse {_mlphn XpS§nbhsbms¡ {ZmhnU imJbnÂs]« `mjIfmWv. Bcy³amÀ thZ§fpsS cN\mIme¯pw lmc¸³ B{IaW §fpsS Ime¯pw en]nIÄ D]tbmKn¨ncp¶nÃ. lmc¸³amcn \n¶mhWw AhÀ en]nIfp]tbmKn¡m³ ]Tn¨Xv F¶v \ymb ambpw IcpXmhp¶XmWv. \qäm­pItfmfw \o­p\n¶ bp²§Ä ¡nSbn kwkv¡mc§fpw `mjbpw ]ckv]cw CSIeÀ¶n«p ­mhWw. Cu IqSn¡ec Zkyp¡fpsS ]cmPbtijapÅ Ime¯n IqSpX iàambncn¡m\mWv km²yX. ]gb kw kvIrX¯nsâ hmIyLS\ Xs¶, {ZmhnU `mjm k¼À¡w sIm­mWv amdnbsX¶mWv ]ÞnX\mb tUm. _tdmhvknsâ bpw aäpw A`n{]mbw.4 EtKzZ¯n¯s¶ DepJe, IpÞ, ZÞ, _e, _ne, abqc XpS§nb {ZmhnV ]Z§fp­v. EtKzZw t{ImUoIcn¡s¸Sp¶Xn\v ap¼pXs¶ {ZmhnU `mjbp­mbn cp¶psh¶mWv CXv ImWn¡p¶Xv. taml³PZmtcmbntebpw lmc¸bntebpw P\§Ä kwkmcn¨ncp¶Xv {ZmhnU `mjbm bncp¶p F¶ hmZapJ¯n\v iàn Iq«p¶ sXfnhpIfmWnXv. ASnaIfm¡s¸« Zkyp (lmc¸³) ssk\nIcpw, Bcy³amcp sS sh¸m«namtcm, `mcyamtcm B¡s¸« AhcpsS kvXoIfpw {ZmhnU `mjIÄ {]mNo\ kwkvIrX¯n IeÀ¶p tNcp¶Xn {][m\ ]¦v hln¨ncn¡Ww. CtX¯pSÀ¶v kwkvIrXam¡s¸« {ZmhnU ]Z§sf¡pdn¨v GXms­mcp [mcW e`n¡phm³ Xmsg sImSp¯ncn¡p¶ DZmlcW§Ä klmbn¡psa¶v IcpXp¶p. 5 A\e (Xobv) A\ (Xangv) A\epþNqSv (I¶S) AÀ¡ (Fcp¡v) Fcp¡v (Xangv) Aek (aSn, £oWn¨) Aeiv (Xangv, I¶S) DeqJe (Dcev) scmJen (Debv¡) (sXep¦v) I¦ (sImän) sIm¦ (sXep¦v) sImdMvKp (Xpfp) ITn\ (Dd¸v) I«n (Xangv), K«n (I¶S) ImI (Im¡) Ims¡bv (Xangv) Im¡Â (]mÀkn), 96

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Im©nI (Iªn) Imf (Idp¸v) IpSn (hoSv) IpÞ (]m{Xw) Ip±fm (ssIt¡m«v) Ip´f (XeapSn)

sIapI (tN¼v) tImW (aqe) tImcI (sam«v)

Jf (Ifw) Je (aqÀJ³) NqU (apSn) Xmack (Xmac) \oc (shÅw) ]ÞnX (]mIw sN¶h³) ]p¶mK (]p¶) _ne (Zzmcw) alnf (kv{Xo)

JmI (IpÀJv) JmtJm ({_mlphn) I©n (Xangv), K©n (sXep¦v) ImÀ (Xangv IpSn (Xangv), KpUn (I¶U, Xpfp, sXep¦v) IpSw (Xangv) Kp±men (I¶S), Kpt±men (Xpfp) Iq´Â (Xangv), IqXÂ (I¶S) Ipheb (Xmac) Iphsebv (Xangv), tImasse (I¶S) tN¼v (Xangv) tNhv (Xpfp) tIip (I¶S) tNsa (sXep¦v) tIm¬, tImssW (I¶S) tImW (sXep¦v) Ipscbv (Xangv), Imcp (Ipbn) sImÀk\ (tKmÞn), tImcsN (amÄs«) I\, If (I¶S) Ivfmbv (Ipbn), Ic (tKmÞn) IÅ (I¶S), IÅ (sXep¦v) NqSp (Xangv) kqSp (I¶U) Xmac (sXep¦v, Xangv) Xmhsc (I¶U) \oÀ (Xangv), \ocp (Xpfp, sXep¦v) \oÀ (Ipbn) ZoÀ ({_mlphn) ]Þp (]gp¯, sXep¦v) ]mÞv (]gp¯, tKmÞn) ]ps¶bv (Xangv) s]ms¶ (I¶U, sXep¦v) hnfhp (Xangv), hnÅv (aebmfw aIÄ (Xangv), aKfp (Xpfp) 97

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

aÄ (]mÀkn) ame amsebv (Xangv) amse (I¶U) ao\ (ao³) ao³ (tKmÞn), ao\p (Ipbn, amÄt«m), ao³ (Xangv), ao\p (sXep¦v) apà (ap¯v) ap¯v (Xangv), ap¯p (I¶U, sXep¦v) apcP (sN­) apcip (Xangv), samcbp (i_vZap­m¡pI, sXep¦v) apcpwKn (apcp§n) apcpwImbv (Xangv), ap\K (sXep¦v), apfpwK (]mÀkn) heb (hf) hsfbv, hssfbv (Xangv) hÃn hÅn (Xangv), _Ån (I¶U) hÅnc(sXep¦v) ih Nmhv (acWw, Xangv), im (acn¡pI, I¶U) iqÀ¸ (sIm¼papdw) Xqdp (tNdpI, Xangv), Xq¸v (tNdpI, Xpfp) tlcw_ (Fcpa) Fs½ (I¶U), FÀsa (Xpfp), FÀan (tKmÞn).

Bcy³amcpsS B{IaW§Ä¡p ap¼n IogS§nbhÀ Ah cpsS ASnaIfmbn¯oÀ¶p. ]ÀhX {]tZi§fnte¡pw ImSpIfn te¡pw ]emb\w sNbvX asämcp Iq«cp­v. at²y´ybnsebpw Z£nW C´ybnsebpw h\m´c§fn tKm{XhÀK¡mcmbn Ignbp¶ AhÀ kmwkv¡mcnI hnImk¯n\v Ahkc§sfm ¶pw e`n¡msX ]gb tKm{X kwkv¡mcw kl{km_vZ§fn eqsS XpSÀ¶p. AhcpsS `mj, Km\§Ä, Bcm[\m k{¼Zmb §Ä F¶nhbnsems¡ AXn {]mNo\§fmb AhcpsS ]gb ssienIÄXs¶ Imcyamb amäanÃmsX XpSÀ¶p. {ZmhnU `mjIfn Imem´cwsIm­v hcp¶ amäw hfsc kmhImi¯nemWv. kmwkv¡mcnI hnImk¯nsâ apt¶m«pÅ 98

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

{]bmW¯n\nSbn hnkvacn¡s¸« BZna \nhmknIÄ ssI Imcyw sN¿p¶ `mjIÄ¡v, B[p\nI {ZmhnU `mjItfmSv hf scb[nIw kmZriy§fp­mbXn\v ImcWw CXt{X! lmc¸³amcpsS tIm«sIm¯f§Ä IpSntbä¡mcmb Bcy³ amÀ XIÀ¯p. CjvSnIsIm­pÅ AhcpsS sI«nS§Ä a®Sn ªp. HmhpNmepIfpw Ipfn¸ShpIfpw D]tbmKiq\yambnt¸mbn. ]t£, ]pcmX\amb B \mKcnIX Bcy kwkv¡mc¯n\v ]e kw`mh\Ifpw \ÂIn. AhbpÄs¡m­v Hcp ]pXnb \mKcnIX hfÀ¶p. aqe{ZmhnU `mj, kwkvIrX `mjbv¡v KpW]camb H cp hyXnbm\wXs¶ D­m¡n.

thZ§fnse kmlnXyw thZ§Ä {]Xn\n[m\w sN¿p¶ kmaqly ho£Ww hnIeam sW¦nepw, Ahbnse k¯ a\pjyXzhnlo\amsW¦nepw, {]mIrX a\pjysâ hnizmkmNmc§fpsS Hcp kwlnXsb¶ Xn Ihnª Bgsam¶pw thZ§Ä¡v Csænepw, Hcp kmln XyIrXnsb¶ \nebn thZ§Ä¡pÅ Øm\w DÖzeamWv. thZ§fnse `mh\Ifpw Imhyt_m[hpw at\mlcamWv. ]n ¡mes¯ kuµcyimkv{X (aesthetics) hnImk¯n thZ]mc ¼cyw hln¨ ]¦v \nkvXpeamWv. References 1. tUm. F. A¿¸³, `mcX¸ga (tImgnt¡mSv 1962) p.108 2. Dr. Radha Kumud Mookerji, Hindu Civilization, Part 1, (Bombay, 1957 p. 82) 3.

thZ§fpw AshkvXbpw X½nepÅ _Ôs¯¸än IqSpXe dnbm³ XmÂ]cyapÅhÀ, Fredrich Max Müller, The Vedas (Calcutta, 1956) F¶ {KÙ¯nse, "The Veda and Zend-Avesta" F¶ A²ymbw hmbn¡pI. 4. tUm. F. A¿¸³ p. 112 5. Ibid., pp. 112-113.

