ENGLISH SCIENCE

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos EVALUATION PLAN 5TO SCIENCE II TERM 2016 - 2017 OBJECTIVE

CONTENT

POINTS

EVALUATION

2.1

The Universe; the Galaxy; the Solar a. Dictation System and the Planets. b. Taller c. Oral Presentation d. Mind Map

2.2

The Sun, the Earth and the Moon

DATE

2 2 4 1

a. Dictation 2 b. Oral Presentation 4 (Periodic Table)* 1 c. Mind Map d.

Revisiรณn 4 Cuaderno (Obj. 2.1 y 2.2)

2.3

To Be Verb in Science Age Stages, a. Dictation III LAPSO Countries and Nationalities, b. Oral Presentation Appearances and Personality, Jobs and c. Mind Map Professions, Time and Weather, Locations, Places, Time, Comparatives and Superlatives Estimation 2PTS 20 PTS

Objective 2.1 The Universe; Galaxies and Solar System The Sun, Earth and Moon

,.

TERM

DEFINITION

The

can be defined as everything that exists, everything that has existed, and

Universe

everything that will exist According to our current understanding, the Universe consists of space time, forms of energy (including electromagnetic radiation and matter), and the physical laws that relate them. The Universe encompasses all of life, all of history, and some philosophers and scientists suggest that it even encompasses ideas such as mathematics and logic.

The word universe derives from the Old French word univers, which in turn derives from the Latin word universum. The Latin word was used by Cicero and later Latin authors in many of the same senses as the modern English word is

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos used.

UNIVERSE—UNIVERSUM The Universe is all of time and space and its contents It includes planets,

moons, minor planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, and all matter and energy by The Big Bang Theory. The size of the entire Universe is unknown.

The earliest scientific models of the Universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were geocentric, placing the Earth at the center of the Universe. Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) to develop the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System. In developing the law of universal gravitation, Sir Isaac Newton (NS: 1643–1727) built upon Copernicus's work as well as observations by Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) and Johannes Kepler's (1571–1630) laws of planetary motion. Further observational improvements led to the realization that our Solar System is located in the Milky Way galaxy and is one of many solar systems and galaxies. It is assumed that galaxies are distributed uniformly and the same in all directions, meaning that the Universe has neither an edge nor a center. Discoveries in the early 20th century have suggested that the Universe had a beginning and that it is expanding at an increasing rate. The majority of mass in the Universe appears to exist in an unknown form called dark matter.

The Big Bang theory, the prevailing cosmological model describing the development of the Universe, states that space and time were created in the Big Bang and were given a fixed amount of energy and matter that becomes less dense as space expands. After the initial expansion, the Universe cooled, allowing the first subatomic particles to form and then simple atoms. Giant clouds later merged through gravity to form stars. Assuming that the standard model of the Big Bang theory is correct, the age of the Universe is measured to be 13.799±0.021 billion years.

A planet

is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.

A galaxy

is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter.[1][2] The word galaxy is derived from the Greek galaxias (γαλαξίας), literally "milky", a reference to the Milky Way. Galaxies range in size from dwarfs with just a few billion (109) stars to giants with one hundred trillion (1014) stars, each orbiting its galaxy's center of mass. Galaxies are categorized according to their visual morphology as elliptical,[4] spiral and irregular. Many galaxies are thought to have black holes at their active centers

Gravity

, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another, including planets, stars and galaxies. Since energy and mass are equivalent, all forms of energy, including light, also cause gravitation and are under the influence of it. On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects and causes the ocean tides. The gravitational attraction of the original gaseous matter present in the Universe caused it to begin coalescing, forming stars — and the stars to group together into galaxies — so gravity is responsible for many of the large scale structures in the Universe. Gravity has an infinite range, although its effects become increasingly weaker on farther objects.

compact star

In astronomy, the term compact star (or compact object) is used to refer collectively to white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes

interstellar

, is the matter that exists in the space between the star systems in a galaxy. This

medium

matter includes gas in ionic, atomic, and molecular form, as well as dust and

(ISM)

cosmic rays. It fills interstellar space and blends smoothly into the surrounding intergalactic space. The energy that occupies the same volume, in the form of electromagnetic radiation, is the interstellar radiation field.

