SKILLINGS MINING REVIEW February2024 by CFX Network, LLC

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Volume: 113. Issue.2. February 2024

22 LOOKING FOR SAFER SHORES: DIFFERENT PATHS AND APPROACHES

Risky Minerals

The Increasing Hazard in Red Sea Shipping Channels How Suez Canal Challenges and Geopolitical Tensions are Changing Global Mineral Trade.

32 The Intersection of Engineering & Critical Materials in Electric Vehicle Batteries

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Norway Defends Deep-Sea Mining

Liebherr & Fortescue Repower R 9400 Excavator to Electric Configuration

Volume: 113. Issue.2. February 2024

Risky Minerals: The Increasing Hazard in Red Sea Shipping Channels How Suez Canal Challenges and Geopolitical Tensions are Changing Global Mineral Trade

22 Gabriel Gonzalez Rodriguez, A. Waleed Rashid, James Morris, Kemper Portocarrero INSIGHTS FROM INDUSTRY PROFESSIONALS Leadership, Career Progression, & Industry Trends

28 20

The Intersection of Engineering & Critical Materials in Electric Vehicle Batteries

Leadership Upheaval at Endeavour Mining

According to Electrek, an electric vehicle recently showed an incredible carrying capacity of 100 tons, exhibiting true engineering prowess.

CEO Dismissal Shakes Up Corporate Governance & Market Confidence: Recently, Endeavour Mining Plc revealed that Sébastien de Montessus, the company's former CEO, would suffer a major financial loss.

05 Atlantic Lithium completes first stage of offtake partnering process

16 Sayona Mining to undertake review of North American Lithium ops

38 Pioneering vent shaft at Palabora holes out safely at 1,200 metres

06 Capital positive about growth prospects in 2024

18 Iron ore prices climb as China pledges to stabilize market

39 Latin Metals acquires Argentina copper project

07 Lancaster Resources Announces Financing

19 Early Blow to SA Coal Exports 27 Queensland Resources Sector Strengthened by Women

40 Multotec scoops SACEEC Exporter of the Year Award

31 Africa Energy Indaba: Unveiling Vital Energy Solutions in Response to South Africa’s 31% Electricity Hike

42 QC Copper Employs AI to Target Drill Program

08 Ausgold closes in on Katanning Development 10 Pilbara Minerals bolstered by Lithium Production

41 The Downside of Senegal’s Gold Rush

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Skillings.net | February 2024

Atlantic Lithium completes first stage of offtake partnering process Atlantic Lithium Limited, an Africafocused lithium exploration and development company aiming to build Ghana’s first lithium mine, has announced the completion of the first phase of the company’s competitive offtake partnership process to provide the remaining 50%.

The available lithium mine raises part of the funding for the Raw Materials company’s Ewoyaa lithium project in Ghana. The purpose of the process is to obtain financing quotes to fully cover the company’s project development costs, accelerate project development and reduce risks, provide attractive conditions for the acceptance of all contractual agreements, and attract recognized partners to support the company and Ghana globally Lithium supply target for the electric vehicle market.

tlantic Lithium Limited, an Africa-focused lithium exploration and development company aiming to build Ghana’s first lithium mine, has announced the completion of the first phase of the company’s competitive offtake partnership process to provide the remaining 50%.

Due to the substantial inbound interest prior to the commencement of the Phase 1 acceptance process and receipt of offers from interested parties, the Company has entered a more detailed Phase 2 due diligence phase.

Iamgold shares surge on progress at the Côté gold project AMGOLD shares rose after reporting preliminary full-year and fourth-quarter 2023 production results and an update on progress at the Côté gold project in Ontario, Canada.

he miner reported 2023 attributable gold production of 465,000 ounces, at the high end of its annual production forecast of 410,000 to 470,000 ounces. Equity production at Essakane, located in northeastern Burkina Faso, reached 108,000 ounces in the fourth quarter, taking full-year production to 372,000 ounces, near the upper end of full-year guidance of 380,000 ounces. Production from the Westwood project in Quebec reached 28,000 ounces in the fourth quarter and 93,000 ounces for the full year, exceeding full-year guidance of 70,000 to 90,000 ounces. IAMGOLD also reports that commissioning activities at the Côté Gold project are progressing well, with commissioning of the primary crushing circuit underway. Initial production remains on track for March 2024. The Côté project is being constructed in partnership with Sumitomo Metal Mining Corporation. When completed, it will be Canada’s third largest gold mine. Construction on Côté began in 2020 and is expected to take three years.

Skillings.net | February 2024

Capital positive about growth prospects in 2024 Demand for London-listed mining services company Capital’s business continues to be strong, with the group forecasting total revenue of $318 million for the year to December 31.

his represents an annual growth rate of 9.7% compared to the previous year. However, fiscal 2023 revenue is expected to be below guidance of $320 million to $340 million, with fourth-quarter revenue impacted by multiple factors, including weakened activity in Mali and the continued restart of operations in Sudan. Additionally, the company’s MSALABS revenue fell short of its ambitious growth targets for this year. MSALABS revenue still increased 40% year over year to $38.4 million. Capital plans to launch more labs this year. The company provides a range of drilling, mining, maintenance and geochemical laboratory solutions to customers in the global mining industry. During the year, MSALABS signed a five-year comprehensive laboratory services contract with Nevada Gold Mines (NGM) in the United States, where MSALABS will operate a high-end hybrid laboratory including three Chrysos PhotonAssay units as well as traditional fire assay methods and technologies. Comprehensive multi-element analysis capabilities. The contract is expected to generate $14 million in revenue over five years and approximately $30 million in annual revenue when fully operational. This is the largest new business award in MSALABS history.