99

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

8 NmXpÀhÀWyw thZ§fn BcyþZkyp kwL«\§fn Iogvs¸«hÀ ASnaIfmbn amdnsb ¶v \mw t\cs¯ I­pIgnªp. Cu ASnaIÄ {_mÒWcpw £{Xnbcpamb ta[mhnIfpsS \ne\nÂ]n\v A\nhmcyambncp¶p sh¦nepw Ahsc {][m\ Imcy§fn \ns¶Ãmw AIän \ndp ¯phm³ Bcy³amÀ t_m[]qÀhw {ian¨p. iq{ZcpsS A²zm\ti jnbmbncp¶p, ]n¡me thZ kaql¯nsâ \ne\nÂ]n\p Xs¶ B[mcw. thZ§fpsS Ime¯v Bcw`n¨ hÀW hyhØ, ZbbnÃm¯ ASnaXz¯n\v hgnsXfn¨p. kmaqly PohnX¯n\v t\XrXzw hln¨ {_mÒWþ£{Xnb³amÀ ASnaIfmb iq{Zsc kmaqlyPohnX¯n \n¶v k¼qÀWambpw amän \nÀ¯n. {_mÒ WÀ Bcm[n¨ph¶ ssZh§sf ]qPn¡mt\m Bcm[n¡mt\m t]mepw AhÀ¡v AhImiw D­mbncp¶nÃ. ASnaIfmb iq{Zsc ]ip, ho«pkma{KnIÄ F¶nht]mse Hcp kzImcy kz¯mbn AhÀ IW¡m¡n. Ahsc sImÃp¶Xpw XÃn ]WnsbSp¸n¡p ¶Xpw kÀhkm[mcWambn. \nµyhpw \nIrjvShpamb Cu kmaq ly kmlNcy¯nse \nµnXcpw ]oVnXcpw NqjnXcpambncp¶p iq{ZÀ. \mep {][m\ hÀW§fmbn kaqlw hn`Pn¡s¸«n«pÅXmbn a\pkvarXnbn ]dbp¶p. Hmtcm hÀW¯n\pw Hmtcm {]tXyI [À½§fpw NpaXeIfpw a\pkvarXn IÂ]n¡p¶p­v. thZ§Ä ]Tn¡pIbpw ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw sN¿pI, aX]camb NS§pIfpw ]utcmlnXyhpw \S¯pI, bmKw sN¿pI, Zm\w kzoIcn¡pI F¶nhbmWv {_mÒWcpsS [À½w.

100

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

{]Pm]cn]me\w, thZ]T\w, Zm\w, i{Xp kwlmcw F¶nh sbÃmamWv £{Xnb [À½w. arKkwc£Ww, ]T\w, I¨hSw Ch sshiy [À½amWv. Cu aq¶q hÀW§fpsS ({_mÒWÀ, £{XnbÀ, sshiyÀ F¶nhcpsS) ]mZip{iqj FXnÀt¸m Akqbtbm IqSmsX sN ¿pI F¶ Hä [À½ta iq{ZÀ¡v hn[n¨n«pÅq.1 kaqlw DbÀ¨ XmgvNIfpÅ \mep hÀW§fmbn hn`Pn¡ s¸«p. Xmsg¯«nepÅ iq{ZÀ¡v kz¯hImiwt]mepw D­mbn cp¶nÃ.

Cu \mep X«pIfnepw s]Sm¯ hensbmcp hn`mKw P\§Ä h\§fnepw \mKcnI tI{µoIcW§Ä¡v shfnbnepambn Ign ªp. Ahsc a\pjycmbnt¸mepw KWn¡msXbmWv sshZnI kaqlw apt¶m«p \o§nbXv.

hÀW hyhØbpsS Bcw`w Bcy³amcmb IpSntbä¡mÀ knÔpXS¯nse¯pIbpw {]_ e³amcmb Zkyp¡tfmSv Gäpap«pIbpw sN¿p¶ BZyL«¯n hÀW hyhØ AhÀ¡nSbn D­mbncp¶nÃ. BZyIme¯v Hmtcm Bcy\pw ]ptcmlnX\pw tbm²mhpw IÀjI\pamWv. {Ita WbmWv cmPm¡³amÀ D­mIp¶Xv. 'cmP\y³amÀ' F¶ t]cn Cu cmPm¡³amscbpw `cWm[nImcnIsfbpw thZ§fn ]cm aÀin¡p¶p­v.

EtKzZ¯nÂ, "hÀKÑmbtbmSpIqSn Bcys\¶ ]Zw ap¸¯n sb«p XhWbpw A\mcys\¶pw aäpw ]dªphcp¶ 'Zkyp' F ¶ hÀK\maw F¬]¯n\mep XhWbpw, Bcy³ F¶ ]Z¯n\v ]cymbsa¶ \nebn '{_mÒWÀ' F¶v ]{´­p XhWbpw D]tbmKs¸Sp¯n¡mWp¶p. tbm²mhv, `cWm[nImcn C{µ³ F¶o {]tXyI AÀ°§Ä tZymXn¸n¡p¶ hn[¯n kwlnX bpsS \mev, A©v, Ggv, F«v, ]¯v F¶o aÞe§fn cmP\yÀ, £{XnbÀ F¶o ]Z§Ä H¼tXm ]t¯m XhW D]tbmKs¸Sp ¯nbncn¡p¶p."3 101

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

BcyþZkyp kwL«\§fn {ItaW Zkyp¡Ä ASnbdhp ]dªtXmsS ASnaIfpsS F®w hÀ²n¨p. ASnaIsf AS¡n `cn¡phm\pw ]WnsbSp¸n¡phm\pw Hcp kwhn[m\w Bhiyam bn¯oÀ¶p. tKm{Xta[mhnIÄ Ime{ItaW cmPm¡³amcmhp¶ tXmsS ]ptcmlnX³amcpw cmPm¡³amcpw X½nÂ, s]mXp Xm ]cy§Ä kwc£n¡phm³ Hcp kJyw Dd¨p hfÀ¶p. Cu kJy ¯n\v hn`n¶ ImeL«§fn A[nImc tamlhpambn _Ô s¸«v Gä¡pd¨nepIfpw D­mhp¶Xmbn¡mWmw. ]ptcmlnX³ amÀ {ItaW cmPm[nImcs¯ \nb{´n¡m³ XpS§n. {_mÒW ]ptcmlnX³amcpambn IqSnbmtemNn¡msX cmPyImcy§Ä apt¶m«pt]mhm³ km²yaÃmsX h¶p. F®¯n IqSpXep­m bncp¶ iq{Zsc ASn¨p ]WnsbSp¸n¡m³ cmPm¡³amcpsS Bbp[§Ä am{XaÃ, {_mÒWcpsS ssk²m´h¡cWhpw {]hÀ¯n¨p. hÀW§Ä F§s\bmWv krjvSn¡s¸«Xv F¶v ]dbp¶ {_mÒWcpsS IÅ¡Y bPqÀthZ¯nep­v: "{_mÒWÀ ssZh¯nsâ hmbnÂ\n¶mWv P\n¨Xv. cmP\yÀ (£{XnbÀ) ssIIfnÂ\n¶v h¶p. XpSIfnÂ\n¶v sshiycpw ]mZ§fnÂ\n¶v iq{Zcpw D­mbn."4 PohnX hr¯nbpsS ASn Øm\¯nep­mb hn`P\¯n\v hnizmk§fpsSbpw aXt_m[ ¯nsâbpw ]cnthjw \ÂIs¸«p. hÀW hn`P\w ssZhkr jvSamsW¶v hymJym\n¨v Øm]n¨tXmsS Ahsb tNmZyw sN¿pI Akm²yambn¯oÀ¶p. ASnaXzhpw aÀ±\hpw \nbahn t[bam¡s¸«p. \mcZob kvarXnbn ]Xn\©pXcw ASnaIsf ¸än ]dbp¶p­v. a\pkvarXnbnemhs«, GgpXcw ASnaIsf¡pdn ¨mWv ]dbp¶Xv. cmPm¡³amsc hmgn¡phm\pÅ A[nImcw {_mÒWcn \n£n]vXambncp¶p. thZIme¯nsâ c­mw L«amhpt¼mtg ¡pw NmXpÀhWy hyhØ ØncoIcn¡s¸«p. cmPm¡³amÀ¡pw ssZh§Ä¡pw at²y \n¶ {_mÒWÀ cmPm¡³amtc¡mÄ iàcmbn hÀ¯n¨ph¶p. {_mÒWÀ F{X henb IpäIrXy §Ä sNbvXmepw Ahsc in£n¡p¶Xn\v cmPmhn\v A[nImcap 102

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

­mbncp¶nÃ. cmPmhv {_mÒWs\ ]qPn¡Wsa¶pXs¶ hyàambn a\p kvarXnbn ]dbp¶p­v: "cmPmhv {]`mX¯n Fgpt¶äv BZy ambn {_mÒWsc ]qPn¡Ww. thZw ]Tn¨ {_mÒWs\ cmPmhv _lpam\n¨v [\w sImSp¡Ww. B [\w Hcp Ønc \nt£] amWv, Ių hnNmcn¨m B [\w tamjvSn¡mhp¶XÃ."5 hÀ WhyXymkw AXnsâ k¼qÀWhpw \nIrjvShpamb hn[¯n {]Nmc¯nembn.