Cosmic dust

is dust which exists in outer space. Most cosmic dust particles are between a few molecules to 0.1 µm in size. A smaller fraction of all dust in space consists of larger refractory minerals that condensed as matter left the stars. It is called "stardust" and is included in a separate section below. The dust density falling to

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos Earth is approximately 10−6/m3 with each grain having a mass between 10−16kg (0.1 pg) and 10−4 kg (100 mg).

Dark matter

is an unidentified type of matter distinct from dark energy, baryonic matter (ordinary matter), and neutrinos. It comprises approximately 27% of the mass and energy in the observable universe.[1][2] The name refers to the fact that it does not emit or interact with electromagnetic radiation, such as light, and is thus invisible to the entire electromagnetic spectrum.[3] Although dark matter has not been directly observed, its existence and properties are inferred from its gravitational effects such as the motions of visible matter, gravitational lensing, its influence on the universe's large-scale structure, and its effects in the cosmic microwave background. Dark matter is transparent to electromagnetic radiation and/or is so dense and small that it fails to absorb or emit enough radiation to be detectable with current imaging technology. It may be decaying

A star

is a luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked eye from Earth during the night, appearing as a multitude of fixed luminous points in the sky due to their immense distance from Earth. Historically, the most prominent stars were grouped into constellations and asterisms, the brightest of which gained proper names. Astronomers have assembled star catalogues that identify the known stars and provide standardized stellar designations. However, most of the stars in the Universe, including all stars outside our galaxy, the Milky Way, are invisible to the naked eye from Earth. Indeed, most are invisible from Earth even through the most powerful telescopes.

Mercury

(0.4 AU from the Sun) is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest planet in the Solar System (0.055 Earth masses). Mercury has no natural satellites; besides impact craters, its only known geological features are lobed ridges or rupes that were probably produced by a period of contraction early in its history.[67] Mercury's very tenuous atmosphere consists of atoms blasted off its surface by the solar wind.[68] Its relatively large iron core and thin mantle have not yet been adequately explained. Hypotheses include that its outer layers were

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos stripped off by a giant impact; or, that it was prevented from fully accreting by the young Sun's energy.[69][70 Venus (0.7 AU from the Sun) is close in size to Earth (0.815 Earth masses) and, like Earth, has a thick silicate mantle around an iron core, a substantial atmosphere, and evidence of internal geological activity. It is much drier than Earth, and its atmosphere is ninety times as dense. Venus has no natural satellites. It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752°F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.[71] No definitive evidence of current geological activity has been detected on Venus, but it has no magnetic field that would prevent depletion of its substantial atmosphere, which suggests that its atmosphere is being replenished by volcanic eruptions.

Earth

(1 AU from the Sun) is the largest and densest of the inner planets, the only one known to have current geological activity, and the only place where life is known to exist.[73] Its liquid hydrosphere is unique among the terrestrial planets, and it is the only planet where plate tectonics has been observed. Earth's atmosphere is radically different from those of the other planets, having been altered by the presence of life to contain 21% free oxygen.[74] It has one natural satellite, the Moon, the only large satellite of a terrestrial planet in the Solar System.

Mars

(1.5 AU from the Sun) is smaller than Earth and Venus (0.107 Earth masses). It has an atmosphere of mostly carbon dioxide with a surface pressure of 6.1 millibars (roughly 0.6% of that of Earth).[75] Its surface, peppered with vast volcanoes, such as Olympus Mons, and rift valleys, such as Valles Marineris, shows geological activity that may have persisted until as recently as 2 million years ago.[76] Its red colour comes from iron oxide (rust) in its soil.[77] Mars has two tiny natural satellites (Deimos and Phobos) thought to be captured asteroids.[78]

Jupiter

(5.2 AU), at 318 Earth masses, is 2.5 times the mass of all the other planets put together. It is composed largely of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter's strong internal