Lancaster Resources Announces Financing Lancaster Resources Inc. announced that it is offering a non-brokered private placement for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $200,000 (the “Offering”).

he Offering will consist of up to 4,000,000 units at an issue price of $0.05 per unit, with each unit comprised of one common share and one common share purchase warrant. Each warrant will be exercisable into one common share of the Company at an exercise price of $0.08 per share for a period of three years. The proceeds from the private placement will be used for exploration at the Alkali Flat Lithium Brine Project in New Mexico, marketing publicity, additional

property acquisitions and exploration, renewable energy and DLE testing and development, salaries, consulting fees, travel expenses and debt settlement. Finders fees of up to 8% cash and 8% warrants may be paid to finders in connection with the Offering. All securities issued as part of the Offering will be subject to a statutory hold period of four months and one day from the issuance date. This news release does not constitute an offer to sell or a

solicitation of an offer to buy any of the securities in the United States. The securities have not been and will not be registered under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “U.S. Securities Act”) or any state securities laws and may not be offered or sold within the United States or to U.S. Persons unless registered under the U.S. Securities Act and applicable state securities laws or an exemption from such registration is available.

Ausgold closes in on Katanning Development Ausgold’s Katanning gold project in Western Australia is about to release a Definitive Feasibility Study (DFS) based on a recently updated resource of 3.04 million ounces.

he study aims to reduce development risks at Ausgold, expected to be Western Australia’s largest new open pit gold project. “The DFS for the Katanning Gold Project is now in its final stages. Our main technical partner, GR Engineering Services, is fully committed and working with our in-house team and other consultants with the clear target of completion and launch of the DFS by the second quarter of 2024.” Ausgold said managing director Matthew Greentree. “This is an exciting time for our team as we advance DFS and take further important steps to become Australia’s next midsized gold producer. “The Katanning Gold Project is one of the most significant new gold developments in Australia. Backed by a large-scale, high-quality resource of 3.04 million ounces, the project will

Skillings.net | February 2024

“WE ARE EXCITED TO SEE WHAT THE coming months will bring for Ausgold as we unlock significant value from the project against a backdrop of record Australian dollar gold prices and a very strong outlook for the gold industry.” support a long-term, highly profitable operation delivering benefits to all our key stakeholders. prosperous profits. An optimization study and strategic analysis of the open pit mine is currently underway with the aim of providing an updated inventory and mining plan for

the open pit mine. Cube Consulting was commissioned to conduct a strategic analysis of the mining and processing plans. The company also said designs for the pit, waste and haul roads are currently being finalized as the company prepares to start production.

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Pilbara Minerals bolstered by Lithium Production

ilbara Minerals produced 176,000 tonnes of spodumene concentrate at its Pilgangoora mine in the December 2023 quarter. This figure represents a 22% increase from the 144,200 tonnes produced in the previous three months.

PILBARA MINERALS is located at the Pilgangoora lithiumtantalum operation in Western Australia.

“This was achieved through increased availability of processing facilities, with fewer closures recorded in the December quarter compared to the previous quarter,” Pilbara Mining said. “The company is also seeing the benefit of increased throughput from capacity additions at its main scrap facility associated with the P680 project in December.” Construction of the Project P680 crushing and ore sorting plant remains on schedule and on budget. Start-up is expected to begin in the September 2024 quarter, as commissioning is planned for the June 2024 quarter. “Civil and concrete works related to the crushing and ore sorting plant have been completed and the contract for the structural, mechanical, piping, electrical and instrumentation installation of the plant has been awarded to Primero,” Pilbara Minerals said.

Skillings.net | February 2024

“The majority of orders with long lead times, including ore sorting units and crushing components, have either been delivered to the Pilgangoora facility or are being held in Western Australia awaiting delivery to site.” The P1000 project is also on schedule and on budget, with first ore scheduled for production in the March 2025 quarter. Pilbara Minerals sold 159,900 tonnes of spodumene concentrate at an average estimated realized price of US$1,113 per dry tonne (dmt) ($1,692). “Following the end of the December quarter, Pilbara Mining made amendments to its existing offtake agreement with Ganfeng Lithium Group Co., Ltd. and its subsidiaries, resulting in a total annual allocation of spodumene concentrate of up to 310,000 tonnes (kilotonnes/year). for three calendar years (CY24, CY25 and CY26),” the company said. “Under the existing pricing methodology in the agreement, all quantities of spodumene concentrate will be sold at prevailing market prices.” Pilbara Minerals reported $2.1 billion in cash on hand as of December 31.

