Degradation Study of 316L Stainless Steel Implantsin the Presence of Solution Physiological Hartman

International Journal of Material and Mechanical Engineering (IJMME), Volume 4, 2015 www.ijm‐me.org doi: 10.14355/ijmme.2015.04.005

Degradation Study of 316L Stainless Steel Implantsin the Presence of Solution Physiological Hartman A. Salazar1*, R. H. Chávez2, J.A Pichardo3, G. Hernández4 Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Jocotitlán, Carretera Toluca‐Atlacomulco km 44.8, Ejido San Juan y San Agustín, Jocotitlán, México, 50700, México 1*, 4

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carretera México‐Toluca s/n. La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac, 52750, México 2

UNITEC Campus Toluca. Paseo Tollocan No. 701. Col. Sta. Ana Tlapaltitlán, México, 50071, México

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*1araceli_salazar_p@hotmail.com; 2rosahilda.chavez@inin.gob.mx;3josealps@gmail.com

Abstract Organic fluids are extremely hostile to metallic materials, as well as their effects on these implants and on the surrounding tissues, it is of fundamental importance. The use of stainless steel alloys for permanent implants in developing countries is common, so it is necessary to increase knowledge about the behavior of these materials in physiological media. This study was conducted in gravimetrically by subjecting samples of 316L stainless steel screws in Hartman solution for 360 hours at 45 ° C, pH 6.5, yielding very good corrosion resistance of 3.2x10_2 millimeters per year (mm / y). The surface presented pitting points of corrosion in the valley zone produced by the chloride ions present in the solution. This study is the beginning of many moreaspects thatis needed to determine the use of the implants.

Keywords Implant;StainlessSteel316L;SolutionHartman;Corrosion

Introduction Titaniumalloysand cobaltas well assome stainless steelsare amongthe materialsmost frequently usedin orthopedic surgery.In most developedcountries, stainless steel is used onlyfor temporaryimplantsbecauseit is known thatcorrosionresistanceinphysiological mediumis not asgood asother alloys. Therefore, it is necessary tostudy their behaviorsinsalineHartman.

Theuse of metals inbiomedicalorthopedic and dentalimplantsis based primarily ontheextreme mechanicalstresses to whichtheyare subjectedinservice[1]. Ideally,a metal implantshould becompletely inertin the human body, however, rarelythe case.Organic fluids are extremely hostileto metallic materialsas well as their effects ontheseimplantsandonthe surrounding tissues,it isof fundamental importance. These materials havethermodynamicsto corrodetrend, however, and havein commonthe formation ofa protective film thatis able to maintainthe corrosion levelsat acceptable levelsso thatthese valuesare lowfor a particular application, since productscorrosioncan be toxic tothe tissues.The effectiveness ofthefilmsurfacedepends on the resistanceofpassivation layersat breakand the abilityofre‐passivationof materialunder studyinthe working medium.

The use of metalsin orthopedic surgeryis in turnconditioned bythe aggressiveness of thephysiological environmentwhich may causethe release ofdegradation products and/orwear undesirablein the body[2,3,4].

Despitethere are manyadvances inorthopedic surgery,accepted solutionsare farfrom perfect, especially in materialterms[5, 7]. Thus,stainless steelsare mostlyused worldwidein temporaryimplants, while alloysofCr‐Co andTialloyare used forimplantsPermanent[8, 9]. The needto reduce costsinthepublic health servicesin our countryhas resulted in thesearch for new materialsthat are economicaland also haveless potential forrelease of metalionsin the body.The aim of thisstudy was to evaluatethe behavior of316L stainlesssteel,in the presenceof salineHartman.

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Methodology Material and Equipment: 

5 screws316Lstainless steel implants



OvenMemmertBrandModelUN55



Scanning Electron Microscope JEOL JSM 6510LV



PyrexglassPetri disheswith lids



Salinesolution Hartman pH 6.5 (NaCl 600mg/100mL, KCl 310mg/100mL,CaCl2.2H2O 20mg/100mL, H2Oinyectable 100 mL).