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos heat creates semi-permanent features in its atmosphere, such as cloud bands and the Great Red Spot. Jupiter has 67 known satellites. The four largest, Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa, show similarities to the terrestrial planets, such as volcanism and internal heating.[88] Ganymede, the largest satellite in the Solar System, is larger than Mercury Saturn

is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water.[89] The rings of Saturn are made up of small ice and rock particles. Saturn has 62 confirmed satellites composed largely of ice. Two of these, Titan and Enceladus, show signs of geological activity.[90] Titan, the second-largest moon in the Solar System, is larger than Mercury and the only satellite in the Solar System with a substantial atmosphere. Saturn (9.5 AU), distinguished by its extensive ring system, has several similarities to Jupiter, such as its atmospheric composition and magnetosphere. Although Saturn has 60% of Jupiter's volume, it is less than a third as massive, at 95 Earth masses.

Uranus

(19.2 AU), at 14 Earth masses, is the lightest of the outer planets. Uniquely among the planets, it orbits the Sun on its side; its axial tilt is over ninety degrees to the ecliptic. It has a much colder core than the other giant planets and radiates very little heat into space.[91] Uranus has 27 known satellites, the largest ones being Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel, and Miranda.

Neptune

is accompanied in its orbit by several minor planets, termed Neptune trojans, that are in 1:1 resonance with it. Neptune (30.1 AU), though slightly smaller than Uranus, is more massive (equivalent to 17 Earths) and hence more dense. It radiates more internal heat, but not as much as Jupiter or Saturn.[92] Neptune has 14 known satellites. The largest, Triton, is geologically active, with geysers of liquid nitrogen.[93] Triton is the only large satellite with a retrograde orbit..

Pluto

was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 and was originally considered to be the ninth planet from the Sun. After 1992, its planethood was questioned following the discovery of several objects of similar size in the Kuiper belt. In 2005, Eris, which is 27% more massive than Pluto, was discovered. This led the International Astronomical Union (IAU) to define the term "planet"

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos formally.That definition excluded Pluto and reclassified it as a dwarf planet.

Pluto (minor-planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of bodies beyond Neptune. It was the first Kuiper belt object to be discovered The System

Solar The Solar System's planets and officially recognized dwarf planets are known to be orbited by 182 natural satellites, or moons. 19 moons in the Solar System are large enough to be gravitationally rounded, and thus would be considered planets or dwarf planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun.. The Solar System[a] is the gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly.[b] Of those objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest eight are the planets,[c] with the remainder being significantly smaller objects, such as dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies. Of the objects that orbit the Sun indirectly, the moons, two are larger than the smallest planet

The Sun

is the Solar System's star and by far its most massive component. Its large mass (332,900 Earth masses) produces temperatures and densities in its core high enough to sustain nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium, making it a mainsequence star. This releases an enormous amount of energy, mostly radiated into space as electromagnetic radiation peaking in visible light.

The Sun is a G2-type main-sequence star. Hotter main-sequence stars are more luminous. The Sun's temperature is intermediate between that of the hottest stars and that of the coolest stars. Stars brighter and hotter than the Sun are rare, whereas substantially dimmer and cooler stars, known as red dwarfs, make up 85% of the stars in the Milky Way Earth (1 AU from the Sun) is the largest and densest of the inner planets, the only one known to have current geological activity, and the only place where life is known to exist.[73] Its liquid hydrosphere is unique among the terrestrial planets, and it is the only planet where plate tectonics has been observed. Earth's atmosphere is radically different from those of the other planets, having been altered by the presence of life to contain 21% free oxygen.[74] It has one natural satellite, the Moon, the only large satellite of a terrestrial planet in the Solar System.

