SKILLINGS MINING REVIEW January 2024 by CFX Network, LLC

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Volume: 113. Issue.1. January 2024

22 EXAMINING COPPER, CONFLICT, & COMMUNITIES

The Socio-Economic Impacts of Mining in Latin America The countries in Latin America are on the verge of experiencing a significant increase in mining activities.

36 TAZARA's Trajectory: A Lens on China’s Growing Influence in Africa and Beyond

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Leadership, Career Progression, & Industry Trends Charles Elamé, Mario Juárez, Herb Duerr, Sinan Talaz

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Rwanda’s Mining Sector Holds U.S.$150 Billion Potential - Amb. Yamina Karitanyi

Uranium price hits 15-year high in 2023

Volume: 113. Issue.1. January 2024

The Socio-Economic Impacts of Mining in Latin America Examining Copper, Conflict, & Communities

22 Charles Elamé, Mario Juárez, Herb Duerr, Sinan Talaz INSIGHTS FROM INDUSTRY PROFESSIONALS

28 12

TAZARA's Trajectory: A Lens on China’s Growing Influence in Africa and Beyond

Top 5 investments made in Africa’s critical minerals in 2023

China's participation in the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA) is a significant step forward in the ongoing global struggle for control of vital mineral trade routes, notably those critical for the development of electric vehicle batteries.

The global energy transition has driven interest in Africa’s critical mineral reserves, resulting in a surge in demand for resources essential to the development of solar photovoltaic technology, wind farms and EVs. 06 Rio Tinto enters aluminum recycling race through 50% stake in Matalco.

Leadership, Career Progression, and Industry Trends

20 Harmony Gold to delay Eva project

42 Columbia And Brazil Raze Illegal Mining Dredges In Amazon

08 Us Gives $50m Boost To Critical Minerals Investor Techmet

34 Greenfield Investment Lagging Badly, Mining’s Contribution To Economy Halved

10 WA Mines and Petroleum Minister Resigns

34 Australia Sees 5.6% Rise In Mining Investment

44 GBML expands Lithium operations in Ireland

14 GHH going for Gold in Bulgaria

35 Zimbabwe: United States Participation in Kimberley Process Plenary Meetings

46 Stastistics

16 GM and Komatsu Collaborate on Hydrogen Fuel Cell-Powered Mining Truck

36 A Lens on China’s Growing Influence in Africa and Beyond

44 ENGIE successfully acquires BTE Renewable

47 2023 Steel Statistical Yearbook

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MinRes drops $46 million at Mount Marion Mineral Resources (MinRes) has awarded a $46 million contract to Develop Global for underground development at the Mount Marion lithium mine in Western Australia.

evelop Global will establish an exploration decline at the mine, which is owned in a joint venture between MinRes and China’s largest lithium producer, Gangfeng Lithium. “The award of this contract to Develop is a significant vote of confidence in our world-class underground mining team,” Develop managing director Bill Beament said. “The strength of this team is shown by the outstanding results we are generating at the Bellevue gold mine, where the

project is running on time and on budget.” Develop began underground work at Bellevue Gold’s Bellevue mine in Western Australia in 2022 under a $400 million contract expected to cover almost four years. “The Mount Marion contract is consistent with our stated strategy of securing two or three contracts within our mining services team,” Beament said. “Our team is eager to make a significant contribution to the Mount Marion project by applying its extensive skills and experience to the underground development.” Key works to be carried out initially include establishing surface facilities to support underground mining activities, portal establishment, installation of underground mine infrastructure.

Rio Tinto enters aluminum recycling race through 50% stake in Matalco Mining giant Rio Tinto Ltd. has entered the global recycling race for aluminum through a $700-million investment in Brampton, Ont.-based Matalco Inc., as it eyes taking a stake in a market that’s expected to grow substantially in the next decade.

iampaolo Group Inc.’s Matalco currently runs six recycling facilities in the United States and one in Canada. Matalco will remain the operator of the facilities, while Rio, which will hold a 50 per cent stake in the company, will be in charge of marketing and sales. Matalco has produced about 400,000 tonnes of recycled aluminum in the eight-month period that ended on Sept. 30, 2023, although it has the capacity to annually produce 900,000 tonnes. “We believe that recycling will continue to increase and that means that there will be more growth in secondary aluminum than primary aluminum,” Rio Tinto chief executive Jacob Stausholm said. “We want to be a part of that growth as well.” The demand for recycled aluminum is expected to increase by more than 70 per cent from 2022 to 2032 in the United States due to the transportation, construction and packaging sectors, Rio said in a statement. Globally, the demand is expected to grow by more than 60 per cent during the same period.

The Matalco deal is part of Rio’s goal to make more investments in Canada and meet its climate goals. In September, Stausholm said Canada is a “decade or two” ahead of other western countries when it comes to addressing climate change and

Skillings.net | January 2024

he hopes to further invest in the country’s minerals sector as Rio tries to cut its emissions in half by 2030. Rio dominates aluminum production in the western world, but recycling has never been a part of the company’s “core competence,” Stausholm said. But with this deal and its existing aluminum customer base, it wants to become a key player in the field. “There are some customers who don’t necessarily need the performance from primary aluminum and, therefore, want to entirely use recyclable,” he said. “So, the way I see it is, this will strengthen our ties with existing customers and open up new customers.” Producing secondary aluminum is more energy efficient than producing primary aluminum. However, the material loses some of its quality when recycled. As such, Stausholm believes that the way forward is a combination of both. As an example, he said some parts of a car need primary aluminum, but other parts can use recycled aluminum. “This would reduce the total carbon emissions of the car,” he said. Chris Galifi, chief executive of privately held Giampaolo Group, said he was thrilled to partner with Rio. “This collaboration showcases our dedication to continuously evolving our production of high-quality, low-carbon aluminum.”

ArcelorMittal Liberia Proposal ArcelorMittal Liberia (AML), a pivotal player in the Liberian economy, stands as a private sector investment leader, that contributes significantly to the nation’s economic vitality.

cknowledged as the highest taxpayer in the country, AML’s fiscal responsibility has for more than 17 years demonstrated its commitment to supporting Liberia’s financial stability especially in times of trouble and uncertainty. One of AML’s noteworthy contributions lies in its role as the largest employer outside of the government in the private sector. This has not only bolstered

job creation but also continues to foster economic resilience by diversifying employment opportunities for Liberians of all walks of life. In a country where employment is crucial for economic growth and development, AML’s pivotal role in sustaining a workforce is has been evidently commendable and sustained. Notably, AML is deeply involved in community development services in Grand Bassa, Nimba, and Bong Counties, ar-

eas directly affected by its mining and logistical operations. The company’s commitment to addressing the needs of these communities demonstrates a corporate social responsibility that extends beyond profit margins. Under the Mineral Development Agreement (MDA), AML champions education by providing local and international scholarships to Liberian youth.

Us Gives $50m Boost To Critical Minerals Investor Techmet

US government agency has given investment firm TechMet an additional $50-million to support the company’s focus on critical minerals. The backing from the US International Development Finance Corporation brings its total investment to $105-million, and implies a valuation for TechMet of more than $1 billion, the Dublin-based company said Friday in a statement. The US agency made an initial investment of $25-million in the closely held firm in 2020. The US has made securing critical minerals supply a priority to reduce dependence on China, which dominates the value chain for many key metals, including those needed for the energy transition. Producers of metals like lithium and nickel have grappled with tumbling prices this year as a wave of new supply hits the market, making it difficult to invest in new mines to meet the expected surge in demand for use in electric vehicles in the coming years. “A lot of great projects are in increasingly weak and underfunded hands, and we need these projects to be built in order to meet the accelerating demand growth,” TechMet CEO Brian Menell said in an interview. TechMet invests in assets that produce, process and recycle critical minerals that are key to the electric-vehicle industry and the energy transition. The firm, which is backed by commodities trader Mercuria Energy Group, is in talks with shareholders and new investors.

Skillings.net | January 2024

Uganda Maintains Ban On Export Of Raw Minerals The Minister of State for Energy Peter Lokeris has restated that the government’s ban on unrefined minerals, which was imposed in February 2015 by President Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, will not be lifted. The Minister of State for Energy Peter Lokeris

inister Lokeris explained that Museveni imposed a moratorium on the export of unprocessed iron ore and other minerals in a bid to spur the growth of local industries through value addition and create employment opportunities for Ugandans. For that reason Lokeris, who was officiating at the launch of 27th International Conference on Great Lakes Region (ICGLR) Committee meeting on combating illegal exploitation of natural resources at the Speke Resort Munyonyo, reiterated that the government’s ban will stay. The purpose of the ICGLR Mineral Tracking and Certification Scheme is to provide for sustainable conflict-free mineral chains between member states to eliminate support to armed groups that sustain conflict and related human rights abuses. Irene Pauline Bateebe, the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development says attaining a ICGLR Certificate underscores Uganda’s commitment to put in place regional and international market requirements on transparent mineral trade to curb the illegal exploitation of natural resources. Bateebe pointed out that so far, the ministry has already formalized the artisanal mining sector by establishing a biometric registration system for miners in the country, and constructed several mineral beneficiation centers among other measures to help the government achieve its value-addition targets. Meanwhile, Ambassador João Samuel Caholo, the Executive Secretary of ICGLR commended Uganda for being the 5th model Member State of the 12 riparian countries which attained the certificate after ratifying the protocol on the fight against illegal exploitation of natural resources in the region.

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Delta gets LCT mineral rights over Dalaroo’s WA project ASX-listed Delta Lithium has secured lithium, caesium and tantalum (LCT) mineral rights from Dalaroo Metals over its 100%-owned Lyons River project in Gascoyne, Western Australia (WA). As per the agreement, Delta will pay A$500,000 ($330,804) and issue shares worth a total of A$500,000 to Dalaroo upon completion. It also agreed to spend a minimum of A$280,000 annually on exploration for three years. The Lyons River Project tenements cover around 838km².

