THE LANGUAGE SCIENCE

THE LANGUAGE SCIENCE

By: Maqsood Hasni Presented by H. E. Prof. Sufi Niamat Ali Murtazaee Free Abuzar Barqi Kutab’khana July 2017 1

01- Preface 02- No language remains in one state 03- The common compound sounds of language 04- The identical sounds used in Urdu 05- Some compound sounds in Urdu 06- Compound sounds in Urdu (2) 07- The Idiomatic association of Urdu and English 08- The exchange of sounds in some vernacular languages 09- The effects of Persian on Modern Sindhi 10- The similar rules of making plurals in indigenous and foreign languages 11- The common compounds of indigenous and foreign languages 2

12- The trend of dropping or adding sounds 13- The languages are in fact the result of sounds 14- Urdu and Japanese sound’s similarities 15- Other languages have a natural link with Japanese’s sounds

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Preface

Money, woman and land have made man selfish and materialist. Man has been divided socially by social chiefs, religiously by the cacique of religions, politically by the political pundits, linguistically by the so called language researchers, and with respect to land by the landlords, and this process is not new but centuries old.

Man has been being divided for centuries. In spite of having the same nature, needs and necessities, he is not close to other human beings. This situation exists in the present advanced age with the old intensity. With respect to the above mentioned facts, he is not hesitant in shedding blood of other men.

We can not deny the scientific and industrial progress made in the present era. This progress proved helpful in the welfare and success of man. Despite all this progress, if man is not brought close to other human 4

beings, every proclamation of progress will be meaningless. Development every kind stands worthless and purposeless. The need of time is that man should be brought near to other man. They may understand one and others sorrows and lend a helping hand in their hard time; they may enjoy themselves with the happiness of others.

It is my assertion, and I have also tested it on the anvil of experiment, that languages and dialects are close to one and other with respect to sounds and many other characteristics. Men can be brought closer to one another by searching out the similarities found in languages.

The research data presented in the next pages has been published in prominent periodicals and digests of Urdu in Pakistan. It can also be sought out from different forums on internet in Roman script. Professor Niamat Ali has translated it into English with his best interest, love and 5

ability that can be viewed on different forums of internet ie jalt, antimoon.com, thinkers. Talk, open2.net etc.

This work has not only been tested on experiment but a lot of books have also been consulted before bringing it on the media. Today the work is being presented before you with a deep sense of mirth. I am also sure that the linguistic researchers will play their role in propagating this work for the best interest of unity of human being.

I would like to mention here Dr. Nassar Qurashi, Dr. Najeeb Jamal, Dr. Hameed Yazdani, Dr. Sabir Aafaqi, Dr. Mohammad Amin, Dr. Ghulam Shabir Rana, Prof Amjid Ali Shakar, Prof Zahoor Ahamad Prof. Arshad Shahid and Dr. Mohammad Abdulla Qazi who always appreciate and encourage me for my efforts. Dr. Syed Moen-ur-Rehman (late), Dr. Wafa Rashadi (late) and Dr. Baidil Hiderri (late) can also be never forgotton by me. They had expressed their love appreciation and kindness for me 6

throughout their life. May Allah bless them every moment? Prof. Niamat Ali helped me in translation. Prof.

Younis Hassan lent me a hand in searching out research material.

On a personal level, my son, Dr. Syed Kanwar Abbas, inspite of his severe shortage of time stood by me at every step. My lovely daughter Irha Maqsood prayed heart and soul for my success. Last but not the least, my sweet heart, Razia Maqsood Hasni provided me congenial and pleasant atmosphere throughout my research. It is not possible for me to thank my family who made sacrifices while I was on my table.

Maqsood Hasni

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NO LANGUAGE REMAIN IN ONE STATE

It is commonly said that the language has no many structural dimensions. The determination of alphabet with respect to writing (Composing) is not correct. The writing that is taught abides by fixed and limited lines or rules. But sometimes, it becomes impossible to follow the lines or rules as a whole. For example, a soldier is passed through the full training of military rules verbally and practically with the With respect to the construction and formation of alphabet, it is expectation that using these rules he would fight against enemy and save himself. But there is nothing as foolish as this thing is. No doubt, all the rules learnt in the training would help in fighting strategy but they cannot guarantee success. In the battlefield a soldier has to do his task according to chance and condition of the battle field.

The case of languages is not different from it. The learnt 8

linguistic system and the way of writing are cooperative in writing and speaking. While speaking, the proposed linguistic system and the way of writing become worthless and meaningless. Here only the regular idiom is used and along with it, the present need is kept under consideration. I very keenly tested and studied a lot of hand writings written with hand, checked them according to the suggested and fixed lines. But the letters did not remain limited to any rule. A,c,d,e,f,g,h,I,j,k,m,n,o,p,q,r,t,y followed no system of lines. The same condition can be seen with the languages of Sub-continent. Arabic and Persian are also not exceptions.

In English, some letters didn’t give the same sound e.g., but, put, university, umbrella, is, seen etc. In many other languages the condition is the same.

In different passions and conditions, the sound of letters change. Or they become quite different from each other.

In these passions and conditions, the instruments of 9

sound and the helping instruments of sound e.g. throat, palate, checks, nose, tongue, mouth, bronchitis, lungs don’t remain in their exact position because they ever possess the capacity of shirking and stretching. In order to clear the matter, it seems necessary to offer a few situations and conditions:

A 1- In rage the sound become heavy 2- In grief the sound becomes feeble and weak 3- In anxiety the sound becomes deranged and unbalanced 4- In illness the sound breaks 5- When there is some matter with the mind, tone and pronunciation are changed because some passion is related with each matter 10

B 1- Usual and good mood, the sound remains balanced 2- While lying in usual and good mood, the sound expends. While taking a turn, the sound shrinks.

Such changes can be guessed with an extreme consideration.

3- Some people are habitual of speaking while sleeping.

Their talks are usually not understood. Its reason is that the position of instruments of speaking is changed. Secondly, in the absence of conscious effort, arrangement of words, the stressing and non-stressing of syllabi don’t remain under the accepted system of grammar.

C 1- While walking, sound makes a circle and the addition of 11

“N� is made to the words/sounds 2- While running the sound disperses 3- In running, leaping with rage the sound not only depresses but also divided into odorless pieces 4- In running and leaping with joy, the function of nostrils increases D 1- Distance and opposite direction make the sound unclear 2- The change of direction disturbs the balance of the sound and many forms of dispersion are created 4- In anger or in joy the tone and pronunciation are changed 12

5- Tone and pronunciation are also changed by speaking briskly E 1- The system of sounds is affected because of some disability in the organs and helping organs of sound 2- The diseases of organs of sound or their helpers (Asthma, Bronchitis, the berating problem, Tuberculosis, Phenomena, goiter, nose bone’s abnormal etc) effect the system of sounds. In other words, new letters are created 3- The absence of all or at least the front 2 teeth changes the sounds F The organs of speech or their helpers develop and adjust themselves according to the physical condition or a region, its climate, etc. In this way, languages are deprived of many sounds of foreign languages.

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Therefore, while speaking foreign languages, their original tone and pronunciation are not maintained.

Generally the difference of gender is also not sustained.

In short, there are a lot of things and matters that don’t let a system remain in its formal or general or learnt discipline. There is a distance of heaven and earth between theory and practical.

In any big culture, thousands of mini-cultures are thriving in their circles with full independence. The difference exists in the temperament and needs of nations. This difference casts its effects on the original or real things. It is in no way useful to achieve results by ignoring the differences.

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Comments

As a studied linguist, I can only congratulate you for this interesting piece of writing. Yes, there are some spelling and syntax mistakes but it is all quite comprehensive and well explained. I would like to suggest some Search Terms for you although I am afraid not too many people share our interest in the inner workings of language.

This could easily become a dissertation by the way. I thought you were going to elaborate on how language fluctuates and changes and was very pleasantly surprised. Thank you very much for this original piece of thinking. The Search Terms: Syntax, Variation, Meaning, Content, Sound, Theory, Linguistics, Language, Speech, Structure, Written Language, Spoken Language.

Reply ¡ 3 minutes ago Susanne Seiler 15

THE COMMOM COMPOUND SOUNDS OF LANGUAGES

The alphabets of languages are fixed words are formed of deformed with respect to these alphabets. Words are used according to the need of point of view. With the change of point of view, the use and meanings of words are also changed. With the change of times and conditions, uses and meanings of words are also changed, so much so that their forms are changed even in their own language this matter is not limited to the words of a language. The immigrant words also face the same situation, they fail to sustain their original forms and meanings “Zindgi” is called “Jindgi” in Maivat. In Urdu, we say “Tambakoo”, while in Punjabi it is “Tamakoo”, while in Japani, it is “Tabakoo”. These are the change of forms; meanings are sustained. Countless examples exit of the change with references to forms and meanings. This case is not limited only to some 16

languages. No language is exception to it. As the world comes closer, the action of the changes of forms and meanings will take place with the same proportion.

Discussion is not required here with reference to this point. This matter will be discussed in some other article.

At present, the compound sounds of languages are the topic of our dissuasion.

For easiness in expression, languages make use of compound sounds. These compound sounds are, in fact, part of their stock of sounds. Without these compound sounds, the matter of expression remains at loss to get extension. These compound sounds are not limited to any one language. Along with their original sounds, these languages make use of compound sounds with respect to their own linguistics setup. These compound sounds, unlike the original sounds, are not limited. Nor any regular list can be prepared of these sounds.

If the list of compound sounds is prepared, their number 17

would reach hundreds. Some compound sounds make up the deficieney of basic sounds. Thus these compound sounds save expression from any still condition that may occur for luck of basic sounds. With reference to this point, the need of preparing a list of compound sounds cannot be ignored/neglected. I could not complete my work in this chapter. But a humble effort has been made (to advance) in this direction.

I have discussed the linguistic communality of languages with refrence to sounds. I have not included Chinese in this chapter. Chinese is the greatest language of the world. And it is the severe need of the present times to work on chimish with respect to the common compund sounds of the other languages of the wold. In this article, examples have been mentioned with reference to the 36 common compund sounds:At, ur, ac / ic / ik / iq, ter, che, chi, ti, di, ion, ra, rda, ee, ba, t, ti, jin, gin, ji, ri, rdi, za, ai, sa, si, tion, ga, gi, ki, la, li, 18

ng, na, ni, i/y, ya.