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos

Moons

are classed in two separate categories according to their orbits: regular moons, which have prograde orbits (they orbit in the direction of their planets' rotation) and lie close to the plane of their equators, and irregular moons, whose orbits can be pro- or retrograde (against the direction of their planets' rotation) and often lie at extreme angles to their planets' equators. Irregular moons are probably minor planets that have been captured from surrounding space. Most irregular moons are less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in diameter

Reading-comprehension 1. The Universe is a Galaxy Planet It includes planets, moons, minor planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, and all matter and energy

by The Big Bang Theory 2. The Universe is all of time and space and its contents Materials It includes planets, moons, airplanes, minor planets, honey-moon, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, and all matter and energy by The Big Bang Theory 3. The Universe is all of time and space and its contents It includes planets,

T

F

IDK

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos moons, minor planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, and all matter and energy by The Big Bang Theory 4. A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter 5. A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, airplanes, aircrafts, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter 6. A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, planets, air, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter 7. The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit around a bicycle, either directly or indirectly and of those objects that orbit 8. The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either causes damage directly or indirectly and of those objects that orbit 9. The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly and of those objects that orbit 10. Mercury has no natural satellites; besides impact craters, moon, planets, its only known geological features are lobed ridges or rupes.

11. Mercury has natural satellites; besides impact craters, its only known geological features are lobed ridges or rupes 12. Mercury has no natural satellites; besides impact craters, its only known geological features are lobed ridges or rupes 13. Venus has a thick silicate mantle around an iron gold, a substantial atmosphere, and evidence of internal geological activity.Venus has no natural satellites 14. Venus has a thick silicate mantle around an iron iron, a substantial atmosphere, and evidence of internal geological activity.Venus has no natural satellites 15. Venus has a thick silicate mantle around an iron core, a substantial atmosphere, and evidence of internal geological activity.Venus has no natural satellites 16. Earth is the only one known to have current geological activity, and the only place where life is known to exist 17. Earth is the only one known to have current geological activity, and the only place where life has not been existed 18. Earth is the only one known to have current geological activity, and the only place where life has been gone recently

19. Mars Its surface, peppered with vast volcanoes, people, subway and rift valleys, shows geological activity that may have persisted until as recently as 6 million years ago.

20. Mars Its surface, peppered with vast volcanoes, moon, planets and rift valleys, shows geological activity that may have persisted until as recently as 2 million years ago.

21. Mars Its surface, peppered with vast volcanoes, , and rift valleys, shows geological activity that may have persisted until as recently as 2 million years ago.

22. Jupiter is composed largely of hydrogen and helium. . Jupiter has 77 known

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos satellites.

23. Jupiter is composed largely of hydrogen and helium. . Jupiter 67 has not been known like satellites.

24. Jupiter is composed largely of hydrogen and helium. . Jupiter has 67 has not been like known satellites and moon.

25. Jupiter is composed largely of hydrogen and helium. . Jupiter has 67 known satellites.

26. Saturn distinguished by its extensive ring system. The running moons of Saturn are made up of small ice and rock particles 27. Saturn distinguished by its extensive ring system. The volcanoes rings of Saturn are made up of small ice and rock particles 28. Saturn distinguished by its extensive ring system. The rings of Saturn are made up of small ice and rock particles 29. Uranus has 17 known satellites and volcanoes. It has a much colder core than the other giant or small planet 30. Uranus has 27 known satellites. It has a much hotter core than the other giant planets 31. Uranus has 27 known satellites. It has a much hotter core than the other small planets 32. Uranus has 27 known satellites. It has a much colder core than the other giant planets 33. Neptune slightly bigger than Uranus, is more massive (equivalent to 27 Earths) and hence more dense 34. Neptune slightly smaller than Uranus, is menus massive (equivalent to 27 Earths) and hence more dense 35. Neptune slightly smaller than Uranus, is menus massive (equivalent to 17 Earths) and hence more dense 36. Neptune slightly smaller than Uranus, is more massive (equivalent to 17 Earths) and hence more dense 37. Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 and was originally considered to be the ninth planet from the Sun. 38. Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 and was originally considered to be the ninth planet from the Sun 39. Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 and was originally considered to be the ninth planet from the Sun 40. Asteroids and Meteorites belong to Solar System Objective 2.2 The Sun, Earth and Moon The Sun is the Solar System's star and by far its most massive component. Its large mass (332,900 Earth masses) produces temperatures and densities in its core high enough to sustain nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium, making it a main-sequence star.

The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma,[13][14] with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos A magnetic field is the magnetic effect of electric currents and magnetic materials.