Dunlop Conveyor Belting And Fenner Dunlop Americas Announce Re-Branding Fenner Dunlop BV trading, under the Dunlop Conveyor Belting brand name, and Fenner Dunlop Americas based in the USA, have announced a major step forward in global brand unification. Effective from 01 January 2024, the two divisions will be brought together under a common strategy, and both will trade under the ‘Fenner Dunlop Conveyor Belting’ brand name. Senior management says that there are many good reasons for taking this step, and that simply explaining the existing structure helps to make much of the rationale easy to understand. The Fenner Group, including Fenner Conveyor Belting in Australia, was founded in 1861 and is a manufacturer of industrial belting and other polymer-based products.

WA Mines and Petroleum Minister Resigns Western Australian Mines and Petroleum Minister Bill Johnston will step down from Cabinet and won’t seek re-election in the 2025 state election. He will serve the remainder of his term as the member for Cannington, a seat he has held since 2008, so a by-election won’t need to be held. However, Johnston – who is also currently the Minister for Energy, HydroBill Johnston at the 2021 MRIWA Net-Zero Emission gen Industry, and Industrial Mining WA conference. Relations – will step down from Cabinet next week, after acting as the Mines and Petroleum Minister since 2017. “In 2008 I promised to work for our community, and I believe that I have been doing that for 15 years,” Johnston said. “I am pleased that I have been able to help people in Cannington to solve problems in their lives and in our community.” He has previously served as Minister for Commerce, Electoral Affairs, Asian Engagement, and Corrective Services. Johnston said he has been serving the Labor Party in a full-time role for more than 27 years.

Skillings.net | January 2024

Rwanda: Rwamagana – Rwf3 Billion Invested in Lithium Exploration On November 28, the Rwanda Mines, Petroleum and Gas Board (RMB) and Trinity Metals Group, launched a lithium exploration project worth Rwf3 billion beneath the rolling hills of Musha sector, Rwamagana District. The ongoing exploration of lithium reserves in the district began after Trinity had been mining tin and tantalum in Ntunga mines in 2018. It was during this time that a drilling team extracted a unique ore. About 200 metres deep, it turned out to be lithium. This discovery sparked the interest of the mining company, leading to the investment of Rwf3 billion in further research and exploration of the lithium reserves. According to Evode Imena, General Manager at Trinity Metals Group, this drilling project represents a little step towards the establishment of a huge lithium-tin-tantalum mine in the country.

Top 5 investments made in Africa’s critical minerals in 2023 The global energy transition has driven interest in Africa’s critical mineral reserves, resulting in a surge in demand for resources essential to the development of solar photovoltaic technology, wind farms and electric vehicles. As the world’s largest economies vie for strategic control over critical mineral value chains, Africa – which is home to 30% of global mineral reserves – has seen an influx of investments, deals and cooperation agreements executed in the sector. Below are the top five critical mineral investments made on the continent in 2023. South Africa’s Q Global Commodities invests US$1 billion

Japan, UK make joint investments in African critical minerals

Independent commodity, logistics, and investment company, Q Global Commodities, partnered with investment fund manager, F9 Capital Management, last October to invest one billion dollars in the production of critical minerals in southern and eastern Africa.

Last September, Japan and the UK announced plans to jointly invest in Africa’s critical minerals, with a view to stabilizing existing supply chains. The two countries will cooperate on developing mines in various African countries, while developing a framework for establishing economic and energy security. What’s more, Japan and the UK will acquire mining sites and develop local refining facilities, partnering with mineral-rich African nations to diversify supplies and build local processing capabilities.

Skillings.net | January 2024

The new venture will target the production of lithium, copper and nickel – essential minerals to the energy transition – in South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Tanzania and Namibia. The companies plan to develop plants and associated logistics infrastructure, with a view to publicly listing the new venture once the mines are operational.

Sinomine Resource Group acquires Bikita Lithium Mine in Zimbabwe Last July, Chinese mining conglomerate, Sinomine Resource Group, completed a US$180-million acquisition of the Bikita Lithium Mine, the largest lithium mine in Zimbabwe. The company is set to develop a dual lithium processing plant at the mine, resulting in the production of up to 300,000 tons of spodumene concentrate – a pyroxene mineral consisting of lithium aluminum inosilicate – and 480,000 tons of petalite – a lithium aluminum phyllosilicate mineral – per year. The acquisition advances Zimbabwe’s efforts to consolidate its position as a regional lithium hub, as well as Chinese ambitions to develop new mining supply chains in Africa.

AfDB Joins Global Partners to accelerate Lobito Corridor Project

Atlantic Lithium secures mining lease for Ewoyaa Project in Ghana Lithium exploration and production company, Atlantic Lithium, secured a 15-year exclusive mining lease last October for the development of Ghana’s first-ever lithium project: the Ewoyaa project.

The African Development Bank signed an MOU last October to cooperate with Africa Finance Corporation, the European Commission and the governments of Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia and the US in mobilizing resources for the implementation of the Lobito Corridor and Zambia-Lobito transit projects. The multilateral partnership will support the development of sustainable and resilient critical mineral value chains, facilitating the transport of copper and cobalt supplies from the Congo and Zambia to regional ports. The project is also significant as it underscores the US’ strategic interest in Africa’s critical minerals.

Financed by Australian mining company, Piedmont Lithium, and Ghana’s sovereign wealth fund, the Minerals Income Investment Fund, the project comprises a state-of-the-art, US$185-million processing plant. The plant is set to yield 2.7 million tons per year of spodumene concentrate, with a peak production of up to 2.6 million tons per year over a 12-year mine lifespan. Supporting Ghana’s efforts to establish itself as a leading critical minerals hub, the project is poised to become one of the top ten spodumene concentrate-producing mines globally.

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AtkinsRéalis appointed by Rio Tinto on world’s largest untapped iron ore deposit

io Tinto has selected AtkinsRéalis as its integrated delivery partner for the Simandou mining project in the Republic of Guinea, which holds the largest undeveloped high-grade iron ore deposit in the world. AtkinsRéalis is a fully integrated professional services and project management company with offices throughout the world. Ian L. Edwards, President and Chief Executive Officer of AtkinsRéalis, stated, “There is no Net Zero future without sustainable mining and we’re thrilled to bring our mining expertise to such a significant and transformative project.” Critical minerals, like as silicon for solar panels and lithium for batteries, are required to create clean energy, decarbonised infrastructure, and new modes of mobility in a future where population expansion will require more infrastructure and power. As part of the multi-year contract, AtkinsRéalis’ worldwide and multidisciplinary Minerals & Metals team will function as an integrated delivery partner, offering contract management services, engineering and technical compliance, and project and construction management. It is the biggest mining project that AtkinsRéalis has worked on in the past ten years and the first that the company will undertake as an integrated delivery partner.

Skillings.net | January 2024

GHH going for Gold in Bulgaria GHH has announced the sale of a double-digit number of machines to Breznik Minerals Ltd., a Bulgarian mining company affiliated with Assarel-Medet JSC.

HH has stated that it recently sold Breznik Minerals Ltd. a double-digit number of machines. The Bulgarian firm is a member of the Assarel-Medet JSC group of companies, which is the country’s first and biggest open-pit mining and copper ore processing company. They assert that they were the first in the sector to apply ISO 9001 quality standards. The Breznik gold mining project, Bulgaria’s first underground greenfield mine in over 50 years, will employ the newly acquired machinery. The half-million-squaremeter mining site is situated 35 kilometers west of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. According to reports, the deposit has additional silver resources in addition to JORC (Joint Ore Reserves Committee) indicated resources of about 1 million t grading 2 g/t gold and inferred resources of around 700 000 t grading 1.8 g/t. The first batch will be delivered to Breznik Minerals Ltd in 3Q24. The remaining amount is expected by the end of 2Q25. “We are excited about receiving their first GHH machines,” stated Krum Hristov, one of the founders of Strotech Engineering JSC, a Sofia, Bulgaria-based company that specializes in mining, industrial, and construction equipment. Looking back, the GHH dealer has delivered hundreds of heavy mining and construction machines. Throughout the nation, the organization operates multiple fully functional service centers and maintains 2000 units annually. Sofia has a sizable showroom that sits outside. MK-20 and MK-30 diesel dump trucks and LF-7 diesel load haul dumpers (LHDs) make up the most recent order.

India’s Government to put 26 coal mines up for auction

ndia’s Government opened its 9th round of commercial auctions for its coal mines on Wednesday, as the country strives to enhance domestic output of the fossil fuel to satisfy increasing energy demand. The auction will see 26 mines from four states handed out; 12 in Madhya Pradesh, eight in Chhattisgarh, five in Jharkhand and one in the southern state of Telangana. Seven of the 26 mines have already been fully explored, with the remaining 19 largely explored, the Ministry of Coal said in a press statement on Monday.

The majority of the mines on sale generate non-coking coal. The purpose of the commercial auction is to “enhance the participation of more private players in the coal sector, fostering competition, efficiency, innovation and contributing to sustainable development,” the ministry said. This year, India has worked towards boosting domestic production of coal, which remains the country’s primary energy source, although its stance on the fossil fuel has become complicated as it tries to balance meeting increased

demand with calls for a complete phaseout of coal by international bodies. A research by energy watchdog worldwide Energy Monitor, issued in April, warns that worldwide coal power must be phased out five-times faster if climate objectives are to be maintained. At the outset of the year, the government announced that no coal-fired power facilities will be retired until at least 2030 in an attempt to ensure energy security.

GM and Komatsu Collaborate on Hydrogen Fuel Cell-Powered Mining Truck

General Motors and Komatsu will jointly develop hydrogen fuel cell powertrain modules for the Komatsu 930E electric dump truck, the world’s best-selling super dump truck.

eneral Motors, a leader in hydrogen fuel cell technology, and Komatsu, a global manufacturer of mining and construction equipment, will jointly develop and validate the technology.