Urdu has more than sixty basic sounds. It is devoid of the hundreds of compound sounds relating to the other languages of the world. Urdu is the second greater language of the world and a large number of nations, group cares, sects, etc. are making it the source of expression throughout the world. It would be a very subtle and useful service of mankind to search out common compound sounds of the world by using Urdu as the base. It is my personal opinion that it would not be a wrong opinion that it would not be a wrong action to declare the common compound sounds the basic stock of languages. In this regard very excellent examples of Chinese and Japanese are before us. In other words, it would be easy to search out the linguistic communality of the languages with these references.

Aat/at: Urdu: Jamadaat, Havanaat, Nabataat 19

English: favourite, manuscript Punjabi: Pat, rath, zaat, sogaat Rajhastani: Samaat Bangla: Bhat/bhaat (rice) Saraiki: Part (tray), sangat, Gojri: Kahat, (Khat), chehat (jhati), kat Hindi: Parbhat (morning), Bharat Arabic: Saalat, Zakaat Ar/ir/aar: Urdu: Raftaar, Irtaka, sarkaar, sangaar Brahvi: Kharwar (grain), Aranah Punjabi: Bar, mar, Bazar, Turkey: Birdaha (beer dah ha, once more) English: Urgent, Urban Rajhastani: Sukhban ka Bhartar, Artical 20

Daya nir mun Arabic Rab, Rajay’oon, Arfa, Rafey, Naar (fire) German: are adeur (fragrance) der gastgeber, (host) Saraiki: Oraib (awry), Raab, Andhayara wisarna Pushto: Aazaridal (grieved), Aarzaidal (cheap) Persian: Sangsaar (stone to death), Sarij (thief), Maar, Ramz, Raaz, Her (hot), French: ane adeur (fragrance), Janvier (January) IC / Ik/Ac: Urdu: Tarik, Mubarak, Samajic Brahvi: Koonjak (water hen), phalak, (flower) English: Organic, magic, tragic Pushto: Chalak (clever) Arbic Razaq, Khlaq, Malac Tar / ter 21

Urdu: Behtar, Kamter, Tars, Shatar, Shatranj Persian: Dukhtar, Khatar, Akhtar Punjabi: Sootar, Khatar, Chatar English: Fighter, Master, Daughter, Salaghter Pushto: Isteri, Mistery Saraiki: Putter, Putri, Chitra Gogri: Chitar, Tarkay (by swimming) Sindhi: Eeter Hindi: Bhauter, Jamtar mantar Bangali Estari Cha: Urud: Bagichah, Bailchah, Galeechah, chal English: Charm, chalk Turkey: Miinkiim, odugu Kadar cabuc mewm 22

kewn ohl duo huh Kah dahr cha book (As soon as possible) Punjabi: Sancha, Khancha, Pancha, ocha Japani: Karey da oocha oonoo nadas (He does not take tea) Pushto Dacha Pothohari Chanani Saraeki Chalay Gojri Char Persian Chadar Mevati Chader Chi: Urdu: Sandookchi, Bandookchi, Karachi English: Patchy, tuchy 23

Turkey: (chi) (my/ mine) ci Japani: Kun cheera (May the day pass in peace) Hachi (eight) Rajastani: Sanchi son lay aaj, Sanchi (true) Choo, Chu Urdu Choola, chuha, chuza English Choose Panjabi Chuwani, chucha, chunga, chuwa (rat) Dogri Chachuwa Pothohari Chichoo Saraeki Choona Gojri Choota Persian Choob De, Di, The 24

Urdu: Baby, Shadi, Abadi, Didar English: Peady, hardy Turkey: Simdi (Shim dee) (now) Punjabi: Band,(Maid-servant),Pandi,(carrier), handi, Gawandi,sarandi (Neighbour), Sarande, Khundi Germany: der govdine (veil), Freude machen (to please) Saraiki: Choondi, (In Punjabi also use this sound) Gojri: Thendi, Khundi, Mundi, Dandi Io: English: Vision, division, season Persian: Mai, Maiah, Mijgaan, majdah Ra: Urdu: Piyara, Sahara, Hamara, Tumhara, Heera 25

Brahvi: Juz namak or nij keh Maikarah, Kara (Cultivate the land ave bitterly need a piece of loaf/bread) Torah (loaf) Punjabi: Para, Weera, Wehra, Kehra. (In Gojri also use this sound) Japani: Saryo Nara (Allah Hafiz, (Good-bye) Karey kara (Those all men) Arabic: Raas (head), Frash, Jorab (mozey) Maivati: Rakhan (Rakhna) Rajastani: Bhar laden ra oonth Pushto: Raglay (come), Rasha (come), Jura (condition) Ee/ai Urdu: Eema, ejaad, larai, pitae Punjabi: Gawai, Mahangai, Sikhai, qasae Saraiki: Lagai (wife), Parai (Foreign) 26

German: Das Gebiet (area). Plesen (Pilot) English: Fry, apply Gojri: Bahi, Sahi, Kahi Pothohari: Charkhi, Takni, Apni Japani: Ippai (one cup) Ba: Urdu: Bahar, bar, (weight), Bazar, Baja Punjabi: Bazar, Bamni (a worm), bha’ar English: Ball, balm Japani: Kun Ban wa (Good night) Bain Kyoshi Takeray ba To speak Japani is necessary), Tabakoo Persian: Ba (with) ba murad, ba hawala Arabic: Misbah (lamp), Loban, 27

Saraiki: Bara (air), Bankari, Bah (fire) Maivati: Bang Pushto: Bandey, bar (luggeage), Kharbar Ti/Te/Ty: Urdu: Jhati, Ghati, miti, dumbi seti Baithic (A room to sit) English: Duty, beauty, Daramatic, poetic, gernetic phonetic Beautiful, Dutiful, Teach French: Uite Punjabi: Khoti, Soti, roti, totti, toti Brahvi: Roti, boti Pothuhari Khaloti, langgoti Gojri: Dharti, Chati 28

Jin/ Gan: Urdu: Darjin, Mazajin, Sajan English: Hydrojen, Nitrogen Punjabi: Sajjan Germani: Frangen (to ask), Frangan (To start) Hindi: Bhogan Persian: Dargen Japani: Kun Jun (soldier) Urdu: Sahagan English: begun, slogan Punjabi: Jogan Saraiki: Ogan, Jagan, Hagan Ji Urdu: Samaji, haji, paji English: Strategy, Biology, idealogy 29

Saraiki: Bhaji Punjabi: Khoji, Poonji Japani: Gi bi ki (dictionary) Ri/Ry: Urdu: Hamari, Tumhari, Pyari English: Battery, history Punjabi: Bhoori, Khari, Lari (bride), Mari, Saraiki: Kawari Bhari, Choorri (cured hair) French: Libre (free), crine Ra: Urdu: Pakora, Kulhara, tokra English: Electra, spectra Punjabi: Sara (burnt), Shora, Wehra Saraiki: Bhara, (Toure), Phara (wooden palnk) 30

Ri: Urdu: Sari, Gari, Phalwari English: Necessary, Compulsory Punjabi: Mari, Tagri (strong) Saraiki: Mari (palace), Kori (lier) Wa Urdu Hu’nawa, Wala, howa, kehwa English Wall, warm, war Pushto Wachooh Punjabi Wari, warya Saraeki Waat Arabic Rawak Persian Nawa Za: Urdu: Maza, Mirza, Riza 31

Pothuhari: Pizar (Shoe) Saraiki: Zahir (evident) Japani: Sorey dazshi (Is that a periodicle) English: Bonanza, Stanza Persian: Azar, Khazan Arabic: Zaz yakh Pushto: Saza (punishment), Darza Zi: Urdu : Pozi, Ferozi English: Nazi, fantasy Brahvi: Gazi Turkey: Sizi as kadazimlataiz tivaiym.

Germani: die breise (separation) Sa: Urdu: Sahin, Sadgi, Samaan, Samde 32

English: Saw, Sance Brahvi: Kadar Kumak, Nusha hna (may nature protect you) Punjabi: Sang (disguise), Sancha Rajustani: Saga, sarey, sagey Saraiki: Saen Arabic: Hasa (Enening) Persian: Sariq French: le Samedi (week) Maivati: Sanjh, Saro, Sath Pushto: Aisa pasha (wait) Chup o sa (be silent) Gojri: Saran (all, whole) Si: (Two sounds zay and see) Urdu: Sunyasi, Piyasi, odasi, pardaysi 33

English: Agency, policy, democracy Brahvi: Si (thirty) Rajastani: Many to esi hyasi French: Une accent (tone) Germani: de franjose (French) Maivati: sisi (bottle) Shun: Urdu: Roshan Hindi Darshan Persian: Gulshan English: Action, nation, promotion Japani: Shan Dashta (Earthquake came) Germani: die koongugation die komission (committee) French: Une of fection (love) 34

Gay: Urdu: Dhargay, Bhagay English: Game, gay Punjabi: Bugay, Thagay Rajastani: Sagay, Lagay Ja Urdu Baja English Jaw Punjabi Jai, waja, Manja Pothohari: Jawanh Saraeki Waja Gojri Sujha Arabic Fanja Persian Jaam Jo 35

Urdu Jolani, Jowani, jogno English Joke Pushto Na’jorah Punjabi Joga (Same in Saraeki and Gojri) Pothohari Jor Arbic Jowaf Persian Jo Joo, Ju Urdu Jutha, Jang’joo English Jupiter Pushto Rowajuna Punjabi Juthay Pothohar Joora Saraeki Hunju Gojri Jooh 36

Arbic Joraab Persian Joo Gi: Urdu: Saadgi, pakizgi, tazgi English: Geaser, give Punjabi: Changi, Sargi, Waji, Lagi Rajastani: Mun ki lagi Bhujaey Maivati: Jindgi (life) Saraiki: Jogi, Rangi (coloured) Ki: Urdu: Barki, Silki, Harki Punjabi Tharki English: Stochiometry Turki: Kiani (Keyme) (of some body) Japani: Ogeen ki day, Datashi waga kawa eeki mas 37

(We go to school) Brahvi: Shareeki-e-mal un bemali Sa shray. (The combine a property is very bad).