'{_mÒWy'¯nsâ `oIc XmÞhw {_mÒWyhpw hÀWm{ia [À½hpw C´ymNcn{X¯nse Gähpw \oNamb Hcp ImeL«¯n\v Bcw`w Ipdn¨p. thZ§fpw kq{X §fpw {_mÒW§fpw {_mÒWy \njvTqcXIÄ¡v ssZhnI ]cn thjw \ÂIn. \memw hÀW¡mcpw ASnaIfpamb iq{Zsc GXphn[¯n emWv {_mÒWÀ ssIImcyw sNbvXncp¶Xv F¶v hyàam¡p¶ Nne `mK§Ä D²cn¡mw. "iq{Z³ \memw hÀW¡mc\mb GI PmXnbmWv. (kÑq{Z³* Ipfn¡Ww. AkÑq{Z³ * Ipfn¡cpXv). iq{Z³ {_mÒWsc ip{iqjn¨v \nXyhr¯n Ignt¡­h\mWv. Ahcn henb henb BfpIsf BZyamZyw ip{iqjn¡Ww. ]gt©mdv, Iod¯pWn, Iod¡pS, Iods¨cn¸v apXembh iq{Z³ D]tbmKnt¡­XmWv." "{_mÒWsâ F¨n iq{Z³ Xnt¶­ XmWv."6 "{_mÒWs\ iImcn¨ iq{Zsâ \mhv Adp¯v thÀs]Sp ¯Ww."7 "{_mÒWsâ H¸w \S¶ iq{Zs\ N½«nsIm­v ASn¡ Ww." 8 '{_mÒWs\ iImcn¡pItbm tZtlm]{Zhw GÂ]n¡pI tbm sNbvX iq{Zs\, AXnte¡v AhÀ D]tbmKs¸Sp¯nb AXmXv Ahbhs¯ apdn¨v thÀs]Spt¯­XmWv. A\mYbmb {_mÒW kv{Xosb {]m]n¡p¶ iq{Zs\ Ahsâ ]pcpjmhbh s¯ apdn¨p thÀs]Sp¯nbtijw kz¯p¡fpw ]nSn¨S¡Ww. `ÀXr kwc£Wbnencn¡p¶ {_mÒWkv{Xosb iq{Z³ {]m]n * kÑq{Z³þ{_mÒWsc `b`àntbmsS ip{iqjn¡p¶h³ * AkÑq{Z³þAXn\v Iq«m¡msX, {_mÒWsc ip{iqjn¡m³ hnk½Xn¡p¶h³.

103

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

¨mÂ, Ahsâ Ahbhw apdns¨Sp¯v kz¯pw ]nSn¨S¡n, sIm ÃWw."9 "iq{Z³ tamjvSn¨m Ahsâ kz¯v ]nSn¨S¡n Ahs\ sIm tíXmWv"10 F¶v B]kvXw_ [À½ kq{X¯n ]dbp¶p. {_mÒWs\ sImÃp¶ iq{Z\pÅ in£ KuXa [À½kq{X ¯n ]dbp¶p­v: "{_mÒWs\ sImÃp¶ iq{Zs\ aq¶p {]mh iyambn Xobnen«v Nn{Xh[w sNbvXp sImÃWw. F¶m iq{Z s\ aäpÅhÀ sIm¶m Hcp hÀjs¯ XShpw ]{´­p ]ip¡ sf ]ngbmbn hkqem¡pIbpw sNbvXm aXn."11 {_mÒWÀ¡v e`n¨ncp¶ {]tXyI kuIcy§fpw kuP\y §fpw Øm\hpw AYÀh thZ¯n hnhn[ `mK§fnembn hni ZoIcn¡p¶p­v. iq{Z\v ]gt©mdpw Iod¯pWnbpw hn[n¡p¶ {_mÒWÀ kz´w `£Ws¯¸än ]dbp¶Xv, AhcpsS kzmÀ°Xsb shfn hm¡p¶ hn[¯nemWv. "{_mÒWsâ `£Ws¯ kzmZnjvTambn¡cpXn AXns\ `£n¡p¶ ]m]n At\Iw hn]¯p¡sf hngp§p¶p. Ahsb \in¸n¡m³ AXy[nIw ]cn{ian¨mepw AXv ^e¯n hcp ¶nÃ."12 "{_mÒWsâ hkvXp¡Ä `£ytbmKyambn IcpXp¶hÀ hn js¯ ]m\w sN¿pIbpw Xsâ £m{X tXPkn's\ Ifªp Ipfn¡bpw sN¿p¶p. {_mÒWÀ tIm]wsIm­v Pzen¡p¶ A án¡v kam\w Ahsâ kÀh kz¯p¡tfbpw \in¸n¡p¶p."13 "Bß]cmPnX\pw C{µnbt{Zmlnbpamb cmPmhv {_mÒ Wsâ ]iphns\ `£n¡pIbmsW¦nÂ, B ]m]n ]ntä Znhkw hsc Pohn¡mXncn¡s«."14 {_mÒWsâ \mhv RmWn\p kaamsW¶pw {_mÒWsâ t{Im[w i{Xphns\ \in¸n¨pIfbpsa¶pw AhÀ {]Ncn¸n¨p. "{_mÒWsâ \mhv RmWn\v kam\amIp¶p. X]bpàamb Z´ §Ä icoc¯n\v XpeyhpamIp¶p. hmWn hnÃn\v XpeyamIp¶p. tZhXIfm t{]cnX\mhp¶ {_mÒWÀ Cu [\pkn\m tZh 104

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

lnwkI³amsc ]nfÀ¶pIfbp¶p." "{_mÒW³ Xsâ X]hpw t{Im[hpamIp¶ Xo£vW _mW §sf sXmSp¯phnSpIbmsW¦n Zqsch¨pXs¶ i{Xp¡sf \in¸n¨pIfbp¶p."15 {_mÒW³ tZh_ÔphmsW¶pw {_mÒ Ws\ h[n¡phm³ ]nXrbm\ amÀK¯n¡qSn {]m]nt¡­ temIs¯ {]m]n¡pIbnsöpw AYÀhthZw ]dbp¶p­v. 16 iq{ZÀ¡v Zm£nWyanÃm¯ in£IÄ hn[n¨ {_mÒWÀ kz bw X§Ä¡pth­n krjvSn¨ \nba§Ä {i²n¡pI: "{_mÒ WÀ tamjvSn¨mÂ, Ahsâ I®pIÄ c­pw sI«pI am{Xw sNbvXv Ahs\ shdpsX hn«bbv¡Ww."17 thZ§Ä ]Tn¡p¶XnÂ\n¶pw tIÄ¡p¶Xn \n¶pw iq{Z s\ t_m[]qÀhw amän \nÀ¯n. thZw tI« iq{Zsâ ImXn Cubhpw Ac¡pw Dcp¡nsbmgn¡Wsa¶pw, thZw D¨cn¡p¶ iq{Zsâ \mhv Adp¯v thÀs]Sp¯Wsa¶pw AhÀ iTn¨p.18 \nIpXnIfnÂ\n¶v {_mÒWÀ ]qÀWambpw Hgnhm¡s¸«ncp ¶p. {_mÒW\v Zm\w sN¿p¶Xv alm]pWyambn KWn¡s¸«p.

IpäIrXy§Ä¡v ]cnlmcsa¶ \nebnÂ, cmPm¡³amÀ {_mÒ WÀ¡v ]ip¡sf Zm\w sNbvXm aXnsb¶v Ahsc hnizkn ¸n¨p. \nIrjvSamb hÀW ta[mhnXzw A§s\ \qäm­pItfmfw XpScpIbpw sNbvXp. References 1. a\pkvarXn, A²ymbw 1, 88þ91 2. Xncph§mSv kn. IrjvW¡pdp¸v, C´ybnse hÀW kacw (tImgnt¡mSv, 1965), p. 86 3. EtKzZw, aÞew X, kqàw 10þ12 4. bPqÀthZw, 31 : 11 5. a\pkvarXn 7 : 37, 82,83 6. KuXa [À½kq{Xw 105

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w 7.

