Degree Works - 161107 Building Science 2_Project 1

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Bui l di ngSc i e nc eI I Pr oj e c t1 Li ght i nga ndAc ous t i cPe r f or ma nc e Eva l ua t i ona ndDe s i gn Tut or:Mr .Ri z a l Ta nHs ua nLi n Si mJ i aHui NgYuhe ng OngKe rSi n Ta nChi e wNe e

0318975 0320386 0315476 0321719 0303531

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Content Page 1.0 Introduction

3

1.1 Issues and Limitation

4

2.0 Aim and Objective

4

3.0 Technical Drawings & Zoning

5-6

4.0 Lighting 4.1 Precedent Study

7 - 12

4.2 Research Methodology 4.2.1

Site condition

13 - 16

4.2.2

Measuring device

17 - 18

4.2.3

Data collection method

19 - 20

4.2.4

Lighting standard MS1525 Lux recommendation

21

4.2.5

Lighting analysis calculation method

22 - 24

4.3 Data Collection 4.3.1

Tabulation of data

25 - 30

4.3.2

Material reflectance values

31 - 41

4.3.3

Light fixtures and specifications

42 - 52

4.4 Calculation and Analysis 4.4.1

Daylight factor analysis

53 - 56

4.4.2

Sun path diagrams

57 - 60

4.4.3

Light contour diagrams

61 - 62

4.4.4

Light diagrammatic analysis

63 - 68

4.4.5

Luminance level and room index calculation

69 - 80

4.5 Conclusion and Recommendation

81 - 82

5.0 Acoustic 5.1 Precedent Study

83 - 85

5.2 Research Methodology 5.2.1

Site condition

86

5.2.2

Measuring device

87 - 88

5.2.3

Data collection method

88 - 89

5.2.4

Acoustic analysis calculation method

90 - 91

5.3 Data Collection 5.3.1

Tabulation of data

92 - 95

5.3.2

Material absorption coefficient

96 - 109

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN 5.3.3

Identification of existing acoustic/sound sources

110 - 119

5.4 Calculation and Analysis 5.4.1

Acoustic ray bouncing diagrams

120 - 127

5.4.2

Sound pressure level (SPL)

128 - 137

5.4.3

Sound reduction index (SRI)

138 - 141

5.4.4

Reverberation time (RT)

142 - 164

5.5 Conclusion and Recommendation

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

1.0 Introduction

Figure 1.1 Interior view of WhupWhup cafe during the night.

Case study location

: WhupWhup cafĂŠ, SS15.

Spaces selected

: Event space, Dining area (outdoor & indoor), VIP zone, Bar & reception

Both lighting and acoustic are prominent elements in which affects the experience of the spaces in terms of visual and acoustic comfort. With optimum lighting, it involves optimal levels of both artificial and natural lighting to acquire desired level of visual comfort and visibility. Then, optimal acoustic levels involves providing favorable acoustic comfort by both isolating and containing undesirable and desired noises within its space respectively. Excessive noise pollution caused by poor interior acoustics is considered to be a disturbance for the interior ambience.

With both said elements combined, the feasibility of the interior is determined. Therefore, in a group of six, we have chosen Whup Whup Restaurant and CafĂŠ in SS13, Subang Jaya as our case study to investigate the lighting and acoustic levels of the said case study and proceed with the analysis of its feasibility according to the Malaysian Standard requirements.

Several visits were conducted to acquire readings ranging from different times and lighting levels with the aid of designated electronic measuring equipment, measured drawings of the case study building and photographs for referencing purposes were also taken with permission. The information collected are to be analyzed and calculated then documented into a report format.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

1.1 Site Issues and Limitation The site we have selected to carry out the acoustic and lighting system analysis is WhupWhup café which is located at SS15. The initial function of the café was environment of the café is mostly occupied by light duty factories like packaging factory as they might be potential sources of noises contributing to the café. Besides, the café was transformed directly from a factory as minimal renovation and changes were done hence the lower performance of the acoustic system. The original materials and design of the factory are remained and that makes it slightly different from the convention cafés or restaurants hence the measure on the acoustic and lighting level would be different too. A conventional factory has minimal usage of windows and openings as it leads to lighting issues where the interior of the café mostly relies on the skylight from the ceiling hence artificial lighting is very much needed.

2.0 Aim and Objectives The aim and objectives are as followings: To understand the day-lighting, artificial lighting and acoustic characteristics To determine the characteristics and function of day-lighting & artificial lighting within the intended space To critically report and analyse the space and suggest ways to improve the lighting and acoustic qualities within the space To be able to produce a documentation report based on the analysis of the relation between lighting and acoustic and the space By observing and analyzing the types of lighting and acoustic design used in Whup Whup Restaurant & Café, we aim to have a better understanding on the characteristics of a space and how it informs different design approach for lighting and acoustic whilst how different types of lighting and acoustics design and applications influence the working efficiency and user experience of a space, as well as suggesting solutions to improve the lighting and acoustics qualities in the case study.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

3.0 Technical Drawings & Zoning

Figure 3.1 Ground floor plan above shows the layout planning of WhupWhup café.

Figure 3.2 The ground floor plan above shows the zoning of the spaces based on the activities carried out in each zone.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Figure 3.3 Section Y

Figure 3.4 Section X

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CHAPTER4 LI GHTI NG

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

4.1 Precedent Studies 4.1.1 Site Introduction Lighting Case Study Café Giacometti The café is at the first floor of SG building, which is located in the campus of Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland. It is a café surrounded by the classroom with operating hours from 8a.m. to 4p.m. or 6p.m. on the part of the year. This building has 83 seats in the café with varying lighting conditions. Both direct and indirect lightings are observed.

It is frequently occupied by the staffs, lecturers and students for coffee break, socializing or relaxing. `

Figure 4.1.1.1 Interior space of Giacometti Café EPFL.

Figure 4.1.1.2 Interior corner of Giacometti Cafe EPFL.

Figure 4.1.1.3 Site plan off Cafe Giacometti EPFL.

From Figure 4.1.1.3 , the red arrow is the opening of the café .We can see that the east façade of the café is facing to the courtyard and outdoor seating and it allows receiving ideal amount of natural light which helps in energy saving.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Objectives: To test the concept of distinct light syntax zones and develop a workflow for identifying those zones To propose a novel model for understanding occupancy and seat choice in day lit public spaces.

Decision criteria: We have chosen Giacometti Café EPFL as our precedent study are due to the following reasons: Daylight dominates the space and has its impacts on the interior artificial lighting fixture application.

Similar building typology (restaurant, café), similar activities are involved.

Similar occupancy level of people in the operating hours.

A variety of spatial conditions, both open and secluded.

To sum up, Giacometti Café EPFL and our selected case study, Whup Whup share in commons in some aspects which we can study further about it.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

4.1.2 Light Syntax Zone Lighting Contour Study

Figure 2.1.2.1 Average simulated Illuminance of month May and June. Light contour between hours 8am to 12 pm, 12pm to 4pm and 4pm to 8pm.

Throughout the day, the maximum and minimum luminance varies in the central part of the cafĂŠ and the small secluded of area at the southwest corner.

Morning

: Area closest to the eastern glazing peaks at almost 3000 lux and drops out to about 1000 lux near to the counter. In contrast to the unshaded window results in 7000 lux though near to the wall drops to about 500 lux.

Afternoon

: Central area get close to 2000 lux but the secluded window area still achieve 6500 lux.

Evening

: Central area get close to 800 lux while the secluded southwest area still achieve 1500 lux comparably higher than central area.

Although there is a wide range of illuminance values from 8am to 8pm, the illuminance overall changing pattern is still similar to each other. Based on the graphs, window zone both shaded and unshaded condition seems logically to extend around one meter from the window. This inflection point are drawn in red line in the diagram.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Figure 4.1.2.2 Rate of change in illuminance as distance from the window increases for A. 8 AM to 12 PM.

Figure 4.1.2.2 has shown the increased distance from window to testify the inflection point in the graph. In this case study, the change of gradient is used rather than the illuminance to define light syntax zones. The reason is that it allows different part of the day to be compared and light is perceived relatively rather than absolutely.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Hybrid Light Syntax Zone The zoning of Giacometti Café EPFL is based on the observation of the physical connectivity and visual integrity in open floor plan design.

Figure 4.1.2.3 Physical connectivity within the space.

Figure 4.1.2.4 Visual Integration, radius. Separated zone are outlined.

From Figure 4.1.2.3, the physical connectivity was accessed first with the furniture in plan. We can identify the zone next to counter have a higher physical connectivity than the rest of the café. Figure 4.1.2.4 has shown that the south-western seats and the eastern seats along the glazing have the similar value with the physical connectivity in which both are lesser than the south-eastern corner. The visual integration is allowed to divide the space into three spatial rectangles. From the portion, three spatial zones including the secluded area, open area and the junction area.

Figure 4.1.2.5 Further zoning of the cafe.

And to further zoning the café, the stage of theoretical division is done according to the gradually change of shading area from time to time in a day. Six zones are identified in Figure 4.1.2.5 which include central/open, central/secluded, unshaded/secluded, central/junction and shaded. The diagrams showing the change of shading area in the morning, afternoon and evening session are shown in the figure above.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

4.1.3 Results and Discussion In most day lit multifunctional spaces, level between 75 lux to 300 lux is recommended for interior spaces, depending on the activities involved there. The activities performed in Giacometti café are presumed as reading, dining and etc. The direct light from horizontal surface might cause in visual discomfort due to the high ratio of contrast but visual comfort is difficult to be accessed in such fluid environment. In this case study, daylight became the cause of veiling glare on devices with screens. It became one of the consideration basis that occupants choosing their seats in the café.

The occupancy rate is calculated with the formula, ORtot = total of 5 minute time step occupied during the observation and the results are shown below.

Occupancy Level

Figure 4.1.3.1 Occupancy (ORtot) heat map for A. morning observation block B. midday observation block

Through the observation on the occupancy level on each seating areas, different seating area is preferred during different period of time in a day. The occupancy level is higher on diffuse light condition days and it is probably due to the weather condition. There is difference between the occupancy patterns between light conditions. It is not because of the welldefined zone to motivate occupants to choose the window seats but because of the higher density of occupancy forcing the occupants to choose the less desirable seating area, for instance the aisle seat.

4.1.4 Conclusion To conclude, the methods that they used to identify the space by the visual integrity to investigate the occupancy level in different part of the café is quite useful. The impact of outdoor lighting has its significant effects on the occupancy level of the cafe. Besides, from the results of occupancy level cannot be the certainty to represent that the lighting issue as only basis on the choice of seating, the capacity of seating and density of people are taken consideration. Similar to our selection of site, the daylight is overlapping the most of the area of the cafe. Hence, the multi aspects of consideration and elaboration in this precedent study is helpful when we do our case study in the selection site, Whup Whup café.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

4.2 Methodology 4.2.1 Site Condition Site Orientation

Figure 4.2.1.1 Site plan showing the location of Whup Whup.

Whup Whup Café is orientated in north-south. Its east and west façades do not receive the incident sunlight that has been blocked by the walls, but the skylights on the roof allowing the penetration of the sun into the building. Thus, most area in Whup Whup is lit up by the daylight during day time and whereas some arctificial lights are needed for some spaces when the natural daylight cannot reach.

Site Analysis

Figure 4.2.1.2 Interior view of dining zone.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN During daytime, daylight that penetrates through the skylights on the roof will brighten up the area. When the dark falls, the fairy lights are on to lit up the spaces inside. The height of the light is more than 5 meters, as a result, it is insufficient in the amount of light deliver to the occupants.

Figure 4.2.1.3 Perspective view of VIP zone.

VIP zone under the mezzanine floor is unreachable by the natural light and it is lit up by the yellowish compact fluorescent lights. The height of the lighting fixture from the ground is around 2.67 meter. However, the readings show that it is still insufficient in the lighting and the dark corner has underlying threats for mosquitoes to affect the user comfort.

Figure 4.2.1.4 Zone 4 Bar and reception.

Bar and Reception that is located under mezzanine floor is lit up by the yellowish luminance. The activities involved such as brewing coffee and preparing pastries required certain quality of light. The issue here is the lux degree also under the benchmark given.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Figure 4.2.1.5 Another part of event space facilitate with piano.

Figure 4.2.1.6 Part of the Event space.

The event space is basically not in use thus it is comparably dimmer to the rest of the space. Only when the events are holding, it will be lit up by the wall lights and fairy lights on the ceiling but it is still considered as dim as compared with the standard illuminance level.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Figure 4.2.1.7 Outdoor dining area.

Outdoor dining area is fully lit by the day lighting during daytime. When the night falls, the ceiling suspended lights will be turned on to increase the illuminance level within this area. Usually the customers will not be having their meals over here, the customers will be waiting here to be served instead.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

4.2.2 Measuring Device Digital Lux Meter

Figure 3 Lectron Electronic, LX 101Digital Lux Meter. (Source: Google)

Features Sensor used the exclusive photo diode and multicolor, correction filter, spectrum to meet C.I.E standard.

Sensor COS correction factor meet standard Separate light sensor allow user to take measurements of an optimum position.

Precise and easy readout ,wide range High accuracy in measuring General Specifications Display Ranges

Zero Adjustment Over-input

Sampling time Sensor Structure Operating Temperature

LCD display can clearly read out even of high ambient light.