Germani: des Best oke (Knife, spoon) Saraiki: Bharki (flame), Makki, sakki Rajastani: Lay balam ki baat suni Pothohari Mi’ki La: Urdu: La’obali, La’jawaab, La’zwal, shola Brahvi: Lari (Motor, bus) Punjabi: Baila, thaila, maila Saraiki: Otala (confusion), Agla, Pehla Arabic: La’raiba, La’alaha French: Iola 38

Persian Lala Li: Urdu: Pamali, Rakhwali, Sali English: Friendly, lovely, excitedly Punjabi: Sawali, Boli, Jhali, olli Brahvi: Loli (lor) Saraiki: Otali (hurry) khali, choli Rajastani: Sooraj ke chupian pali French: homme poli (a kind mand) Je ne parte pas (I don’t speak) Turki: Tebrikler (Tabrecklehr) Lo/Loo Urdu Kuch tu bolo, Pura tolo,Tarkhalogy Aaloo, kachaloo, bhaloo English Biology, pithalogy 39

Punjabi Lolo, Lo’on Tamaloo, pataloo Ng: Urdu: Tang, Jang, Tarang, palang English: Bouling, Thinking, Boating Brahvi: Fiker utay sabak kining Dagmatey jaderifinka (Grief and worries destroy life) Punjabi: Bang, Mung, tang, khang Rajastani: Plang pe sutti jaey Saraiki: Patang (Muth), Jaang (arm) Jang (thigh) Persian: Gung (bumb) sang (stone) Hindi Sangni (sathi,bivi, mahboba) Na: Urdu: Rona, sona, khana, nabhana, namaz English: Banana 40

Punjabi: Namana, wanjana, lana, sarana Saraiki: Lagana Japani: Sayo nara (adieu) Persian: Na’tawani, Na’saaz, naz Arabic: Nar (Fire), Rabbana (Ay meray Rab) Rajustani: Na Dhulat roey Maivati: Mojoodnaha Ni: Urdu: Purani, Suhani, Mashar-dani English: Necessary Japani: Koni din waga a aremas Punjabi: Madhani, Jaithani, Rani Persian: Garani, Seeni (tray) Saraiki: Pani (charity) 41

Ai, ay: Urdu: Salai, Kurhai, Patai, larae English: Apply, try, dry Brahvi: Kupa, Jatai, Nadey Punjabi: Laibhujai, Kamai, Piswai Rajastani: Dooji Terya biah la ey French: a peine Ya: Urdu: Borya, Soya, boya, mitaya English: Yam, yaueght Punjabi: Suhaya, Paraya Saraiki: Angya Rajastani: Dooji Terya biah la ey Persian: Badban, Goyya Arabic: Ya Nabi Allah, ya Allah (In Arabic Ya is used For calling) 42

THE IDENTICAL SOUNDS USED IN URDU

Expression is related with the system of organic/interrelated and strong sounds of a language.

Every sound gets attention or man’s attention is transferred to it or it is to get attention. The languages that have not some sounds get their purpose fulfilled through alternative or compound sounds. The flexibility of a language is directly related to the organism, gravity and strength of the system of sounds. The linguistics flexibility widens the circles of expression.

Foreign words are adjusted so beautifully that they don’t seem foreign. Furthermore, when foreign words are adjusted in a language, their meanings are also change.

No Arab, can accept ‘Aasami’ as singular. Pailein, jugoon, Aadvicsain or Aadviyzain etc. will not be accepted as English words by any English man. Jandgi, moto, mazo, hajoor etc. will not be recognized as Urdu words by Urdu 43

speakers. The Arab accepts hooras plural. Horain, shoroon are no words for them. Taambakoo is not unknown to the Urdu speakers. While in Punjabi, Tamako and in Japani Tabakoo are spoken. In other words, lose their real/original form. In new, other then language, meanings are also changed.

Urdu contains more than sixty sounds in its stricpt.

That’s why Urdu is the most flexible language of the world. It has adopted countless local as well as foreign words by making proper changes in them according to its own set up. Furthermore, in spite of so much flexibility, it is a very easy task to learn Urdu. A slight exercise of a few days does not cause of disappointment.

After learning it, a link can be established with a huge population of the world.

In the follow following, sounds of Urdu are stated. Facility and ease, the relevant examples of the sounds are also written. Urdu has the capacity to absorb more than 44

stated sounds in it: Alif ab, sarmaya, karmfarma Bae Ball, tabiyat, habab, lab Pae Pamal, tup, Alap Tae Tabasam, ikhtayar refat Tae Toot, Atal, Bant Sae Sabat, Sawab, Waris Jeem Janab, Ajnabi, jifa Chae Church, charcha, charkh, kharch Hai Hukam, hasan, Ahbab, jarah Khaay Khabar, khatar, Akhwam, charkh Dal dil, Dag, Adwar, Tadad Zal Zikar, Zail, Zulafqar, Zakar Ray Rubab, Azar, Kafir Arry Jakra, Aaru 45

Zay Noroz, Zuban, Ajza Dal Doll, dhol, Dalna Yae Yalah, mejgaan, meya Seen Sarab, khasta, piyas Sheen Sharaab, sharaap, naqsha, jumbash Suad Subh, saf, arsa, fursat Zuad Zaeef, raza, raiz Toen Talak, galat, khatar Zoen Zalim, Haz, Ghaliz An Ishq, aeb, tayush, maloom Gaen Galit, magfrat, pag, tagafil Fay faraq, refah, fikar, farez Kaf Kalm, taqaza, warq, niqaab, yaqeen Kaf kamzoor, takabar, tazkeer,ro’ak Gaf Girya, pagla, sagar, rag 46

Laam lab, shola, wakeel Meem Maihshar, umar, kadeem, kadamat Wa Wafa, waqfa, wajahat,warm, hawa Hay Halaq, kushta, shagufta, sada Humza kisa-e-parina, julwa-e-gul, ja-e-pana Ye Sadiqi, masiha, yakeen Ye Kahey, laway, khaye,ja’ay Bhay Bhool, bha’ay, bhala, bhula bhutka Phay Phool, phawar, phir, phula Thay Thaal, thana, thum, thak Thay Thala, thath, thakar Jhay Jogh, jharoka, jhar, jehangar Shay Poosh, ushal, kush, shalka Dhay Dhool, dhamaka, dhamal, dhoka Dhay Dhal, dhanp, dhool 47

Rh Doorha, darhi, bhuri Khay Khula, khiaal, khana Ghay Ghayo, ghaeal, ghe, ghata Zabar Hal, Zalim, Sakoon, salam, lazat, khalwat Zeir Aalim, zamana, jumbi, Sabit Ay In the form relativity zeir gives the sound of ye. For example: Hal-e-dil, Nisha-e-ulfat, Ja-e-pana Pash Ustaad, uthna, boot, suljhao, uljhao Jazam Naksh, shab, shabab, habab Shad Aayam, lazzat, muhabat Mud Aazmaish, Aaya, Aaluda Tanween Fo’ran, jab’ran, Aad’tan, jawab’an, mazaj’an Khari zabar Aadna, Aala, dawa Khari zeir Gayanahi, nafsayhi, moshuba’bayhi 48

Aadgam bilgunna. The combination of noon and meem e.g.

Umber, Dumbala, dumba, tambu In murakab-e-utfi wa’o creates the sound of uoo: shab-o-rooz, jah-o-jalal, ezzat-ehtram, sabar-o-shakir Some compound sounds produce one sound i.e. aur, Aalif and wa’o have changed into an.

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SOME COMPOUND SOUNDS IN URDU

Languages make their native words with their own sounds. But they use compound sounds to pronounce some foreign words that can’t be spoken in single native sounds. Though these compounds are not basic, even then they have a great importance, and their need can’t be ignored. These compound sounds remove the solstice of expression of any type. We take Urdu that has more than sixty sounds of its own. No other language enjoys itself with so many sounds. It’s some native sounds are expressed by compound sounds by some other local and foreign languages. For example, English uses ion for zay-e-Farsi (ye), ch for chay, sh for shein. However the use of parallel sounds is also very common. For example, Arabic uses bay for pay. It is the behavior not only of Arabic or English; other languages of the world are also no exception behavior.

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In addition to its basic sounds, Urdu has a lot of other sounds. That is way a lot of words of other languages are there in its vocabulary. Because of these sounds, an Urdu speaking person can converse in ever accent/intonation of the world. If there is some defect in the implements of speaking, the compound sounds play their role.

In this essay, compound sounds of Ursu are being presented with their examples so that the etention and capacity of Urdu may be realized very well: O Olaad, lay aao, banao Oo Oonch, oopar A Abba, jata, aaendah Aa Aag, aaya, aao, E Ejaz 51

Ee Eeman, eema Ann Goreaan, kalian Vain Aavain, javain Aain has the same sounds Ba Baja, baji, bahar Bay Harbay, baynamaaz, bay’chai, dhabay Bi Gulabi, sharabi, faraybi Bo Bolo, bon’n, bojh Boo Kushboo, baad’boo Boon Sharaboon, hajaboon Bar Brabr, sabar, barbad Ber Berya, berha Pa Paband, pakhand, pamaal Par Part, parbat, param aatma 52

Pay Darpay, mapay, seyapay Pi Koppi, Lippi, seppi Po poda, pon, Poo Pooja, poonji, poora Ta Juta, bota, khota, mota Tar Akhtar, Fatar Tay Jatay, aatay, khatay, sotay Ti Jati, aati, piti, karti Tuo Toujah, tuorano Toon Batoon, ghatoon, ptoon Sa Sani, saliss, saqeb Si Warsi Sir Sirka, kosir Ta Sannat, gota, ghota, khota Tay Ghatay, kharatay, sanatay 53

Tar Tamatar Ti Ghati, roti, chati, baanti To Tota Toon Jatoon, ghatoon Toein has the same sounds Ja Jala, jaga, jadoo, Khawajah Jar Gajar Jo Jowaz, joya, jolaan Joon Joota, Justajoo, joon ka toon Ji Samaji, Baji, haji Jay Maharajay, Bjay, khawajay Cha Kharcha, chacha, baghicha, nicha, oncha Cho Chola, choola Choo Chooha, choohan drechoon 54