B]kvXw_ [À½kq{Xw

8. Ibid.

9.

a\p 8þ274, hknjvT³ 27þ5þ5, t_m[mb\³ 2þ3þ5þ2, bmÚ hmevIy³ 2þ286þ294 F¶o kvarXnIsf GtIm]n¸n¨v, Cu hn[n Hcp \nbaam¡n {]Jym]n¡s¸«ncp¶p. B]kvXw_ [À½kq{X¯nepw Cu in£mhn[nsb¡pdn¨v ]dbp¶p­v.

10. B]kvXw_ [À½kq{Xw 11. KuXa [À½kq{Xw 12. AYÀh thZw, ]©aImÞw, kqàw 18 : 7 13. Ibid., 18 : 4 14. Ibid., 18 : 2 15. Ibid., 18 : 8,9 16. Ibid., 18 : 13 17.

B]kvXw_ [À½kq{Xw

18. Ibid.

106

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

9 Aimkv{XobXIfpw AÔhnizmk§fpw Aimkv{Xob [mcWIfptSbpw AÔhnizmk§fptSbpw kam lmcamWv thZ§Ä. hnUvVn¡YIfpw IncmX hnizmk§fpw thZ§fnepS\ofw ImWmw. {]mIrXcmb IpSntbä¡mcpsS A_ ²[mcWIÄ Hcp P\XbptSbpw kwkv¡mc¯ntâbpw ta ASnt¨Â]n¨XmWv thZ§Ä sNbvX {][m\ tZmj§fnsem¶v. {_mÒW ta[mhnXz¯nsâ s]mÅbmb IYIÄ AXv P\lrZb §fn ASn¨pd¸n¨p. AÔhnizmk§Ä ]c¯n. ]pXnb I­p ]nSp¯§fptSbpw {ItaW Dcp¯ncnªph¶ imkv{Xt_m[ ¯nsâbpw {]Nmcw XSªp. a\pjy akvXnjv¡§sf AXv XS hnem¡n. ASna¯w \S¸nem¡n. NqjWhpw hÀW ta[mhn¯ hpw AwKoIcn¡p¶hcm¡n, _lp`qcn]£w hcp¶ P\§sf `qXIme¯nsâ bmKbq]§fn sI«nbn«p.

{]]© ho£Ww {]]©w X§Ä hnizkn¡p¶ ssZhw krjvSn¨XmsW¶v Hmtcm ssZhs¯ Bcm[n¡p¶hcpw AhImis¸SpatÃm. Cu kz`mhw thZImeL«¯nepw {]ISamWv. hcpW\mWv krjvSmsh¶pw C{µ\mWv krjvSmsh¶pw hnizIÀ½mhv \nÀ½n¨XmWv Cu {]]©sa¶psams¡ ]ckv]c hncp²ambn ]e `mK§fnepw ]dªncn¡p¶p. ]e Ime§fn ]ecpsS k¦Â]§fn hncn ª \nch[n DÂ]¯n¡YIÄ thZ§fn ImWmw."\nÀ½mW {]{Inbsb¸änbpÅ k¦Â]w ]teS¯pw ]eXmWv. acmimcn hoSp­m¡p¶Xpt]mse Nne tZh³amÀ temIw \nÀ½nbv¡p¶ 107

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Xmbn k¦Â]n¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p. Cu \nÀ½mW¯n¶t]£nX amb acw F§ns\ t\Sn F¶ tNmZyw D¶bn¡s¸«n«p­v.

Zymhm ]rYznIÄ GXpsIm­v \nÀ½nbv¡s¸«pthm B acw {_mÒWamsW¶ D¯cw ]n¶osSmcp L«¯n \ÂIs¸«p. {]]©w BhbhnIamb hnImktam ]cnWmatam BsW¶ k¦Â]hpw NnteS¯v kqNn¸n¨n«p­v. NnteS¯v, {]]©s¯ tZh³amÀ bRv P ¯nsâ iànsIm­v krjv S n¡p¶Xmbn ]dbs¸«ncn¡p¶p."1 {]]©s¯¡pdn¨pw AXnsâ k¯sb¡pdn¨pw hfscs¸ s«¶v \nKa\§fnse¯m\pÅ t{]cW FÃm aX§fnepw {]m IrX hnizmk k{¼Zmb§fnepw ImWmw. AhÀ ImWp¶ BIm is¯bpw \£{X§tfbpw `qanbnse ImemhØmamä§tfbpw am{Xw B[mcam¡n a\pjyÀ ]­p Ime§fn \nKa\§fn se¯n. Hmtcm ssZh§fptSbpw D]mkIÀ, X§fpsS ssZhw CXc ssZh§tf¡mÄ tIa\msW¶v ImWn¡m\pÅ hy{KX tbmsS {]]©¯nsâ ]nXrXzw AhchcpsS ssZh§fn B tcm]n¨p. tkma]m\¯n\v Nn´Ifn henb kzm[o\ap­mbncp¶ Hcp ImeL«¯n `mh\IÄ ambnI {`a§fpambn IqSn¡eÀ¶p. ab¡pacp¶nsâ elcnbn AhÀ¡p­mb A\p`qXnIÄ {]] © clkys¯¡pdn¨pÅ Adnhmbn A¶s¯ a\pjy³ hniz kn¨p.

F¶m CXns\ms¡bnSbnÂ, At\zjWt_m[¯nsâ kv^pcW§fpw ImWmhp¶XmWv. _meniamb krjvSn k¦Â] §fn Xr]vX\mhmsX, At\zjW _p²ntbmsS XXzhnNmcw sN¿p¶ A]qÀhamb Nne `mK§fpw thZ§fnep­v F¶Xv bmYmÀ°yat{X. "FhnsS\n¶mWv Cu krjvSn D­mbXv? BÀ ¡dnbmw? BÀ ChnsS AXv {]Jym]n¨ncn¡p¶p? Cu krjvSn D­mbXn\p tijamWv tZh³amÀ D­mbXv. B \nebv¡v CsX hnsS\n¶v D­mbn F¶v BÀ¡dnbmw?"2 F¶v kwibn¡p¶ At\zjW _p²n A`n\µ\obw Xs¶bmWv. F{Xbpw s]s«¶v \nKa\§fnse¯m\pw XpSÀ¶pÅ At\z 108

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

jW§Ä¡v hncmaanSphm\papÅ t{]cW, C¯cw Nn´Isf DSs\ Iogvs¸Sp¯pIbmWv. EtKzZ¯n¯s¶ asämcnS¯v ]d bp¶Xv, kap{Z¯nse Pew {]Yaamb KÀ`w [cn¨psh¶mWv. Cu KÀ`¯n \n¶mWv, Poh{]]©¯nsâ XXzhpw {]]© ¯n BZyambn¸nd¶h\pw `qanbpsS krjvSmhpw kwhn[mbI \pamb 'hnizIÀ½mhv' D­mbsX¶pw3 k¦Â]n¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p. kqcys\ thZImes¯ a\pjy³ ssZhambn Bcm[n¨p. kqcy s\ {]IoÀ¯n¡p¶ a{´§fpw kvtXm{X§fpw cNn¨p. Ggp Ip XncIsf ]q«nb cY¯n kqcy³ `qan¡p Npäpw Id§n k©cn¡pIbmsW¶v sXämbn hnNmcn¨p. 4 kqcy{KlWs¯¡pdn¨pÅ {]mIrX a\pjy`mh\ ckIc amWv. C¡me¯v ss{]adnkvIqÄ hnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pt]mepw kqcy{KlWw F§ns\bmWv D­mhp¶sX¶dnbmw. {]mIrX \mb thZIme a\pjy\v B imkv{X hnÚm\w D­mhm¯ Xn AZv`pXsam¶panÃ. EtKzZ¯nse A©mw aÞe¯n ]dbpIbmWv: "kqcy, A§sb Akpc ]p{X³ cmlp XakpsIm­p ad¨pIf ªphtÃm. At¸mÄ BfpIÄ Ccn¸nSadnbmsX AÔmfn¡pamdv temIw Ccp­pt]mbn!"

"C{µ, DSt\ `hm³ kqcysâ Xmsg\n¶ cmlpambIsf \nl \n¨p. IÀ½§sf apS¡nb XaÊn adª kqcys\ A{Xn \mem as¯ a{´wsIm­v Is­¯n."