In addition, fuel cells provide an excellent zero-emission solution for vehicles with extreme transportation requirements, such as the Komatsu 930E mining truck with a rated payload of 320 tons.

Hydrogen fuel cells are easy and fast to refuel, making them ideal for electrification applications traditionally powered by diesel engines. Hydrogen provides an efficient way to load large amounts of energy onto a vehicle without compromising payload carrying capacity.

These vehicles typically operate at a single mine site throughout their service life, simplifying the challenges of sizing and deploying efficient refueling infrastructure to maintain the fleet.“At General Motors, we believe fuel cells can play an important role in a zero-emission future and help electrify heavy-duty applica-

Skillings.net | January 2024

tions beyond passenger vehicles,” said Charlie Freese, general manager of GM’s global HYDROTEC business. “Mining Trucks are among the largest and most powerful vehicles used in any industry, and we believe hydrogen fuel cells are best suited to provide zero-emission propulsion for these demanding applications.” Komatsu’s fuel cell-powered mining trucks offer additional decarbonization pathways beyond battery-powered or static battery charging solutions without requiring additional charging infrastructure at the mine.

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Rwanda’s Mining Sector Holds U.S.$150 Billion Potential Amb. Yamina Karitanyi - CEO of Rwanda Mines, Gas, and Petroleum Board (RMB),

”

According to the CEO of Rwanda Mines, Gas, and Petroleum Board (RMB), Yamina Karitanyi the mineral reserves in Rwanda hold an economic potential of approximately Rwf186 trillion ($150 billion). During The Long Form, a weekly podcast of The New Times, Yamina Karitanyi delved into the current state of the mining sector. Contrary to popular belief, Rwanda is not a resource-poor country, as stated by her. This misconception may arise from comparing Rwanda to its larger neighboring countries. However, it is important to note that Rwanda does possess valuable mineral resources. This significant value can be unlocked

Skillings.net | January 2024

through the utilization of modern exploration and exploitation methods. In the context of African countries’ historical experiences, there has been a tendency to overlook a crucial aspect of the sector, namely the exploration phase.

In light of the high costs and inherent risks associated with exploration, it has historically been an unappealing investment opportunity. However, the institution has diligently gathered exploration data dating back to 1968, instilling confidence in the existence of substantial reserves throughout the country, with an estimated value of $150 billion.

formation (NST1) includes a provision specifically targeting the growth and expansion of the mining sector, with the ultimate goal of significantly increasing exports. As part of this initiative, it is projected that the proportion of mineral exports to total exports will rise to 49.6% by 2024, a notable increase from the 32.9% recorded in 2017.

“We possess verified reserves, indicating the known resources that lie beneath the surface. However, extensive efforts are necessary to access and utilize these reserves effectively.

Despite advancements in technology, the industry continues to grapple with a restricted capacity for exploration and extraction. Outdated equipment and techniques remain prevalent, posing significant hazards to both safety and environmental preservation.

In the second and third quarter of 2023, Rwanda’s mineral exports generated a substantial revenue of $362 million and $241 million, respectively. These exports encompass a wide range of valuable minerals such as gold, cassiterite, coltan, wolfram, and various gemstones. Karitanyi emphasized that their export revenues have tripled in the past seven years. Rwanda’s National Strategy for Trans-

According to the institution, artisanal extraction methods result in a significant loss of minerals, with only 20 percent being successfully recovered, thereby impacting productivity on the ground. In addition, Karitanyi urged financial institutions to extend their financing options to the mining industry, even in the face of associated risks.

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Harmony Gold to delay Eva project

ARMONY Gold said it expected “some” downturn at its Eva copper project after saying earlier this week that license approval would take “longer than expected”. “An evaluation of the project’s permit modification and change requests determined that the project requires both minor and major permit modifications,” Harmony spokesman Jared Coetzer said Monday. “Key changes relate to proposed mixed flow solutions, water supply and on-site water management solutions, increased treatment rates and the future inclusion of wind energy,” he said. This will delay an update on the feasibility study for the project. Harmony said in a first-quarter production update that net debt fell to $117 million.

AstaZero expands its test facility for complete mine testing

ISE (Research Institute of Sweden) testing facility AstaZero is expanding its products and testing capabilities. The highlight of this expansion is the introduction of a common site automated test facility that enables comprehensive testing of automated off-road vehicles and their digital systems. On November 8, AstaZero partnered with Volvo Autonomous Solutions to celebrate the launch of the “Universal Site” test environment, which includes a complete mining truck test area covering charging, charging, energy management, mission control, and optimization.

Copper 360 unpacks expanded production plan for Rietberg

n a recent unveiling, Copper 360 has disclosed its plans to expand production for the city of Rietberg. This development includes a comprehensive strategy for the implementation of innovative and sustainable practices in their operations. Copper 360, a mining company listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, is set to accelerate its production rate, albeit at a higher cost than its initial projections. This follows the company’s reevaluation of its mine plan for the Rietberg mine, located in the Northern Cape. In a notable improvement, the company has managed to significantly reduce its loss attributable to shareholders. Specifically, the loss has been narrowed down from R31.6-million observed in the six-month period that ended on August 31, 2022, to R4.9-million for the corresponding six-month period that ended on August 31 of this year.

Skillings.net | January 2024

IoT-empowered decarbonisation in the energy sector

n the quest for sustainable and responsible business practices, companies in the energy industry face the daunting challenge of reducing their carbon footprint. This challenge becomes even more acute in industries traditionally associated with high emissions, such as oil and gas. As environmental concerns grow and regulations become more stringent, companies are increasingly held accountable for their Scope 1 emissions and are at risk of the introduction of Scope 3 monitoring in future regulations. In this complex environment, Internet of Things (IoT) technology is proving to be a powerful ally for energy companies to monitor and optimize their decarbonization efforts through continuous data analysis. Essentially, IoT offers businesses diverse solutions that not only help reduce environmental impact but also help with cost savings and risk assessment, taking into account environmental, social and governance (ESG) criteria. The key lies in the data collected through IoT-connected devices, especially sensors, which provide rich information for comprehensive analysis. These devices monitor variables critical to operational efficiency, energy demand, and environmental factors such as air and noise pollution. One of the most significant benefits of integrating IoT devices is the ability to continuously analyze and adjust processes and asset operations. This real-time monitoring minimizes the risk of business disruption, improves resource management and extends the life of critical infrastructure and assets.

Sibanye-Stillwater accelerates decarbonization with two more renewable energy projects

inancing has closed and construction has begun for two further renewable energy projects at Sibanye-Stillwater’s South African operations. The first project, the Witberg Wind Energy Project near Matjiesfontein in the Western Cape, has a contracted capacity of 103 MW and will generate renewable energy and supply the South African operations through a rolling agreement with South Africa’s state-owned electricity company Eskom. The project cost is expected to be R3.4 billion and will be fully funded by South Africa’s Independent Power Producer

(IPP), which is developing the project, and its lender Red Rocket, with Sibanye-Stillwater committing to a 15-year power purchase agreement (PPA). Construction of the large-scale private wind farm follows Sibanye-Stillwater’s 89MW Castle wind project announced in May this year. The second project is a 150MWac multi-buyer solar PV project developed and financed by South African independent power producer SOLA Group. Sibanye-Stillwater will acquire 75MW of

plant capacity under a 10-year power purchase agreement. The platinum group metals, green metals and gold mining company told Mining Weekly in a release that the project would be the first to sell power on flexible terms to multiple buyers across the country. The project is expected to cost R2.8 billion and SOLA Group is the majority shareholder. The project will produce renewable energy in the Free State and power Sibanye-Stillwater’s South African operations through a rotation agreement with Eskom.

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Examining Copper, Conflict, & Communities

The Socio-Economic Impacts of

M I NI NG in Latin America

Skillings.net | January 2024

The countries in Latin America are on the verge of experiencing a significant increase in mining activities due to the worldwide need for minerals that are crucial for the development of green energy technologies like solar panels, wind turbines, and electric vehicles. The area, abundant in copper, lithium, and zinc, plays a crucial role in supplying these resources. Nevertheless, this surge is accompanied by substantial problems and hurdles.

Staff Reporter

hile plays a crucial role in this narrative, since it accounts for around 25% of the global copper supply. The extraction of copper is associated with significant environmental and social ramifications, despite its essential role in numerous green technologies. The conflict arising from the necessity of extracting these minerals and the consequences of mining is evident. There is an increasing opposition to mining because of its detrimental environmental consequences and its influence on local populations. The prevailing political and social turmoil in the region, namely in Chile and Peru, is discouraging the allocation of long-term investments in the mining sector. In addition to these difficulties, there are also economic ramifications and the possibility of falling into a commodities trap. Latin America's historical dependence on commodity exports has proven to be both advantageous and detrimental, resulting in recurring economic cycles of prosperity and decline. The extraction of commodities frequently has environmental repercussions and can disrupt political institutions, giving rise to concerns regarding sustainable and fair economic progress.

Furthermore, there is an increasing inclination towards nationalization in the mining industry. Chile and Mexico are contemplating or have already enacted measures to enhance governmental oversight of their mining sectors. The current wave of leftist governments in the region has influenced the broader trend towards nationalization. Chile's President Boric has recently declared intentions to establish a government-owned enterprise dedicated to the production of lithium, following Mexico's example of nationalizing its lithium reserves. The mining sector in the region is currently encountering operational difficulties. Obstacles posed by bureaucratic procedures and insufficient local funding are major barriers to the progress of exploration and development. The mining boom in Latin America is further complicated by other causes, including socio-economic issues such as local people' hostility to mining ventures. The dynamic state of Latin America's mining sector is characterized by an intricate interaction of elements that shape its direction and long-term viability, presenting numerous options.