LCD display provide low energy consumption Built in low battery indicator Compact, lightweight and excellent operation LSI-Circuit provides high durability and reliability

13mm (0.5 ) LCD 0-50,000 lux (3 ranges)

Operating Humidity

Internal Adjustment

Power Consumption Dimension

Power Supply

0.4 seconds Weight The exclusive diode and Accessories Included color correction filter 0 50 Celsius degree

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Less than 80% R.H. DC 9V 0.006P, MN1604(PP3) or equivalent.

Approx. DC 2mA Main Instrument 108*73*23 mm Sensor 82*55*7 mm 160g with battery Instruction Manual 1 pc Carrying case 1 pc

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Electronic Specifications

Notes

Range

Resolution

Accuracy

2,000 lux

1 lux

±

5%+2d

20,000 lux

10 lux

±

5%+2d

50,000 lux

100 lux

±

5%+2d

Accuracy tested by a standard parallel light tungsten lap o 2856k temperature.

Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR)

Figure 4.2.2.2 DSLR-Canon D1000. (Source: Google)

Camera is used to document the site condition, the materials of the furniture and finishes for our convenient to trace back.

It also helps us to record the occupancy level during the particular period.

Measuring tape

Figure 4.2.2.3 Measuring tape (Source: Google)

Measuring tape is used to determine the grid of 1.5 meter and also the height in 1 meter and 1.5 meter while measuring the lux degree in different position. We also used to measure the dimensions of the

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Site visit We have made few site visits in order to get sufficient data for later analysis. Also, at the first site visit we have had a short discussion with the person in charge to understand the peak and non-peak hours so that we are manage to get the desirable data for better analysis.

4.2.3 Data Collection Method Gridlines Gridlines are aligned along x-axis and y-axis, plotted with the spacing of 1.5m in aiding the data collection at the following steps.

Zoning At the ground floor of Whup Whup CafĂŠ, we have covered the area of free access dining, reserve seating (VIP zone), outdoor dining, bar and reception and the event space. The zoning is done based on the function of the area and is used for further analysis via data collection.

Figure 4.2.3.1 Plotted ground floor plan with zonings.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Data Collection Position

Figure 4.2.3.2 Data collecting position.

Left: Sitting position in 1m height

Right: Standing position in 1.5m height

Two different positions are identified for further analysis. The first one is the eye level on the sitting position to examine the effects of the lighting for the activities (e.g. dining). The second one is the eye level on the standing position to examine the illuminance level under the lighting condition. These positions are used to collect illuminance value using the lux meter, with these data, further analysis is carried out to examine if the illuminance level of the space is sufficient or not.

Data Collection Procedure 6.0 Made appointment with the cafĂŠ owner for data collection in different timing (peak/ non-peak hour).

7.0 Plotted the gridlines on the floor plan.

8.0 Recorded lux meter reading at each intersection point at 1m and 1.5m respectively.

9.0 Repeated previous steps during different timings (peak/ non-peak hour).

10.0Tabulated the collected data zone by zone.

11.0Studied about the building orientation, sun path diagram and lighting contour diagrams.

12.0Analyzed the data through specific calculations such as Daylight Factor, Lumen Method and Room index. (The lighting quality are justified based on the Malaysia Standard 1525 and UBBL).

13.0Recommended the spacing of the luminaries based on the results of the analysis.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

4.2.4 Lighting Standard MS 1525 Lux Recommendation Lighting Standard MS 1525:2007

Table 4.2.4.1 Recommended room illumination level based on different standards

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4.2.5 Lighting Analysis Calculation Method Daylight Factor and Distribution It is a ratio that represents the amount of illumination available indoors relative to the illumination present outdoors at the same time under overcast skies. Daylight factor is normally used to achieve the internal natural lighting levels as perceived on a plane or surface. Besides, to determine the sufficiency of natural lighting for the users in a particular spaces to perform their activities. It is known as the ratio of internal light level to external light level, as shown below: Daylight Factor: Indoor Illuminance, Ei Outdoor Illuminance, Eo

Where, Ei

= Illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor working planes,

Eo

= Simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky.

Zone Very bright Bright Average Dark

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DF (%) >6 3-6 1-3 0-1

Distribution Large (involved thermal and glare problem) Good Fair Poor

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Lumen Method Lumen method is used to calculate the light level in a room. It is a series of calculation that uses horizontal luminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. It can be calculated by dividing the total number of lumens available in a space by the area of the space. The calculation is below:

Where, E

= Average illuminance to cover the space

n

= Number of lamps of each luminaire

N

= Number of luminance

F

= Lighting design lumens per lamp, i.e. Initial bare lamp luminous

UF

= Utilization factor for the horizontal working plane

LLF

= Light loss factor

A

= Area of the horizontal working plane

Lumen method can be also calculated and used to determine the number of lights should be installed on the site. To know the number of lamps, calculation of total luminance of the space need to be done based on the number of fixtures and examine the sufficiency of light fixtures on that particular space.

Where, N

= Number of lamps required

E

= Illuminance level required (Lux)

A

= Area at working plane height (

F

= Average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)

UF

= Utilization factor, an allowance for light distribution of the luminaire and the room surfaces

MF

= Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration and dirt

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Room Index Room Index, RI, is the ratio of room plan area to half wall area between the working and luminaire planes, Which can be calculated by:

Where, L

= Length of room

W

= Width of room

Hm

= Mounting height, the vertical distance between the working plane and the luminaire.

Light Loss Factor Light loss factor is need to be considered when calculate Lumen Method. It is allowing forecasting the performance of the system over a given lifetime to meet the minimum light standards it helps minimize the reliability of system has been planned and designed for future operation. The calculation for light loss factor is as below:

Where, LLD

= Lamp lumen depreciation

LDD

= Luminaire dirt depreciation

ATF

=Ambient temperature effects

HE

=Heat extraction

VE

= Voltage effects

BF

= Driver and lamps factors

CD

= Component depreciation

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

4.3 Data Collection 4.3.1 Tabulation & Interpretation of Data

Figure 4.3.1.3 Site zoning between spaces.

Daytime 11.30AM - 1PM (Peak hour)

Night time 5.30PM - 7PM (Non-peak hour)

Zoning of Space

Grid

Lux (1m)

Lux (1.5m)

Lux (1m)

Lux (1.5m)

Zone 1:

A1

45

58

40

56

Event space

A2

50

50

30

30

A3

60

60

10

35

A4

70

70

12

10

A5

60

70

9

9

A6

50

55

7

8

A7

40

45

5

6

B1

160

170

43

56

B2

75

80

14

22

B3

100

110

13

13

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN B4

150

150

8

11

B5

140

160

10

10

B6

110

115

9

9

B7

80

80

8

8

C1

380

390

10

16

C2

400

410

17

17

C3

450

450

14

16

C4

340

370

13

13

C5

230

250

10

11

C6

130

135

10

11

C7

100

110

9

11

Zone 2:

D1

550

560

11

12

Dining area

D2

570

730

18

20

D3

580

590

17

17

D4

370

390

16

17

D5

270

280

13

14

D6

130

150

12

13

D7

120

120

11

12

E1

1050

1330

32

68

E2

1050

1330

32

32

E3

750

960

30

31

E4

570

570

28

32

E5

280

300

27

30

E6

180

200

26

29

E7

90

100

24

27

F1

1250

1300

210

250

F2

1200

1200

45

55

F3

870

880

38

39

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F4

550

570

35

38

F5

330

330

33

36

F6

200

235

29

36

F7

120

120

23

28

G1

1200

1400

26

48

G2

1500

1770

36

38

G3

690

800

33

38

G4

320

340

29

36

G5

200

225

25

33

G6

120

130

24

30

G7

80

120

20

25

H1

1300

1400

36

65

H2

700

1300

2

32

H3

660

800

28

34

H4

550

570

25

33

H5

300

310

23

31

H6

200

220

23

28

H7

140

140

21

25

I1

400

450

16

20

I2

490

520

22

25

I3

490

500

21

25

I4

330

360

23

25

I5

250

280

19

26

I6

130

200

24

27

I7

110

130

24

26

J1

150

200

16

18

J2

200

240

20

25

J3

40

60

15

26

27

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN J4

40

50

16

24

J5

70

85

26

32

J6

80

140

25

27

J7

100

100

28

29

Zone 3:

D8

90

90

13

15

VIP zone

D9

30

40

11

11

D10

20

30

10

10

E8

50

70

16

17

E9

80

80

20

20

E10

60

80

15

18

F8

70

100

22

23

F9

40

40

18

18

F10

30

40

15

18

G8

70

80

21

23

G9

40

60

15

18

G10

50

80

17

23

H8

100

110

16

18

H9

40

60

11

13

H10

60

80

13

15

I8

80

110

27

28

I9

60

80

14

20

I10

45

55

22

28

J5

70

85

26

32

Zone 4:

J6

80

140

25

27

Bar & Reception

J7

100

100

28

29

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN J8

80

80

26

29

J9

60

60

40

48

J10

80

80

48

49

K5

80

160

31

32

K6

80

160

27

29

K7

120

120

31

31

K8

100

100

28

31

K9

80

80

42

50

K10

90

90

50

51

L5

85

140

22

22

L6

85

145

22

22

L7

110

110

25

27

L8

90

90

52

73

L9

65

65

40

45

L10

85

85

54

60

M5

650

700

8

12

Zone 5:

M6

700

930

8

12

Outdoor Dining

M7

670

800

11

14

M8

140

170

14

17

M9

220

300

15

17

M10

260

280

12

12

M11

380

600

15

18

M12

920

1720

9

13

N5

1000

1050

22

26

N6

1050

2200

22

26

N7

1080

1900

11

14

N8

150

150

13

22

N9

180

180

14

18

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN N10

220

250

10

13

N11

350

450

10

16

N12

600

700

6

10

Table 4.3.1.1 Tabulation of data.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

4.3.2 Material Reflectance Value measures the amount of visible and usable light that reflects from (or absorbs into) that surface. These reflectance values should be used as guidelines to predict how light or dark a color will appear and so to calculate the number and type of light fixtures needed to provide a certain amount of light for interior spaces.

Color White, off-white, light shades of grey, brown, blue Medium green, yellow, brown, grey Dark grey, medium blue Dark blue, green, wood paneling

Reflectance 75% - 90% 30% - 60% 10% - 20% 5% - 10%

Table 4.3.2.1 Reflectance values based on the color of the surface.

The reflectance values of the material in this case study are determined according to the colors of different furnishes for example the ceilings, walls, flooring and tables.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Figure 4.3.4.1 Location of Zone 1.

Zone 1: Event Space Element

Picture

Material

Color

Ceiling

Corrugated metal roofing sheet

Grey

Wall

Concrete

White

ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II

Surface Finishes Matte

Reflectance Value (%) 60

Plastered and painted

85

32

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Concrete

Dark grey

Plastered and painted

10

Door

Galvanized steel

Medium green

Painted matte

45

Tables

Timber

Dark brown

Painted

10

Piano

Timber

Dark brown

Glossy

8

Flooring

Cement screed

Dark grey

Matte

15

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Figure 4.3.2.2 Location of Zone 2.

Zone 2: Dining Area Element

Picture

Material

Color

Ceiling

Corrugated metal roofing sheet

Grey

Wall

Concrete

White

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Surface Finishes Matte

Reflectance Value (%) 60

Plastered and painted

85

34

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Door

Galvanized steel

Medium green

Painted matte

45

Tables

Timber

Dark brown

Painted

10

Staircase

Galvanized steel

Light green

Painted matte

60

Flooring

Cement screed

Dark grey

Matte

15

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Figure 4.3.2.3 Location of Zone 3.

Zone 3: VIP Zone Element

Picture

Material

Color

Ceiling

Aluminium false ceiling

Medium green

Wall

Concrete

White

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Surface Finishes Matte

Reflectance Value (%) 45

Plastered and painted

85

36

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Concrete

Dark grey

Plastered and painted

10

Timber

Dark brown

Painted

10

Metal

Light green

Matte

60

Post box

Metal

Light grey

Matte

75

Flooring

Cement screed

Dark grey

Matte

15

Tables

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Figure 4.3.2.4 Location of Zone 4.

Zone 4: Bar & Reception Element

Picture

Material

Color

Ceiling

Aluminium false ceiling

Medium green

Wall

Concrete

Dark grey

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Surface Finishes Matte

Reflectance Value (%) 45

Plastered and painted

10

38

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Counter tables

Timber

Dark brown

Painted

10

Bar

Laminated plywood with granite counter top

Light grey

Laminate finishing

75

Flooring

Cement screed

Dark grey

Matte

15

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Figure 4.3.2.5 Location of Zone 5.

Zone 5: Outdoor Dining Element

Picture

Material

Color

Ceiling

Corrugated metal roofing sheet

Medium green

Wall

Concrete

White

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Surface Finishes Matte

Reflectance Value (%) 45

Plastered and painted

85

40

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Door

Tables

Flooring

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Galvanized steel

Medium green

Painted matte

45

Galvanized steel

Black

Painted matte

5

Timber

Dark brown

Painted

10

Metal

Light green

Matte

60

Cement screed

Dark grey

Matte

15

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

4.3.3 Lighting Fixtures and Specification The scientific definition of natural light is any light that comes from the sun and appears in the universe. However, the light that we experience every day is not entirely from the sun. Much of the light that we are experiencing is actually artificial that does not come from the sun. It is man-made lighting that can be turned on and off.