Chi Bawarchi, Sandooqci, chahi Chay Charchay, kharchay Char Charcha, charkha, charba, Charwaha Ha Haji, Hakam, hajat, hajab, halat Haan Khahaan Har Harkat, harart Hoo Hoor Kha Khami, khatar Khi Charkhi Khay Patakhay Kho Kushboo, Khoon Khoo Khoob, khoo’gar Khoon Shakoon Khar Kharaab, Khach 55

Da Da’ad, Dada, Khoda soda Day Eraday, Poday Di Dadi, Barbadi, Shadi Do Door, dugna Doon Shahidoon, ommedoon Dar Darbaar, darhaqeqat, darasal, Darmeyan Da Daci, dar, dakoo Day Budday Di Dadi, Chadi, buddi Doo Dool Doon Doong Dar Darba, gidar Ra Pora, hamara, tumhara Ray Bicharay, saray, piyaray 56

Ri Sari, hamari, khari, niyari Ro Rona, roka, rowaj, rovaeya Roo Roop, robaroo Roon Pokaroon, sonyaroon Raan Doraan, bashiraan, shabiraan, Za Taza, maza, piyaza Zay Tazay, kharboozay, chooazy Zi Tazi, piyazi naazi, razi Zoo Tarazoo, bazoo Os Ostara, ostaad Zawaad and zoein have the same sounds Es Essam Sa Piyasa, sa’as Say Piyasay, dalasay, khisay Si Siyasi, piyasi, shanasi 57

So Soach, so’og Soo Sooja, soojana, sooraj Soon Barsoon, parsoon Saan Insaan, aasaan Sur Soraab Sha Tamasha, Shabash, shaker, sharm Shay Tamashay, bitashay Shi Khushi Sho Shokat, shosha Shoo Shoom Shoon Pishoon Shaan Parrayshaan Shar Sharbat Shan Roshan Sawaad has the same sounds 58

Fa Fatar, faqa, falaj Fay Taefay Fi Kafi Fo Foqeat, fooq, foaj, fowara Foon Waqfoon Far Kafar, lofar, farmaesh Qa Burqa Qay Warqay, sadkay Qi Harki, barqi Qar Qarza Qur Qurq Qoo Qoowat Qoon Ahmaqoon Ka Larka, karka, dhamaka Kay Larkay 59

Ki Larki Ko Koela Koo Koonj Koon Sarkoon Kaan Khoon chakaan Kar Karara, karaya Ga Gajar, gana, aagha Gay Aagay Gi Lagi, sargi Go Gowah, guftagu Goo Goonja Gaan Miygaan, charagaan Gar Gardan, Gardaab Gir Girya, girja La Lala, Pala, la’yaeni 60

Lay Piyalay, salay Li Piyali, Wali, sahali Lo Lok, aalocha Loo Loomar, looch Loon Baloon, khiyaloon Lar Jhalar, kalar Ma Majad, Mali, malik May Surmay, soormay Mi Mami, mummi Mo Mota Moo Moong, moo, moonas, moonga Moon Mamoon Mar Maraba, markaz Na Marna, Jina, soona, khana, pina Nay Sarhanay, poranay, othanay 61

Ni Purani, Pani, saani No Nokar, no’bahaar Noon Kirnoon, dewanoon, parwanoon Nar Narm Wa Hawa, howa, hawas Way Jaway, khaway laway Wi Girwi, taqwi Won Ghahakoon Ha Hakam, hoha, haan Hay Kahay, gahay Hi Rahi, sahi, tabahi Huw Huwa, hawas Hoo Bahoo Hoon Bahoon Har Bahar 62

Ya Samaya, othaya, gaya Yo Piyo, aayo, khayo Yoo Yoohanna, yoon Yair Dair sawair Yia Bhayia Yee Bhayee Yay layay Yio Sanayio Bha Bhabi Bhi Abhi, gobhi Bhoo Bhookay Bhoon Bhoon Pha Phaopha Phi Phoophi Phoo Phoolo 63

Tha Thali Thay Mathay, hathay Thi Hathi Thoo Bathoo Thoon Hathoon Tha Thakar Thay Parathay Thi Kathi Thar Tharak Jha Jhalar, Jharoo Jhay Sanjhay Jhoo Jhoomar, jhoola Cha Chach Chay Achay Choo Chookri 64

Dha Radha, Aadha,sadha Dhay Aadhay, Kandhay Dhi Aadhi Dho Dhoka Dhar Edhar, Odhar, kidhar Dha Dhal, dhak Dhay Budhay Dhi Budhi Dho Dhool

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COMPOUND SOUND OF URDU (2)

To learn about any language and to get mastery over it, it is necessary to get awareness about its singular and compound sounds. It becomes easy to express one’s thoughts about some affairs by learning some sentences but it is not sufficient to get mastery over the language or to become the native of that language. Apparently it is difficult to get awareness about the sounds. It is not as difficult as it seems. Countless sounds of a language have resemblance with sounds of other languages.

Difference can be seen only in the structure of words.

Then the grammatical set-up is also different. In spite of that, the importance of sounds in language exists.

Urdu has more than sixty singular sounds whereas the compound sounds are also not less than sixty. These compound sounds exist in a lot of languages of the world with respect to different references. After a little 66

consideration, or after a little experience of these languages, we get an intense sense of similarity or virility. I am stating some compound sounds of Urdu in this writing so that the evident difficulty and isolation/ strangeness may come to an end. It will help to learn Urdu language: Sound Urdu English Ra and Ni Barahay meharbani Please Sahara Sport Na Dil dharkna Heart beating Khana Food, meal Ni Pani Water Kho-kha Khowaish Desire La Kala Black Ma Mama Brother of mother Marna to beat 67

Mi Sowami H/E Ri Hamari Our Ba Baba Old man Ba’wafa Faithful Ta Jata to go Taya elder brother of father Ka Lurka Boy Hee Sepahee Policeman Sa Peyasa Thirsty Sagar Wine drinking pot Cha chacha Little brother of father Ki Burki Electronic Saki Who serve wine Ian Hurain Ladies of haven Da Parda Vail, wall 68

Ha Chaha Wanted, desired, loved Ra Razi Agree Pa Dhampa Covered Za Maza Taste Ya Soya Slept Derya River Do Dost Friend Some sentences Urdu English Japanese Khuda hafiz ( Da) Goodbye Sayonara Maf kurna (Ma) Sorry Somemaseen Khush amdeed (Khu) Welcome Irashaemasay Kesay hain? (say) How are you? Ogain ki das ka?

Sepahee (Shee) Soldier Gunjin Main Larka hoon (La) I am a boy Datashe waotoko des 69

Hum talib-e- elam hain. (Ta) We are student Data she waga ko say des Kon hay? ( Hai) Who is? Daray deska?

Main aur tum (Mai) I and you Data she to anta Kitab aur akhbar (Ka,Ba 0 Book an newspaper Hunto shin Bun Ye merey katab hay (Me, Ta) This is my book Kory tashe nohun des Wo lumba admi hay (Mi) That is a tall man Ano katadatakaee des Asman neela hay (Nee) Sky is blue Sora da aee des

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THE IDIOMATIC ASSOCIATION OF URDU AND ENGLISH

The natives of a languages use idioms in their speaking according to their literal and stylish needs. Or what they write or speak is called idiomatic. But attention is not paid in the direction that their idiom or written things do not get importance and meaningfulness without public acceptance. Not only this, even general popularity does not become the lot of such idioms or written things. Such an idioms are only the beauty of books. In fact, idiom provided by the native Scholars of a language becomes popular in public as it is or changed form according to the temperament, likes and dislike, trends and common use of the people.

It is happens too that the common use/daily use of the natives becomes an idiom for the public. It also happens that an idiom provided by the public flourishes among the natives with all its literal and stylish charms. And then it 71

returns to the public with new manners or the literal touch to become a need.

It is absolutely incorrect that something stand by the natives is the final or nothing is correct besides or is nothing in itself. The ability and literal dimensions of the natives have their own importance. What they say has the literal authenticity. But all this has not importance unless public popularity is not achieved. Their idiom does not get more importance than that of literal embellishment. Though it is considered related with rhetoric by the natives, yet it falls into the category alienation. The word Kulfi (Kufli) though is incorrect, yet it has its identity in masses with all is references. The word ‘Tabaydar’ meaning ‘tabay farman’ is absolutely opposite in its mean Zimada, is often heard Zumaywar.

This matter is not limited to the languages and dialects of the Subcontinent. This behavior has not been provided by the language Scholars. However they cannot remain 72

isolated from it. Asami, Ahwal, Aoquat, Hoor etc., are used singulars. Hooraan, Kabraan, Votraan, Spotraan,etc are not incorrect among the Urdu speakers. While it is the Punjabi way of speaking. The interfusion of indigenous sounds into foreign or migrated words or the use of foreign or migrated words according to public trends is a common thing.

The change of place, no doubt, affects human behavior, temperament and trend. In spite of this fact, man has been very close to other man with respect to temperament in countless matters. This matter can be judged though the link present in their language. The most delicate matter is related with idioms. Though the dissection of the culture of words, the association of temperament of human beings can be easily searched.

Countless idioms have been used in languages without any change. The similarity of idioms shows that mutuality is found in man’s a lot of affairs, trends, attitudes, 73

preferences and need of various kinds. It is incorrect to relate the matter of human division to the apparent distance of languages.

Chinese is the most spoken language of the world of today. Urdu is the second great language of the world, but with respect to its singular and compound sounds, flexibility, it’s the most important and subtle language of the world. On the contrary, English cannot be neglected because of its present reign. Nor can we breathe a sigh of relief without it. Some intellectuals think that development is not possible without it. After all these three languages are the most important languages of the world. I am describing some common idioms of Urdu and English so that the matter may become clear that in spite of distance, man is very close to man: Seyah-o-sofaid

Black and white

Alif say yay tak

Alpha and omega

Staroon ki gurdish (qismat ka mara) Sitar crossed 74

Ankh ka tara

Pupil of one’s eyes

Roze-e-roshun ki tara ayaan As a broad day light Jahannum main jao Go to hell Magarmuch kay Aansoo Crocodile teas Kali beher Black sheep Sofaid hathi a white elephant Gadaha banana to make some one an ass Ongliaan jala behthana to burn one’s finger Aahmokoon ki gannat a fool’s paradise Barbaad hona/Bhar main jao Go to dog War bhanday vich (bazari mahavra) Go to the pot Ankh oghal pahar oghal Out of sight out of mind Jo gurgtay hain woh barstay nahain Barking dogs seldom bite 75

THE EFFECTS OF PERSIAN ON MODERN SINDHI

Here, the discussion often occurs with respect to the circle of expression and lines concerned with the learning of a language with reference to one or two dimensions. In this regard, my point of view is that languages have never been limited. Learning is a separate affair while speaking and writing are absolutely different from it. Languages can’t be kept within specific circles. They depend upon man. Man does not depend on them. They have to stand by the conditions and the changing trends and behaviors of a man. In learning a language, the system of lines has to be followed, no doubt. While during writing and speaking, the system of lines does not remain intact. English is especially noticed with this respect. There is, no doubt, that I am not an English teacher. But I strongly oppose the negative behavior towards English with respect to my links.