The English proper name Sun developed from Old English sunne and may be related to south Sunlight- Ultraviolet radiation, Gamma-Ray- Magnetic field Sunshine. Astronomical Body- Atmosphere, Photosphere- Weather- Climate. Tectonic Plates Hydrosphere, Atmosphere pressure- Gravitational Field. Magnetic Field- MagnetosphereRotation-Orbit. Axial Tillt and Seasons-Habitability- Biosphere-Natural Resources-Land UsePlace- Enviriomental- Human Being- Human Geograhy- Moon Sunday- Solar Space- Solar Energy- Planetary System. Terrestial Planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) two gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn), two ice giants (Uranus and Neptune).

Asteroids, and comets.

Radiactive Zone The Sun is composed primarily of the chemical elements hydrogen and helium and materials

Earth is the largest and densest of the inner planets, the only one known to have current geological activity, and the only place where life is known to exist. Its liquid hydrosphere is unique among the terrestrial planets, and it is the only planet where plate tectonics has been observed.

Earth Geological History Phanerozoic

Definition

Characteristics

Animals-creatures-bugs-bacteria

Proterozoic Archean Eon Hadean Eon

Moons are classed in two separate categories according to their orbits: regular moons, which have prograde orbits (they orbit in the direction of their planets' rotation), and irregular moons, whose orbits can be prograde- or retrograde (against the direction of their planets' rotation).

The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite.

New Moon-Waxing Crescent First Quarter- Waxing Gibbous Full Moon-Waning Gibbous Last Quarter – Waning Crescent

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos Eclipses Lunar Eclipse Solar Eclipse

The Periodic Table and each component

A chemical element or element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (i.e. the same atomic number, Z).[1] There are 118 elements that have been identified, of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements. There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 that have exclusively radioactive isotopes, which decay over time into other elements. Iron is the most abundant element (by mass) making up Earth, while oxygen is the most common element in the Earth's crust.[2]

Chemical elements constitute all of the ordinary matter of the universe. However astronomical observations suggest that ordinary observable matter makes up only about 15% of the matter in the universe: the remainder is dark matter; the composition of this is unknown, but it is not composed of chemical elements.[3] The two lightest elements, hydrogen and helium, were mostly formed in the Big Bang and are the most common elements in the universe. The next three elements (lithium, beryllium and boron) were formed mostly by cosmic ray spallation, and are thus rarer than those that follow.[clarification needed] Formation of elements with from 6 to 26 protons occurred and continues to occur in main sequence stars via stellar nucleosynthesis. The high abundance of oxygen, silicon, and iron on Earth reflects their common production in such stars. Elements with greater than 26 protons are formed by supernova nucleosynthesis in supernovae, which, when they explode, blast these elements as supernova remnants far into space, where they may become incorporated into planets when they are formed.

THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

the properties of the chemical elements are often summarized using the periodic table, which powerfully and elegantly organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows ("periods") in which the columns ("groups") share recurring ("periodic") physical and chemical properties. The current standard table contains 118 confirmed elements as of 10 April 2010.

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos Although earlier precursors to this presentation exist, its invention is generally credited to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, who intended the table to illustrate recurring trends in the properties of the elements. The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time as new elements have been discovered and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior.

Use of the periodic table is now ubiquitous within the academic discipline of chemistry, providing an extremely useful framework to classify, systematize and compare all the many different forms of chemical behavior. The table has also found wide application in physics, geology, biology, materials science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, nutrition, environmental health, and astronomy. Its principles are especially important in chemical engineering.

Nomenclature and symbols Atomic numbers The known elements have atomic numbers from 1 through 118, conventionally presented as Arabic numerals. Since the elements can be uniquely sequenced by atomic number, conventionally from lowest to highest (as in a periodic table), sets of elements are sometimes specified by such notation as "through", "beyond", or "from ... through", as in "through iron", "beyond uranium", or "from lanthanum through lutetium". The terms "light" and "heavy" are sometimes also used informally to indicate relative atomic numbers (not densities), as in "lighter than carbon" or "heavier than lead", although technically the weight or mass of atoms of an element (their atomic weights or atomic masses) do not always increase monotonically with their atomic numbers.