Zone 1: Event Space

Figure 4.3.3.1 Location lighting fixtures in Zone 1.

Legend Image of lighting fixtures

Type of light Type of fixture Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs

Artificial light Wall mounted light Warm white Spiral Compact Fluorescent Light 2

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Symbol

Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index

14 740 2700 81

Average life rate (hours)

6000

42

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Legend Image of lighting fixtures

Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs

Symbol

Artificial light Ceiling Fairy Light Warm white Spherical Halogen (Frosted glass) 17

Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index Average life rate (hours)

30 415 2800 100 2000

Legend Image of lighting fixtures

Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs

Artificial light Ceiling Fairy Light Cool white Spherical Halogen (Clear glass) 18

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Symbol

Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index Average life rate (hours)

30 415 2900 100 2000

43

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 2: Dining Area

Figure 4.3.3.2 Location lighting fixtures in Zone 2.

Legend Image of lighting fixtures

Type of light Type of fixture Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs

Artificial light Wall mounted light Warm white Spiral Compact Fluorescent Light 2

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Symbol

Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index

14 740 2700 81

Average life rate (hours)

6000

44

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Legend Image of lighting fixtures

Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs

Symbol

Artificial light Ceiling Fairy Light Warm white Spherical Halogen (Frosted glass) 38

Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index Average life rate (hours)

30 415 2800 100 2000

Legend Image of lighting fixtures

Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs

Artificial light Ceiling Fairy Light Cool white Spherical Halogen (Clear glass) 37

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Symbol

Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index Average life rate (hours)

30 415 2900 100 2000

45

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Legend Image of lighting fixtures

Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs

Symbol

Artificial light Wall Mounted Light LUMILUX Cool White LUMILUX T8 ES Linear Fluorescent Light 1

Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index

16 1100 4000 80

Average life rate (hours)

20000

Legend Image of lighting fixtures

Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs

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Artificial light Wall Mounted Light Blacklight Blue Black Light Blue T8 Specialty Fluorescent 1

Symbol

Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index

16 N/A 12000 95

Average life rate (hours)

7500

46

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 3: VIP Zone

Figure 4.3.3.3 Location lighting fixtures in Zone 3.

Legend Image of lighting fixtures

Type of light Type of fixture Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs

Artificial light Ceiling mounted light Warm white Spiral Compact Fluorescent Light 6

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Symbol

Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index

14 740 2700 81

Average life rate (hours)

6000

47

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Legend Image of lighting fixtures

Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs

ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II

Artificial light Wall Mounted Light Blacklight Blue Black Light Blue T8 Specialty Fluorescent 1

Symbol

Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index

16 N/A 12000 95

Average life rate (hours)

7500

48

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 4: Bar & Reception

Figure 4.3.3.4 Location lighting fixtures in Zone 4.

Legend Image of lighting fixtures

Type of light Type of fixture Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs

Artificial light Ceiling mounted light Warm white Spiral Compact Fluorescent Light 6

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Symbol

Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index

14 740 2700 81

Average life rate (hours)

6000

49

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Legend Image of lighting fixtures

Type of light Type of fixture Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs

Symbol

Artificial light Suspended light Warm white Standard Incandescent Light 3

Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index

40 516 2500 100

Average life rate (hours)

2000

Legend Image of lighting fixtures

Type of light Type of fixture Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs

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Artificial light Spotlight Warm white LED Spotlight 9

Symbol

Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index Average life rate (hours)

6 180 3000 85 25000

50

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 5: Outdoor Dining

Figure 4.3.3.5 Location lighting fixtures in Zone 5.

Legend Image of lighting fixtures

Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs

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Artificial light Ceiling Fairy Light Blue Accent LED Blue Night Light 450

Symbol

Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index Average life rate (hours)

1 N/A 5000 80 50000

51

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Legend Image of lighting fixtures

Type of lights Type of fixtures Type of luminaries Type of artificial light source Number of bulbs

Artificial light Ceiling Suspended Light Warm white Spherical Halogen (Frosted glass) 10

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Symbol

Power (W) Luminous flux (lm) Color temperature (K) Color rendering index

30 415 2800 100

Average life rate (hours)

2000

52

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

4.4 Lighting Calculation and Analysis 4.4.1 Daylight Factor Analysis Daylight factor is defined as the ratio of interior illuminance, E i to available outdoor illuminance, Eo which is the unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance: DF = Ei (Indoor Illuminance) x 100% Eo (Outdoor Illuminance) Zone Very bright Bright Average Dark

DF (%) >6 3-6 1-3 0-1

Distribution Large(including thermal and glare problem) Good Fair Poor

Table 4.4.1.5 Daylight factors and distribution (Department of standards Malaysia, 2007).

The daylight factor concept is applicable only when the sky illuminance distribution is known or can reasonably be estimated. In this case study, the average outdoor illuminance in Malaysia is assumed according to the standard which is 20000 lux (refer to Table 4.4.1.2).

Luminance Level (lux) 120,000 110,000 20,000 1000-2000 400 <200 40 <1

Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday Typical overcast day, midday Sunrise/ sunset on clear day (ambient illumination) Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Fully overcast, sunrise/ sunset Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunrise/ sunset Table 4.4.1.2 Daylight intensity at different condition.

Date 29th September 2016

Time 12pm 1pm

Weather Sunny

Table 4.4.1.3 Date, time and weather condition on the day of investigation.

We have calculated the average interior illuminance in Whup Whup (space by space) through steps below: 1. Data collected at 1.0m is used instead of 1.5m so that the maximum value of the illuminance in the space is being used. (Data collected refer to Table 4.3.1.1) 2. Average interior illuminance in the morning (peak hour) is used to deduct the average interior illuminance at night (non-peak hour) to get the average illuminance from the daylight ONLY. (Artificial lights are turned on only at night).

3. The average interior illuminance we got from step 2 is applied in the formula stated above to get the daylight factor of the respective space.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 1: Event Space

Figure 4.4.1.1 Location of Zone 1.

Outdoor Illuminance , Eo (Lux) 20000

Average Lux Reading Daytime Night time (Peak Hour) (Non-peak Hour) 153.33 14.33

Average Indoor Illuminance, Ei (Lux)

Daylight Factor, DF DF= (Ei/ Eo) x 100%

153.33-14.33= 139

(139/ 20000) x 100%= 0.7

Zone 2: Dining Area

Figure 4.4.1.2 Location of Zone 2.

Outdoor Illuminance , Eo (Lux) 20000

Average Lux Reading Daytime Night time (Peak Hour) (Non-peak Hour) 447.35 27.67

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Average Indoor Illuminance, Ei (Lux)

Daylight Factor, DF DF= (Ei/ Eo) x 100%

447.35-27.67= 419.68

(419.68/ 20000) x 100% = 2

54

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 3: VIP Zone

Figure 4.4.1.3 Location of Zone 3.

Outdoor Illuminance , Eo (Lux) 20000

Average Lux Reading Daytime Night time (Peak Hour) (Non-peak Hour) 56.39 16.44

Average Indoor Illuminance, Ei (Lux)

Daylight Factor, DF DF= (Ei/ Eo) x 100%

56.39-16.44= 39.95

(39.95/ 20000) x 100% = 0.2

Zone 4: Bar & Reception

Figure 4.4.1.4 Location of Zone 4.

Outdoor Illuminance , Eo (Lux) 20000

Average Lux Reading Daytime (Peak Hour) 85.56

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Night time (Non-peak Hour) 34.28

Average Indoor Illuminance, Ei (Lux)

Daylight Factor, DF DF= (Ei/ Eo) x 100%

85.56-34.28= 51.28

(51.28/ 20000) x 100% = 0.3

55

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 5: Outdoor Dining

Figure 4.4.1.5 Location of Zone 5.

Outdoor Illuminance , Eo (Lux) 20000

Average Lux Reading Daytime (Peak Hour) 535.63

Zone Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5

Night time (Non-peak Hour) 12.50 DF (%) 0.7 2 0.2 0.3 3

Average Indoor Illuminance, Ei (Lux)

Daylight Factor, DF DF= (Ei/ Eo) x 100%

535.63-12.50= 523.13

(523.13/ 20000) x 100% = 3

Daylight Condition Poor Fair Poor Poor Fair

Table 4.4.1.4 Daylight factors according to spaces in Whup Whup.

From the table above, we can observe that the daylight factors in Zone 1, 3 and 4 are in the poor condition where more openings (through glazed window/ roof light etc.) are required to allow more natural light in so that the spaces can be adequately lit with daylight factor of 1-2% (recommended daylight factor).

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

4.4.2 Sun Path Diagram Date 29th September

2016

Time 9am

Weather Sunny

Figure 4.4.2.6 Sun path diagram and direction of incident sunlight at 9am.

At 9am, the incident sunlight will be coming from the East side of the Whup Whup, where Zone 5 (outdoor dining area) will be affected. In this zone, the openings on the affected wall are placed at a higher position with overhang built to provide better shading purpose.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Date 29th September

2016

Time 11am

Weather Sunny

Figure 4.4.2.2 Sun path diagram and direction of incident sunlight at 11am.

At 11am, the incident sun is on top of the building slightly from the East in which most of the incident sunlight will be shaded by the roof itself. Whereas, a small amount of sunlight will be entering the building through the skylights in Zone 2 helping to brighten the interior area.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Date 29th September

2016

Time 3pm

Weather Sunny

Figure 4.4.2.3 Sun path diagram and direction of incident sunlight at 3pm.

At 3pm, the position of the incident sunlight is still on top of the building but slightly from the West. Most of the incident sunlight will be shaded by the roof except for a small amount that will be entering the building through the skylights in Zone 2, resulting in higher illuminance level within this area.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Date 29th September

2016

Time 5pm

Weather Sunny

Figure 4.4.2.4 Sun path diagram and direction of incident sunlight at 5pm.

At 5pm, the incident sunlight is shining from the West of the building, in which will not be affecting the lighting condition in the interior of Whup Whup, as there is no opening on the affected walls. However, extremely small amount of light can enter to the building through the skylights in Zone 2. Artificial lights are needed for a better illuminance performance.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

4.4.3 Lighting Contour Diagram Daylighting Contour Diagram

Figure 4.4.3.1 Daylight contour in plan (spaces that are not covered in the investigation are left blank).

From Figure 4.4.3.1, we can observe that only Zone 2 (dining area) is being affected by the daylight penetrated through the skylights on the roof. The skylights are opened at the roof right above Zone 2 with orange/ red color (78%- 90%) indicated in the figure above. Small amount of the daylight are observed as well with dark purple (66%) indicated in the figure above, which is in Zone 1 (event space), Zone 3 (VIP zone) and Zone 4 (bar & reception). Zone 1 is receiving a small amount of daylight penetrated through the skylights as there is no wall obstructing the penetration of the daylight from space to space. Whereas for Zone 3 and 4, there is a certain amount of daylight that penetrated through the glass door right at the East side of Zone 4. More openings (e.g. skylights/ glazed windows) are needed as a recommendation for better daylight illumination.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Figure 4.4.3.2 Artificial light contour in plan (spaces that are not covered in the investigation are left blank).

We can observe from the Figure 4.4.3.2 that Zone 1 and 2 are the areas with highest illuminance level with yellow color (> 96%) indicated among all the spaces. The reason is because of the ceiling fairy lights that have been installed across the area of Zone 1 and 2 resulting in a better illuminance performance. Whereas for Zone 3 and 4 with purple color (68%) indicated in the figure above, are not lit by the ceiling fairy lights but only some spiral compact fluorescent lights that have been installed on the ceiling. As a result, the illuminance levels in Zone 3 and 4 are lower as compared to Zone 1 and 2.

More artificial lighting fixtures have to be installed as a recommendation for better illuminance level over the space.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

4.4.4 Lighting Analysis Diagram (Cross-section Analysis)

Figure 4.4.4.1 Ground floor plan with zonings and section lines X-X, Y-Y and Z-Z.

Zone 1 and Zone 2 Lighting Coverage in Section X-X

Figure 4.4.4.2 Section X-X.

The skylights that are on top of the Zone 1 & 2 allow the daylight to penetrate into the interior of the building and act as the main light source to provide illumination during daytime. At night, with the aid of ceiling fairy lights, Zone 1 & 2 are still well lit with highest illuminance level as compared to the other zones.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Figure 4.4.4.3 Graphs showing the illuminance level on selected grid in Zone 1 & 2 during morning peak hour (left) and night non-peak hour (right).

From the graphs above, we can observe that the illuminance level in Zone 1 is lower during non-peak hour (night time) when the daylight is no more available. This zone is only lit by the natural daylight in the morning, whereas there is no sufficient amount of lighting fixtures installed in this zone, therefore resulting a much lower illuminance level at night.

Whereas for the illuminance level in Zone 2 is more evenly distributed during non-peak hour when the ceiling fairy lights are turned on although the reading is lower. During daytime, the illuminance level is affected by the daylight penetrated through the skylights on the roof, therefore resulting in a more fluctuating illuminance level throughout the zone.