An essential factor in this dynamic is the correlation between the mining industry and nearby towns. Oftentimes, communities perceive that the government fosters mining investments without sufficiently engaging local perspectives or taking into account their development desires. Communities are frequently not adequately informed or made aware of the comprehensive social and environmental consequences associated with large-scale mining operations. The absence of communication and consultation has resulted in multiple protests against mining operations, particularly in historically mining-supportive regions such as Peru and Chile.

equilibrium between economic expansion, environmental preservation, and social fairness. To move forward, it is necessary to navigate these intricate matters with caution, ensuring that the advantages of mining are achieved while mitigating its adverse effects. The growing mining industry in Latin America, which plays a crucial role in the worldwide shift towards green energy, is facing a range of intricate challenges that go beyond environmental and social issues, encompassing wider geopolitical and economic aspects.

From a geopolitical perspective, the region's abundant mineral resources have gained growing significance in the global arena. The global focus on green technologies has led to a significant increase in the demand for minerals such as lithium, copper, and zinc. These minerals are essential for LATIN AMERICA, DUE TO the production of solar panels, wind its plentiful resources, is turbines, and electric vehicles.

The situation is additionally compounded by the economic and political aspects. A number of Latin American nations are currently facing economic difficulties, and they view the potential income generated from mining as a vital means of achieving economic expansion.

Nevertheless, relying heavily on mining strategically positioned and commodity exports can result in an Latin America, due to its plentiful reeconomic structure that is susceptible as a crucial participant sources, is strategically positioned as to vulnerabilities, sometimes known in the worldwide supply a crucial participant in the worldwide as the "Dutch disease," which hinders chain for these minerals. supply chain for these minerals. Nevthe growth and development of other Nevertheless, this ertheless, this geopolitical importance sectors. Furthermore, the inclination geopolitical importance also entails a series of difficulties. The towards nationalization in the mingrowing interest of major global powing industry, as observed in Chile and also entails a series of ers in these resources may result in Mexico, exemplifies a wider regional difficulties. tensions and competitiveness, potenpattern affected by leftist administratially adding complexity to the political tions. These measures seek to increase situation in these nations. authority and maybe achieve a fairer allocation of mining earnings, although they also pose uncertainty over the future of private and international interests From the standpoint of economics, although the mining boom offers substantial prospects for expansion, it also gives rise to in the industry. apprehensions over the enduring viability of a growth model Environmental problems are of utmost importance. The that relies heavily on a single commodity. The region has a mining of these essential minerals, although vital for the historical record of undergoing periods of economic growth shift towards sustainable energy, presents substantial en- and decline that are closely tied to fluctuations in commodity vironmental obstacles. Mining activities can result in the prices. There is a possibility that the ongoing mining boom destruction of habitats, contamination of water, and other could replicate this cyclic pattern. The cyclicality inherent in ecological consequences, which prompts concerns regarding countries reliant on commodities is a significant obstacle to achieving long-term and varied economic expansion. the long-term sustainability of such operations. Latin America's mining boom is currently at a critical juncture. The region possesses the capacity to assume a crucial position in the worldwide shift towards sustainable energy. However, it encounters significant obstacles in achieving a harmonious

Skillings.net | January 2024

The environmental impact of mining operations is significant. Mining minerals, although essential for the development of green technology, frequently leads to substantial ecological harm, such as the destruction of habitats, contamination of

(Original Caption) 4/11/1950-Chuquicamata, Chile- Long lines of ore-laden cars stand ready to be dumped into the primary crusher, at this Chilean copper mining operation. Yard engines move in two cars at a time. gettyimages.com

water, and the release of greenhouse gasses. Latin America faces the task of devising and executing mining methods that effectively mitigate environmental consequences, while also capitalizing on the economic prospects offered by these resources. The mining sector's expansion has resulted in heightened social tensions with nearby communities. Several communities in mining locations see a lack of sufficient consultation over mining projects and an inequitable distribution of benefits. Consequently, mining projects in several nations have faced demonstrations and opposition, underscoring the necessity for resource development methods that are more inclusive and fair. It is crucial for the long-term sustainability of the mining sector in the region to guarantee the equitable distribution of mining profits among local populations and to effectively address their concerns. The mining boom in Latin America is a complex matter that involves various aspects, including geopolitics, economics, environment, and society. The countries in the region must carefully manage these obstacles in order to properly use the potential of their natural resources while minimizing the adverse effects of mining.

It is necessary to adopt a well-rounded approach that takes into account not only the financial advantages but also the wider consequences of mining operations. The mining surge in Latin America, propelled by the worldwide need for minerals crucial to sustainable technologies, is a multifaceted matter that necessitates comprehension from various angles. The factors encompassed are the geopolitical importance of the mineral resources in the area, the economic consequences of mining activities, the need for environmental sustainability, and the social consequences for nearby residents.

Geopolitical Significance: Latin America's extensive

deposits of crucial minerals such as lithium, copper, and zinc establish it as a pivotal provider in the worldwide transition towards sustainable energy. The geopolitical significance of these resources should not be underestimated, as they are essential for technologies such as electric vehicles, solar panels, and wind turbines. The strategic location presents both benefits and risks, as major world countries compete for access to these resources, which could potentially result in geopolitical confrontations.

consequences. This includes the prudent use of resources, the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, and the implementation of steps to restore mining sites.

Social Implications: The expansion of the mining

industry carries substantial social consequences, especially for the indigenous communities residing in mining regions. The prominent concerns are land tenure, ecological deterioration, and the fair allocation of mining advantages. It is crucial to ensure that local populations are sufficiently consulted and receive a fair share of the advantages of mining in order to achieve social fairness and ensure the sustainable success of mining projects. Latin America must navigate a precarious equilibrium when confronting these concerns. The region should utilize its mineral resources to stimulate economic expansion and progress, while also assuring the preservation of the environment and the promotion of social fairness. This necessitates the implementation of all-encompassing methods that incorporate responsible mining operations, fair distribution of benefits, and proactive involvement with local communities and other stakeholders. The future trajectory of Latin America's mining industry will have profound consequences, not just for the area itself but also for the worldwide shift towards sustainable and environmentally-friendly energy sources.

Economic Impact: The mining industry offers substan-

tial economic prospects for Latin America. This opportunity guarantees expansion and progress, providing a prospect to enhance the economy of nations. Nevertheless, the dependence on commodity exports poses risks, particularly the vulnerability to worldwide price fluctuations and the occurrence of the 'Dutch disease,' which entails the neglect or underdevelopment of other economic sectors as a result of the emphasis on mining. A crucial challenge for the region is to ensure that the mining boom leads to widespread economic growth and development.

Environmental Sustainability: The ecological consequences of mining are a significant source of worry. Mining minerals frequently results in substantial ecological harm, such as the destruction of habitats and contamination of water sources. There is an urgent requirement for the use of sustainable mining techniques that effectively mitigate environmental

Skillings.net | January 2024

The mining sector in Latin America, particularly in Panama, involves an intricate interaction of geopolitical, socio-economic, and environmental elements, all of which contribute to the overall story of resource extraction in the area.

Geopolitical Consequences: The mining sector in Latin America, especially in Panama, holds significant geopolitical importance. Panama, positioned geographically as a connecting point between North and South America, is renowned not just for its canal but also for its abundant mineral reserves, which include copper. The Cobre Panama mine, which is one of the most substantial copper deposits that has been produced lately, has established Panama as a prominent participant in the worldwide mining industry. This breakthrough has attracted the interest of prominent global powers, particularly those with significant requirements for copper and other minerals in their technological and industrial domains. The geopolitical consequences are complex and have multiple aspects. Furthermore, it amplifies Panama's strategic significance in the worldwide supply chain, potentially granting the country influence in international commerce and diplomacy. Conversely, this positions Panama as a central hub for international investment and influence, resulting in potential conflicts within the area and with global powers competing for access to resources. Aerial view of brine ponds and processing areas of the lithium mine of the Chilean company SQM (Sociedad Quimica Minera) in the Atacama Desert, Calama, Chile, on September 12, 2022. - The turquoise glimmer of open-air pools meets the dazzling white of a seemingly endless salt desert where hope and disillusionment collide in Latin America's "lithium triangle." A key component of batteries used in electric cars, demand has exploded for the "white gold" found in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile in quantities larger than anywhere else in the world. (Photo by Martin BERNETTI / AFP) (Photo by MARTIN BERNETTI/AFP via Getty Images)

Implications on society and the economy: Mining in Panama has substantial socio-economic ramifications. The arrival of foreign investment and the establishment of major mining projects such as Cobre Panama have the capacity to significantly enhance the country's GDP, generate employment opportunities, and stimulate economic expansion. Nevertheless, this expansion is not without obstacles. A key issue revolves around the equitable allocation of wealth generated by the mining sector. Frequently, the proceeds generated from mining operations fail to sufficiently benefit the local populations, resulting in limited improvements to their quality of life. Alternatively, they have the potential to worsen disparities, resulting in the accumulation of wealth within a privileged few or international companies. Another socio-economic factor to consider is the influence on indigenous and local populations. Mining endeavors frequently result in the displacement of communities, alterations in land utilization, and the disruption of customary lifestyles. The consultation and participation with these communities are vital, and neglecting to do so can result in social upheaval and discord.

Ecological Consequences: The environmental ramifications of mining in Panama are arguably the most controversial. The activity of mining, particularly open-pit mining as observed in the Cobre Panama project, exerts substantial environmental repercussions. The consequences include deforestation, soil erosion, and water source contamination resulting from the discharge of harmful compounds. The environmental changes not only cause the deterioration of ecosystems but also impact the local communities that rely on these natural resources for their sustenance. Moreover, the environmental impact extends beyond local borders, contributing to wider concerns such as climate change and the loss of biodiversity. The mining industry in Panama, which reflects broader patterns in Latin America, is a multifaceted sector with significant geopolitical, socio-economic, and environmental consequences. Although it presents substantial economic prospects, it also presents obstacles that necessitate meticulous handling to guarantee sustained and fair development.