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Accidents; changing natures of affairs; variable situations; earthly and heavenly calamities; social, culture and economical needs don’t let a present thing stand on its own feet. It is impossible for anything to exist in itself for ever. The structure and meanings of things change. The Sub-continent has ever been destined to changes of various kinds. We don’t go far; since the Partition, a lot of things have changed. Not only things but traditions have also changed. The ways of thinking and realizing have also changed. Even now there is the rag of English Language. To speak English or to use English words in conversation and writing is considered a respected conduct and manner even today. Even the imaginings of what the English people did with Farsi (Persian) makes soul shudder. However it is not unnatural nor can it be called unjust because ever conqueror does the same and should do. Misfortune, 77

Helplessness and curses become the fate of the nations who fall a prey to dispersion and inactivity. It is, in fact, the justice of Time and History.

In spite of the above mentioned facts, this truth is not devoid of truth that Farsi prevails over many languages of the Sub-continent. Countless Farsi words are used in the vocabulary of languages in one or the other forms.

They cannot run their business without them. “Gazal� has ever kept English at arm’s length.

Compounds and arrangements of words are ever the soul of poetic language. Countless compounds and arrangements occur in the languages of the Sub-continent according to their moods, linguistic system and grammatical pattern. No notion of their being foreign passes through in minds. For the support of my point of view, I am quoting some examples from the modern Sindhi and modern and old Farsi: 78

•Mazharay sidq-o-safa tajdar hal aae tovi (Mohammad Iqbal Jaskani) •Varaq-e-Lala-o-gul Haraf-e-gham-e-ensan shud (Dr. Aslam Ansari) Qarar-o-khaab zay Hafiz Tama madar ay dost (Hafiz Shirazi) •Ommeed-o-yas-o-hasrat je sahari tu jae (Shakar) •Jetru-o-khosh raho, raho, yaro (Riaz Ali Mohsan) Masal-e-mah-e-neo kardi shakaet (Saman Aziz) Raqs-e-bimil hama ja dar nazram jalvagar asst (Syed Javaad Mosvi) •Aazizam dedar-e-tu darad jan balab aamda 79

(Hafiz) •Ay dil-e-zar ko ba ko khoof na aahi (Mohammad Amin Faheem) •Jaleel aahan sada marad-e-Khoda zinda (Jaleel Sarvari) •Chu shab-e-tab-e- jalva parvana-e-dil (Saman Aziz) •Her taraf aavaza-e-deen-e-mobeen (Syed Nafees Khoarzmi) •Khanda-e-jam-e-meh-o-mah-e-neo shadeedem (Hafiz) •Shonedam nala-e-jan sooz nay ra (Hafiz) •Reshta-e-ulfat magar mazboot, mostahkam te’eo (Noor Jahan Shaheen) 80

Kitabyaat

1- Sehmahi Loh-e-Adab Hyderabad Jan. to March 2004 2- Sehmahi Lohe-adab Hyderabad July to Dec. 2003 3- Sehmahi Loh-e-adab Hyderabad April to Sept. 2005 4- Divan-e-Hafiz Sh. Ghulam Ali & Sons 1968 5- Sehmahi Danish Islaabad Shamara No, 84-85

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THE EXCHANGE OF SOUNDS IN SOME VERACULAR LANGUAGES

Sounds are the basic media of the exposure of existence of the order and organization of universal system, separate distinction and identity, and the things and beings existing in the universe. Natural combination of sounds produces beauty, while unnatural causes ugliness. While listening to sounds, we are trying to understand the natural science of the universe. If it is asserted that while listening to sounds, the element of consciousness is extinct, it is absolutely wrong. If it is so, we don't get awareness of the matter or intentionally don't want to do so.

Words are composed under the influence of the nature of sounds, according to situation and occasion, according to need, etc., and become the media of expression under the linguistic discipline of languages.

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Every expression is linked with some or the other consciousness. In this regard, it's not incorrect to assert that to have interest in the science of sounds and to make an individual effort to understand them is in fact, strife to understand the universe. And that the awareness of the science of sounds would help to realize the mutual links existing among the things and beings found in the universe.

Languages are adjusted to each other under natural integrity. Some or the other link certainly exists among them at some or the other level. This link or relation is an argument of their being secular. In this regard, human beings live very close to one another with respect to their nature. The spectacular enmity, jealousy, hatred, malice and greed among human beings are the result of some unnatural order and organization, or the balance of individual combination has gone awry.

Foreigners enter a state with their language and culture.

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These two elements affect the linguistic system of that state and they are also affected. Effects, in fact, mean to accept the linguistic discipline and getting popularity among all and sundry, they cannot get the status of social acceptance.

If an English man is asked the meanings of tarublaat, advasain, tenshanain, mumkanality, voteraan, sportraan he will refuse to accept thesewords as English. An Arab would never accept Hoor, Ahwal, Okaat, Asami etc, as singular. He would not allow reading Zimma as Zumma.

The matter does not end here. The meanings and linguistic structure of the immigrant words do not exist in their original form. In other words, there is coordination among sounds but their order and form change according to earthly facts and needs. Change, according to the new set up, becomes unavoidable even though languages have the sound of the foreign words.

For the authenticity of my stand point, I write down the 84

foreign words in indigenous tongues with present changes.

The question arises whether these words have lost their scriptural and literal identity. It will be said only when they cease to exist in any reference. A word and the sounds related with it are connected with circle of influence, circle of expression and new meanings. Their original scriptural form exists but their meanings and the manner of use are changed or their intonation changes. It also so happens that they come with their original sounds but their identity comes forth through local reference after mixing with local words.

At present, this discussion is not required. Only a short discussion is made with respect to the alternative sounds of some of the native and immigrant words in some vernaculars. In this context some words from Punjabi, Pothuhari, Pushto, Brahvy, Rajustani, Saraiki, Sindhi, and Maivati have been made the subject of 85

discussion.

In Brahvi, the substitute sound of Kaf is Khey: Mulkalmot to Mulkhoot Brahvi, Pushto and Gojri, Khey is used for Kaf: Waqat to Wakhat In Punjabi and Gojri Khey is used for Kaf Bhuk to Bhuke.

Pay is also in routine use: Bhuk is converted in to pukh.

The use of Pay for bay is also made: Tube/toob to tup/toop, tob is also spoken.

In Maivati, Punjabi and Gujri pay is used for bay Bhukh to Puhk.

Instead of sawad seen is used Sahib to sa’ab.

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Seen for sawad ie Khas for kass, honslo for hosla. Sa’af say sa’ap There is a same situation in the Rajistani. Bhay is used for bay: Sabh for Sab. The substitute sound for jeen is bay: Balna for jalna In Punjabi ‘ray’ is converted into laam: Professor is spoken professal.

In Gojri Punjabi Pothohari, and Dogri “dhokha” is spoken “thokha” Some more examples from Punjabi: 1- Jilad to jilat 2- Zima to zoma 3- Loha to loya, lonya 87

4- Amrood to amroot 5- Qudrat to Quzrat (also in saraeki) 6- Khedmat to khezmat (also in saraeki) 7- Paste to paysat 8- Koshesh to koshet 9- Gost to goshat 10- Pankha to pun’kha 11- Jaraab to Jalaab 12- Hajamat to hayamat

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THE SIMILAR RULES OF MAKING PLURALS IN INDIGIOUS AND FOREIGN LANGUAGES

Aan: Urdu Galiaan kha kay bay’maza na howa (Gali+aan) Ghalib Pushto Sata tarburan de (Tarbor+aan) Punjabi Jit tan lagi, so ee tan janay hoor gallaan karan sokhaliaan (Gal+aan) Shah Hussain Pothohari Putraan naal mavaan na maan (Putar+aan) Shorash Malik

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Ragistani Ka’ay koonjaan doo marwa’ay (Koonj+aan) Taj Qaemkhani Saraeki Darsen bin akhaan tarass reaan (Akh+aan, Re+aan) Khaja Ghulam Fareed Gojri Ghamaan dardaan ko kahatay yae meray kool (Gham+aan) Sabar Aafaqi Mivati Mehkmaan main aap nay Ghana den nookari kari na’kari Punjabi Arabi Mazloom+aan, zalam+aan Farsi Farzand+an, Charagh+aan 90

Punjabi Angrayzi Tension+aan, advisaan, votraan, sportraan Woon/oon Urdu Is balandi kay nisiboon main hai pasti eak den (Neseeb+oon) Ghalib Punjabi Jay tok ranjha darass dekhaway, taan heer azaboon chotay (Azaab+oon) Shah Hssain Woon “Say� kay maenoon main bhi aur shedat kay maenoon main bhi Pothohari Ratein tareaan ni chaanwaan wich sonda lag kay dherti 91

naal (Chaan+waan) Ragistani Kah raatoon kalat (Raat+oon) Saraeki Ra’waan kool mulh paanday paanday umraan laneaan (Rah+oon) SaleemAhsan Mevati Dil kay gonahoon say bachati noaj (Gonah+oon) Urduaee Angrayzi Advise+oon, Tension+oon Urduae Arabi Kafar+oon, Zalem+oon Ain, ein Urdu Qudrat-e-Haq say yahhi hoorain agar waam ho gaein 92

(Hoor+ain) Ghalib Urduaee Angrayzi Tensin+ain, hoorain, advasain Saraeki Akhain wich aaoon (Mahavra) Akh+ain Pothohari Mehraj bago bagein aaya (Bag+ein) Arabic Sabayq+ein, Shat+ein, Zalim+ein Mevati Jamatain Yay Urdu Banain gay aur sitaray ab aasmaan kay liay (Sitrah+yay) Ghalib 93