"At{X, `h\ob\mb Cu Fs¶ Xoä sImXn¡p¶ t{Zmln Iqcncn«psIm­v hngp§n¡fbcptX! A§v an{X\mWv, kXy[ \\mWv: B \n§Ä þ A§pw hcpW cmPmhpw þ Fs¶ ChnsS c£n¡Ww!" "{_ÒÚ\mb A{Xn A½n¡pgbp]tbmKn¨v, ]qPn¨p kvXp Xn¨p hW§n tZh³amsc Nabn¨p, kqcysâ aqS \o¡n; I®n \v ImgvNbp­m¡n; cmlphnsâ ambIsf X«n\o¡n."5 cmlp hngp§p¶XpsIm­mWv N{µ{KlWap­mIp¶sX¶v AYÀh thZ¯n ]dªncn¡p¶p.6 109

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

AÚ\mb a\pjysâ {]mIrXamb {]]©t_m[amWv thZ §fn {]kv]jvSamhp¶Xv. thZ§fnse Hmtcm `mK§fnepw ]ckv]c hncp²amb {]]©[mcWbmWv ImWp¶Xv. AXn\p ]n¶n imkv{Xobamb At\zjWt_m[w CÃmbncp¶p F¶v BhÀ¯n¨p ]dtb­XnÃtÃm.

kzÀKw tZh³amÀ BImi¯nepw kzÀK¯nepambn hkn¡p¶psh¶m Wv thZImes¯ Hcp k¦Â]w. acWtijw a\pjyÀ kzÀK ¯nse¯psa¶v thZcNbnXm¡fmb Nne EjnamÀ IcpXn. kzÀ K¯nse¯nb a\pjycpw `£Ww Ign¡psa¶pw tkmackw ]m\w sN¿psa¶pw AhÀ hnizkn¨p. bÚ§Ä \S¯p¶hÀ batemI¯n kpJambn hkn¡psa¶v {_mÒWÀ {]Ncn¸n¨p. bÚ§Ä A\pjvTn¡mXncn¡pIbpw {_mÒW\v Zm\w sImSp ¡mXncn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶hÀ¡v kzÀKt¯¡v t]mhms\m¡pI bnsöhÀ `bs¸Sp¯n. arXtZl§Ä Zln¸n¡pt¼mÄ Xo bn Fcnªp Xocp¶ icocamWv kzÀK¯nse¯p¶sX¶v AhÀ IcpXn. lhnkpIÄ Aánbn AÀ¸n¡pt¼mÄ ]pI] Sew Ahsb tZh³amÀ¡v F¯n¨psImSp¡psa¶ hnizmkw t]mse Xs¶bmWv Cu hnizmkhpw. arXtZl§Ä Aánbn Zln¸n¡p¶ k{¼Zmb¯nsâ Bcw`w Cu hnizmk¯n \n¶m hm³ hgnbp­v.

Aánbn Zln¸n¡s¸Sp¶ a\pjysâ AØnIÄ I¯n¯o cmsX Ahtijn¡p¶Xv I­t¸mÄ kzÀK¯n a\pjyÀ¡v FÃpIÄ D­mhpIbnsöv AhÀ k¦Â]n¡m³ XpS§n. AYÀ h thZ¯nse, XmsgsImSp¯ncn¡p¶ `mKw, thZImes¯ Cu hnizmkw kqNn¸n¡p¶XmWv: "bmsXmcp icocw AØnIfm bpàhpw jUvtImi clnX hpambncn¡p¶pthm, B FÃm bÚ§fptSbpw IÀ¯mhmb icocw hmbphn\m ]hn{Xambn {]Imin¡p¶ temI¯nte¡v t]mIp¶p. ChcpsS t`mK km[\amb C{µnbs¯ Aán¡v `kvaam¡m³ Ignbp¶nÃ. AhnsS ]pWy¯nsâ At\Iw ^e §Ä ChÀ¡v {]m]vXamIp¶p."

110

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

"bmsXmcp bPam\³ apIfn ]dªncn¡p¶ coXnbn `£Ww ]mIw sNbvXv {_mÒWÀ¡v \ÂIp¶pthm, Ahsâ hmkØe¯v Zmcn{Zyw \ne\n¡p¶nÃ. Cu FÃm bÚ§ fpw\S¯p¶h³ acWm\´cw batemI¯n AXy´w kpJ ambn hkn¡pIbpw basâ A\paXntbmSpIqSn tZhXIsf kao ]n¨v, tkmack]m\w hgn {]k¶\mhpIbpw sN¿p¶p." "bmsXmcp bPam\³ D]cypàamb XoXnbn `£Ww ]mIw sNbvXv {_mÒWÀ¡v \ÂIp¶pthm, B FÃm bÚ§fpw \S¯p¶hs\ bacmPmhv hocylo\\m¡p¶nÃ. Ah³ `qanbn AizmcqV\mbn k©cn¡p¶p. A´co£¯n NndIpItfmSp IqSnbh\mbn D¶XtemI§sf {]m]n¨v kpJt`mK§sf A\p` hn¡p¶p." "]qÀthmàamb coXnbn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ bPam\³ AXn sâ ^ekzcq]amb kzÀK¯nte¡v t]mhp¶p. AÞmImcamb Ing§n \n¶pw DZv`hn¡p¶ tizXIaes¯ ktcmhc¯n Øm]n¡s«. ]ßIµt¯bpw Dev]eIµt¯bpw AXpt]mse JpcmIrXntbmSpIqSnb PtemÂ]¶ hkvXp¡sfbpw ktcmhc ¯n Øm]n¡s«. ssXcv, a[p, LrXw apXembhbpsS [mcIÄ a[pc `mhs¯ ]pjvSoIcn¨psIm­v kzÀK¯n \n\¡v e`yam Is«. Pe¯m k¼¶amb ]pjv¡cnWnbpw \nsâ kao] t¯¡v hcs«." "tl bÚIÀ¯mth! LrXbpàamb ktcmhct¯mSpw, a[p \ndª Xoc§tfmSp IqSnbXpw £ocw, sh®, Pew Ch bpsS [mcIfm ]qÀWhpamb a[pab ]ZmÀ°§Ä kzÀKtem I¯n \n\¡v kar²ambn e`yamIs«." "£ocmZnIfm ]qÀWamb \mep Iei§sf Rm³ \mep Zn¡nepw Øm]n¡p¶ Cu £ocmZnIfpsS [mcIÄ a[pc ck s¯ ]pjvSns¸Sp¯ns¡m­v Pe]qÀW§fmb ]pjvIcnWnIfpw \ZnIfpw \n\¡v {]m]vXam¡s«." "]mIs¸Sp¯nb Cu `£Ww kzÀKmZntemI§sf {]m]vXam ¡p¶hbmIp¶p. Rm³ CXns\ {_mÒWcn Øm]n¡p¶p.

CXv £oWn¡mXncn¡pIbpw CÑnX§fmb ^e§sf {]Zm\w 111

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

sN¿p¶ tKm¡fpsS cq]¯nemhpIbpw sN¿s«."7 ]n¡me¯v lnµp aX¯n henb kzm[o\w sNep¯nb ]p\ÀP³a hnizmkw thZImeL«¯nep­mbncp¶psh¶v Ak µnKv²ambn sXfnbn¡s¸«n«nÃ. ]p\ÀP³a hnizmkw C´ybn \ne\n¶ncp¶Xn\v, {Ko¡p N{IhÀ¯nbmb AeIvkm­dpsS B{IaW¯n\v (B.C.E.325) ap¼mb tcJIsfm¶panÃ. A¡me¯v {Kokn \ne\n¶ncp¶ Nne {]mIrX hnizmk§fpsS XpSÀ ¨bmbn«mhWw ]p\ÀP³a hnizmkw ChnsS {]Ncn¡m³ Bcw `n¨Xv. bÚ§fpw bmK§fpsams¡ \S¯p¶hÀ kzÀK¯n \nXm´ambn Pohn¡psa¶v AhÀ hnizkn¨p. bÚþbmK§Ä ImWm³t]mepw AhkcanÃmXncp¶ iq{ZÀ¡mhs«, kzÀKw \ntj[n¡s¸«p.

KÔÀh³amÀ, Akv]ckpIÄ, cm£k³amÀ, ZpÀ\nan¯§Ä XpS§nb [mcmfw AÔhnizmk§Ä¡v thZ§fn Øm\w ImWmw. im]§Ä¡v ({_mÒcpsS) ^eap­mIpsa¶pw, ZpjvIÀ ½Ä¡pw a{´hmZ§Ä¡pw a\pjyPohnXs¯ kzm[o\n¡m³ Ignhps­¶pw thZ§Ä {]Ncn¸n¨p. AYÀhthZ¯n DS\ofw Cu B`nNmcþa{´hmZ hnizmkw \ndªp\n¡p¶p.

thZ§fnse 'sshZyimkv{Xw' F¡mes¯bpwt]mse thZImeL«¯nepw tcmK§Ä a\p jysc he¨ncp¶p. tcmKImcW§Ä I­p]nSn¡m\pw AXn\v {]Xntcm[§fp­m¡m\pw A¶s¯ a\pjy\v Ignªnà F¶ Xv kzm`mhnIamWv. tcmK§fpsS ImcW§sf¡pdn¨v ckIcamb ]e ]cmaÀi§fpw thZ§fn ImWmw. {]mNo\ a\pjysâ At\zjW_p²n Nne {]IrXnP\yamb Huj[§sf¡pdn¨pÅ [mcWIÄ Ah\v \ÂInbn«pÅXnsâ DZmlcW§fpw Im Wm³ Ignbpw. a{´§Ä tcmKia\¯n\v D]m[nbmsW¶ hnizmk¯nsâ ImcWw, tcmK§Ä ZpÀ`qX§fm D­mhp ¶XmsW¶ sXäp[mcWbmWv. Aán¡pw shůn\pw sshb ànI cq]w sImSp¯ IncmX a\kv tcmK§Ä¡pw sshbànI 112

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

cq]§Ä \ÂInbn«pÅXp ImWmw. £btcmKw AanXt`mK¯n \n¶mWv D­mhp¶sX¶v A¶s¯ a\pjy³ IcpXn. bmK§fmWv {]Xnhn[nsb¶v {_mÒWÀ hn[n¨p.