Comparing the illuminance level in Zone 1 & 2, the illuminance level in Zone 2 will be higher than the one in Zone 1 because of the positions of the skylights and also the ceiling fairy lights that are located in Zone 2. Also, the illuminance level during peak hour (daytime) is much higher than the one during non-peak hour, showing that the effect of daylight is higher than the artificial lights in these zones.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 3 Lighting Coverage in Section Y-Y

Figure 4.4.4.4 Section Y-Y.

Zone 3 is located below a mezzanine floor with lower ceiling height. The overall illuminance level in this zone is lower as compared with Zone 1 and 2 because of the natural daylight that can hardly penetrate into this zone. This is because there is no opening such as glazed windows or skylights that allows the daylight penetration for better illumination.

Figure 4.4.4.5 Graphs showing the illuminance level on selected grid in Zone 3 during morning peak hour (left) and night non-peak hour (right).

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN We can observe that the illuminance level is much higher during peak hour (morning) as compared with non-peak hour (night time). There are only a few spiral compact fluorescent lights installed in this zone to light up the space. Therefore, the illuminance performance is not as good as the effect of the daylight that is coming from Zone 2 resulting in a much lower illuminance level at night.

From the graphs above, we can see that the readings on the illuminance level are decreasing, this is because the position we took to record the readings is getting further from Zone 2. In other words, when we go deeper of the space, the illumination level will be lower as it is further away from the light source either in the morning (daylight) or at night (artificial lights).

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 4 & 5 Lighting Coverage in Section Z-Z

Figure 4.4.4.6 Section Z-Z.

Zone 4 is located near to the entrance of the building whereas Zone 5 is the outdoor dining area. As we can see from Figure 4.4.4.6, the lighting coverage is getting lesser when the space is nearer to the exterior of the building. As a result, Zone 5 has the least artificial lighting fixtures as the natural daylight is available in a higher range during daytime.

Figure 4.4.4.7 Graphs showing the illuminance level on selected grid in Zone 4 & 5 during morning peak hour (left) and night non-peak hour (right).

From the graphs above, we can observe that the pattern of the illuminance levels are totally contrast during peak and non-peak hour.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN During peak hour (daytime), the illuminance level in Zone 4 is so low as compared with Zone 5. This is because of the availability of daylight in Zone 4 is restricted in which it is located in the interior of the building with less openings to allow the penetration of daylight. Whereas for Zone 5 that is located at the exterior of the building, resulting in a much higher illumination level as shown in the graph above.

During non-peak hour, the artificial lighting fixtures installed will be playing a greater role in Zone 4 in which a certain illuminance level is required for the purpose of bar and reception. Whereas for Zone 5, the artificial lighting fixtures are not contributing much on the illuminance level because the area is not served as purposed space. Thus, the illuminance level during non-peak hour (night time) is much higher in Zone 4 as compared with Zone 5.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

4.4.5 Luminance Level and Room Index Calculation Lumen Method

Utilization Factor Ceiling (%) Wall (%) 50 Floor (%) 30 10 Room 0.60 .27 .26 Index 0.80 .33 .31 1.00 .38 .36 1.25 .43 .40 1.50 .47 .43 2.00 .52 .47 2.50 .56 .50 3.00 .59 .52 4.00 .62 .55 5.00 .64 .56

70 30 30 .22 .28 .32 .37 .41 .47 .51 .55 .59 .62

10 10 .22 .27 .30 .35 .39 .44 .47 .49 .52 .55

30 .19 .23 .28 .33 .37 .43 .48 .51 .56 .59

50 30

50 10 .19 .23 .28 .32 .35 .41 .44 .47 .51 .53

30 .26 .32 .36 .41 .44 .49 .53 .55 .58 .60

10 .24 .30 .35 .39 .42 .46 .49 .52 .53 .55

30 .22 .27 .32 .36 .40 .45 .49 .52 .56 .58

10 10 .21 .26 .31 .35 .37 .43 .46 .48 .52 .53

30 .19 .24 .29 .33 .36 .42 .46 .49 .53 .56

30 30

50 10 .18 .23 .27 .32 .35 .40 .44 .46 .50 .52

30 .26 .31 .35 .39 .42 .47 .50 .52 .55 .57

10 .25 .30 .34 .37 .40 .45 .48 .50 .52 .54

30 .21 .27 .31 .35 .39 .44 .47 .50 .53 .55

10 10 .21 .26 .30 .34 .37 .42 .45 .48 .51 .52

30 .19 .23 .28 .32 .36 .41 .45 .47 .51 .52

10 .18 .23 .27 .31 .35 .40 .43 .46 .49 .51

Table 4.4.5.2 Utilization factors for some luminaries.

Zone 1: Event Space

Figure 4.4.5.7 Location of Zone 1.

Zone Dimension of space, L x W Total Floor Area (m2) Reflectance Value Type of Luminaries Number of Luminaries, N Lumen of Luminaries, F (lm) Mounting Height, Hm (m)

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1: Event Space 5.8 x 11.8 68.44 Ceiling= 0.3 Walls= 0.6 Wall Mounted Light 2 740 1.64

Working plane= 0.1 Ceiling Fairy Light 35 415 3.82

69

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Room Index, K

Utilization Factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF Standard Illuminance Level (lux) Existing Illuminance Level, E (lux)

0.46 0.8

0.34 0.8 200

Total E= 7.96 + 57.73 = 65.69 According to MS 1525, the standard illuminance level required in this space is 200 lux, which means that the luminance level of 65.69 lux in Zone 1 does not meet the standard.

Required Illuminance Level = Standard Illuminance Level Existing Illuminance Level = 200 lux 65.69 lux = 134.31 lux Suggested Improvements:

Where, N = Number of lamps required E = Illuminance Level Required (lux) A = Area at working plane height (m2) F = Initial luminous flux from each lamp (lm) UF = Utilization factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the room surfaces MF/ LLF = Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration and dirt In this space, we have chosen the ceiling fairy light as the type of luminary to calculate the N required, as this is the lighting fixture that is mostly used within this space.

Therefore, to meet the standard illuminance level required in this zone, 87 (122-35) more spherical halogen light bulbs are required.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN For filament lamps in direct luminaries: Smax = 1.0 x Hm Where,

Smax = 1.0 x Hm Smax = Maximum horizontal spacing between fittings Hm = Mounted height of fitting above the working plane

= 1.0 x 3.82 = 3.82m

Smax = 3.82m, therefore, in this space we have set the spacing between the luminaries, S to be 2.95m.

First spacing from the wall will be half of the S, which is: 2.95m/ 2 = 1.475m R

= N/ Number of spacing line in S

Whereas the spacing on R is

= 122/ 4

= 5.8m/ 31

= 30.5

= 0.187

= 31

The first spacing line from the wall is half of the R which is = 0.187m/ 2 = 0.0935m

Figure 4.4.5.2 Spacing (in mm) of the luminaries in Zone 1.

Conclusion: Total number of luminaries required in this space to meet the standard illuminance level required is 122 with the spacing between them as shown in the Figure 4.4.5.2.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 2: Dining Area

Figure 4.4.5.3 Location of Zone 2.

Zone Dimension of space, L x W Total Floor Area (m2) Reflectance Value Type of Luminaries Number of Luminaries, N Lumen of Luminaries, F (lm) Mounting Height, Hm (m) Room Index, K

Ceiling= 0.2 Wall Mounted Light 2 740 1.64

Utilization Factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF Standard Illuminance Level (lux) Existing Illuminance Level, E (lux)

2: Dining Area 9.2 x 11.8 108.56 Walls= 0.5 Ceiling Fairy Light 75 415 3.82

0.52 0.8

0.40 0.8 200

Working plane= 0.3 Wall mounted fluorescent light 1 1100 1.64

0.52 0.8

Total E= 5.67 + 91.75 + 4.22 = 101.64

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN According to MS 1525, the standard illuminance level required in this space is 200 lux, which means that the luminance level of 101.64 lux in Zone 2 does not meet the standard.

Required Illuminance Level = Standard Illuminance Level Existing Illuminance Level = 200 lux 101.64 lux = 98.36 lux Suggested Improvements: In this space, we have chosen the ceiling fairy light as the type of luminary to calculate the N required, as this is the lighting fixture that is mostly used within this space.

Therefore, to meet the standard illuminance level required in this zone, 89 (164-75) more spherical halogen light bulbs are required.

Smax = 1.0 x Hm = 1.0 x 3.82 = 3.82m Smax = 3.82m, therefore, in this space we have set the spacing between the luminaries, S to be 2.95m.

First spacing from the wall will be half of the S, which is: 2.95m/ 2 = 1.475m R

= N/ Number of spacing line in S

Whereas the spacing on R is

= 164/ 4

= 9.2m/ 41

= 41

= 0.224m

The first spacing line from the wall is half of the R which is = 0.224m/ 2 = 0.112m

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Figure 4.4.5.4 Spacing (in mm) of the luminaries in Zone 2.

Conclusion: Total number of luminaries required in this space to meet the standard illuminance level required is 164 with the spacing between them as shown in the Figure 4.4.5.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 3: VIP Zone

Figure 4.4.5.5 Location of Zone 3.

Zone Dimension of space, L x W Total Floor Area (m2) Reflectance Value Type of Luminaries Number of Luminaries, N Lumen of Luminaries, F (lm) Mounting Height, Hm (m) Room Index, K

Ceiling= 0.2

Utilization Factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF Standard Illuminance Level (lux) Existing Illuminance Level, E (lux)

3: VIP Zone 9.2 x 3.2 29.44 Walls= 0.6 Ceiling Mounted Light 6 740 1.28

Working Plane= 0.3

0.46 0.8 200

According to MS 1525, the standard illuminance level required in this space is 200 lux, which means that the luminance level of 55.5 lux in Zone 3 does not meet the standard.

Required Illuminance Level = Standard Illuminance Level Existing Illuminance Level = 200 lux 55.5 lux = 144.5 lux ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Suggested Improvements: In this space, we have chosen the ceiling mounted spiral compact fluorescent lights as the type of luminary to calculate the N required, as this is the lighting fixture that is mostly used within this space.

Therefore, to meet the standard illuminance level required in this zone, 16 (22-6) more spiral compact fluorescent lights are required.

Smax = 1.0 x Hm = 1.0 x 1.28 = 1.28m Smax = 1.28m, therefore, in this space we have set the spacing between the luminaries, S to be 0.8m.

First spacing from the wall will be half of the S, which is: 0.8m/ 2 = 0.4m R

= N/ Number of spacing line in S

Whereas the spacing on R is

= 22/ 4

= 9.2m/ 6

= 5.5

= 1.533m

=6

The first spacing line from the wall is half of the R which is = 1.533m/ 2 = 0.767m

Figure 4.4.5.6 Spacing (in mm) of the luminaries in Zone 3.

Conclusion: Total number of luminaries required in this space to meet the standard illuminance level required is 22 with the spacing between them as shown in the Figure 4.4.5.6.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 4: Bar & Reception

Figure 4.4.5.7 Location of Zone 4.

Zone Dimension of space, L x W Total Floor Area (m2) Reflectance Value Type of Luminaries Number of Luminaries, N Lumen of Luminaries, F (lm) Mounting Height, Hm (m) Room Index, K

Ceiling= 0.3 Ceiling Mounted Light 6 740 1.24

Utilization Factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF Standard Illuminance Level (lux) Existing Illuminance Level, E (lux)

4: Bar & Reception 7.9 x 3.2 25.28 Walls= 0.1 Suspended Light 3 516 0.75

0.19 0.8

0.47 0.8 200

Working plane= 0.6 Ceiling Mounted Spotlight 9 180 1.30

0.38 0.8

Total E= 26.70 + 23.02 + 19.48 = 69.20

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN According to MS 1525, the standard illuminance level required in this space is 200 lux, which means that the luminance level of 69.20 lux in Zone 4 does not meet the standard.

Required Illuminance Level = Standard Illuminance Level Existing Illuminance Level = 200 lux 69.20 lux = 130.80 lux Suggested Improvements: In this space, we have chosen the ceiling mounted spiral compact fluorescent lights as the type of luminary to calculate the N required, as this is the lighting fixture that is mostly used within this space.

Therefore, to meet the standard illuminance level required in this zone, 39 (45-6) more spiral compact fluorescent lights are required.

Smax = 1.0 x Hm = 1.0 x 1.24 = 1.24m Smax = 1.24m, therefore, in this space we have set the spacing between the luminaries, S to be 0.79m.

First spacing from the wall will be half of the S, which is: 0.79m/ 2 = 0.395m R

= N/ Number of spacing line in S

Whereas the spacing on R is

= 45/ 10

= 3.2m/ 5

= 4.5

= 0.64m

The first spacing line from the wall is half of the R which is = 0.64m/ 2 = 0.32m

=5

.

Conclusion: Total number of luminaries required in this space to meet the standard illuminance level required is 45 with the spacing between them as shown in the Figure 4.4.5.8.

Figure 4.4.5.8 Spacing (in mm) of the luminaries in Zone 4.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 5: Outdoor Dining

Figure 4.4.5.9 Location of Zone 5.

Zone Dimension of space, L x W Total Floor Area (m2) Reflectance Value Type of Luminaries Number of Luminaries, N Lumen of Luminaries, F (lm) Mounting Height, Hm (m) Room Index, K

Ceiling= 0.2

Utilization Factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF Standard Illuminance Level (lux) Existing Illuminance Level, E (lux)

5: Outdoor Dining 3.0 x 11.3 33.9 Walls= 0.5 Ceiling Light 10 415 2.02

Working Plane= 0.3

0.38 0.8 100

According to MS 1525, the standard illuminance level required in this space is 100 lux, which means that the luminance level of 37.22 lux in Zone 5 does not meet the standard.