Punjabi Meer, malik, padshah, shahzaday, jhalday nayzay wajday wajay (Shahzadah+yay) Shah Hussain Pothohari Sada dukh son kay chanaan roonday pathar paharaan nay Saraeki Chitay kapray dekh malahoon kadaein nay kita paar Gojri Minna sat kay nikal ja’ay kO painday Sabar Aafaqi

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THE COMMON COMPOUNDS OF THE INDIGIOUS AND FOREIGN LANGUAGES

Marakbaat-e-Tosefe Urdu Ro’seya: Meh say gharaz-e-nashaat hai kis ro’seya ko Ghalib Thanda Makan: Aaway na kayoon pasand kah thanda makan hai Ghalib English Sweat world, Kind deeds, kind heart, Good look and Dream girl Pushto Bai'karvala

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Punjabi Sohni surat: Sohni surat dilbar wali, rae akhaan wich gal Shah Hussain Pothohari Raat cheta: Raat cheta reshmi dopatta pae tanne Baqi Sadiqi Suchay moti, Jhutha maal Suchay moti kisay na puchay vikya Jhutha maal Baqi Sadqi Japani Naankae (Which destination), Karay da hon tuni e tu das (Really he is a good man) Rajistani Barango taal, Moto sar

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Saraeki Kali raat: Tayday kajray de kali raat bhaway Sleem Ahsan Mevati Acho musalman, Bharo bhai, Ghana khayti bari Marakbaat-e-Atfi Urdu Aur Who Fara’aq aur woh vesaal kahaan Ghalib Mein ghareeb aur tu ghareeb nawaz Ghalib English And Cow and goat, Vales and hills Pushto O’o Angrayzae o’o hesaab Daray lafafa o’o saloor u sakatona Punjabi Tay Mein tay mera mahi, Ghora tay bakri, Kala tay cheta 97

Gojri Tay Yah hi haqeqat sab toon ba’d kay dharti tay Ashman maan hai Sabar Aafaqi Japani Tu Datashi tu anta, Hon tu rash bun Urdu Kay Nashay Kay parday main hai mahv-e-Tamasha-e-damagh Ghalib Qaes tasveer kay parday main bhi uryaan nikla Ghalib Punjabi Day Babal day ghar da’aj vehoni darbar poni kat Shah Hussain Pothohari Day Par akhaan day nairay vass mahya Sadiq Naseem 98

Sindhi Jo Omedon khaak, dil nalaan e dil jo gulestan weran, Shakar Sumroo Hie munjhi azam-e-ulfat jo assar aahi wagarna dost, Shakar Sumroo Saraeki Day Ghar day deway vesam gay saray Haider Gardaizi Akh day manzar mok vehnday hun Mumtaz Haider Gojri Kay Aggo pecho vekh kay chal Sabar Aafaqi Tera tihan kay ba’gher, tera khial kay ba’gher Sabar Aafaqi Mevati Ko (Ka) Chamray ko bazaar, Dasvein ko emtihan 99

Urdu Ki Darad ki dawa pae darad-e-bay’dawa paya Ghalib Baghal main gher ki aaj aap so’ay hain kahain warna Ghalib Punjabi De Kar sahib de bandgi, reh jagrat raeay Shah Hussain Saanwal de main ba’andi barde, sa’anwal mehnda saein Shah Hussain Pothohari Ne Dil ne ag wich main pae balaan Anwar Ferooz Challaan pae mar ne jowani ne tarang ne Karam Haideri Japani Nikoya (Meat Shop), komayya (Rice shop) Seentakoya (Washing shop) 100

Gojri Ki Os ki dil kay andar dil ko kam ay lamma rehno Sabar Aafaqi Meri akh ki doolan oproon duhlan aalo Tepu Sabar Aafaqi Mevati Aur Aasman aur jamein, Ghaltein aur kamein, Bhi aur resta daran Urdu Pher Pehlay Josaf pher maekal, Pehlay daam pher kaam Karta hoon jama pher jigar-e-lakht lakhi ko Arsa howa hai dawat-e-mejgaan kiay howay Ghalib English Then First you then Petar, First meal then work Urdu Wa’o Ashq-o-Mazdoori-e-ishrat gaha-e-Kusro kiya khoob 101

Ghalib Yah hum jo hijr main dar-o-dewar ko dekhtay hain Ghalib Sindhi Wa’o Moti-o-gulab nisrio, afsoss ho na aayo Ghulam Ali So’oz Urdu Ka Ashq say tabiat nay zeast ka maza paya Ghalib Chaman ka jalwa baes hai meri rangeen nawae ka Ghalib Punjabi Da Sabh vaysay shesay da mandar, wich Shah Hussain namana Kachrak balain mein aqal da dewa, birhoon andheri wagde Shah Hussain

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Japani Ne Gheo ne KO, (Shop of meat), Bo ta ne ko (Meat of bear), Tori ne KO (Meat of hen) Rajistani Ka Sakhyan ka bhartar Saraeki Seroon pand hijar da talay Khaja Ghulam Fareed Ah dawae bimari da toor aae (Jumla) Gojri Ka Khuda ka aashqaan ki zindgi naan Sabar Afaqi French In Ahamed in evl, (House of Ahmed) Kumas in rengi (color of cloth) 103

Mevati Ka Dunyaan ka malik, kitaban ka tarjama, deen ka almaein English Of Word’s of love, drop of water, grains of san Mevati Ki Noh ki dohae, karorun ki tadaat Rajistani Ki Birha ki chalri, mun ki lagi Taj Qaemkhani Urdu Ko Hum KO setam aziz, setam’gar KO hum aziz Ghalib Punjabi Noon Mein pachi noon maraam lat ne Shah Hussain Pothohari Koon Paray koon taropa kar giday Fada-e-Athar Gojri 104

Ko Os ki yaad kay andar dil ko kam ay kamtaan rehno Sabar Aafaqi Rajistani Ko Raja KO bhag, dhool KO kaal, dayas ko bass Urdu Main Paishay main aeab nahain rakheay na Farhaad ko naam Ghalib Punjabi Wich Galaan wich pherain latkainde, ah gal nae bhali Shah Hussain English In(to) Put it into the jar Gojri Maan Jayro dil maan barchi mar gio Sabar Aafaqi 105

Pothohari Vich bagaan nay vich pakhroon bolay Sadiq Naswwm Saraeki Wich Aapay sabh de Surat wich toon mikoon ajgoess Mumtaz Dar Rajistani Main Sagar main jal Takrar-e-Lafzi Urdu Aamad aamad, aatay aatay, ja’tay ja’tay Punjabi Jiyoon jiyoon, tiyoon tiyoon Pushto Zar zar, chirta chirta Gojri 106

Parbat parbat nagri nagri (Not a new thing in Urdu) Pothohari Ochay ochay, bit, Nimi nimi (Chaanne) (It is also used in Pujabi) English again (and) again Hum’martaba Alfaz Urdu Edhar other, gidhar kidhar, aagay pechy, Oopar nichay Punjabi Seda padra, ulta seda Rajistani Dukh sok 107

Marakab Azafi Urdu Makta-e-gham, kakal-e-sar’kash Barahvi Dagh-e-jodae, gham-e-furqat Humza say bannay walay marakbaat Urdu Kana’ay majnoon, moja’ay raftar, oqda’ay mushqal Sindhi Qatra’ay shabnum

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Comments

Againk Sir this is very interesting but full of mistakes.

While I am in admiration of your knowledge of Indian and Asian languages, you would do better to leave German and French (and English to some extent) alone! German smell = Geruch; and "der Gastgeber" is capitalized as all nouns are; in French, it is "une odeur", English "touchy" and not "tuchy"; what is Peady, maybe ready? der Schleier = German Veil; The land bitterly needs cultivation - is a correct English sentence; it's called Japanese and not Japani in English. Good bye is sayonara in one word, all those men, der Pilot (German for pilot); It is necessary to speak Japanese; genetic; hydrogen, German to ask = fragen, to begin = anfangen; began; ideology, French le crime; electrical, spectral, Nazi and fantasy don't fall under the same category of sounds = zi and si; die Bresche = the divide; stance not the same 109

phonetic family; French samedi = Saturday (week = la semaine); un accent (m.), der Franzose; die Kommission; geezer pej. US American for man; je ne parle pas = I don't speak in F. and I give up!

Susanne Seiler

110

THE TREND OF DROPPING OR ADDING SOUNDS

The cry of pain that comes out of the pathetic heart on the division of man is not an unnatural thing. Whereever man lives, he is one in his origin and nature. The seasons of his weals and woes are the same. Their natural needs and demands are common. Wherever he lives, he desires for peace, prosperity and complacence. He is full of impatience for awareness. He wishes that his life is secure and nobody snatches away his property. Not only his achievement be recognised but material resources should also be provided for his better performance When he fails to get all this, response of some kind from him is not a meaningless or unjust thing. There may be some other reasons of man's negative behaviour. The world religions have bassically taught three affairs. (i) Justic should not be ignored at any stage. (ii) Man should love other man and distribute love among 111

them. (iii) Truth should never become obscure. The religious authorities themselves have been breaking these principles for their own personal interests and material needs. And they have never been penitent in this regard.

When principles and rules are slaughteud, the cases of division and chaos cannot be called meaningless and causeless. Every response, in the next step, develops into an ideological unity. This seices of division and subtraction goes on increasing. Every group makes efforts to achive the requirements of life according to its own ideals and principles. And the seet regards it as the service of truth and God. The particular group strives furthur to expend these things.

There is the collsion of ideas in the battlefield of struggle. As a result, hatred, jealousy, malice and the trend to snatch away things flourishes. So much so that the human blood no more remains sacred and respected.

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The human culture, unfortunalely, suffers from this division of man. The germs of being inferior and wore are sucking the blood of humanity. At this stage the matter of personal survival arises. The efforts linked with these regarded as human service and truth.The heavy responsibility falls on the shoulders of the present age intellectuals and schoars that they should work for man. They must use every reference/resource to bring man close to the other man. If these negative references that remove man away from other man are not done away with it, will require a task to overcome this difficulty in the coming times. Material resoures will remain where they are Man shall lose his confidence in the charms of life. In the present aircumstances, without keeping an eye on material gains, effort must go on.