Analytical BalanceOhausbrandof 260gram capacity, withaccuracy of0.0001g.

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mg/100mL,

NaC3H5O3

Procedure  

The samples were prepared according the Norm ASTM G1‐90 1999.

The degradation of samples was determined by corrosion resistance using the gravimetricmethod as follows.



Samples wereweighed and placedinboxesPetry, covering themwithHartmansolution.



2.4Petri disheswiththe samples were placedin the ovenMemmertbrand, ModelA55to45° Cfor 360 hours.



2.5After thetest period, samples were removed from theHartmansolution, and driedin the oven.



2.6Reweighedsamplesafter immersion.



2.7Thesurface of the sampleswas characterizedmorphologicallywithScanning MicroscopeJEOLJSM6510LVBrandbefore andafter the test. Figures1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.



2.8Chemical analysiswas done ina simple waywithenergy dispersivespectroscopycoupled toX‐ rayscanning electron microscopeJEOLJSM6510LVFigure1, Table 1.



2.9Determiningdegradationinmaterial wasgravimetricallyusing formula 1:

Electron

VCorrosion= . . ∆. (1) Where: Constant whosevalue determinescorrosionunits: 8.76 104mmy (millimeter /year). ∆

weight loss ingrams withan accuracy of1 mg exposure time, measured accurately0.1 hour areain square centimetersto the nearest0.1

.

Density of material in g/cm Analisis of Results Chemical Composition Intable 1,the chemical composition ofsteel 316Lis observed. Notably, thenickel contentimproves the propertiesof the thermal treatmentreducingthe curing temperaturetobehardenedanddistortion. Whenused in conjunctionwith chromium, it increases the hardnessandwear resistance. Chromiumincreasesthe depth ofcure andimprovedresistance towear and corrosion.Molybdenumby increasingpenetrationhardening,improves the propertiesof theheat treatment and alsoincreases hardness andhigh temperature strengthandcorrosionresistance.

TABLE 1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF STEEL 316L

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International Journal of Material and Mechanical Engineering (IJMME), Volume 4, 2015 www.ijm‐me.org

Chemical Element C Si Cr Mo Ni Fe

ChemicalComposition (% weight) 0.02 0.286344 17.99102 1.97 11.9148 Balance

Degradation of Material 1)

Corrosion Resistance

The degradation of material was tested by medium of corrosion resistant which was of3.2x10‐2mm/ y,very good resistanceTable 2[6]. However you needfurther studyto determinethe frequency ofattack zonesand thedepth of themin subsequent studies. Because in the surface it is observed pitting points.

TABLE 2 CLASIFICATION OF CORROSIÓN RATE [6]

Clasification Immune Verygoodresistance Quite resistance (can be used) Limited resistance (can be used with caution) Poor resistance (Not practically usable) Withoutresistance (not usable)

2)

CorrosionRate (mm/year) ≤ 0.001 ≤ 0.01 ≤ 0.1 ≤ 1 ≤ 3 ˂10

Morphology Surface

The Figures2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 shows the changes in the material after the test.

FIG. 1SCREW BEFORE THE ESSAY.SOMERESIDUALPOWDERPARTICLESARE OBSERVEDONLYON THE SURFACE.

FIG. 2SCREWCREST200XA SMALL POINTS OF ATTACK IS OBSERVED

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FIG. 3SCREW 19 X. IT IS OBSERVED INTHE VALLEYSOXIDE POINTS

FIG. 4SCREW 100X. POINTS OF ATTACKARE SEEN INTHE VALLEY, THE POINT OF GREATESTDIAMETERIS 0.07MM

FIG. 5 SAMPLE TO 1000X. IT IS OBSERVED A LOCALIZED POINT OF ATTACK OF 0.003 MM OF DIAMETER

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FIG. 6 SAMPLE TO 5000X. IT IS OBSERVED A CORROSION POINT OF 4 MICROMETERS OF DIAMETER.