Required Illuminance Level = Standard Illuminance Level Existing Illuminance Level = 100 lux 37.22 lux = 62.78 lux ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Suggested Improvements: In this space, we have chosen the ceiling suspended spherical halogen lights as the type of luminary to calculate the N required, as this is the lighting fixture that is mostly used within this space.

Therefore, to meet the standard illuminance level required in this zone, 17 (27-10) more spherical halogen lights are required.

Smax = 1.0 x Hm = 1.0 x 2.02 = 2.02m Smax = 2.02m, therefore, in this space we have set the spacing between the luminaries, S to be 1.13m.

First spacing from the wall will be half of the S, which is: 1.13m/ 2 = 0.565m R

= N/ Number of spacing line in S

Whereas the spacing on R is

= 27/ 10

= 3.0m/ 3

= 2.7

= 1.0m

=3

The first spacing line from the wall is half of the R which is = 1.0m/ 2 = 0.5m

Figure 4.4.5.10 Spacing (in mm) of the luminaries in Zone 5.

Conclusion: Total number of luminaries required in this space to meet the standard illuminance level required is 27 with the spacing between them as shown in the Figure 4.4.5.10.

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4.5 Conclusion

Figure 4.5.1 Interior dining area with skylights in Whup Whup.

Figure 4.5.2 VIP zone with lower illuminance level.

Figure 4.5.3 Interior dining space with the ceiling fairy lights turned on..

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN In conclusion, the overall illuminance level in Whup Whup is not meeting the standard illuminance level required as a purposed space. During daytime, daylight is penetrating through the skylights above, causing the fluctuating illuminance level throughout the space. It will affect the human comfort of the occupants even the staffs inside the building. Moreover, the illuminance level from zone to zone is not consistent enough resulting in some spaces that are dimmer than the others.

More openings (glazed windows/ skylights) that are evenly distributed are suggested to allow more natural daylight in and so to improve the illuminance level throughout the spaces in Whup Whup. Besides, the illuminance level of the spaces can be improved by using paint that is more reflective on wall surfaces for example white paint to give the spaces a brighter look so as to also improve the users comfort.

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CHAPTER5 ACOUSTI C

PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

5.1

Precedent Study (Acoustic)

Introduction to Acoustic The application of acoustic with science and technology in achieving good sound within a building is known as the architectural acoustic. There is a certain measure of sound intensity to be categorized as comfort level for the users in a The architectural acoustic is determined and controlled by few factors including the building envelope design, nature of the materials used and interior spatial design. Sources of sound should be identified before the planning on the application of architectural in a building which include noises coming from mechanical devices, human conversation and activities.

5.1.1 Site Introduction

Figure 5.1.1.1 Photo of the restaurant at high occupancy level

Figure 5.1.1.2 Floor plan of the restaurant

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civil engineering) in Bratislava. Its aim was to investigate the influence of spatial design, sound absorption strategy and number of occupancy on the acoustic condition.

The restaurant covers 467m2 floor area with high ceiling level of 3.8m. The floor and wall is covered in hard surfaces, marble flooring, white plastered and ceramic tiled wall. This function and material condition is the determining factor to choose this journal as our precedent study as it provides an insight into the sound expectations of an eatery.

5.1.2 Results and Discussion Noise Sources The background noise in the restaurant originates from mainly from its machineries such as the fridge. As there is no music being played in the background, the number of occupancy is the major influencing factor of sound.

Figure 5.1.2.1 Show the number of occupancy against the sound pressure level

As shown from the figure above, typical background noise situates at 45-47dB which is within the benchmark of 45-55dB provided by (Joint Technical Committee AV-004, Acoustics, Architectural, 2000). Besides that, it also concludes that the fluctuation of noise level is larger when the number of occupancy is low between 0-10 people.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Reverberation Time

Figure 5.1.2.2 Average measured reverberation time

The figure shows that the maximum reverberation time is situated at 1000Hz (middle frequency).

The factors that affects the reverberation time are: The material used at false ceiling has high absorption coefficient (0.45-0.80) and high porosity which restricts the movement of the particles.

Abundance of furniture, table and chairs increase the surface area of reflectance. Thus, the distance travelled increases and sound energy becomes weaker.

High ceiling increases the distance between sound source and the surface of the room. Thus, the distance travelled increases and sound energy becomes weaker.

5.1.3 Conclusion In conclusion, the sound level in the restaurant are maintained at an acceptable level, less than 70dB which is at our normal conversational speech decibels. In an eatery, it is worthwhile to note that acoustic comfort plays a vital role in board taste bland as compared to the usual food.

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5.2 Research Methodology 5.2.1 Site condition Site Issues Adapting from its previous function as a yarn factory, Whup Whup restaurant is situated in a 702m 2 spacious warehouse, within the industrial zone of SS13, Subang Jaya. The interior layout is a flexible open plan where no partition is used to segregate the spaces. This is to accommodate large events such as weddings and workshops to dinner among couples.

Therefore, noise control might become an issue that could aff precedent study states that, tall ceiling, 9m and furniture can contribute to lower the reverberation due to the increase in distance travelled that causes sound energy to become weaker. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the impact of its surrounding context, spatial design, and number of occupancy on its acoustic condition.

Figure 5.2.1.1 Site located within industrial zone of SS13, Subang Jaya.

Figure 5.2.1.2 Open plan with limited partitioning noise control might become an issue.

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5.2.2 Measuring Device Sound Level Meter Specification Model

KKInstruments Lutron Sl 4023SD

Range

Auto range: 30dB 130dB Manual range: 3 ranges 30dB 80dB 50dB 100dB 80dB 130dB

Figure 3.2.2.1 Lutron Electronic SL-4023SD Digital Sound Meter

Resolution

0.1dB

Accuracy

Meet IEC 61672

Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR)

Figure 5.2.2.2 Canon EOS700D DSLR camera

Camera was used to capture and record the site condition, sound source, types of material, occupancy level and activity conducted within the space.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Laser distance measurer

Figure 5.2.2.3 Bosch Laser Distance Measurer

Laser distance measurer was used to determine the 1.5m x 1.5m reference grid on the floor plan.

5.2.3 Data Collection Method a) Preliminary study on the types of spaces to choose a suitable enclose space for analysis. Chosen Whup Whup CafĂŠ for analysis b) Obtain approval from management for site visit. c) The operation hours of the cafĂŠ are from 11am 10pm. In order to evaluate the acoustic condition for both peak and non-peak hours, we visited the site on 24 September 2016,11:30 1pm (peak) and 29 September 2016, 5:40pm 7pm (non-peak). d) Conducted site measurement to produce schematic layout plans, sections and elevations e) Data collection. Refer to section 5.3.3 f) Compile and tabulate data collected g) Sound Level Pressure, Reverberation Time and Sound Insulation Index are calculated using the data collected h) Further discussions and analyzation of the result are conducted.

Data collection procedure 2 people were tasked to carry out the task. a) Gridlines spaced at 1.5m x 1.5m are plotted to create 86 reference point for sound intensity collection.

b) Space are zoned into 5 sections per function.

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Zone 1: Event Space Zone 2: Dining Area Zone 3: VIP Area Zone 4: Bar & Reception Zone 5: Outdoor Dining c) Photos and locations of sound sources are noted before the start of the data collecting process. d) Moving throughout the intersection of the grid from front to back intensity of sound is collected using the sound level meter at 1m height.

Figure 5.2.3.1 Diagram showing method of measurement at 1m high from the ground.

e) f) g) h)

Measurement shown on the sound level meter is noted.

Surrounding site condition at points with large fluctuation in sound intensity are analyzed and noted.

Data is tabulated once we have returned from the site Steps d - g are repeated for both peak and non-peak hours.

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5.2.4 Acoustic Analysis Calculation Method Sound Pressure Level Sound pressure is a measure of the pressure on the eardrum while sound power is the total sound energy radiated by the sound sources. An increase of 6dB represents a doubling of the sound pressure but an increase of at least 8 10 dB is required for the sound to appear significantly louder. Below is the equation used to measure the sound pressure level of a sound source.

SWL

= 10log(I/Io)

Where, I

= Sound power (intensity), unit : Watts

Io

= Reference power (1 x 10-12)

And for this analysis, we are required to use the equation above to measure the combined sound pressure level. It is to measure the average sound level of the covered area.

Sound Reduction Index (SRI) Sound reduction index, as known as transmission loss (TL) of a partition is the measure of the number of dB lost when a sound of a given frequency is transmitted through the partition at which, TL = Transmission Loss

TL

= 10log(1/Tav)

Where, Tav

= (S1TC1 + S2TC2

nTcn)/Total

surface area

Tcn

= Transmission coefficient of material

Sn

= Surface area of material

This equation is used to measure the insulation against the direct transmission of air-borne sound and to then help us in analysis the effectiveness of a certain partition in terms of the materials and also its absorption in reducing the transmission of sound.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Reverberation Time (RT) Reverberation is the prolongation of sound as a result of successive reflections in an enclosed space after the sound source is shut/turn off. Reverberation Time is the time for the sound pressure level in a room to decrease by 60dB from its original level after the sound is stopped. It varies due to the following factors, the room volume, materials used and

RT

= 0.16V/A

Where, RT

= Reverberation time (sec)

V

= Volume of the room (m3)

A

= Total absorption of room surfaces.

RT is controlled mainly by the acoustic absorption within the enclose space and each material has its own material absorption coefficient. This equation allows us to analyse on the effectiveness of the absorption of materials used in the selected site.

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5.3 Data Collection 5.3.1 Tabulation of data

Figure 5.3.1.1 Zoning of the spaces in WhupWhup based on activities carried out in each zone.

Zoning of Space Zone 1 : Event space

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Grid A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7

Daytime 11.30AM - 1PM (Peak hour) dB (1m) 71 71 75 73 76 70 71

Nightime 5.30PM - 7PM (Non peak hour) dB (1m) 62 69 65 62 64 67 63

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7

72 73 71 73 74 75 73

62 69 61 65 70 66 65

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Zone 2 : Dining area

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C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

70 71 71 73 75 74 70

69 68 64 66 69 64 67

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

72 71 74 73 73 76 74

69 70 65 64 67 67 63

E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7

72 75 75 74 74 73 69

70 69 73 66 70 67 63

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7

70 71 73 74 73 69 71

72 68 71 65 70 63 64

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7

73 71 75 71 73 71 72

70 70 73 67 69 66 66

H1 H2 H3 H4 H5

73 76 73 71 75

70 73 71 66 70

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Zone 3 : VIP zone

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H6 H7

71 72

64 66

I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7

72 73 74 71 73 70 72

69 71 71 62 70 66 70

J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7

73 76 77 75 79 72 74

71 70 69 68 63 65 67

D8 D9 D10

76 75 73

64 63 66

E8 E9 E10

81 73 72

62 66 63

F8 F9 F10

77 75 71

65 70 69

G8 G9 G10

73 73 70

65 71 68

H8 H9 H10

77 78 73

64 63 65

I8 I9 I10

76 83 71

65 67

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Zone 4 : Bar & Reception

Zone 5 : Outdoor Dining

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J6 J7 J8 J9 J10

73 70 74 70 72

65 69 65 61 62

K6 K7 K8 K9 K10

67 70 65 64 76

69 68 70 66 71

L6 L7 L8 L9 L10

65 66 64 65 63

69 70 67 72 70

M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12

66 64 63 72 63 65 60

61 58 58 65 61 62 59

N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12

62 60 62 63 61 61 60

63 60 61 59 60 62 61

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5.3.2 Material Absorption Coefficient Material are neither perfect reflectors or absorbers. When sound energy impinges on a material, part of it is reflected or absorbed. The term used to define a material sound absorption is its coefficient of absorption ( An absorption coefficient of 1.0 indicates 100% absorption of sound energy. Therefore, the larger the absorption coefficient ( , the more effective sound absorber the material is. Note that absorption coefficient ( varies with the sound frequency Hz.

Zone 1

Figure 5.3.2.1 Zone 1, event space.

Zone 1 Material

Picture

Absorption Coefficient 125Hz 500Hz 2000Hz

Galvanized steel truss and bracing

0.15

0.22

0.38

Metal corrugated roofing sheet

0.15

0.18

0.18

Roof

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Double glazed skylight

0.15

Polycarbonate skylight

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.05

.

Galvanized steel column

Brick wall painted

0.15

0.22

0.38

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.15

0.22

0.38

Wall

Galvanized steel door

Metal wall cladding

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0.15

0.18

0.18

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Floor

Cement screed

0.01

0.02

0.02

Timber piano (per item)

0.50

0.45

0.60

Plastic chair (per item)

0.07

0.14

0.14

Wooden chair (per item)

0.08

0.15

0.18

4pax rectangular wooden table (per item)

0.50

0.45

0.60

Furniture

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Figure 5.3.2.2 Zone 2, indoor dining area.