I have already stated in some writing that to search out links among languages is not a worthless task.

Languages belong to man more than to nations and 113

countries. They belong to him who speaks them. Some vices are born because of misunderstanding languages.

Man cannot express himself in exactly any second language or he feels some difficulty in saying something in that language. The possiblity exists that his statement may be misunderstood.

In this connection, it would be agreed that the understood meanings are the last ones. In this context, no meanings are the last ones. The meanings are, in the last ones. The meanings are, in one orthe other stage, to be changed.

Most of the tongues of the sub-contiment are & similar.

Some of their linguistic rules are almost the same. A lot of prefixes and suffixes, that are the back bone of languages, are almost the same. Some sounds increase or fall down thechange in intonation. The scholars should work on the fall or addition. In this worthless essay, some examples are presented to make my point of new 114

prominent. Keeping these examples in view, the people who work on languages can find a way. It would be the most important service of humanity to work on languages in this perspective. And the circle of research must extend to the universal limits. There is a common trend of dropping some sounds in Urdu, Punjabi, Pothhari, Saraiki and Gojri.

There is the tradition of dropping the central 'alf': 1(a) Shah to sheh (b) Gah to geh 2(a) Naa’ch to nach (b) Nachna to nchna (c) Chaand to Chn (Chun is also under use) (d) Sa’as to sus 115

(e) Bazar to Bzar. (Punjabi) f) Hath the hth (hth is also used in Gojri) (g) Harna to Hrna or hrya (h) Kajal to Kjal (i) Bahar to Bhr (j) Haat to hat (hati/hti is also used) 3Some time the mad of beginning is dropped but the sound of Alf is sustained: (a) Aawara to awara (b) Aazad to azad (c) Aabad to abad (d) Aabadi to abadi (e) Aam to amb 4- In some words mud and Alif both are dropped: 116

Aawaz to waz (waaj is also used) 5- If bay occus after meen and before"alf", it will be dropped. However, the sound of meem may be doubled: Lumba to Lamma (6) The sound of Tay before noon dropped. (a) Jitna to Jinna (b) Kitna to Kinna (Here the sound of noon is double) (7) In saraiki, the suffix (dha) is dropped: Chundha to Choona (8) The sound of 'An' occurping in the centre is not used: (a) Ina’am to Inam (b) Jamaat to Jamt (c) Ta’alaq to Talq 117

(d) Maasoom to Msoom (9) The Central 'laam' is also dropped: Machli to Machi (10) In some words, the sound of 'noon' in the centre is also expelled: (a) Moonch to moch (b) Pankha to Pakha (c)Phoonk to Phook (11) The sound of 'wao' in the centre also dropped: (a) Bhool to Bhol (b) Phool to Phol (c) Doobna to Dubna (d) Dooja to Duja (e) Pochna to puchna (In Pothohari Duwa is also in used) In Saraiki and Pujabi 118

duwa mean two (12) The trend of dropping hay is also found: Chooha to Chua (Wao is giving to double sound) (13) In Saraeki tayra instead of tayrha Punjabi tayda Potohari and Gojri taida Saraeki Doup instead of dhoop Punjabi Thop Gojri Thop (14) The tradition of dropping hay is also common: (a) Darhi to dari (b) Darh to dar (15) The central yay is dropped: (a) Seedha to sidha (b) Peecha to picha 119

(c) Neecha to nicha (Gojri) (d) Neecha to niwaan (Punjabi) (d) Bay’kar to bkar (Saraeki) In Mavati also, sounds are dropped: (a) Shuroo to suru (b) Mashhoor to mas’hoor (c) Shabeer to saber There is the tradition of dropping two sounds in Punjabi, Pothohari and Saraeki: Ooncha to ocha Pushto also have tradition of dropping souns: (a) Dhal to dal (b) Dheel to deel Saraeki, the trend of changing sounds is also seen: Haraan to haryan 120

Sounds are interchange in Pushto also: Sandooq To soondaq The trend of increasing sounds: (1) In Urdu Machli while in Bangala maachli (2) In Urdu sach while in Rajistani sanch, sachi to saachi (3) In Urdu bohat, while in Rajistani, Dakni, Haryani and Mevati Bo’hoot (4) In Urdu the word lagna is changed into laagna in Rajistani Some other exmples of increasing sounds in Saraeki: 1- Gal is changed galh 2- Sab is changed sabh 3- Toota is changed tona In Pothohari and Gojri hashvi noon is a comman thing; Hasna to hansana 121

Urdu and Punjabi also make the hashvi use of noon: Saikroon to sainkroon This tradition is also found in Pushto: 1- Olti to Oltai 2- Phaki to phakai 3- Charkhi to charkhai 4- Josh to joshi 5- Jarab to jarabay 6- Khorak to khoraka 7- Khajoor to khajooray 8- Mandi to mandhi In mevati see this trend: !- Rang to rango 2- Pakha to pakho 122

3- Nicha to nicho 4- Ghar to gharay 5- Sab to saban 6- Din to dinan In saraeki umb is spoken as umbo. In Punjabi umbi is used for a small and unripe umb.

Hadi is changed Hud in Punjabi and Saraeki.

Mana is changed as mania in Saraeki For Aap aapa is also in use Punch, pank, pakhro, pakhairoon etc are well known words of local languages and they all are the extended forms of the original word par (Wing) In Punjabi, there is common trend of increasing sounds: !- Pachtana to pachothana, pachtawana 2-Martabah to marataba 123

This trend is also found in the Persian: 1- Shah to sheh 2- Seyah to seyh 3- Awal to ahwal 4- Sami to asami

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LANGUAGES ARE IN FACT THE RESULT OF SOUNDS

It gives pleasure to discuss intellectual and literal matters with serious. It helps in the solution to problems and matters. Not only this, a lot of references, links and connections become evident.

How for Yaan pal Sarter is correct. His life was linked with particular conditions and his ideas have come forth with respect to this fact. Nobody forms his existence nor is it possible that a man makes himself as he wishes. In this formation of a person’s existence, the whole universe consciously, in some affairs, and unconsciously, in some other ones, is involved. Its reason is that he is a unit of the universe. Every body in itself is not complete even after its completion. He is a part of some great unity. Even while maintaining his identical/ characteristic, he is revolving around some great unity.

Being a unit of the whole universe, he connected with a 125

lot units. He affects them and is affected by them. And all this is imposed in a peculiar balance and arrangement.

He is responsible not only of himself but all the units existing in the unity. The survival of other units is, in fact, its own strength.

I have already mentioned that a decaying society gets itself linked with some other strong and active society so that it may further live fifty or hundred years more. Thus the survival of another unity is not worthless for it. Each unit of a building, in spite of being separate, cannot get isolation from other units. In this regard, it is not correct to say some unit unimportant. There is no justification of its separation from other units. The importance of cement is compulsory for or each other.

The rich for the poor and the poor for the rich. Grief for man and man for grief are not unimportant. They are to move parallel to each other at a time. In this case life can exit. Stasis and stillness are death for each of them.

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Languages are in fact the result of sounds. With this reference they revolve around sounds. So long as sounds exit, the existence of languages is unchallenged.

Nature has granted man with some organs as create sounds themselves or sounds come out of them. And these sounds are the same as are present in the universe. In other word, this procedure of give and take is connected with the existence of languages.

Viewed at any level, the combination of countless isolated and compound sounds is present all the languages with small changes. It is true that the grammatical adjustment is occurred according to the linguistic set up of the languages.

All human being are the issue of the same man and the families of this man are composed with the passage of time. Linguistics, therefore, divided languages into different families.

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Gojri, Punjabi, Pothohari, Sasaiki, Urdu, Arabic, Persian, Bravi, Pashto, Bangali, Sindhi etc, have many common words. Along with English, other western languages have the association of sounds. Rather a large number of their words are the same and some time their use is also at some places parallel. Hence to say that languages die, is absolutely wrong and baseless. At a time, they are related with: Man and his families Different groups Needs and material necessities Universe Everything of the universe Other languages While single, groups, combinations and compound sounds is the source of link among them. Every sound has its own mood, behavior, trend and culture. It adopts the 128

form of word accordingly. While with the individual identity, social culture also involves. And it also keeps the nature of sounds with them. When a word enters a society, it also brings with it its culture and these words unconsciously and sometimes consciously plays its role.

This adjustment is nature of sounds. If these universal nature links don’t exit, the mater of adjustment cannot be solved. This link of sounds indicates the link of man with man and with the universe. I have described the link of sounds in writing. I present some examples from Japanese sends (Hira Gana)to show With respect to the association of other language, if this piece of work is appreciated, I shall show the link of the remaining sounds of Hira Gana as well as three sounds of Kana Kata. With reference to these sounds, the search of the link between man and universal will become easy.

Not only this, it will also help us understand the link of man and universe.

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O English Orange Urdu Okat Pashto Obaie Punjabi Ohlay Pothohari Oha Saraki Othain Gojri Ozar Arabic Olad Persian Aab-o-dana A English Apple Urdu Arada Pashto Aalan 130

Punjabi Haey Pothohari Aeha Gojri Koey Arabic Jo-e-kazib Persian Zerb-e-Shadeed Oo(ou) English Column Urdu Oncha Pashto Ohkh Punjabi Ochcha Pothohari Ochcha Saraki Okhoon Gojri Outhain Persian Ouja 131

E English Elephant Urdu Eman Pashto Eman Punjabi Soee Pothahari Deekhe Saraki Ethain Gojri Eman Arabic Eman Persian Eman Aa English Author Urdu Aana Pashto Aaloo Punjabi Aaeo 132

Puthohari Aas Saraki Aapey Gojri Aalo Arabic Aaein Persian Aab Ko English Cooperation Urdu Kohat Pashto Kotek Punjabi Kookain Pothohari Korey Saraeki Koon Gojri Sakoo Arabic Kofeh Persian Kochek 133

Kay English Keynes Urdu Dhamakey Pashto Saskay Punjabi Ginkay Pothohari Tukkey Saraki Phekay Gojri Nekay Ku (koo) English Cocker Urdu Kucha Pashto Kuchay Punjabi Kora Pothohari Kook Saraki Mekoon 134

Gojri Koay Arabic Hatubkaud Persian Chakoo Key (kee) English Key Urdu Tarakey, harki Pushto Mirchaki Punjabi Keey Pothohari Tukkey Saraki Salamaleki Gojri Keey Arabic Makene Persian Chalaki Ka 135

English College Urdu Kamran Pashto Zamka Punjabi Kaee Pothohari Ochuckka Saraki Lokain Gojri Thaka Persian Rakab Arabic Mutkabalas So English So, sow Urdu Socha Pashto So Punjabi Soee Pothohari Sonda 136

Saraki Soka Gojri Sohno Arabi Soaad Persian Sood Say (SA) English Sample Urdu Piyasay Pashto Namesay Punjabi Hasay Pothohari Vassay Saraki Pasay Gojri Dessay Soo (su) English Sue Urdu Suna 137

Pashto Tosu Punabi Sunjan Pothohari Sota Saraki Sool Persian Chaharsoo Shee/shi English She Urdu Khushi Pashto Munshee Punjabi Shereni Saraki Khushee

138

URDU AND JAPNESE SOUND’s SIMILIRITIES'

There is no alphabet in Japanese. Shapes, traces and signs are fixed for sounds. These sounds are divided into two parts: Hiragana Katakana.