"KÞameIÄ ]gp¸p\ndªXpw thZ\tbmSp IqSnbXpam Ip¶p. CXv a{´hpw Huj[nbpw hgnbmbn \mis¯ {]m]n¡s«.

CXv hnf¡nse Xncnt]mse \nÀhocyhpw ehWs¯¡mÄ A[n Iambn HgpIp¶XpamIp¶p. Cu ]cp s]m«nsbmgpIn \in¡s«."

"Igp¯nse KÞamebpw I£¯nepw Kply{]tZi¯pap ­mIp¶ {hWhpw FÃmw a{´¯nsâbpw Huj[¯nsâbpw {]`mh¯m kzbw s]m«nsbmgpIn \in¡s«."

"AØnIfn hym]n¨ncn¡p¶ b£vamhv amwks¯ £bn¸n ¡p¶p. Npaenep­mIp¶ b£vam tcmKt¯bpw AXpt]mse AanXamb kwt`mKw hgnbp­mIp¶ £btcmKt¯bpw \in¸n ¡s«."

"AanXamb kwt`mK¯nÂ\n¶pw D­mIp¶ £bw ]pcpj icoc¯n kÀh{X _m[n¡p¶p. AÂ] kab¯n\pÅntem NncImeambnt«m D­mbn«pÅ Cu tcmKw a{´nXamb hoWm X{´n JÞ§fm AI¶pt]mIp¶p." "kamKaP\yamb tl £bta! Rm³ \nsâ ImcWs¯ Adn bp¶p. \mw GsXmcp bPam\sâ `h\¯n tcmK§sf AI äp¶ C{µmZn tZhXIÄ¡pth­n bmKw \S¯ns¡m­ncn¡p ¶pthm B `h\¯n \o F{]Imcw {]thin¨p? tl C{µm!

Cu IeikvXnXambncn¡p¶ tkmacks¯ ]m\w sN¿q. \o {hXs\ kwlcn¨h\mWtÃm. R§sf [\¯m bpàcm¡q. am[yµn\ bmK¯n tkmackw tkhn¨psIm­v R§sf sFizcy¯n Øm]n¡q."8 KÞtcmKs¯¸änbpw £btcmKs¯¸änbpw `b¡pIbpw, bmKw hgn {]Xnhn[n ImWm³ {ian¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ ]gb a\pjysc `bs¸Sp¯nb asämcp {]iv\amWv KÀ`Ñn{Zw. KÀ`w ]qÀWiniphmbn hfcmsX \in¡p¶Xn\v ImcW¡mÀ cm£ 113

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

k³amcpw `qX§fpamsW¶v AhÀ IcpXn. sNSnIfn \n¶v e`n¡p¶ CeIfpw ImbvIfpw tcmK§sf t\cnSp¶Xn Nne t¸msgms¡ klmbn¡p¶Xmbpw AhÀ a\knem¡n. F¶mÂ, AXv imkv{Xobambn D]tbmKn¡p¶Xn\p]Icw, acp¶pIfpw IqSn D]tbmKn¨psIm­pw, Nne acp¶pIÄ Aánbn lhn Êmbn AÀ¸n¨pw AhÀ 'ZpÀ`qX'§sf B«n AIäm³ {ian¨p. kv]Ài\w hgnbmbn sImÃp¶ '{]ari's¯bpw izkn¸n¨p sIm Ãp¶ 'A\pPn{L's¯bpw \¡ns¡mÃp¶ 'tccnl's¯bpw {IhymZnIsfbpw asäÃm hym[n cm£k³amscbpw Cu aª\nd apÅ ISpIv \in¸n¡s«9 F¶v a{´w sNmÃpt¼mÄ Cu hnizmk amWv {]ISamIp¶Xv. cm£k³amsc, hyàncq]w \ÂIn hÀWn ¡p¶ `mK§fpw [mcmfamWv. "bmsXmcp cm£k³ IgpXsbt¸mse CgªpsIm­v, bm sXmcp¯³ `b¦cmIrXntbmSpIqSn imebv¡p Npäpw \r¯w t]mse sNbvXpsIm­ncn¡p¶pthm, Ahsc tizXhpw aªbp amb tl Icn¦SptI! \o \nsâ KÔ¯m \in¸n¡tWþ"10 F¶v Hcp `mK¯v {]mÀ°n¡p¶p. thsdmcp `mK¯v, cm£k³ amÀs¡Xncmb am{´nI im]amWv sImSp¯n«pÅXv. "KÀ`nWn Isf ]oUn¸n¡p¶, ssht¡men\v kam\amb kq£va cm£k sc, A\p]mesc, aen¾pNIsc, iqÀ¡phns\, tImIs\, ]eoPI s\, _{_nhmkps\, {]aoes\, Ej{Knhs\ Rm³ kwlcn ¡p¶p."10 Icn¦SpIv DÛhn¨p Ignªncn¡p¶ KÀ`s¯ `qX_m[bn \n¶v c£n¡pIbpw cm£k³amsc KÀ`nWnIfpsS ASp¡Â \n¶v B«ntbmSn¡pIbpw sN¿psa¶mWv AYÀh thZ¯nse hnizmkw.

KÀ`Ø iniphns\ \in¸n¡p¶ cm£k³ ]¨amwkw `£n ¡psa¶pw ambbm KÀ`s¯t¸mepw `£n¡psa¶pw, B cm£ k\v c­p apJ§fpw \mep t\{X§fpw A©p ]mZ§fpw IogvapJ hpamWpÅsX¶pw12 AYÀhthZ¯n ]dªncn¡p ¶Xv C¡mes¯ a\pjycpsS Np­pIfn Nncn hncnbn¡pw.

114

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

a{´hmZw AYÀhthZ¯nepS\ofw £p{Z{]tbmKw, ZpÀ½{´hmZw, AXn s\Xncmb kÂa{´hmZw, tZh³amscbpw ZpÀ`qX§sfbpw {]oWn¸n¡m\pÅ X{´§Ä XpS§nb {]mIrX hnizmk§Ä ImWmw F¶Xv t\cs¯ hyàam¡nbncp¶phtÃm. a{´w tZh³ amÀ¡v A\pIqeambncn¡p¶psh¶pw a{´w {_Òw Xs¶bmsW ¶pw ZiaImÞ¯nse H¶mw kqà¯n ]dªncn¡p¶p. 13 a{´§sf¸än thZ§fn ]cmaÀin¨ncn¡p¶ {]mIrX hnizm k§sf¸än FgpXm³ XpS§nbmÂ, AXn\v Hcp ]pkvXIw Xs¶ th­nhcpw. a{´iànsIm­v tcmK§sf AIämsa¶v AhÀ IcpXn. ZpÀ`qX§sf HmSn¡msa¶v hnizkn¨p. i{Xp\mi ¯n\pw a{´§Ä D]Icn¡psa¶ hnizmkw thZ§fn Im Wmw. 'tl i{Xp¡tf! a{´iànbm \n§Ä ]cmPbaSbp hn³' F¶v hyàambn¯s¶ ]dbp¶p­v.14 ssZh§sf a{´§Ä hgn kvXpXn¡pIbpw {]oWn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXv, NqXpIfnbn Pbn¡msa¶mWv AYÀhthZw ]dbp ¶Xv. i{Xphnsâ k¼¯v ssI¡em¡m\pw a{´§Ähgn km[n ¡psa¶ {]mIrX hnizmkw AYÀh thZ¯n ImWmw: "kvtXm{XI³amÀ¡v Xsâ [\s¯ Zm\wsN¿p¶ kzmhkph ánsb Rm³ kvXpXn¡p¶p. Ah³ \ap¡v kÂIÀ½ \mat¯m SpIqSnb NqXpIcp \ÂIs«. F{]Imcw A£§Ä aqew cY¯n ¡qSn A¶w sIm­phcp¶pthm, A{]ImcwXs¶ i{Xphnsâ k¼¯ns\ {]m]n¡pw" F¶mWv Hcp AYÀh thZa{´w ]dbp ¶Xv. i{Xplnwkbv¡mbpÅ Zmlw kv^pcn¸n¡p¶ a{´§fn {]mIrX a\pjysâ \nIrjvSamb bp²s¡mXnbpw càZmlhpw ImWmw. i{Xpkwlmc¯n\pÅ Hcp a{´¯n ]dbpIbmWv: "i{Xp]£w acn¨phogpt¼mÄ BImi¯nse ]£nIÄ amwkw `£n¡p¶Xn\v Xmtg¡v ]ds¶¯s«. Ipdp¡³amcpw Cu¨Ifpw Ahsb B{Ian¡s«. ]¨amwkw `£n¡p¶ IgpI³amÀ Ah bpsS Np­pIÄsIm­pw \J§ÄsIm­pw Ahsb sIm¯n ¡ods«."16 115