Element names The naming of various substances now known as elements precedes the atomic theory of matter, as names were given locally by various cultures to various minerals, metals, compounds, alloys, mixtures, and other materials, although at the time it was not known which chemicals were elements and which compounds. As they were identified as elements, the existing names for anciently-known elements (e.g., gold, mercury, iron) were kept in most countries. National differences emerged over the names of elements either for convenience, linguistic niceties, or nationalism. For a few illustrative examples: German speakers use "Wasserstoff" (water substance) for "hydrogen", "Sauerstoff" (acid substance) for "oxygen" and "Stickstoff" (smothering substance) for "nitrogen", while English and some romance languages use "sodium" for "natrium" and "potassium" for "kalium", and the French, Italians, Greeks, Portuguese and Poles prefer "azote/azot/azoto" (from roots meaning "no life") for "nitrogen".

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos

For purposes of international communication and trade, the official names of the chemical elements both ancient and more recently recognized are decided by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), which has decided on a sort of international English language, drawing on traditional English names even when an element's chemical symbol is based on a Latin or other traditional word, for example adopting "gold" rather than "aurum" as the name for the 79th element (Au). IUPAC prefers the British spellings "aluminium" and "caesium" over the U.S. spellings "aluminum" and "cesium", and the U.S. "sulfur" over the British "sulphur". However, elements that are practical to sell in bulk in many countries often still have locally used national names, and countries whose national language does not use the Latin alphabet are likely to use the IUPAC element names.

According to IUPAC, chemical elements are not proper nouns in English; consequently, the full name of an element is not routinely capitalized in English, even if derived from a proper noun, as in californium and einsteinium. Isotope names of chemical elements are also uncapitalized if written out, e.g., carbon-12 or uranium-235. Chemical element symbols (such as Cf for californium and Es for einsteinium), are always capitalized (see below).

In the second half of the twentieth century, physics laboratories became able to produce nuclei of chemical elements with half-lives too short for an appreciable amount of them to exist at any time. These are also named by IUPAC, which generally adopts the name chosen by the discoverer. This practice can lead to the controversial question of which research group actually discovered an element, a question that delayed the naming of elements with atomic number of 104 and higher for a considerable amount of time. (See element naming controversy).

Precursors of such controversies involved the nationalistic namings of elements in the late 19th century. For example, lutetium was named in reference to Paris, France. The Germans were reluctant to relinquish naming rights to the French, often calling it cassiopeium. Similarly, the British discoverer of niobium originally named it columbium, in reference to the New World. It was used extensively as such by American publications prior to the international standardization (in 1950).

Chemical symbols For listings of current chemical symbols, symbols not currently used, and other symbols that may look like chemical symbols, see Symbol (chemistry).

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos Specific chemical elements Before chemistry became a science, alchemists had designed arcane symbols for both metals and common compounds. These were however used as abbreviations in diagrams or procedures; there was no concept of atoms combining to form molecules. With his advances in the atomic theory of matter, John Dalton devised his own simpler symbols, based on circles, to depict molecules.

The current system of chemical notation was invented by Berzelius. In this typographical system, chemical symbols are not mere abbreviations—though each consists of letters of the Latin alphabet. They are intended as universal symbols for people of all languages and alphabets.

The first of these symbols were intended to be fully universal. Since Latin was the common language of science at that time, they were abbreviations based on the Latin names of metals. Cu comes from Cuprum, Fe comes from Ferrum, Ag from Argentum. The symbols were not followed by a period (full stop) as with abbreviations. Later chemical elements were also assigned unique chemical symbols, based on the name of the element, but not necessarily in English. For example, sodium has the chemical symbol 'Na' after the Latin natrium. The same applies to "W" (wolfram) for tungsten, "Fe" (ferrum) for iron, "Hg" (hydrargyrum) for mercury, "Sn" (stannum) for tin, "K" (kalium) for potassium, "Au" (aurum) for gold, "Ag" (argentum) for silver, "Pb" (plumbum) for lead, "Cu" (cuprum) for copper, and "Sb" (stibium) for antimony.