Every sound has five shapes i.e. Uo, O, KO, Koo, Hu, Ho, Mo. Ka and Ki are read Kha and Khe. Sound Ta is read Tha. Where Noon and Bay, Noon and Py, Noon and meem, are associated, there meem sound will be appeared i.e.

Shinbun will be converted into Shimbun, Noanmae will be altered in Namamae.

During talk some sounds are not appeared. For example 139

Dyso will be read Dus. Except Chinese and Japanese, all languages have alphabet. Words are constructed through their alphabets, while symbols make style, way and trend of speaking. I.e. in Urdu Khuda Hafiz, in English Good Bye and in Japanese Sayonara.

All Japanese sounds are available in Urdu. In Urdu, Japanese sounds can be easily used. During talk, speaker feels comfortable. In Urdu, every change in sounds can be made easily i.e. in writing Chondha but in speaking Chuna, in writing Unber but in speaking Umber, in writing Tunbu but in speaking Tumbu.

Every language has many substitutes and combined groups of sounds. However thousands of sounds are found in the universe. Some have discovered and are in use, but some are still to be discovered or waiting for there uses.

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How sounds associated and various compounds are appearing in speaking or writings? It is not a matter of writing but it is related to speaking i.e. in writing Ka/Ki but in speaking Kha/ Khe. Like this, in Urdu, in writing Khavish but in speaking khaash. Substitution of sounds is not a strange thing in the Japanese language. This thing is also common in the other languages.

The change of sounds or use of substitute sounds is not a serious matter. However, this matter is related to the way of talking or style of talking in a language. For example: Zindgi is spoken Gingi in Mivati and Ragistani.

Hazoor is converted into Hagoor in Punjabi, Saraiki and Huryani.

Maza is spoken Mazo in Mivati and Gojri.

For Za-e Persian compound sound ‘ion’ is used in English.

For Py, in Arabic, By is used (i.e. Pakistan is spoken there 141

Bakistsan.)

Japanese speak Tabako but it is in Urdu Tumbako, in Punjabi Tamako.

In Urdu it is Daan but in English Pan (i.e. Urdu Pandaan, English Fry-pan). P is a substitute sound for D but there is no difference in the meanings.

These are same words with the change of sounds. I think, for the best understanding, we should have to do a lot of work to know the sounds and their public uses. It is also a matter of the day to discover the usually used substitutes and similarities in sounds.

I have tried to find out the similarities of sounds in Urdu and Japanese languages with the possible examples. In this way, Urdu speaker can understand the Japanese language. It is true that it demands deep interest and hard work.

Su Charsu Shi Khushi 142

Sa Peyasa To Tosa Tay Bhertay Chi Elachi Ta Marta No Nokar Nian Surhanain Noo Noor Ni Porani Na Jhurna Hoo Bahoo Hay kahay Foo Shurfoo Hi Tabahi Ha Karaha Mo Mohubbut May Hungamay Mu Muncsh Mi Aasami Ma Mahi Ro Rokna Ra SitarThereuo Yo Sanayo Ya Saya Oo Ooncha Go Bagola Gy Dhagy Gu Guftagu Gi Sadgi Ga Dhaga Zu Bazu Zay Tazay Zu Zood Gi Hagi 143

Za Durwaza Do Dusra Sy Sady Zu Zulfqar Ge Gena Da Dildada Bo Bona Bay Bykar Bu Khusvbu Bi Gulabi Ba Baqi Pu Punja Pi Gopi Pu Pura Pi Papi Pa Pass Qu Qunkar Q Qauood Ya Angya Sho Shosha Shu Shukar Sha Shatar Jo Jorab Ju Jungju Ja Baja Cho Chola Chu Chuha Cha Chakar Huo Rahihuo Heu Heute 144

Hea Dehean Beu Unkbeut Beo Beonut Biya Biyaban Meo Meor Miu Miuwati Mia Mian Neo Neota Niu Reniu Nia Niaz Reu Rewand, Raywar Ru Otaru Reya Reyakar

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OTHER LANGUAGES HAVE NATURAL LINK WITH JAPANESE SOUNDS

Every sound has its own mood, behavior, trend and culture. It adopts the form of word accordingly. While with the individual identity, social culture also involves.

And it also keeps the nature of sounds with them. When a word enters a society, it also brings with it its culture and these words unconsciously and sometimes consciously plays its role. This adjustment is nature of sounds. If these universal nature links don’t exit, the mater of adjustment cannot be solved. This link of sounds indicates the link of man with man and with the universe.

I have described the link of sounds in a writing. I present some examples from Japanese sends(Hira Gana)to show their link with sounds of other languages. If this piece of work is appreciated, I shall show the link of the remaining sounds of Hira Gana as well as three sounds 146

of Kana Kata. With reference to these sounds, the search of the link between man and universal will become easy.

Not only this, it will also help us understand the link of man and universe: O English Orange Urdu Okat Pashto Obaie Punjabi Ohlay Pothohari Oha Saraki Othain Gojri Ozar Arabic Olad Persian Aab-o-dana A English Apple Urdu Arada 147

Pashto Aalan Punjabi Haey Pothohari Aeha Gojri Koey Arabic Jo-e-kazib Persian Zerb-e-Shadeed Oo(ou)English Column Urdu Oncha Pashto Ohkh Punjabi Ochcha Pothohari Ochcha Saraki Okhoon Gojri Outhain Persian Ouja 148

E English Elephant Urdu Eman Pashto Eman Punjabi Soee Pothahari Deekhe Saraki Ethain Gojri Eman Arabic Eman Persian Eman Aa (au)English Author Urdu Aana Pashto Aaloo Punjabi Aaeo Puthohari Aas Saraki Aapey 149

Gojri Aalo Arabic Aaein Persian Aab Ko English Cooperation Urdu Kohat Pashto Kotek Punjabi Kookain Pothohari Korey Saraeki Koon Gojri Sakoo Arabic Kofeh Persian Kochek Kay English Keynes Urdu Dhamakey Pashto Saskay 150

Punjabi Ginkay Pothohari Tukkey Saraki Phekay Gojri Nekay Ku (koo) English Cocker Urdu Kucha Pashto Kuchay Punjabi Kora Pothohari Kook Saraki Mekoon Gojri Koay Arabic Hatubkaud Persian Chakoo Key (kee) English Key Urdu Tarakey 151

Pushto Mirchaki Punjabi Keey Pothohari Tukkey Saraki Salamaleki Gojri Keey Arabic Makene Persian Chalaki Ka English College Urdu Kamran Pashto Zamka Punjabi Kaee Pothohari Ochuckka Saraki Lokain Gojri Thaka Persian Rakab 152

Arabic Mutkabalas So English So, sow Urdu Socha Pashto So Punjabi Soee Pothohari Sonda Saraki Soka Gojri Sohno Arabi Soaad Persian Sood Say (sa)English Sample Urdu Payasay Pashto Namesay Punjabi Hasay Pothohari Vassay 153

Saraki Pasay Gojri Dessay Soo(su)English Sue Urdu Suna Pashto Tosu Punabi Sunjan Pothohari Sota Saraki Sool Persian Chaharsoo Shee English She Urdu Khushee Pashto Munshee Punjabi Shereni Saraki Khushee 154

ENGLISH Sa English Saw To English Today Ch I (chee) English Cheek No English Knoty Noo (nu) English Nook Nee (ni) English Marconi Na English Banana Hoo (hu) English Who Hay English Hay Foo (fo) English Follower He (hee) English He Moo English Moment Mee English Meeting, Army 155

Ma English Mother Ro English Row Ray English Race Ru English Rue, Ruth Re English Reaction Ra English Raw Yo English York Yu (Yoo) English Universe Ya English York Noon English Carton Go English Gown Gu (goo) English Goose Gee English Refugee Ga English Game 156

Zoo English Zoo Zay English Zebra Do English Though, Do Day English Today Du(doo)English Dual Da English Dadaism Bo English Bow Bay English Bay Bu (boo) English Boor, Book Bee English Begin Ba English Balm Po English Pope Pu English Pupae, Pure Pee English Pigeon Pa English Paw 157

Qu English Queue Qee English Queen Sho English Show Shoe English Shoe Sha English Bradshaw Jo English Joke Ju (joo) English Jupiter Ja English Jaw Cho English Chose Chu English Choose Cha English Chat Hu English Huge Bayo English Abeyant Beue (bew) English Beautiful 158

Baya English Mayo Mew (meu) English Municipal New (Neue) English News Rayo (raue) English Review Raya, in Urdu Punjabi, Pothohari, Arabic and Persian: Raya Urdu Rayakar Punjabi Bheraya Pothohari Uperaya Arabic Riaz Persian Riya Three very important sounds of Kata Kana: Wa/va English Vagabond Urdu Wala, Humnava Paue Urdu Pevest Punjabi Paue Saraiki paue Pew English Pew 159

THE LANGUAGE SCIENCE

By: Maqsood Hasni Presented by H. E. Prof. Sufi Niamat Ali Murtazaee Free Abuzar Barqi Kutab’khana July 2017 160