MINING INDUSTRY Roundtable Discussion

Navigating Leadership & Career Evolution At a recent roundtable discussion, leaders from the mining industry across the globe came together to discuss their experiences, challenges, and the future of the industry. The conversation, which touched on everything from leadership skills to work life balance, provided unique insights from industry veterans. The roundtable provided a rich tapestry of experiences, wisdom, and insights into the mining industry. As the industry evolves amidst modern challenges, the wisdom of such leaders will undoubtedly shape its future trajectory.

Charles Elamé

CEO Suwelleh Farm Yabwadibé Dibombari - Cameroon

Mario Juárez

General Manager Gualcamayo Mine - Director Minas Argentinas, San Juan, Argentina

Herb Duerr

St Georges Eco-Mining Reno, Nevada, United States

Sinan Talaz

IT Superintendent at TUPRAG Metal Madencilik San. Tic. A.S. A subsidiary of Eldorado Gold Corporation, Usak, Turkey

On Leadership and its Importance Charles Elamé, CEO of Suwelleh Farm Yabwadibé Dibombari in Cameroon, emphasized that leadership was a crucial driver throughout his career, from handling peers to senior management. Mario Juárez, General Manager of Gualcamayo Mine in Argentina, echoed this sentiment, emphasizing the importance of leadership in his roles. Meanwhile, Sinan Talaz, IT Superintendent at TUPRAG Metal Madencilik, highlighted the significance of leading his department for around a decade. On the other hand, Herb Duerr from St Georges EcoMining believes while leadership is important, continual learning in economic geology holds greater significance for him.

Skillings.net | January 2024

Charles Elamé

Mario Juárez

Herb Duerr

Sinan Talaz

Education and Its Impact on Career Trajectories

Promotions and Defining Career Pathways

Elamé noted that while his formal education provided a foundation, it was experience that truly honed his skills. Juárez felt his education increased his career opportunities, while Duerr believed his education broadened his horizons.

While Elamé felt there was a clear promotion plan during his time as a senior manager, Juárez and Duerr had different experiences. Juárez felt there was no such plan in place, and Duerr's entrepreneurial journey didn't follow traditional promotion pathways. Talaz, meanwhile, felt that while job goals are more defined now, there's still room for improvement.

Sinan Talaz brought a unique perspective, mentioning that his background as an Electrical and Electronics Engineer not only widened his career options but also enriched his understanding of technology.

THE ROUNDTABLE PROVIDED a rich tapestry of experiences, wisdom, and insights into the mining industry.

Company Culture and Promotion Criteria The discussion on whether employees should fit into company culture drew mixed reactions. Elamé strongly believes that ensuring a new employee fits the company culture is fundamental. In contrast, Juárez feels a company should be open minded and benefit from diverse employee cultures. On the topic of promotions, Juárez believes managerial roles should strike a balance between technical and managerial skills, values, and empathy. Duerr, coming from a smaller organization, leans more towards technical skills. Talaz sees a blend of both technical and managerial skills as ideal for decision making roles.

WorkLife Balance and Advice for Young Professionals Work Life balance resonated with all the leaders. Elamé shared his ability to strike a balance due to his background in FMCG companies that prioritized performance. Juárez, with his wealth of experience, underscored that "time flies," emphasizing the importance of maintaining balance. Both Duerr and Talaz see work life balance as essential to ensure productivity and mental wellbeing. Their advice for young professionals? Curiosity, reliability, continuous learning, honesty, and effective communication are crucial. Talaz further stressed the significance of self branding and the ability to "sell oneself."

Improving the Industry's Image Elamé recommends regular employee assessments to gather feedback on the company and its image. Juárez focuses on enhancing communication with all stakeholders, especially those outside the industry, emphasizing the need for comprehensive education. Duerr suggests educating the public about the origins of materials, while Talaz points to the importance of leveraging technology to reduce environmental and safety risks.

THOUGH EACH LEADER hails from a different background and brings a unique perspective, it's evident that they all recognize the importance of leadership, the value of education, and the need for sustainable practices in the industry. Their contrasting opinions on certain issues reflect the diverse challenges and opportunities in the mining sector, providing a rich tapestry of ideas for its future direction.

Challenges and Opportunities Ahead The leaders also touched upon the current challenges and potential opportunities facing the mining industry. With the world increasingly pivoting towards renewable energy and sustainable practices, the mining sector finds itself at the crossroads of change. Charles Elamé sees a necessity for mining companies to adapt and innovate. "To stay relevant, we need to reassess our practices, innovate in sustainability, and engage with the communities we operate in," he shared. Mario Juárez emphasized the importance of ethical mining practices. "Mining can't just be about extracting resources; it's about leaving a legacy, a positive footprint in the community and environment," he stated. Sinan Talaz brought up the role of technology. "Emerging technologies offer the dual promise of increased efficiency

Skillings.net | January 2024

and reduced environmental impact. Investing in these innovations will be key to the industry's future," he opined. Herb Duerr added, "Our young professionals must be ready to adapt, learn, and lead these changes. The industry's future rests on their shoulders."

Mining Industry Leaders Discuss the Way Forward In a captivating roundtable discussion, industry leaders from different sectors of the mining world converged to share their insights, experiences, and visions for the future of mining. From the bustling mining hubs of Cameroon to the serene landscapes of Nevada, each brought a unique perspective. Yet, all echoed a singular sentiment: the industry is at a crossroads, and navigating the future will require a harmonious blend of tradition, innovation, and ethics.

Reinventing Leadership for the Modern Era Charles Elamé of Cameroon emphasized the foundational role of leadership in his career. "Leadership isn’t just about being at the helm; it’s about fostering a team spirit, ensuring accountability, and driving results," he noted. Reflecting on his journey, he also stressed the importance of continuous self improvement and evolving with the times. Mario Juárez, with his extensive background in mining, candidly shared that while formal education had broadened his horizons, real world experiences and personal values had been the cornerstone of his leadership style. "In an ever changing industry, adaptability and grounded principles are vital. Leadership is also about mentoring the next generation and imparting the importance of integrity in every decision," Juárez stated.

Navigating Career Paths in Mining The pathways to success in mining are as varied as the minerals extracted. From the challenges of finding the right opportunities to understanding the intricacies of company culture, the leaders shared their insights. Herb Duerr believes in the power of continuous learning. While he sees leadership as essential, he feels that staying updated in the economic geology field is paramount. "In this dynamic industry, one's ability to adapt, innovate, and integrate new knowledge can set them apart," Duerr expressed.

Sinan Talaz from Turkey highlighted the role of leadership in technology adoption. “With the rapid advancements in technology, those in leadership roles must not only adapt but anticipate changes, ensuring that their teams are equipped and ready,” he mentioned.

Challenges and Opportunities: The Future Landscape While the industry leaders concurred on many points, they each had a unique take on the challenges and opportunities lying ahead. Elamé believes that to sustainably grow, mining companies need a dual focus on innovation and community engagement. "Adapting to new methodologies while ensuring community trust is not optional; it's imperative," he voiced. Juárez, on the other hand, advocates for a more holistic approach to mining. "It's about viewing each project as an opportunity to not only extract resources but to contribute positively to the community and environment." Talaz, with his expertise in technology, sees an era where mining can harness innovations for safer, more efficient operations, reducing environmental and safety risks. "Technology isn't just a tool; it's the bridge to a sustainable future in mining," he remarked. Duerr, with a vision towards the future, encourages young professionals to seize every opportunity to grow. "The future will be about balancing extraction with conservation. Young minds need to champion this balance," he added.

AS GLOBAL NEEDS SHIFT AND ENVIRONMENTAL concerns become paramount, the sector's role and responsibilities are evolving. With the insights from these industry leaders, one thing is clear: the future of mining lies in harmonizing the old with the new, ensuring that progress is sustainable, ethical, and beneficial for all stakeholders. The torch is now passed to the next generation of miners, who will shape the industry’s legacy in the years to come.

inding common ground among the insights provided by the industry leaders in the roundtable discussion reveals some shared beliefs and values that are central to the mining industry's future:

3. Commitment and Accountability: They unanimously believe in engendering commitment and accountability within their teams. Commitment drives results, fosters team spirit, and ensures that tasks are executed correctly.

1. Value of Leadership: Each of the leaders understands and appreciates the importance of leadership, even if they prioritize different aspects. They recognize that effective leadership is vital for guiding teams, making decisions, and navigating the intricacies of the mining industry.

4. Company Culture: It's universally accepted among the leaders that new employees fitting into the company culture is vital. An alignment with the company's values and culture ensures smoother operations and a cohesive working environment.

2. Education and Experience: All leaders acknowledged the role of formal education in shaping their careers. While the extent varied, they all agreed that combining educational qualifications with hands-on experience is essential for success in the industry.

5. Balancing Technical and Managerial Skills: All leaders agree that both technical and managerial skills are crucial in the industry. The right balance between these skills ensures effective decision making and efficient operations. 6. Life/Work Balance: They all stressed the significance of a balanced life/work approach. Recognizing that time is precious, they understand that maintaining this balance is essential for overall well-being and productivity. 7. Ethical and Sustainable Practices: The leaders collectively emphasize the importance of ethics, sustainability, and communication in the industry's future. They believe in leaving a positive impact on society and ensuring that the industry operates with integrity. 8. Engaging with Stakeholders: All leaders see the value in open communication with stakeholders. They believe in the importance of educating and informing the public and other stakeholders about the mining industry's practices and contributions.

Skillings.net | January 2024

TOPIC

COMMONALITY

Importance of Leadership

All leaders acknowledged the importance of leadership in the mining industry.

Formal Education and Career Paths

Company Culture and Promotion

Future of the Industry

CONTRAST Charles Elamé sees leadership as a career driver, crucial in dealing with peers, senior management, and fostering team spirit and accountability. Mario Juárez stresses the importance of values, manners, and empathy in leadership. Herb Duerr prioritizes continuous learning in the economic geology field over leadership. Sinan Talaz values leadership for guiding departments, especially when introducing and managing new technologies.