Chemical symbols are understood internationally when element names might require translation. There have sometimes been differences in the past. For example, Germans in the past have used "J" (for the alternate name Jod) for iodine, but now use "I" and "Iod".

The first letter of a chemical symbol is always capitalized, as in the preceding examples, and the subsequent letters, if any, are always lower case (small letters). Thus, the symbols for californium and einsteinium are Cf and Es.

General chemical symbols There are also symbols in chemical equations for groups of chemical elements, for example in comparative formulas. These are often a single capital letter, and the letters are reserved and not used for names of specific elements. For example, an "X" indicates a variable group (usually a halogen) in a class of compounds, while "R" is a radical, meaning a compound structure such as a

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos hydrocarbon chain. The letter "Q" is reserved for "heat" in a chemical reaction. "Y" is also often used as a general chemical symbol, although it is also the symbol of yttrium. "Z" is also frequently used as a general variable group. "E" is used in organic chemistry to denote an electronwithdrawing group or an electrophile; similarly "Nu" denotes a nucleophile. "L" is used to represent a general ligand in inorganic and organometallic chemistry. "M" is also often used in place of a general metal.

At least two additional, two-letter generic chemical symbols are also in informal usage, "Ln" for any lanthanide element and "An" for any actinide element. "Rg" was formerly used for any rare gas element, but the group of rare gases has now been renamed noble gases and the symbol "Rg" has now been assigned to the element roentgenium.

Isotope symbols Isotopes are distinguished by the atomic mass number (total protons and neutrons) for a particular isotope of an element, with this number combined with the pertinent element's symbol.

IUPAC prefers that isotope symbols be written in superscript notation when practical, for example 12C and 235U. However, other notations, such as carbon-12 and uranium-235, or C-12 and U-235, are also used.

As a special case, the three naturally occurring isotopes of the element hydrogen are often specified as H for 1H (protium), D for 2H (deuterium), and T for 3H (tritium). This convention is easier to use in chemical equations, replacing the need to write out the mass number for each atom.

For example, the formula for heavy water may be written D2O instead of 2H2O.

THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos

Objective 2.3 To Be Verb in Science: Objective 2.3.1 The Verb To Be Adjectives Age Stages It is used to describe the age of a person, animal or thing by numbers and age-stages by numbers and age-stages.

Objective 2.3.2 The Verb To Be Adjectives Countries And Nationalities It is used to describe your country and nationality Objective 2.3.3 The Verb To Be Adjectives Appearances And Personality It is the way to describe what someone looks inside and outside by adjectives and words to distinguish both genders

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. ENGLISH SUBJECT. Prof (MSc) Alan Santos Objective 2.3.4 The Verb To Be Adjectives Jobs and Professions It is used to describe your job and profession Objective 2.3.5 The Verb To Be Adjectives Time And Weather What is the weather like?

Time is a particular minute or hour shown by a clock in area or part of the world; also, the part of existence that is measured in seconds, minutes, days, years, decades and centuries.

Objective 2.3.6 The Verb To Be Adjectives Locations and Places The terms location and place in geography are used to identify a point or an area on the Earth's surface or elsewhere to give information of it; it could be: a place, an activity, or a residence.

Objective 2.3.7 The Verb To Be Comparatives Objective 2.3.8 The Verb To Be Superlatives

REPORT CARD SCIENCE II TERM 2016 - 2017 OBJECTIVE

CONTENT

2.1

The Universe; Galaxies; System and Planets.

2.2

The Sun, Earth and Moon

2.3

EVALUATION Solar a. Dictation b. Taller c. Oral Presentation d. Mind Map a. Dictation b. Oral Presentation

c. Mind Map To Be Verb in Science Age Stages, a. Dictation Countries and Nationalities, b. Oral Presentation Appearances and Personality, Time and Weather, Locations, Places, c. Mind Map Comparatives and Superlatives Estimation TOTAL

20 PTS

Student Full Name:_________________________ Supervisor of Instruction:___________