Conclusions The alloying elements chromium, nickel and molybdenum, according to the elemental chemical analysis were within specified by steel AISI 316L, which confers resistance to corrosion.

This study allowed us to determine the degradation of material in corrosion resistance way of steel 316L in Hartman saline, which was 3.2 x 10‐2 millimeters per year (mm / y). However it is necessary to deepen with other studies on the frequency and depth of attack corrosion points found, and it depends on the use of the material.

Localized corrosion sets the tone for thinking that there are susceptible areas, but should not be overlooked that the Hartman solution containing chloride ions, which tends to cause pitting damage.

Stainless steel produces a passivation layer generally, which significantly reduces thecorrosion rate. However, the film may be susceptible to rupture producing localized pitting, and thetype of attack is observed in the samples studied.

It is necessary to conductmore studiesof the materials,since their useinimplantsis very delicate andrequires a lot ofresponsibilityand contact with the humanbody.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

HigherTechnologicalStudiesofJocotitlántimeprovidedto carry outthis projectand the NationalInstitute for Nuclear Researchfor the supportwithMaterialsCharacterization Laboratoryinmicroscopically.

REFERENCES

[1]

J. Jacobs, C. Silverton, N. Hallab, A. Skipor, L. Patterson, J. Black and J. Galante, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 358, 1999, pp. 173‐180.

[2]

R. Venugopalan and J. Gaydon, “A Review of Corrosion Behaviour of Surgical Implant Alloys”, Perkin Elmer Instruments: Princeton, 2001, pp. 99‐107.

[3]

Jacobs, Gilbert and Urban, J. of Joint and Bone Surg., 80 A, 1998, p. 2.

[4]

D.A. Jones, “Principles and prevention of Corrosion”, McMillan Publishing Company, New York, 1992.

[5]

T. Kokubo, H. Kushitani, S. Sakka, T. Kitsugi, T. Yamamuro, J. of Biomedical Materials Research, 24, 1990, pp 721‐734

[6]

Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales problemas y cuestiones by Jesús CembreroCil/Carlos Ferrer Giménez, Manuel Pascual Guillamon/Miguel Pérez Puig. Editorial Pearson Prentice HallImpreso en España 2005 p 76

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[7]

J. Olefjord and C.R. Clayton, ISIJ Int., 31, 1991, N° 2, pp. 134‐141.

[8]

C.‐C. Shih et al., Corros. Sci, 46, 2004, pp. 427‐441

[9]

ASTM G1‐90 Standard Practice for Preparing, Cleaning and Evaluation Corrosion Test Specimen.

A. Araceli Salazar Peralta.

Adress. Aldama No. 15 Sta. Ana Tlapaltitlán Tel. (House). 01722 4892616 Dra.In Science of Materials.Graduated from the Faculty of Chemistry UAEMex.Certificate.Exbecaria 7959212 of the National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ) and collaborator in the measurement and characterization of materials in contact with contaminants (gases and particles) that are released into the atmosphere. Master of Ecology.Graduated from the Faculty of Chemistry UAEMex. Master Warrant: 5380511 patent in level to practice professionally. Industrial Chemical Engineer. Technology graduate of Toluca. Degree Professional Certificate: 1578137. Languages.Spanish, English and German.Linies of Investigation.Physicochemical Study in Functionalized Materials and Synthesis and Optimization of Processes.Head of Research in Science and Technology.In Advanced Technological Studies Jocotitán. March 2013 to January 31, 2014.