Most leaders appreciate the role of formal education in their careers.

Charles Elamé believes that while business school gave him a foundational degree, experience was the real gamechanger. Mario Juárez feels that his education expanded his horizons and prepared him for diverse roles in the industry. Herb Duerr thinks that while leadership is vital, staying updated in the field of economic geology is more critical. Sinan Talaz, with his engineering background, believes it has broadened his understanding of technology.

All leaders emphasize the importance of fitting into the company culture for new employees.

Charles Elamé views alignment with company culture as fundamental, with promotions based on a balance between technical and managerial skills. Mario Juárez believes that while new employees should fit the culture, companies should also be open minded to benefit from diverse cultural influences. He advocates for a careful balance in promotions, focusing on values. Herb Duerr leans more towards technical skills, especially given the size of his company. Sinan Talaz feels promotions should be a mix, as it's hard to make decisions without technical knowledge.

All leaders believe in the importance of ethics, sustainability, and communication with stakeholders.

Charles Elamé suggests that companies must consistently assess what employees think about the company and its image to make necessary corrections. Mario Juárez emphasizes the significance of communication with stakeholders, especially those outside the industry, and improving overall education regarding the industry. Herb Duerr stresses the importance of informing the public about the origins of materials. Sinan Talaz sees technology as pivotal for the industry's future, helping reduce environmental and safety risks.

Despite the different paths they've taken and the varied experiences they've had, these industry leaders share a common vision for the future of mining. They see an industry driven by strong leadership, informed by education and experience, committed to ethical practices, and engaged with its stakeholders. The roundtable was a testament to the rich diversity of experiences, perspectives, and wisdom in the mining industry. Despite hailing from different regions and backgrounds, the common thread was evident: a commitment to evolve, innovate,

and drive the mining industry forward with responsibility, sustainability, and a keen eye on the future. As the world grapples with environmental challenges, the mining industry's role has never been more critical. It is heartening to see industry leaders not just recognize the challenges but also actively work towards creating a better future. For young professionals entering the sector, the message is clear: equip yourself with knowledge, be adaptable, prioritize sustainability, and remember that the choices you make today will shape the industry's legacy.

Greenfield Investment Lagging Badly, Mining’s Contribution To Economy Halved The growth of investment in fresh new greenfield mining projects is lagging badly and the contribution of the South African mining industry to the national economy has more than halved in the last two decades, Minerals Council South Africa’s latest Facts and Figures 2022 points out. Net fixed capital formation figures show a mining industry bumping along a growthless greenfield path. Investment in the mining sector has largely been directed towards maintaining current operations. This is reflected in the 30%-higher gross fixed capital formation investment, which centres on brownfield growth in existing lease areas. In contrast, net fixed capital formation investment in mining averaged a low 4% from 1993 to 2022. A major upturn in net fixed investment is required because what has been mined needs to be replaced by a new find. In stark contrast to other sectors of the South African economy, mining has consistently struggled to achieve and maintain positive growth. In fact, mining is the only sector of the South African economy that has averaged a negative 0.4% growth rate since 1994 in the face of all other sectors having grown, Facts and Figures 2022 highlights.

Skillings.net | January 2024

Australia Sees 5.6% Rise In Mining Investment The mining industry was the main driver behind slight growth in total new capital expenditure (capex) in Australia, official figures show. Capex in mining was up 5.6 points in the third quarter (Q3) of 2023, offsetting a 1.3% fall in non-mining industries, the Australian Bureau of Statistics said.

verall capex rose by 0.6% in Q3 2023 to be 10.7% higher than a year ago. Robert Ewing, ABS head of business statistics, said an increase of 5.4% in building and structures investments was driven by mining. He said: “This industry raised its spending on iron-ore projects and battery-related mineral developments. It was offset by a fall in non-mining industries, down 2.2%. “The construction industry was the largest contributor to the rise in equipment and machinery capex. It grew by 15% as supply chain disruptions continued to ease. This allowed businesses to take delivery of new vehicles and heavy machinery.” Western Australia (WA) had the largest rise of the states and territories, increasing 7.5% in Q3. This was offset by a large fall in Queensland, down 10.8% following large rises in Q1 and Q2. Ewing said that new capex by states has been “very mixed” over the past 12 months, with WA and Victoria out in front, with growth of 24% and 20.1%, respectively. “Growth in Western Australia was dominated by the mining industry, while growth in Victoria reflects a continuing recovery from steep declines during the pandemic,” Ewing said. Overall, businesses revised up their capex expectations by 8.5% in current prices since the previous estimate three months ago.

Fortescue welcomes Federal emissions report

ortescue has welcomed the release of Australia’s latest emissions projections and congratulated the Federal Government on its national emissions trajectory. The company highlighted how improvements to Australia’s policy architecture reduce reliance on carbon offsets and increase the incentivisation of green energy. Fortescue said the Federal Government has taken significant steps toward matching carbon policy settings to increased climate risks. “Australia has come a long way on climate policy in a short period of time,” Fortescue energy chief executive officer Mark Hutchinson said.

India In Talks With Argentina, Bolivia To Acquire Lithium Assets

Evaporation pools for lithium extraction are seen as part of the Lithium Carbonate Industrial Plant, in the Salar de Uyuni, in Potosi, Bolivia December 15, 2023. REUTERS/Claudia Morales/File Photo

India is at an advanced stage of discussions with Argentina to acquire lithium blocks, the country's top bureaucrat in the mining ministry said. India is also in preliminary discussions with Bolivia to acquire lithium assets, mines secretary V L Kantha Rao said at a press conference.

Zimbabwe: United States Participation in Kimberley Process Plenary Meetings

he United States participated in the annual Kimberley Process (KP) Plenary meetings in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, November 6-10. The Kimberley Process is an international, multi-stakeholder initiative created to increase transparency and oversight in the diamond industry to eliminate trade in conflict diamonds, a goal the United States strongly supports. The United States regrets that meeting participants remained unable to examine the implications for the Kimberley Process of Russia’s diamond production and its war against Ukraine, as requested by Ukraine and supported by the United States and others. Russia and a small number of other KP participants objected to the request, despite the KP’s mandate to address how the trade in rough diamonds fuels conflict. Russia also refused to support a public communiqué that acknowledged Ukraine’s request.

The Kimberley Process’ decision not to issue a Plenary communiqué following the meetings undermines its credibility by failing to publicly report its work in an objective and transparent manner, one of its most important tasks as a multilateral body. During the Plenary meetings, the United States shared concerns about the ongoing conflict in the Central African Republic and its impact on rough diamond exports and expressed support for the future establishment of a KP Secretariat in Gaborone, Botswana. In 2024, the United States will continue its participation in the KP Ad Hoc Committee on Review and Reform, recognizing that reform is essential for the KP’s long term viability, and will advocate to expand the definition of a conflict diamond.

TAZARA's Trajectory

A Lens on China’s Growing Influence in Africa and Beyond China's participation in the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA) is a significant step forward in the ongoing global struggle for control of vital mineral trade routes, notably those critical for the development of electric vehicle batteries. China is scheduled to operate the Tanzania-Zambia Railway, also known as Tazara, with the China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC) securing a concession for its operation.

Skillings.net | January 2024

his development is part of a larger geopolitical conflict, particularly between China, the European Union, and the United States, over access to critical minerals like cobalt, which are critical for the developing electric vehicle industry. The Tazara railway is historically and geopolitically significant. It was China's greatest overseas project at the time and a symbol of China-Africa collaboration when it was first funded by Mao Zedong's administration in the 1970s. From 1970 to 1975, up to 50,000 Chinese workers were involved in its construction, laying 1,860 kilometers of track from Zambia's copper belt to Tanzania's port of Dar es Salaam. Despite its historical significance, Tazara has had operating difficulties and has yet to realize its full potential. For example, at the end of 1978, only two trains were running on a daily basis, and the United States provided about $27 million through USAID to assist repair the railway during the 1980s. The current attempt to control and upgrade Tazara is motivated by the railway's strategic importance in allowing mineral exports to worldwide markets, mainly from Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This is especially important in light of the rising demand for minerals used in electric batteries. China's involvement

The TAZARA railway is more than just a mode of transportation; it is an important link in the worldwide supply chain for minerals such as cobalt, which are required for the creation of electric car batteries. in Tazara is viewed as an effort to boost its geoeconomic interests and improve the performance of the Dar es Salaam mining export corridor. The battle for Tazara underscores greater global tensions. The European Union and the United States are also investing in regional infrastructure, like as the Lobito transit corridor, in order to secure access to these vital minerals and provide alternate trading routes. This competition is part of a broader plan by Western nations to prevent potential disruptions in important value chains by Chinese-controlled transport and logistics corporations, particularly in the situation of geopolitical escalation. Furthermore, China's approach to Tazara's operation and upgrade is seen as a shift away from aid-based programs and toward more financially viable ventures. This shift is consistent with China's larger African strategy, which emphasizes marketization and commercialization. Tazara's planned privatization exemplifies this new approach, which reflects both China's historical ties to Africa and its modern geoeconomic objectives.

Skillings.net | January 2024

The situation surrounding the TanzaniaZambia Railway Authority (TAZARA) and its operation by China is a complex one that touches on several critical issues: Economic and Infrastructure Growth 1. Commercial viability: China's involvement in TAZARA demonstrates a move toward assuring the commercial viability of its infrastructure projects in Africa. This strategy differs from previous aid-oriented tactics. The emphasis is now on developing long-term, successful ventures. 2. Infrastructure Improvement: Renovating the railway is critical for increasing transportation efficiency. Its modernization is intended to greatly improve the performance of the Dar es Salaam corridor, which is vital for mineral exports from Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 3. Boosting Local Economies: Improving the railway has the potential to benefit local economies. Better transportation infrastructure can facilitate trade and commerce, perhaps resulting in economic growth in the railway's service areas.