Zone 2 Material

Picture

Absorption Coefficient 125Hz 500Hz 2000Hz

Galvanized steel truss and bracing

0.15

0.22

0.38

Corrugated metal roofing sheet

0.15

0.18

0.18

Double glazed skylight

0.15

0.03

0.02

Roof

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Polycarbonate skylight

Brick wall painted

Wall

Floor

0.02

0.03

0.05

0.01

0.02

0.02

Galvanized steel door

0.15

0.22

0.38

6mm Laminated window

0.10

0.04

0.02

Cement screed

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0.01

0.02

0.02

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Galvanized steel staircase

0.15

0.22

0.38

Wooden chair (per item)

0.08

0.15

0.18

Furniture 8pax rectangular wooden table (per item)

0.50

0.45

0.60

4pax rectangular wooden table (per item)

0.50

0.45

0.60

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Figure 5.3.2.3 Zone 3, VIP zone.

Zone 3 Material Ceiling

Wall

Floor

Galvanized steel floor joist

Brick wall painted

Cement screed

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Absorption Coefficient 125Hz 500Hz 2000Hz 0.15

0.22

0.38

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.02

0.02

102

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Galvanized steel staircase

0.15

0.22

0.38

chair (per item)

0.7

0.14

0.14

8pax wooden table (per item)

0.50

0.45

0.60

Coffee counter

0.01

0.02

0.02

Laminate sheets

0.07

0.04

0.04

Plywood carcass

0.45

0.13

0.10

Furniture

Marble counter top

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Metal drainer

0.15

0.18

0.18

Decorative metal letter box (per item)

0.15

0.08

0.08

Decorative factory machines item)

0.15

0.08

0.08

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Zone 4

Figure 5.3.2.4 Zone 4, Bar and reception.

Zone 4 Material

Ceiling

Galvanized steel floor joist

Absorption Coefficient 125Hz 500Hz 2000Hz 0.15

0.22

0.38

0.01

0.02

0.02

Double glazed single swing door

0.15

0.03

0.02

Double glazed window

0.15

0.03

0.02

Brick wall painted

Wall

Picture

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Double glazed double swing door

Floor

0.15

Tiled flooring

0.03

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.05

0.01

0.02

0.02

Laminate sheets

0.07

0.04

0.04

Plywood carcass

0.45

0.13

0.10

Aluminum cladding

0.15

0.18

0.18

0.07

0.04

0.04

Plywood carcass

0.45

0.13

0.10

Steel carcass

0.15

0.18

0.18

Bar counter Marble counter top

Furniture Wooden tall cabinet

Laminate sheets

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Figure 5.3.2.5 Zone 4, outdoor dining zone.

Zone 5 Material

Absorption Coefficient 125Hz 500Hz 2000Hz

Picture

Galvanized steel truss and bracing

0.15

0.22

0.38

Corrugated metal roofing sheet

0.15

0.18

0.18

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.15

0.22

0.38

Roof

Brick wall

Brick wall painted

Wall Galvanized steel main door

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Galvanized steel kitchen door

0.15

0.22

0.38

Double glazed single swing door

0.15

0.03

0.02

Double glazed double swing door

0.15

0.03

0.02

Metal window grille

0.15

0.18

0.18

0.07

0.14

0.14

Furniture Metal chair (per item)

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8pax wooden table (per item)

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0.50

0.45

0.60

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5.3.3 Existing Sound Sources Identification Exterior Whup Whup café is situated in a factory zone of SS13, Subang Jaya. The factory zone on the east of the café is not a sound issue as it is disconnected by a huge monsoon drain and minimal landscape.

Figure 5.3.3.1 Drain disconnecting the factory zone opposite.

Figure 4 Exterior view of the site, road leading to carparl.

The adjacent and opposite factory does not produce much noise pollution as it only does lightweight factory production.

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Figure 5.3.3.3 site plan of immediate surrounding building

Figure 5.3.3.4 Building 1: machinery and packaging distributor

Figure 5.3.3.5 Building 2: electrical products distributor

Figure 5.3.3.6 Building 3: food products supplier

Figure 5.3.3.7 Building 4: electrical component supplier

Figure 5.3.3.8 Building 5: auto body parts supplier

does not have much effect to the interior environment as kitchen and outdoor dining area act as a buffer space for filtering the noise into the interior.

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Figure 5.3.3.9 Diagram showing surrounding spaces as a buffer space for filtering the noise into the interior.

Besides that, there are limited openings to the interior spaces and the galvanized steel door are always maintained close, thus, noise from the exterior sources hardly enters the interior spaces. Main glass door is the only opening that are frequently used.

Figure 5.3.3.10 Diagram showing location of opening

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Figure 5.3.3.11 opening 1: main glass door

Figure 5.3.3.12: door 2: side door: seldom use

Figure 5.3.3.13 door 3: galvanized steel back door always remain close Figure 5.3.3.14 door 4: galvanized steel side door always remain close

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Interior The interior sound source originates from the speakers, air conditioner, fans, electrical appliances and human activities.

The interior features a flexible open plan with no partitioning. This allows sound to travel throughout all the different spaces.

Therefore, it becomes a main noise pollution issue especially during peak hours.

Speakers

Figure 5.3.3.15 Diagram showing location of speaker

Ecler AUDEO108 passive loud speaker SPL 1W/1m

94.5

Frequency Response

65Hz 22kHz

Speakers are distributed at 2m above floor throughout zone 2 & 3, the dining area. It allows light and easy acoustic music to be played in the background.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Air conditioner Air conditioner are one of the ventilation modes in the interior space. They are distributed at 2.5m high throughout zone 1,2,3 & 4. They are wall and ceiling mounted multi-split type air conditioners which features quiet operation

Figure 5.3.3.16 Diagram showing location of air-conditioner

Daikin FXHQ-A ceiling suspended unit Cooling capacity (kW) 7.1 Dimension (mm) 235H x 1270W x 690D High 20.0 Air flow rate 50Hz Normal 17.0 (m3/min) Low 14.0 High 37.0 Sound Pressure Level Normal 35.0 Cooling (dBA) Low 34.0 Daikin FXAQ-P wall mounted unit Cooling capacity (kW) 1.7 Dimension (mm) 290H x 795W x 238D High 7.0 Air flow rate 50Hz (m3/min) Low 4.5 Sound Power Level High 52.0 Cooling (dBA) Sound Pressure Level High 34.0 Cooling (dBA) Low 29.0

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Fans Standing and ceiling fans are found at zone 1,2 & 5 to provide additional ventilation modes. The sound source of a fan includes the aerodynamic noise (the trailing edge of a fan blade) and the operation of the fan itself (motor and bearing noise). It can be noted that their motor and bearing produce relatively loud flow-induced noise once they are switched on.

Figure 5.3.3.17 Diagram showing location of fan

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Electrical appliances The sound source from the electrical appliances originates from zone 4, the bar and reception area. Blender, expresso machine and cash register only produces noise when it is in use. It will mainly affect diners seated at zone 3.

Figure 5.3.3.18 Photo showing the bar counter where blender and espresso machine are used

Figure 5.3.3.19 Photo showing location of cash register

The sound from the cooking activities in the kitchen are blocked by the tall cabinet in front of the serving desk. Therefore, it does not have much effect to the diners seated at zone 2.

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Figure 5.3.3.20 Photo showing tall cabinet in front of the servery

Human activities Sound produces from human activities mainly occurs at zone 2, 3 and 4. In zone 2 & 3, the main dining areas, the sound source originates from activities such as group discussions, chit-chatting, laughing and greeting. In zone 4, the bar and reception area, the sound source originates from activities such as trading, requesting, ordering and complaining.

Figure 5.3.3.21 Photo showing human activities at zone2 during peak hours

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Figure 5.3.3.22 Photos showing human activities at zone3 during peak hours

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5.4 Acoustic Calculation and Analysis 5.4.1 Acoustic Ray Diagram Analysis Ray diagramming is a design procedure for analyzing the reflected sound distribution throughout an enclosed space.

Zone 1

Air-conditioner

Fan

Analysis: It can be seen from the diagram that the sound waves dissipates to the roof before being reflected as reverberation. Most of the reverberated sound waves was lost before it hits the surface of the ground. Lowered ceiling in zone 3 & 4 prevents sound waves to be distributed into the space.

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Air-conditioner A

Air-conditioner B

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Air-conditioner C

Air-conditioner D

Fan

Speaker A

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Speaker B

Speaker C

Analysis: The condition was similar to Zone 1. It can be seen from the diagram that the sound waves dissipate to the roof before being reflected as reverberation. Most of the reverberated sound waves was lost before it hits the surface of the ground. Lowered ceiling in zone 3 & 4 prevents sound waves to be distributed into the space. The sound from the fan only affects the occupants surrounding it.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 3

Air-conditioner

Air-conditioner

Analysis: Lowered ceiling in Zone 3 keeps the sound distribution within its confinement. Note the sound distribution of the speaker only occurs at the area surrounding it.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 4

Air-conditioner

Blender

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Espresso Machine

Analysis: Lowered ceiling in Zone 4 keeps the sound distribution within its confinement. Note the noise from the electrical appliances was blocked by the counter. Thus, minimal noise reaches the diners.

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Fan1

Fan2

Analysis: Zone 5 was located as a separate zone detached from the interior spaces. Therefore, the sound waves was only distributed within its confinement.

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5.4.3 Sound pressure level Zone 1

Fluctuation in SPL reading caused noise from human activities

Fluctuation in SPL reading caused noise from standing fan

Figure 5.4.3.1 Peak hours acoustic reading.

Fluctuation in SPL reading caused noise from standing fan

Figure 5.4.3.2 Non-peak hours acoustic reading

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Peak Hour (11.30AM 1PM)

Non-peak Hour (5.30PM 7PM)

Highest reading (dB)

75

70

Lowest reading (dB)

70

61

Intensity of highest reading

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 75 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 7.5 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 107.5 IH = 3.162x10 -5

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 70 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 7 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 107 IH = 1x10-5

Intensity of lowest reading

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 70 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 7.0 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 107 IL = 1 x 10-5

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 61 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 6.1 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 106.1 IL = 1.259 x 10-6

Total intensity

T = 3.162 x 10-5 + 1x 10-5 = 4.162 x 10-5 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(4.162x10-5/1x10-12) SWL = 76.19dB

T = 1x10-5 + 1.259 x 10-6 = 1.126 x 10-5 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(1.126x10-5/1x10-12) SWL = 70.51dB

Sound pressure level

The sound pressure level is relatively higher during peak hour mainly due to the concentration of crowd but the level is still at moderate comparing to the other zones because zone 1 is usually not fully occupied as it is a space to host special event. The sound pressure level is slightly below average as sound dissipates towards the roof as shown in the ray diagram in Chapter 5.4.1, most of the reflected sound waves were lost before reaching the surface due to the extensive height of the roof.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 2

Fluctuation in SPL reading caused noise from standing fan

Fluctuation in SPL reading caused noise from human activities

Figure 5.4.3.3 Peak hours acoustic reading

Fluctuation in SPL reading caused noise from standing fan

Figure 5.4.3.4 Non-peak hours acoustic reading

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Peak Hour (11.30AM 1PM)

Non-peak Hour (5.30PM 7PM)

Highest reading (dB)

76

73

Lowest reading (dB)

69

62

Intensity of highest reading

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 76 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 7.6 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 107.6 IH = 3.981 x 10-5

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 73 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 7.3 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 107.3 IH = 1.995 x 10-5

Intensity of lowest reading

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 69 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 6.9 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 106.9 IL = 7.943 x 10-6

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 62 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 6.2 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 106.2 IL = 1.585 x 10-6

Total intensity

T = 3.981x10-5 + 7.943x10-6 = 4.775 x 10-5 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(4.775x10-5/1x10-12) SWL = 76.79dB

T = 1.995x10-5 + 1.585 x 10-6 = 2.154 x 10-5 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(2.154x10-5/1x10-12) SWL = 73.33dB

Sound pressure level

Sound pressure level in zone 2 is slightly higher than moderate range as compared to other zones, but in zones 2 there are actually more potential noise sources as the crowd is mainly at this area, there are also quite a number of other sound sources identified like the air conditioners and standing fans that area placed around the dining area.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 3

Fluctuation in SPL reading caused noise from electrical appliances (blender)

Figure 5.4.3.5 Peak hour acoustic reading

Fluctuation in SPL reading caused by background music

Figure 5.4.3.6 Non-Peak hour acoustic reading

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Peak Hour (11.30AM 1PM)

Non-peak Hour (5.30PM 7PM)

Highest reading (dB)

83

71

Lowest reading (dB)

70

62

Intensity of highest reading

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 83 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 8.3 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 108.3 IH = 1.995 x 10-4

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 71 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 7.1 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 107.1 IH = 1.259 x 10-5

Intensity of lowest reading

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 70 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 7 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 107 IL = 1x10-5

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 62 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 6.2 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 106.2 IL = 1.585 x 10-6

Total intensity

T = 1.995x10-4 + 1.259 x 10-6 = 2.008 x 10-4 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(2.008x10-4/1x10-12) SWL = 83.03dB

T = 1.259x10-5 + 1.585 x 10-6 = 1.418 x 10-5 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(1.418x10-5/1x10-12) SWL = 71.51dB

Sound pressure level

The sound pressure level is the highest among all the other zones, it can be identified that the highest reading is recorded close to the working station where all the sound sources are placed as coffee machines, cooking applicants and also other food prepping applicants can be found. However it only affect the area surrounding it as part of the sound waves are reflected and absorbed by the adjacent furniture before reaching the dining area. As shown from the ray diagram, music and noise from conversation are concentrated within the zone itself due to low ceiling height in that zone.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 4