Professor Titular A of Higher Studies In Technologic of Jocotitlán, teaching the subjects of Chemistry, Materials Science and Eng., Industrial Statistics, Physical Chemistry I and II, Integrated Laboratory I, II, III, transport phenomena, structural characterization, phase transitions, solidification Control of air pollutants, among others, in the Bachelor of Mechatronics Engineering, Ing. Materials, Ing.Chemistry, Ing.in Systems. Class teacher hours. In Institutions of middle and senior level public and private: Faculty of Engineering UAEMexTecnologico de EstudiosSuperiores de Santiago Tianguistenco, Higher Education Unit Lerma, Brima Institute, Millennium Tec, UVM, UniverMilenium, Instituto de EstudiosSuperiores ISIMA, Polytechnic University of Valle de Toluca, High Open (SEIEM). Teaching the following subjects: Thesis Seminar, Research Methodology, Chemistry, Materials, Production Systems, Statistics for Quality, Design of Experiments, Operations Management, Molecular Biology, Algebra, Research Seminar, Research Foundations, Manufacturing Processes, English, Ethics in Education, Metrology, Six Sigma, Human Development, Organic Chemistry, Thermodynamics, Materials Resistance Properties of Materials, Total Quality Control, Physical, Sustainable Development and English Ing Materials, Fundamentals Research, Biology, Physics, Principles of Chemistry, chemistry, mathematics, laboratory practice to students of the Masters in Manufacturing Processes, corrosion thesis project II in the industry, Human Biology and Health Sciences. Scientific Conference Chairman In The Technologic of High Studies of Jocotitlán. Industry Professional Experience. HEAD OF THE LABORATORY OF MATERIALS at Robert Bosch SA de CV during 27 years. PURCHASING COORDINATOR inPrecision MachineryToluca Valley two years. HEAD OF DEPARTMENT ENGINEERING AND QUALITY in Commercial Kneeland S.A of C.V, three years, etc.

Membership.In the Mexican Society of Materials A. C and of the Mexican Association of Directives of the application Research and Technologic Development A.C (ADIAT).Thesis Adviser and Director of Undergraduate.Mechanical, Chemical and expertise in manufacturing processes. Recognition PRODEP desirable profile recognition. Publication and presentation of articles in National and International Conferences and in journals indexed, two chapters of book one in Spanish (University of Guadalajara) and one in English (Bentham).

B. Rosa‐Hilda Chávez‐Torres PhD, Master Science in Chemical Engineering and Chemical Engineer. Chemical Engineering Researcher in InstitutoNacional de InvestigacionesNucleares (ININ). Has published more than 70 technical works (technical papers and chapters of books).

Head Researcher in Research Projects such as Heavy Water Enrichment, Structured Packing Characterization, Lost Energy in Chemical Industry Processes, Polluted Gases Treatment using Structured Packing and Saving Energy using Structured Packing.

She has taught: Thermodynamic, Thermo Hydraulic and Heat Transfer courses in Mexican Nuclear Plant Laguna Verde, Mexico. She has directed PhD, Master Science and Chemical and Mechanical Engineering Thesis. She has been participating with Industry Projects such as Mexicana de Resinas, Secretaría de Ecología, Lebran S.A de C.V. Member of ASME and AIChE. Now she is the head of two projects: a) SEP‐CONACyT, CB‐2007‐01‐82987, “Effectiveness evaluation of CO2 capture process by chemical absorption with monoethanolamine”, 2009‐2011, and b) EDOMEX‐2009‐C02‐135728, “Evaluation of pollution reduction into the atmosphere by a coupled two kilns system in Mexico State”, 2010‐2012.

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C. José Alfredo Pichardo Salazar.

Adress. 3UNITEC Campus Toluca. Paseo Tollocan No. 701. Col. Sta. Ana Tlapaltitlán, México, 50071, México Tel. (Mobile). 01722 5393858 Master in Computer Systems. Graduated from the Institute of Higher Education ISIMA Systems and Postgraduate Master Warrant: 09314185 patent in level to practice professionally. Electronics Engineer.Graduated from Faculty of Engineering UAEMex. Degree Professional Certificate: 7959173. Languages.Spanish and English.

Professor of Higher Studies and High School In UNITEC Campus Toluca and Rivendell College, teaching the subjects of Mathematics, Physics Computational Theory, Electronics and Chess.

Member of the International Chess Federation as a national instructor ID: 5114780. Official referee for national chess federation. Sports trainer level 3 discipline chess national sport comissionmexico

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