Implications for Geopolitics 1. Global Influence: China's ownership of TAZARA is part of a bigger strategy to increase its influence in Africa and around the world, which fits into the greater narrative of the Belt and Road Initiative. This step reflects China's desire to play a more prominent role in global affairs. 2. Control of Resources: The railway is vitally crucial for carrying materials necessary for new technologies, particularly electric vehicle batteries. Control of these transportation networks provides China with a considerable advantage in securing access to these vital resources. 3. Battle with Western Powers: The engagement of the EU and the US in building alternative trade routes, such as the Lobito corridor, underlines the ongoing fight for influence in Africa between major global powers. This struggle goes beyond resource acquisition and into the realm of geopolitical dominance.

China's operation of the Tazara railway is a strategic move within a complex web of global geopolitical and economic interests, centered on control of critical mineral trade routes critical to the future of electric vehicle manufacture and other technologies. The rivalry between major world powers for control and operation of the TAZARA railway demonstrates its strategic relevance in the context of global trade, notably for minerals important in the electric car industry. China's choice to operate the railway is consistent with the country's larger Belt and Road Initiative, which aims to enhance its worldwide influence through infrastructure investment and development projects. China's action is part of a long-term goal to increase its geopolitical and economic presence in Africa and around the world. The TAZARA railway is more than just a mode of transportation; it is an important link in the worldwide supply chain for minerals such as cobalt, which are required for the creation of electric car batteries. Because of the growing demand for these minerals, control of their trading routes has become a geopolitical battle. China's participation in TAZARA might be viewed as part of its endeavor to gain more direct and reliable access to key minerals, thereby increasing its competitiveness in the global market.

Historical Background and Strategic Importance TAZARA, which was built in the 1970s under Mao Zedong's leadership, was China's most ambitious foreign project at the time, sending up to 50,000 workers to build the 1,860 km track that connected Zambia's copper belt to Tanzania's port of Dar es Salaam. This railway, a symbol of Sino-African collaboration, was created in response to Zambia's need for an alternate route to the sea after white-controlled Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) cut off access. TAZARA's present relevance goes beyond historical relationships. According to Tim Zajontz, a lecturer at the University of Freiburg, China's decision to operate the railway is "not an aid mission" but a "commercially viable venture," reflecting Beijing's keen interest in securing a reliable route for exporting vital minerals required for electric vehicle batteries. The plan also aligns with China's larger Belt and Road Initiative, which aims to increase China's worldwide influence through infrastructure and development projects.

China's approach to the TAZARA project signals a shift in its African foreign policy. China's participation in Africa has always been perceived through the prism of solidarity and anti-imperialism. The contemporary emphasis on marketization and commercial viability, on the other hand, suggests a more pragmatic and economic-driven strategy. This transformation, from aid-based collaborations to more commercially oriented relationships, might have important ramifications for China-Africa ties. The battle over TAZARA also highlights the shifting dynamics of global geopolitics, notably in Africa. The involvement of Western countries, particularly the EU and the US, in the development of alternative trade routes such as the Lobito corridor emphasizes Africa's strategic relevance as a struggle for global dominance. This battle is about gaining geopolitical footholds in crucial regions as well as securing material resources. China's operation of the TAZARA railway is complicated by geopolitical,

economic, and strategic objectives. It is an important development in the global fight for control of vital mineral resources and trade routes, and it reflects altering patterns of global influence and power dynamics, notably in Africa.

Regional Impact and Geopolitical Rivalry This breakthrough comes amid increased competition for access to these important minerals among major world powers. The EU and the US are also investing in regional infrastructure, such as the Lobito transit corridor, to develop alternate pathways and secure access to these resources.

According to Aly-Khan Satchu, a Sub-Saharan Africa geoeconomic analyst, "the railway is a symbol of the Sino-African story, and President Xi understands the power of this narrative." Furthermore, the rivalry extends to public opinion, with both China and Western powers keenly aware of the need to maintain and enhance their influence in Africa.

Economic Consequences and Prospects TAZARA's operation and upgrading, according to experts, might potentially enhance local economies by boosting trade and commerce along the railway's route. However, the shift from aid-based involvement to commercially focused partnerships may also indicate a shift in the nature of China-Africa ties, indicating a shift toward a more transactional approach. As worldwide demand for electric vehicles and battery technology grows, management and operation of critical transportation routes like TAZARA will most likely remain at the center of global economic and geopolitical strategy. The evolving scenario surrounding TAZARA is an important case study in understanding the dynamics of global power plays and economic development in the twenty-first century. China's operation of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority, a choice with geopolitical, socioeconomic, and environmental ramifications, illustrates the intricacies of modern international relations and development policies.

meeting with the China Railway Construction Corporation (CRCC), retraced the genetics that led to the construction of one of the world's engineering masterpieces, TAZARA. This achievement was made possible through the solidarity and cooperation of Chairman Mao Zedong of China, President Kenneth David Kaunda of Zambia, and Mwalimu Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, and the people of their great nations. photo: fb/ Tanzania Zambia Railway Authority - Tazara

Implications for Geopolitics China's decision to run TAZARA is a strategic move in the larger geopolitical chess game, especially in the global fight for control of crucial natural resources. This railway, which is critical for carrying vital minerals such as cobalt from Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is now a key component of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a cornerstone of China's foreign policy, focused at increasing its global influence through infrastructural investment and economic involvement. By dominating a critical African transit route, China not only secures access to vital supplies for its expanding electric vehicle sector, but it also enhances its geopolitical footing in a continent historically influenced by Western countries. China's operation of TAZARA also represents a shifting balance of power in the global order, undermining Western powers' longstanding dominance in Africa. This development is part of a larger trend in which developing economies are establishing their global influence and altering the geopolitical environment.

The Socioeconomic Impact China's engagement in TAZARA has far-reaching socioeconomic consequences. For starters, the railway's modernization and effective operation have the potential to greatly benefit

Skillings.net | January 2024

local economies. Improved transportation infrastructure can help to promote commerce, increase market access, and contribute to economic growth in both Tanzania and Zambia. Furthermore, the railway's functioning might produce jobs and boost growth in the neighboring areas.

The TAZARA railway operation in China is a microcosm of the bigger themes influencing our world today: the growth of new global powers, the entwining of commercial and political interests, and the balancing act between development and environmental sustainability.

This participation, however, raises concerns about the nature of China-Africa ties. Historically marked by anti-imperialism and solidarity, these ties are now regarded through the prism of commercial viability and market-driven objectives. While this may lead to more permanent and mutually beneficial commercial partnerships, it also risks a transactional approach that overlooks African countries' greater developmental needs and aspirations.

As the world grapples with these complicated difficulties, TAZARA's tale provides a vivid example of the 21st-century interplay between geopolitics, socio economic development, and environmental stewardship. It emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive knowledge of global development plans in which economic interests are balanced with the imperatives of social equality and environmental sustainability.

Considerations for the Environment The environmental impact of the TAZARA operation in China is an important factor to consider. On the one hand, the efficient transport of materials required for electric vehicle batteries may help to accelerate the global transition to cleaner energy. However, the environmental impact of mining activities, along with the anticipated rise in extractive industries made possible by the railway, presents considerable environmental challenges. To prevent negative consequences on ecosystems and communities, it is critical that environmental sustainability be included into the planning and operation of such infrastructure projects.

Dredgers used for illegal gold extraction are seen during a joint operation between Colombian and Brazilian authorities in the Amazon jungles, Colombia December 2, 2023. Colombian Air Force/Handout via REUTERS

Columbia And Brazil Raze Illegal Mining Dredges In Amazon Colombian and Brazilian authorities shot down 19 illegal gold miners in the Amazon rainforest on December 6, Reuters reported, citing the Colombian army.

he illegal miners are said to be extracting about 23 kilograms of gold each month, worth nearly $1.5 million, while contaminating the river with mercury. The mining activities are carried out by a transnational criminal group called “Familia del Norte”.

absorb large amounts of greenhouse gases and play a key role in mitigating climate change. Colombian forces destroyed 12 friendly ships on the Pure and Purete rivers. The vessels are three stories high and contain cabins, sediment storage and accommodation facilities.

Authorities say 114,000 grams of mercury are released each month and 68 million liters of water are contaminated. The bilateral operation was backed by the United States and targeted the organization’s infrastructure.

Brazilian authorities subsequently destroyed the remaining seven ships. The news agency also quoted Colombia’s national police chief William Rene Salamanca as saying: “We are witnessing a historic, binational campaign against illegal mineral extraction aimed at protecting the world’s lungs.”

Reuters quoted a Colombian Armed Forces press release saying the operation “has become a source of funds for weapons and explosives as well as the acquisition of chemical raw materials for the criminal organization known as the Families Norte.” Brazil and Colombia are considered the most biodiverse countries and are covered by the Amazon rainforest. Rainforests

Skillings.net | January 2024

Earlier this year, The Guardian reported that Brazil’s health ministry said nearly 80 babies died per 1,000 live births in the Yanomami health region. Data also show that child mortality has increased by 16% since last year, which is seven times the national average.

Uranium price hits 15-year high in 2023 For the first time in over a decade and a half, uranium prices have risen by over $80 per pound. In addition to this, the market has also seen disruptions in uranium supply, which has further contributed to the price increase.

n recent years, the nuclear power industry has experienced a significant resurgence, resulting in a surge in uranium prices. For the first time in over a decade and a half, uranium prices have risen by over $80 per pound. In addition to this, the market has also seen disruptions in uranium supply, which has further contributed to the price increase.

from 2,193.02 tonnes (t) in 2022 to 2,220.51t in 2023, there are concerns that output may decrease in the near future. This is due to the current geopolitical instability caused by the recent coup, which has disrupted uranium supplies destined for western European countries.

On Monday, Bloomberg reported that the futures market for uranium, specifically the variety known as yellowcake, reached a value of $80.25.