Fluctuation in SPL reading caused by noise from electrical appliances (espresso machine)

Figure 5.4.3.7 Peak hours acoustic reading

Fluctuation in SPL reading caused by noise from electrical appliances

Figure 5.4.3.8 Non-peak hours acoustic reading

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Peak Hour (11.30AM 1PM)

Non-peak Hour (5.30PM 7PM)

Highest reading (dB)

74

72

Lowest reading (dB)

63

61

Intensity of highest reading

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 74 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 7.4 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 107.4 IH = 2.512 x10-5

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 72 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 7.2 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 107.2 IH = 1.585x10-5

Intensity of lowest reading

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 63 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 6.3 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 106.3 IL = 1.995 x 10-6

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 61 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 6.1 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 106.1 IL = 1.259 x 10-6

Total intensity

T = 2.512 x10-5 + 1.995 x 10-6 = 2.712 x 10-5 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(2.712x10-5/1x10-12) SWL = 74.33dB

T = 1.585x10-5 + 1.259 x 10-6 = 1.711 x 10-5 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(1.711x10-5/1x10-12) SWL = 72.33dB

Sound pressure level

The sound pressure level is comparably higher during the peak hour as the workstation is more frequent operated and occupied by workers preparing beverage and food. The sound sources are mostly from the kitchen applicants. However, the noise are mostly concentrated within the zone itself due to the low ceiling height as shown in the above ray diagram.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 5

Fluctuation in SPL reading caused by noise from ceiling fan

Figure 5.4.3.9 Peak hours acoustic reading

Fluctuation in SPL reading caused by noise from ceiling fan

Figure 5.4.3.10 Non-peak hours acoustic reading

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Peak Hour (11.30AM 1PM)

Non-peak Hour (5.30PM 7PM)

Highest reading (dB)

72

65

Lowest reading (dB)

60

58

Intensity of highest reading

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 72 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 7.2 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 107.2 IH = 1.585 x 10-5

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 65 = 10log(IH/1x10-12) 6.5 = log(IH/1x10-12) IH/1x10-12 = 106.5 IH = 3.162x10-6

Intensity of lowest reading

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 60 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 6.0 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 106.0 IL = 1 x 10-6

SWL = 10log(I/Io) 58 = 10log(IL/1x10-12) 5.8 = log(IL/1x10-12) IL/1x10-12 = 105.8 IL = 6.310 x 10-7

Total intensity

T = 1.585x10-5 + 1x10-6 = 1.685 x 10-5 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(1.685x10-5/1x10-12) SWL = 72.27dB

T = 3.162x10-6 + 6.310 x 10-7 = 3.793x 10-6 SWL = 10log(I/Io) SWL = 10log(3.793x10-6/1x10-12) SWL = 65.79dB

Sound pressure level

The sound pressure level at the outdoor dining zone is the lowest among all zones, it is a semi open buffer area between the interior and exterior which allows the escape of the sound waves and vibration hence resulting in lesser reflection of und for dining purposes. It might also due to the materials of brick walls that is softer.

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5.4.4 Sound Reduction Index (TL) Zone 1 and 3

Materials (Wall)

Brick wall plastered

Tav

Sound Reduction Index (dB) 50

Surface Area (m2)

7.5

Transmission Coefficient of Material, T 1 x 10-5

T TL = 10log(1/T) 50 = 10log(1/T) 5 = log(1/T) 1/T= 105 T = 1 x 10-5

= (7.5 x 1 x 10-5)/7.5 = 1 x 10-5

TL

= 10log(1/Tav) = 10log(1/1x10-5) = 50dB

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Sound Pressure Level (dB) Zone

Peak Hour

Non-peak Hour

1

76.19

70.51

3

83.03

71.51

Difference in dB

6.84

1.00

Compare to overall SRI

<50

<50

Both the difference in sound pressure level (dB) is 6.84dB and 1.00dB for peak and non-peak hour respectively, it can be identified that it is very much lower than the overall SRI, the sound the selected wall could have actually absorbed. This can be due to the arrangement and placement of the partition between zone 1 and zone 3, as the partition could be extended longer in order to block more sound coming from both zones. Besides, zone 3 is exposed to more sound sources including from the human activities as zone 3 is a VIP dining area, bar and reception kitchen applicants that right next to it that make it slightly harder for the sound to be blocked from entering the adjacent zone.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone 4 and 5

Materials (Wall)

Sound Reduction Index (dB)

Surface Area (m2)

Brick wall painted

50

33.6

Transmission Coefficient of Material, T 1 x 10-5

Double glazed single swing door

26

1.89

2.512 x 10-3

Double glazed double swing door

26

3.15

2.512 x 10-3

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T TL = 10log(1/T) 50 = 10log(1/T) 5 = log(1/T) 1/T= 105 T = 1 x 10-5 TL = 10log(1/T) 26 = 10log(1/T) 2.6 = log(1/T) 1/T= 102.6 T = 2.512 x 10-3 TL = 10log(1/T) 26 = 10log(1/T) 2.6 = log(1/T) 1/T= 102.6 T = 2.512 x 10-3

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Tav

= [(33.6 x 1 x 10-5)+(1.89 x 2.512 x 10-3)+(3.15 x 2.512 x 10-3)]/(33.6+1.89+3.15) = 3.36 x 10-4

TL

= 10log(1/Tav) = 10log(1/3.36x10-4) = 34.75dB

Sound Pressure Level (dB) Zone

Peak Hour

Non-peak Hour

4

74.33

72.33

5

72.27

65.79

Difference in dB

2.06

6.54

Compare to overall SRI

<34.75

<34.75

The difference in sound pressure level between zone 4 and 5 for peak and non-peak hour are 2.06dB and 6.54dB respectively, it can be identified that they are both significantly lower than the expected overall SRI which the wall/partition should have achieved. This might due to the reasons that the wall between zone 4 and zone 5 is equipped with more openings like the glass door and windows hence allowing the sound to transmit from zone 4 to zone 5, besides zone 5 is also a semi-exposed dining/waiting area so it is exposed to external noise sources as well. Besides, materials like glass also has relatively lower SRI compared to solid materials like bricks and concrete.

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5.4.5 Reverberation Time (RT) Material Absorption Coefficient in 125Hz (Zone 1, 2, 3 & 4)

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Total floor area = 47.25m2 Total volume = 217.35m3

Component Zone 1 (125Hz)

Roof

Wall

Floor Furniture

Occupants

Materials Galvanized steel truss and bracing Metal corrugated roofing sheet Double glazed skylight Polycarbonate skylight Galvanized steel column Brick wall painted Galvanized steel door Metal wall cladding Cement screed Timber piano (per item) Plastic chair (per item) Wooden chair (per item) 4pax rectangular wooden table (per item) Peak Non-peak

Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)

Surface Absorption Sound 2 area (m ) coefficient absorption 28 0.15 4.2 47.25 0.15 7.0875 2.75 0.15 0.4125 4.25 0.02 0.085 1.08 0.15 0.162 16.2 0.01 0.162 7.5 0.15 1.125 10.5 0.15 1.575 47.25 0.01 0.4725 3.15 0.5 1.575 10 (0.6) 0.07 0.42 5 (0.5) 0.08 0.24 13.6 0.5 6.8 8 0.18 1.44 2 0.18 0.36

= 25.76 = 24.68

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Total floor area = 94.5m2 Total volume = 434.7m2 Component Zone 2 (125Hz)

Roof

Wall Floor Furniture Occupants

Materials Galvanized steel truss and bracing Corrugated metal roofing sheet Double glazed skylight Polycarbonate skylight Brick wall painted Galvanized steel door 6mm laminated window Cement screed Galvanized steel staircase Wooden chair (per item) 8pax rectangular wooden table (per item) 4pax rectangular wooden table (per item) Peak Non-peak

Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)

Surface Absorption Sound area (m2) coefficient absorption 30 0.15 4.5 105 0.15 15.75 5.5 0.15 0.825 8.5 0.02 0.17 32.4 0.01 0.324 3.15 0.15 0.4725 4 0.1 0.4 94.5 0.01 0.945 1.13 0.15 0.1695 0.5 0.08 0.04 2 (6.5) 0.5 6.5 5 (4.5) 0.5 11.25 18 0.18 3.24 8 0.18 1.44

= 44.59 = 42.79

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Total floor area = 27m2 Total volume = 67.5m3 Component Zone 3 (125Hz) Ceiling Wall Floor Furniture

Occupants

Materials Galvanized steel floor joist Brick wall painted Cement screed Wooden chair (per item) 8pax wooden table (per item) Coffee counter - marble counter top Coffee counter - laminated sheet Coffee counter - plywood carcass Coffee counter - metal drainer Decorative metal letter box (per item) Decorative factory machines (per item) Peak Non-peak

Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)

Surface Absorption Sound area (m2) coefficient absorption 14 0.15 2.1 33.75 0.01 0.3375 27 0.01 0.27 16 (0.5) 0.08 0.64 2 (6.5) 0.5 6.5 1.2 0.01 0.012 0.8 0.07 0.056 0.6 0.45 0.27 0.2 0.15 0.03 7.5 0.15 1.125 4.6 0.15 0.69 16 0.18 2.88 8 0.18 1.44

= 14.91 = 13.47

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Total floor area = 23.4m2 Total volume = 58.5m3 Component Zone 4 (125Hz) Ceiling Wall

Floor Furnitures

Occupants

Materials Galvanized steel floor joist Brick wall painted Double glazed single swing door Double glazed double swing door Double glazed window Tiled flooring Bar counter - Marble counter top Bar counter - Laminate sheets Bar counter - Plywood carcass Bar counter - Aluminum cladding Wooden tall cabinet - Laminate sheets Wooden tall cabinet - Plywood carcass Wooden tall cabinet - Steel carcass Peak Non-peak

Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)

Surface Absorption Sound 2 area (m ) coefficient absorption 8.5 0.15 1.275 18.75 0.01 0.1875 1.89 0.15 0.2835 3.8 0.15 0.57 1.2 0.15 0.18 18 0.03 0.54 2.5 0.01 0.025 2 0.07 0.14 3.2 0.45 1.44 1.6 0.15 0.24 3.2

0.07

0.224

1.5 0.8 5 3

0.45 0.15 0.18 0.18

0.675 0.12 0.9 0.54

= 6.8 = 6.44

Zone

Floor Area (m2)

Volume (m3)

1

47.25

217.35

2

94.5

434.7

44.59

42.79

3

27

67.5

14.91

13.47

4

23.4

58.5

6.8

6.44

Total

192.15

778.05

92.06

87.38

Peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 778.05)/92.06 = 1.35s

Acoustic Absorption, A Peak Hour Non-peak Hour 25.76 24.68

Non-peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 778.05)/87.38 = 1.42s

The RT in 125Hz for both peak and non-peak hour still falls within the average range of 1.00 2.00s for large rooms.

Previously it was a concern for us as most of the interior spaces are large in volume which might possibly lead to more echo that can be identified from higher RT achieved, but the issues seem to be resolved by the furniture placed in zone 2 and 3 as they are mostly softer materials like timber and wood, it allows higher absorption of sound hence resulting in lower RT. ARC 3413 BUILDING SCIENCE II

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Material Absorption Coefficient in 500Hz (Zone 1, 2, 3 & 4)

Component Zone 1 (500Hz)

Roof

Wall

Floor Furniture

Occupants

Materials Galvanized steel truss and bracing Metal corrugated roofing sheet Double glazed skylight Polycarbonate skylight Galvanized steel column Brick wall painted Galvanized steel door Metal wall cladding Cement screed Timber piano (per item) Plastic chair (per item) Wooden chair (per item) 4pax rectangular wooden table (per item) Peak hour Non-peak hour

Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)

Surface Absorption Sound area (m2) coefficient absorption 28 0.22 6.16 47.25 0.18 8.505 2.75 0.03 0.0825 4.25 0.03 0.1275 1.08 0.22 0.2376 16.2 0.02 0.324 7.5 0.22 1.65 10.5 0.18 1.89 47.25 0.02 0.945 3.15 0.45 1.4175 10 (0.6) 0.14 0.84 5 (0.5) 0.15 0.375 13.6 8 2

0.45 0.46 0.46

6.12 3.68 0.92

= 32.35 = 29.59

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Component Zone 2 (500Hz)

Roof

Wall Floor

Furniture

Occupants

Materials Galvanized steel truss and bracing Corrugated metal roofing sheet Double glazed skylight Polycarbonate skylight Brick wall painted Galvanized steel door 6mm laminated window Cement screed Galvanized steel staircase Wooden chair (per item) 6pax rectangular wooden table (per item) 4pax rectangular wooden table (per item) Peak hour Non-peak hour

Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)

Surface Absorption Sound area (m2) coefficient absorption 30 0.22 6.6 105 0.18 18.9 5.5 0.03 0.165 8.5 0.03 0.255 32.4 0.02 0.648 3.15 0.22 0.693 4 0.04 0.16 94.5 0.02 1.89 1.13 0.22 0.2486 32 (0.5) 0.15 2.4 2 (6.5)