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

]m¼pIfpsS D]{Zhw ]gb a\pjysc hÃmsX IjvSs¸Sp¯n bncn¡Ww. ]m¼pIfpsS hnj¯nÂ\n¶v c£n¡m\mhpsa¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶ [mcmfw a{´§Ä Zia ImÞ¯nep­v. ISn¨ ]m¼ns\¯s¶ a{´iànbm Xncn¨v hnjw {]m]n¡psa¶ {]mIrX hnizmkw C¶pw \½psS {Kmam´c§fnep­tÃm. Cu hnizmk¯n\v B[mcw AYÀhthZ¯nse Nne a{´§fmWv. "\ho\amb hnjhpw hnj¯n tNÀ¶v XSbs¸«ncn¡p¶p.

C§s\ hnjw \in¨pIgnªp. Aán kÀ¸hnjs¯ AIän¡ gnªp. tkma³ AXns\ AIte¡v sIm­pt]mbncn¡p¶p.

B hnjw ISn¨ ]m¼ns\¯s¶ {]m]n¨pIgnªp. AXn\m kÀ¸w arXyphns\ hcn¨p Ignªncn¡p¶p."17 C¶pw \½psS {Kma§fnse \nch[nbmfpIsf, ]m¼pISn¡pt¼mÄ B[p\nI sshZy klmbw tXSmXncn¡phm³ t{]cn¸n¡p¶ Cu hnizmkw AYÀh thZ¯nsâ ZiaImÞ¯nse \memw kqà¯nep­v.

IpjvTtcmKw Hcp Ime¯v a\pjysc _p²nap«n¨ncp¶p. A Xn\v {]Xnhn[nIsfm¶pw I­p]nSn¡mXncp¶ Ime¯v, IpjvT tcmKnsb kmaqlyPohnX¯nÂ\n¶v k¼qÀWambpw amän \nÀ ¯nbncp¶p. IpjvTtcmKw aqew sshIeyw kw`hn¨n«pÅ AwK §sf ]gb]Sn B¡n¯oÀ¡m\pÅ a{´§Ä thZ¯nep­v. 18 F¶m B[p\nI sshZyimkv{Xw IpjvTtcmK¯n\v {]Xnhn[n Is­¯p¶Xphsc Cu a{´§Äs¡m¶n\pw IpjvTs¯ XS ªp \nÀ¯m³ IgnªnÃ.

AIme¯n acn¡p¶hsc acW¯nÂ\n¶v Xncn¨psIm­p hcm\pw thZ§fn a{´§fp­v. FÃm tcmK§fn \n¶pw a\pjysc c£n¡phm\pw \qdp ic¯p¡fpw \qdp hk´hpw \q dp tla´hpw hsc Pohn¡phm\pw Cu a{´§Ä {]m]vXam sW¶v {]kvXpX a{´§fnÂXs¶ ]dbp¶p­v. 19 thZ ]Þn X³amcpw thZ a{´§fn \n]pW³amcpamb [mcmfw {_mÒ WÀ Ct¸mgpw Cu a{´§fpsS alXzs¯¸än ]dbmdp­v.

F¶m AhÀ¡mÀ¡pwXs¶ acn¨pt]mb a\pjys\, "tcmKw ImcWw Cu ]pcpjsâ BbpÊv \jvSs¸«pIgnªncn¡p¶p þChs\ Cu temI¯nte¡v Xncn¨psIm­ph¶v iXmbpjva 116

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

\mI¯¡hn[w iànbpà\m¡p¶p"20 F¶v s]m§¨w ]d bp¶ a{´§ÄsIm­v Pohn¸n¡m³ Ignªn«nÃ. a{´§Ä¡v AXn\v Ignbpsa¶v bmsXmcmÄ¡pw sXfnbn¡m³ km[n¨n«p anÃ.

References 1. tUm. cm[mIrjvW³, `mcXob ZÀi\w, hmfyw 1 (tImgnt¡mSv, 1975) p. 78 2. EtKzZw, aÞew V: kqàw 129 3. EtKzZw, aÞew X: kqàw 82 4. EtKzZw, aÞew I: kqàw 50 5. EtKzZw, aÞew X: kqàw 40 6. AYÀhthZw, GtIm\hnwiImÞw, 9:10 7. AYÀhthZw, NXpÀ°ImÞw, 34:2þ8 8. AYÀhthZw, k]vXaImÞw, 76: 1þ5 9. "A\pPn{Lw {]ari´w {IhyZw\pX tccnlw, Acmbm©vO hnInjvIntWm _P: ]nwtKm A\o\iXv." (AYÀhthZw, AjvSaImÞw, 6:6) 10. AYÀhthZw, AjvSaImÞw, 6:10 11. AYÀhthZw, AjvSaImÞw, 6:2 12. AYÀhthZ¯nse ckIcamb Cu hnhc§Ä¡v, AjvSaIm Þ¯nse Bdmw kqàw t\m¡pI. AYÀh thZw, ZiaIm Þw, 1:23 14. AYÀh thZw, AjvSaImÞw, 8:19 15. AYÀh thZw, k]vXaImÞw, 50:3 16. AYÀh thZw, GImZiImÞw, 10:8 17. AYÀh thZw, ZiaImÞw, 4:26 18. AYÀh thZw,{]Ya ImÞ¯nse 23, 24 kqà§Ä t\m¡pI 19. AYÀh thZw, XrXobImÞw, 11 20. AYÀh thZw, XrXobImÞw, 11:2.

117

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

10 thZ§fpsS C¶s¯ {]kàn B[p\nI a\pjysâ kmwkv¡mcnIhpw km¼¯nIhpw cmjv{So bhpamb PohnX taJeIfnsem¶pw thZ§Ä¡v bmsXmcp {]k ànbpanÃ. thZ§fn AXnKl\amb XXz§Ä AS§nbncn ¡p¶psh¶Xv Hcp s]mÅbmb hmZamWv. {]mIrX a\pjysâ hnizmk§fpw Nn´m[mcIfpw ambnI{`a§fpw `bhpsaÃmw IqSn ¡eÀ¶ Hcp kamlmcamWv thZ§Ä. AXnse hnizmkmNmc §Ä IncmXamWv. thZ§Ä A]ucptjb§fmsW¶ {_mÒ W hnizmk¯n Igs¼m¶panÃ. thZImes¯ ssZhk¦Â]§fpw {]]©t_m[hpw A¡m eL«¯nse a\pjysâ A]Iz Nn´sb {]kv]jvSam¡p¶p. thZ§Ä Bhiys¸Sp¶ tbmKmZn IÀ½§Ä hnIe a\kpI fpsS krjvSnbmWv. thZ§fnse ssewKnI kZmNmcw hnIrX amWv. kv{XoIsf AXv ASn¨aÀ¯n. {_mÒW ta[mhnXzw Øm]n¨p. {_mÒtWXcsc \nIrjvScm¡n amän \nÀ¯n. AÔ hnizmk§Ä ]c¯n. sXämb [mcWIÄ a\pjy a\kpIfn Dd¸n¨p.