According to Steven Schoffstall, who serves as the director at Sprott, there exists a compelling argument for the future growth of uranium prices and the sector as a whole. Looking back at the uranium prices from roughly five or six years ago, it is evident that they were hovering around $20 per pound.

In early September, operational hurdles were faced by Cameco at its Cigar Lake mine, Key Lake mill and McArthur River, resulting in a pessimistic outlook for the production of uranium. The anticipated total production of uranium concentrate U₃O₈ is expected to be about 30.3 million pounds, which accounts for a decrease of roughly 9% from the previous 33 million pounds.

As more countries aim to reach “net zero” emissions and nuclear energy becomes a more favorable option, the desire for uranium has risen, particularly in China and other developing markets. Nevertheless, a notable amount of the supply is concentrated in politically unstable regions. With the addition of speculative investors, prices have been further elevated, according to Konstantinos Venetis, a commodities economist at GlobalData TS Lombard. As per data presented by GlobalData, the parent company of Mining Technology, Niger is anticipated to contribute 4.09% of the world’s uranium production in 2023. While production is predicted to increase

ENGIE successfully acquires BTE Renewables

NGIE has confirmed the successful acquisition of South Africa’s BTE Renewables. The deal, announced in June 2023 with financial close on December 13, 2023, brings ENGIE an additional 340 MW of net renewable operating assets and a portfolio of more than 3 GW of advanced development projects. This follows the announcement just last week that two solar photovoltaic power plants in Grutzspruit and Graspan had successfully completed financial settlement. The acquisition of BTE Renewables completes a transformative year for ENGIE in South Africa, doubling the company’s installed renewable energy capacity, number of operating assets, development pipeline and headcount. Following the completion of this transaction, ENGIE will now operate 1.6 GW of assets in South Africa, including BTE. Currently, ENGIE owns, operates and maintains two concentrated solar power plants (CSP), namely Xina Solar One (100 MW) in Pofadder and Kathu Solar Park (100 MW) in Kathu. In addition, ENGIE owns and operates one West Coast 1 onshore wind farm (94 MW), two solar photovoltaic plants Aurora and Vredendal (21 MW) and two peaking thermal power plants (670 MW Avon and 335 MW Dedisa). The company is working toward financial close for the OYA Hybrid project, which is expected to be completed in early 2024.

Skillings.net | January 2024

Global Battery Metals (GBML) will acquire claims that cover around 249km². Credit: RHJPhtotos/Shutterstock.com.

GBML expands Lithium operations in Ireland

anadian mineral explorer GBML has secured an exclusive option to acquire mining rights to six additional concession blocks in addition to the PL 1597 Knockeen lithium pegmatite at the Leinster project in Ireland. GBML has entered into an option agreement with Tancred Resources to secure rights to these adjacent mining areas, totaling approximately 249 square kilometres. With the addition of these tenements, GBML’s Leinster lithium project has now expanded to approximately 775 square kilometers and includes approximately 22 tenements. The company agreed to pay US$25,000 (CAD$33,630) in cash within three business days of the date of the agreement. 500,000 warrants will be issued over the next 18 months at $0.30 per share. They are exercisable within 18 months of the date of issue. In addition, shares worth a total of $75,000 will be issued. Only after meeting these conditions will she receive a 25% share of the assets. Within 30 months from the date of signing of the agreement, GBML will issue a total of US$200,000 in shares to Tancred to obtain a 51% interest. Within 42 months from the date of the agreement, Tancred will issue shares worth $300,000 to acquire 100% of the assets. GBML has also agreed to issue performance shares totaling $1 million to Tancred if the company announces the production of 5 tonnes of 1% lithium oxide (Li2O).

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SKILLINGS MINING REVIEW STASTISTICS

NOVEMBER 2023 CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION orld crude steel production for the 71 countries reporting to the World Steel Association (worldsteel) was 145.5 million tonnes (Mt) in November 2023, a 3.3% increase compared to November 2022. Africa produced 1.8 Mt in November 2023, up 3.1% on November 2022. Asia and Oceania produced 104.8 Mt, up 2.2%. The EU (27) produced 10.6 Mt, up 3.2%. Europe, Other produced 3.7 Mt, up 22.2%. The Middle East produced 4.8 Mt, up 4.0%. North America produced 8.9 Mt, up 3.1%. Russia & other CIS + Ukraine produced 7.4 Mt, up 14.8%. South America produced 3.5 Mt, down 0.6%. The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2022.Regions and countries covered by the table: Africa, Asia and Oceania, European Union (27), Europe,other, Middle East, North America, Russia & other CIS + Ukraine, South America.

Top 10 steel-producing countries China produced 76.1 Mt in November 2023, up 0.4% on November 2022. India produced 11.7 Mt, up 11.4%. Japan produced 7.1 Mt, down 0.9%. The United States produced 6.6 Mt, up 6.1%. Russia

Table 1. Crude steel production by region

Table 2. Top 10 steel-producing countries

change nov % change jan-nov %jan-nov 2023(mt) nov 23/22 2023 (mt) 23/22

Africa Asia and Oceania

is estimated to have produced 6.4 Mt, up 12.5%. South Korea produced 5.4 Mt, up 11.9%. Germany produced 2.7 Mt, down 2.4%. Türkiye produced 3.0 Mt, up 25.4%. Brazil produced 2.7 Mt, up 3.8%. Iran is estimated to have produced 3.0 Mt, up 7.6%.

nov 2023 (mt)

% change nov 23/22

jan-nov 23 (mt)

% change jan-nov 23/22

0.4

952.1

1.5

1.8

3.1

20.1

4.5

China

76.1

104.8

2.2

1,271.4

1.8

India

11.7

11.4

128.2

12.1

Japan

7.1

-0.9

80.0

-2.8

EU (27)

10.6

3.2

117.6

-7.8

Europe, Other

3.7

22.2

37.9

-6.3

Middle East

4.8

4.0

48.2

0.3

North America

8.9

3.1

100.2

-2.5

Germany

2.7

Russia & CIS+ Ukraine*

7.4

14.8

81.4

4.4

Türkiye

3.0

South America

3.5

-0.6

38.3

-6.0

Brazil

2.7

3.8

29.3

-7.1

Total 71 countries

145.5

3.3

1,715.1

0.5

Iran

3.0 e

7.6

28.1

0.6

United States Russia South Korea

6.6

6.1

73.9

-0.5

6.4 e

12.5

70.2

6.4

5.4

11.9

61.3

1.1

-2.4

32.8

-4.0

25.4

30.5

-6.1

The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2022. Regions and countries covered by the table:Africa: Egypt, Libya, South Africa, Tunisia Asia and Oceania: Australia, China, India, Japan, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan (China), Thailand, Viet Nam,European Union (27),Europe, Other: Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Türkiye, United Kingdom,Middle East: Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,North America: Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, United States,Russia & other CIS + Ukraine: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine,South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela

Skillings.net | January 2024

2022 GLOBAL CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION TOTALS TOTAL WORLD CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION WAS 1,878.5 MT IN 2022, A 4.2% DECREASE COMPARED TO 2021.

Source – World Steel Association Rank Country

2022

2021

% 2022/ 2021

Rank Country

2022

2021

% 2022/ 2021

China

1 013.0

1 034.7

-2.1

Poland (e)

7.7

8.5

-8.6

India

124.7

118.2

5.5

Austria

7.5

7.9

-4.7

Japan

89.2

96.3

-7.4

Belgium (e)

6.9

0.4

United States

80.7

85.8

-5.9

Ukraine

6.3

21.4

-70.7

Russia (e)

71.5

77.0

-7.2

Netherlands

6.1

6.6

-7.2

South Korea

65.9

70.4

-6.5

United Kingdom

6.1

7.2

-15.6

Germany

36.8

40.2

-8.4

Pakistan (e)

6.0

5.4

10.9

Turkey

35.1

40.4

-12.9

Australia

5.7

5.8

-1.9

Brazil

34.0

36.1

-5.8

Thailand

5.3

5.5

-2.9

Iran

30.6

28.3

8.0

Bangladesh (e)

5.2

5.5

-5.5

Italy

21.6

24.4

-11.6

Argentina

5.1

4.9

4.5

Taiwan, China (e)

20.6

23.2

-11.2

Sweden

4.4

4.7

-5.9

Viet Nam (e)

20.0

23.0

-13.1

South Africa

4.4

5.0

-12.3

Mexico

18.2

18.5

-1.6

Czechia

4.3

4.8

-11.0

Indonesia (e)

15.6

14.8

5.2

Kazakhstan

4.1

4.5

-8.0

France

12.1

13.9

-13.1

Slovakia

3.9

4.9

-20.4

Canada (e)

12.0

13.0

-7.8

Finland

3.5

4.3

-18.5

Spain

11.5

14.2

-19.2

Algeria (e)

3.5

0.2

Malaysia (e)

10.0

9.1

10.0

United Arab Emirates

3.2

3.0

7.1

Egypt

9.8

10.3

-4.6

Others

37.2

39.5

-5.7

Saudi Arabia

9.1

8.7

3.9

World

1 878.5

1 960.4

- 4.2

e – annual figure estimated using partial data or non-worldsteel resources. * The world total production figure in this table includes estimates of other countries that only report annually.

2023 Steel Statistical Yearbook published

he World Steel Association (worldsteel)’s Steel Statistical Yearbook 2023 contains comprehensive statistics from 2013 to 2022 on crude steel production by country and process, steel production by product, steel trade by product, apparent steel use and apparent steel use per capita by country, as well as production and trade of pig iron and

directly reduced iron. It also includes data on production and trade of iron ore and scrap. It is available for purchase for €685 here. Individuals access the data by logging into the worldsteel data platform with a personal username and password automatically issued at the time of purchase.

Access is granted once payment is confirmed. The data can be easily downloaded in Excel format once payment has been processed. A PDF version of all the data is also included. worldsteel members can access all the data for free via the extranet.

SKILLINGS MINING REVIEW January 2024

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