0.45

7.875

5 (4.5) 18 8

0.45 0.46 0.46

11.25 8.28 3.68

= 59.37 = 54.77

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Component Zone 3 (500Hz) Ceiling Wall Floor Furniture

Occupants

Surface Absorption Sound Materials area (m2) coefficient absorption Galvanized steel floor joist 14 0.22 3.08 Brick wall painted 33.75 0.02 0.675 Cement screed 27 0.02 0.54 Wooden chair (per item) 16 (0.5) 0.15 1.2 8pax wooden table (per item) 2 (6.5) 0.45 5.85 Coffee counter - marble counter top 1.2 0.02 0.024 Coffee counter - laminated sheet 0.8 0.04 0.032 Coffee counter - plywood carcass 0.6 0.13 0.078 Coffee counter - metal drainer 0.2 0.18 0.036 Decorative metal letter box (per item) 7.5 0.08 0.6 Decorative factory machines (per item) 4.6 0.08 0.368 Peak hour 16 0.46 7.36 Non-peak hour 8 0.46 3.68

Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)

= 19.84 = 16.16

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Component Zone 4 (500Hz) Ceiling Wall Floor

Furnitures

Materials Galvanized steel floor joist Brick wall painted Double glazed single swing door Double glazed double swing door Tiled flooring Bar counter - Marble counter top Bar counter - Laminate sheets Bar counter - Plywood carcass Bar counter - Aluminum cladding Wooden tall cabinet - Laminate sheets Wooden tall cabinet - Plywood carcass Wooden tall cabinet - Steel carcass

Occupants

Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)

Surface Absorption Sound area (m2) coefficient absorption 8.5 0.22 1.87 18.75 0.02 0.375 1.89 0.03 0.0567 3.8 0.03 0.114 18 0.03 0.54 2.5 0.02 0.05 2 0.04 0.08 3.2 0.13 0.416 1.6 0.18 0.288 3.2

0.04

0.128

1.5 0.8 5 3

0.13 0.18 0.46 0.46

0.195 0.144 2.3 1.38

= 6.55 = 5.63

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Zone

Floor Area (m2)

Volume (m3)

Acoustic Absorption, A Peak Hour Non-peak Hour 32.35 29.59

1

47.25

217.35

2

94.5

434.7

59.37

54.77

3

27

67.5

19.84

16.16

4

23.4

58.5

6.55

5.63

Total

192.15

778.05

118.11

106.15

Peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 778.05)/118.11 = 1.05s Non-peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 778.05)/106.15 = 1.17s The RT in 500Hz for both peak and non-peak hour still falls within the average range of 1.00 2.00s for large rooms.

Previously it was a concern for us as most of the interior spaces are large in volume which might possibly lead to more echo that can be identified from higher RT achieved, but the issues seem to be resolved by the furniture placed in zone 2 and 3 as they are mostly softer materials like timber and wood, it allows higher absorption of sound hence resulting in lower RT.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Material Absorption Coefficient in 2000Hz (Zone 1, 2, 3 & 4)

Component Zone 1 (2000Hz)

Roof

Wall

Floor Furniture

Occupants

Materials Galvanized steel truss and bracing Metal corrugated roofing sheet Double glazed skylight Polycarbonate skylight Galvanized steel column Brick wall painted Galvanized steel door Metal wall cladding Cement screed Timber piano (per item) Plastic chair (per item) Wooden chair (per item) 4pax rectangular wooden table (per item) Peak hour Non-peak hour

Total absorption (Peak) (Non-Peak)

Surface area (m2) 28 47.25 2.75 4.25 1.08 16.2 7.5 10.5 47.25 3.15 10 (0.6) 5 (0.5) 13.6 8 2

Absorption Sound coefficient absorption 0.38 10.64 0.18 8.505 0.02 0.055 0.05 0.2125 0.38 0.4104 0.02 0.324 0.38 2.85 0.18 1.89 0.02 0.945 0.6 1.89 0.14 0.84 0.18 0.45 0.6 0.51 0.51

8.16 4.08 1.02

= 41.25 = 38.19

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Component Zone 2 (2000Hz) Roof

Wall

Floor Furniture

Occupants

Materials Galvanized steel truss and bracing Corrugated metal roofing sheet Double glazed skylight Polycarbonate skylight Brick wall painted Galvanized steel door 6mm laminated window Cement screed Galvanized steel staircase Wooden chair (per item) 6pax rectangular wooden table (per item) 4pax rectangular wooden table (per item) Peak hour Non-peak hour

Total absorption (Peak) (Non-Peak)

Surface area (m2) 30 105 5.5 8.5 32.4 3.15 4 94.5 1.13 32 (0.5)

Absorption Sound coefficent absorption 0.38 11.4 0.18 18.9 0.02 0.11 0.05 0.425 0.02 0.648 0.38 1.197 0.02 0.08 0.02 1.89 0.38 0.4294 0.18 2.88

2 (6.5)

0.6

7.8

5 (4.5) 18 8

0.6 0.51 0.51

13.5 9.18 4.08

= 68.43 = 63.34

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Component Zone 3 (2000Hz) Ceiling Wall Floor Furniture

Occupants

Surface Absorption Sound 2 Materials area (m ) coefficient absorption Galvanized steel floor joist 14 0.38 5.32 Brick wall painted 33.75 0.02 0.675 Cement screed 27 0.02 0.54 Wooden chair (per item) 16 (0.5) 0.18 1.44 8pax wooden table (per item) 2 (6.5) 0.6 7.8 Coffee counter - marble counter top 1.2 0.02 0.024 Coffee counter - laminated sheet 0.8 0.04 0.032 Coffee counter - plywood carcass 0.6 0.1 0.06 Coffee counter - metal drainer 0.2 0.18 0.036 Decorative metal letter box (per item) 7.5 0.08 0.6 Decorative factory machines (per item) 4.6 0.08 0.368 Peak hour 16 0.51 8.16 Non-peak hour 8 0.51 4.08

Total absorption (Peak) (Non-Peak)

= 25.06 = 20.98

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Component Zone 4 (2000Hz) Ceiling Wall

Floor Furnitures

Occupants

Total absorption (Peak) (Non-Peak)

Materials Galvanized steel floor joist Brick wall painted Double glazed single swing door Double glazed double swing door Tiled flooring Bar counter - Marble counter top Bar counter - Laminate sheets Bar counter - Plywood carcass Bar counter - Aluminum cladding Wooden tall cabinet - Laminate sheets Wooden tall cabinet - Plywood carcass Wooden tall cabinet - Steel carcass Peak Non-peak

Surface Absorption Sound area (m2) coefficient absorption 8.5 0.38 3.23 18.75 0.02 0.375 1.89 0.02 0.0378 3.8 0.02 0.076 18 0.05 0.9 2.5 0.02 0.05 2 0.04 0.08 3.2 0.1 0.32 1.6 0.18 0.288 3.2

0.04

0.128

1.5

0.1

0.15

0.8 5 3

0.18 0.51 0.51

0.144 2.55 1.53

= 5.78 = 4.76

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Zone

Floor Area (m2)

Volume (m3)

Acoustic Absorption, A Peak Hour Non-peak Hour 41.25 38.19

1

47.25

217.35

2

94.5

434.7

68.43

63.34

3

27

67.5

25.06

20.98

4

23.4

58.5

5.78

4.76

Total

192.15

778.05

140.52

127.27

Peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 778.05)/140.52 = 0.89s Non-peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 778.05)/127.27 = 0.98s The RT in 2000Hz for both peak and non-peak hour are at good range, this can be due to the addition of the furniture added like the wooden tables and chairs when there are more customers especially during peak hour as during peak hour the RT is 0.89s which is lower than during non-peak hour. Besides, the increase in occupancy of people also reduce the successive reflection of the sounds in an enclosed space. The small openings on the upper part of the walls also allow the escape of the sound source.

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Material Coefficient Absorption in 125Hz, 500Hz, 2000Hz (Zone 5)

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Total floor area = 36m2 Total volume = 126m3 Component Zone 5 (125Hz)

Roof

Wall

Furniture Occupants

Surface Absorption Sound Materials area (m2) coefficient absorption Galvanized steel truss and bracing 18.5 0.15 2.775 Corrugated metal roofing sheet 34 0.15 5.1 Brick wall painted 63.8 0.01 0.638 Galvanized steel main door 3.15 0.15 0.4725 Galvanized steel kitchen door 1.89 0.15 0.2835 Double glazed single swing door 1.89 0.15 0.2835 Double glazed double swing door 3.8 0.15 0.57 Metal wall cladding 10.5 0.15 1.575 Wooden chair (per item) 8 (0.5) 0.08 0.32 8pax wooden table (per item) 4.5 0.5 2.25 Peak hour 4 0.18 0.72 Non-peak hour 2 0.18 0.36

Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)

= 14.99 = 14.63

Peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 126)/14.99 = 1.34s Non-peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 126)/14.63 = 1.38s

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN Component Zone 5 (500Hz)

Roof

Wall

Furniture Occupants Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)

Materials Galvanized steel truss and bracing Corrugated metal roofing sheet Brick wall painted Galvanized steel main door Galvanized steel kitchen door Double glazed single swing door Double glazed double swing door Metal window grille Wooden chair (per item) 8pax wooden table (per item) Peak hour Non-peak hour

Surface area (m2)

Absorption Sound coefficient absorption

18.5 34 63.8 3.15 1.89

0.22 0.18 0.02 0.22 0.22

4.07 6.12 1.276 0.693 0.4158

1.89

0.03

0.0567

3.8 10.5 8 (0.5) 4.5 4 2

0.03 0.18 0.15 0.45 0.46 0.46

0.114 1.89 0.6 2.025 1.84 0.92

= 19.10 = 18.18

Peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 126)/19.10 = 1.05s Non-peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 126)/18.18 = 1.11s

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Component

Roof

Wall

Furniture Occupants Total absorption (Peak) (Non-peak)

Zone 5 (2000Hz) Materials Galvanized steel truss and bracing Corrugated metal roofing sheet Brick wall painted Galvanized steel main door Galvanized steel kitchen door Double glazed single swing door Double glazed double swing door Metal window grille Wooden chair (per item) 8pax wooden table (per item) Peak hour Non-peak hour

Surface area (m2)

Absorption coefficient

Sound absorption

18.5 34 63.8 3.15 1.89

0.38 0.18 0.02 0.38 0.38

7.03 6.12 1.276 1.197 0.7182

1.89

0.02

0.0378

3.8 10.5 8 (0.5) 4.5 4 2

0.02 0.18 0.18 0.6 0.51 0.51

0.076 1.89 0.72 2.7 2.04 1.02

= 23.81 = 22.79

Peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 126)/23.81 = 0.85s Non-peak hour reverberation time RT = 0.16V/A = (0.16 x 126)/22.79 = 0.88s

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PROJECT 1 : LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

Zone 1, 2, 3 & 4 Zone 5

-

Interior area Exterior area Reverberation Time (sec)

Zone 1, 2, 3 & 4

5

125Hz

500Hz

2000Hz

Peak Hour

1.35

1.05

0.89

Non-peak Hour

1.42

1.17

0.98

Peak Hour

1.34

1.05

0.85

Non-peak Hour

1.38

1.11

0.88

Comparing zone 1, 2, 3 and 4 to zone 5, zone 5 can be seen to have slightly lower RT in all three Hz situation. This might due to the fact that zone 5 is a partially opened space which already provide other ways for the reflections of the sound as they are not limited to the interior surfaces only. Besides, the volume of zone 5 is much smaller as compared to the other zones as we know that volume of an enclosed space plays an important role in controlling the reverberation time.

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5.5 Conclusion and Recommendation

Based on our findings and analysis, the sound pressure level identified and recorded is between 65dB 85 dB which is slightly over the range of normal speech decibels, as we can see the higher ones are mostly happening around places like the bar and reception where kitchen applicants that make noises are placed like the coffee machines, dish washing activities, food prepping, some are close to where the speakers and standing fans are located as standing fans produced quite a significant level of noise, it is also due to the low ceiling height which concentrate the noises within its compartment.

We also do noticed that the sound reduction index/transmission loss results we have gotten from the selected zones are not within the expected value generated from our calculation, 50dB for zone 1 & 3 and 34.75dB for zone 4 & 5, as it might due to the lack in partition or separation between spaces to block the sound sources coming from both zones so as to provide a comfortable space for the users in each zones. We consider the outcome of our analysis can be due to the choice of materials and also construction for examples having more openings that allows the transmission of sound to continue from one space to another, besides the usage of the spaces is one of the factor that could affect the transmission loss in a space.

However, the reverberation time falls closely to the expected average range which is out of our initial expectation as we consider the cafĂŠ is a refurbishment from an old factory which factory usually has relatively higher RT due to the materials used for the building envelope. We conclude that the issue is resolved by placing and arranging a significant amount of furniture made by softer material.

We would suggest to improve on the sound reduction index by adding temporary and movable partition wall or modifying the existing ones with materials of higher SRI or properly insulated and reducing the amount of window and door openings close to the main exit or the neighboring factories to reduce the transmission of noises sources coming from the factory activities out of the cafĂŠ. Besides, the sound pressure level in certain zones like dining area could be reduced and maintain within a normal and comfortable level of 60 - 70dB by properly separating the work stations from the customers dining area. The usage of standing fans can be replaced or reduced to avoid addition of noise sources.

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