AtXbhkc¯n¯s¶, kl{km_vZ§Ä¡pap¼v a\p jyÀ Nn´n¨ncp¶Xpw Pohn¨ncp¶Xpw F§s\bmsW¶v hyà am¡n¯cp¶ \nch[n Ncn{XiIe§Ä thZ§fnep­v. thZ§ fnse at\mlcamb kvtXm{X§fnse kmlnXyt_m[w A`n\µ \obamWv. `mjmimkv{Xt¯bpw Ncn{Xt¯bpw Ipdn¨v ]Tn¡p ¶ hnZymÀ°nIÄ thZ§Ä ]Tn¡p¶Xv \ÃXmWv. ]gb kmaq lyPohnXs¯bpw BNmc§tfbpw ]än ]Tn¡p¶hÀ¡pw thZ §Ä hensbmcp IehdbmWv. a¬adª PohnIfpsS AØn 118

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

IqS§fpsS t^mknepIÄ kq£n¡pIbpw ]Tn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ Xpt]mse PnÚmkp¡fmb KthjIÀ¡v ]Tn¡m³ [mcmfw ]gb Imcy§Ä thZ§fnep­v. ]t£, AXn\¸pd¯pÅ {]m[m \yw thZ§Ä¡v IÂ]n¡pIbpw thZkwkv¡mcw ]c¯m³ {ian ¡pIbpw sN¿p¶hÀ am\h ]ptcmKXnbpsS i{Xp¡fmWv. thZ§Ä `mcXobcpsS kmaqly PohnX¯n {_mÒW ta[mhnIfneqsS kzm[o\w sNep¯m³ XpS§nb Ime¯p Xs¶ AXns\Xncmb {]Xntj[hpw DbÀ¶p XpS§nbncp¶p. {]mNo\ `uXnI hmZ¯nsâ sImSn¡qd DbÀ¯n¸nSn¨ NmÀhmI sâ ZÀi\§fn (Ahbn \ap¡n¶v e`n¡p¶hbnÂ) thZ §Äs¡Xncmb tcmjw ImWmw. "kzÀKtam A´yapàntbm ]ctemI¯v GsX¦nepw Bßm thm CÃ. \mep hÀW¡mcpsS IrXy§fpw {Ia§fpw aäpw hn[n ¡p¶XpsIm­v bYmÀ°amb ^esam¶panÃ. Aántlm{Xw, aq¶p thZ§Ä, X]kznbpsS {XnZÞ§Ä, `kvaw ]qi Ch sbÃmw {]IrXnbm Úm\iq\ycpw ]ucpjlo\cpamb hyàn IfpsS D]Poh\amÀKam¡s¸«p." "{_mÒWÀ X§fpsS D]Poh\¯n\pth­n sI«n¨a¨p­m ¡nbXmWv acn¨hÀ¡p th­nbpÅ Cu {InbIsfÃmw þaänS s¯§pw ChsIm­v ^esam¶panÃ. ...thZ§fpsS \nÀ½m Xm¡Ä hnZqjI³amcpw ZpjvS³amcpw cm£k³amcpamWv. "

119

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Adolf Kaegi (Authorised translation with additions to the Notes by R. Arrowsmith), The Rigveda-The Oldest Literature of the Indians, (New Delhi, 1972) Aguilar, The Sacrifice in the Rigveda, (Delhi, 1976) Ajnat, Surendra, Critique on Vedas, (Jullunder, 1979) Ajnat, Surendra, Old Testament of Indian Atheism, (Jullunder, 1978) Ambedkar. B.R, The Untouchables, (Bombay, n.d) Aurobindo, On the Veda, (Pondicherry, 1964) Banerji. N.R, Iron Age in India, (New Delhi, 1965) Barnett, Lionell. D, Hindu Gods and Heroes, (New Delhi, 1979) Bhattacharji.S, The Indian Theogony - A Comparative study of Indian mythology from the Vedas to Puranas, (Cambridge, 1970) Bose. A.C, Hymns from the Vedas, (London, 1966) Brandon. S.G.F (ed.), A Dictionary of Religion, (London, 1970)

Chambers Encyclopaedia, (London, 1950) Chand, Devi (translation), The Yajurveda, (New Delhi, 1965) Chattopadhyaya Debi Prasad, Indian Atheism - a Marxist Approach, (New Delhi, 1980) Chattopadhyaya Debi Prasad , Lokayata, (New Delhi, 1981) Dange. S.A, Indian from Primitive Communism to Slavery, (Bombay, 1949) Dandekar. R.N, "The Culturel Background of the Veda", University of

120

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

Ceylon Review, Vol XI , (1953) Dutt Romesh. C, Early Hindu Civilisation: B.C. 2000 to 320, (Calcutta, 1927) Farquhar. J.N, An Outline of the Religious Literature of India, (Delhi, 1967) Ferm, Vergilius (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Religion, (London, 1945) Glasenapp. H Von, Immortality and Salvation in Indian Religions, (Calcutta, 1963) Gonda. J.Loka, World and Heaven in the Veda, (Amsterdam, 1966) Gonda. J., "Some Notes on the Study of Ancient Indian Religious Term inology", History of Religions Vol. 1 No. 2, (Chicago, 1962) Griffith. R.T.H, The Hymns of the Rigveda - Standered Translation, (4th edition), (Varanasi, 1963) Griffith. R.T.H, The Texts of the White Yajurveda - Standered Translation, (Benares, 1899) Griswold. H.D, The Religion of the Rigveda, (London, 1923) Herausgegebenvon. R Roth and W.D Whitney, (Translation by W.D. Whitney, Revised by C.R. Lanman), Atharva Veda Samhita, H.O.S Vol. 7,8 , (Cambridge, Mass, 1905) Hopkins. E.W, The Religions of India, (Boston, Mass, 1895) Hume Robert Earnest, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads Translated from Sanskrit : with an outline of the Philosophy of the Upanishads, (London, 1977) Kaegi. A, The Rigveda: The Oldest Literature of the Indians, (translated

by R. Arrowsmith), (Boston, Mass, 1886) Kalota, Narain Singh, India as Described by Megasthanese, (Delhi, 1978)

121

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w Keith. A.B, The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads, H.O.S., (Cambridge, Mass, 1925) Kosambi. D.D, The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India, (New Delhi, 1977) Lanman. C.R, A Sanskrit Reader, (Cambridge, Mass, 1967) Linden, CWJ, The Concept of Deva in the Vedic Age, (Utrecht, 1954) Macdonell. A.A and Keith. A.B, Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, (London, 1912) Macfie. J.M, The Laws of the Manu, (Madras, n.d) Majumdar. R.C (General Editor), The History and Curture of Indian people, (Bombay, 1960) Majumdar. R.C, Raychaudary. H.C and Dutta, Kalikinar, An Advanced History of India, (London, 1960) Mc Crindle. J.W., Ancient India as Described by Megasthanese and Arrian, (Calcutta, 1926) Miller, Jeanine, The Vedas - Harmony, Meditation and Fulfilment, (New Delhi, 1976) Monier, Williams. M, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, (Oxford, 1970) Mookerji, Radha Kumud, Hindu Civilization, (Bombay 1957) Muir. J, Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the people of India, (London, 1868-70) Müller, Fredrich Max, Lectures on the Origin and growth of Religion, (London, 1878)

122

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w Müller F.M, History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature, (London, 1860) Müller F.M, Rigveda Samhita - The Sacred Hymns of the Brahmans Together with the Commentary of Sayanakarya, (2nd edition) (London, 1890-1892) Müller F.M, The Six Systems of Indian philosophy, (London, 1899) Müller F.M, The Vedas, (Calcutta, 1956) Nehru, Jawaharlal, The Discovery of India, (Bombay, 1948) Nilakanta Sastri. K.A.A, Cultural Contacts between Aryans and Dravidians, (Bombay, 1967) Panikkar. K.M, Essential Features of Indian Culture, (Bombay, 1964) Piggot. S, Pre-historic India to 1000 BC, (London, 1962) Saraswathi, Dayananda (Translation by Durga Prasad), Sathyarth Prakash, (fourth edition), (Delhi, 1978) Saraswathi, Dayananda (Commentary), Yajur Veda, (Delhi, 1979) Sastri. K.N, New Light on the Indus Civilization, (Delhi, 1957) Sharma. R.D, The Vedic Fundamentals, (New Delhi, 1971)

The Nighantu and Nirukta - The Oldest Indian Treatise on Etymolology, Philosophy and Semantics (Critically edited by Lakshman Sarup) (Delhi, 1967)

Vajasaneyi Samhita (v.s) of the White Yajurveda, (Bombay, 1884) Wallis. W, The Cosmology of the Rigveda, (London, 1887) Wheeler Sir M, The Indus Civilization - Supplementary volume to the

123

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w Cambridge History of India, (3rd edition) (Cambridge, 1968) Wilkins, W.J, Hindu Mythology - Vedic and Puranic, (Varanasi, 1972)

World Book Encyclopaedia, (Chicago, 1976)

ºÉ®úº´ÉÊiÉ, nùªÉÉxÉxnù ; @ñM´Éänù ¦ÉɹªÉÆ +´É]õ¨É½þÒvÉ®ú ¦ÉɹªÉÆ ; ¶ÉÖC±ÉªÉVÉÖ®ú´Éànù ºÉÆʽþiÉÉ A¿¸³. F; `mcX¸ga, (tImgnt¡mSv, 1962) IrjvW¡pdp¸v, Xncph§mSv kn, C´ybnse hÀ® kacw, (tImgnt¡mSv, 1965) ZmtamZc³. sI, C´ybpsS Bßmhv, (tIm«bw, 1976) cm[mIrjvW³. Fkv; (]cn`mj Sn. \mcmbW³ \¼oi³), `mcXob ZÀi\w, (tImgnt¡mSv, 1975) hÅt¯mÄ (]cn`mj), EtKzZ kwlnX, (XrÈnht]cqÀ, 1955)

124

thZ§Ä Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w

125