Norway Defends

Deep-Sea Mining Norway says its controversial decision to authorize deep-sea mining is a necessary step into the unknown that could help break the dominance of China and Russia in the rare earths sector.

n a vote with cross-party support earlier this month, Norway’s parliament voted 80 to 20 to approve a government proposal to open large swathes of the ocean to commercial-scale deep-sea mining. This makes the Nordic country the first in the world to advance the process of extracting minerals from the seafloor. The Norwegian government said the practice could be a way to ease the global transition away from fossil fuels, adding that every country should look for ways to sustainably collect usable metals and minerals.

Environmental impact of deep-sea mining But scientists have warned that the full environmental impact of deep-sea mining is difficult to predict, while environmental groups have criticized approval of what they call a “highly destructive” process that sends a “terrible signal” to the rest of the world.

Skillings.net | February 2024

Important metals such as cobalt, nickel, copper and manganese have been found in potato-sized nodules on the seafloor. These metals, along with other strategic minerals and rare earth elements, have a variety of end uses, including electric vehicle batteries, wind turbines and solar panels. Therefore, demand is growing rapidly. The IEA expects this trend to continue as the clean energy transition gains momentum, noting that demand for cobalt and nickel will grow by 70% and 40% respectively between 2017 and 2022. “Today we are almost dependent on Russia and China and need to diversify the global supply chain for global mineral production,” said Norwegian Energy Minister Terje Aslan. “We have been looking at the possibilities of seabed minerals for a long time. We have a proven tradition of exploiting the resources of the Norwegian continental shelf. We are doing

it in a sustainable way and we are doing it step by step.” Given the rapidly increasing demand for critical minerals, the International Energy Agency has warned that current supplies are not enough to transform the energy sector. This is because the production of many elements of the energy transition is relatively concentrated geographically. For example, most rare earth reserves are located in China, while Vietnam, Brazil and Russia are also important countries with rare earth reserves.

knowledge gap The decision by the Norwegian parliament paves the way for companies to bid for mining in national waters near the Svalbard archipelago. The area is part of the vast Norwegian undersea continental shelf, estimated to be larger than the United Kingdom at around 280,000 square kilometers (108,108 square miles). The Norwegian government does not plan to start drilling for the

minerals immediately. Instead, companies must submit license proposals and vote on a case-by-case basis in parliament. Osland said the first commercial licenses for seafloor exploration would be available “maybe next year”, but licenses to mine the minerals were unlikely to be available within a decade. Approving deep-sea mining puts Norway at odds with Britain and the EU’s executive arm, the European Commission, which pushed for a temporary ban on environmental grounds. Responding to criticism, Norwegian company Aasland said the vote results would help lawmakers better understand whether minerals can be found on the seafloor in a sustainable way. “One of the themes of the debate is that we don’t have enough knowledge to decide whether these minerals can be mined – and I completely agree with that,” Aslan said. “We need to gather more information before making a decision to mine these minerals. That’s the purpose of this opening. It’s not the same as authorizing removal.”

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Liebherr & Fortescue Repower R 9400 Excavator to Electric Configuration Liebherr Mining and Fortescue have successfully converted their R 9400 excavators from diesel to electric drive. The modified machine is already in operation at Fortescue’s Christmas Creek mine in Western Australia.

his is the first time in more than 40 years of Liebherr electric excavators that the company has converted one of its excavators from diesel to electric configuration during the normal life of the machine. The hydrogen on-board power unit (OPU) designed and developed by Fortescue to power the newly modified R 9400 excavators is currently undergoing field testing at Fortescue’s purpose-built zero-emission test site at Christmas Creek.

Skillings.net | February 2024

The repowering of the R 9400 excavators reflects Liebherr and Fortescue’s joint efforts to develop zero-emission solutions for the mining industry. Experts from Liebherr and Fortescue were involved in the project, which was carried out at Liebherr Australia’s Perth, Western Australia branch. “Liebherr is delighted that Fortescue has chosen to partner with Liebherr in a joint effort to accelerate the path towards a fossil fuel-free mining future. “This retrofit project shows

that Liebherr machines previously equipped with diesel engines can also be decarbonised,” Liebherr said. explains Oliver Weiss, Executive Vice President of R&D, Engineering and Manufacturing at Boherr Mining.

“LIEBHERR IS DELIGHTED THAT FORTESCUE has chosen to partner with Liebherr in a joint effort to accelerate the path towards a fossil fuelfree mining future. “This retrofit project shows that Liebherr machines previously equipped with diesel engines can also be decarbonised,” Liebherr said.

“The modular design of Liebherr equipment makes it possible to convert existing diesel excavators to new zero-emission configurations, such as electric drivetrains,” continues Weiss. “This means the diesel equipment customers buy today will also be future-proof for many years to come. The fact that we can make it easier for our customers to transition from traditional to decarbonized mining fleets is something we one of the key strategies. Liebherr’s zero-emission mining initiative. “

Dino Otranto, CEO of Fortescue Metals, added: “This is an exciting milestone for both Fortescue and Liebherr as we work together to develop the zero-emission solutions the world needs to Beyond Fossil Fuels.” “Our partnership with Liebherr is an example of true collaboration and how heavy industry can work together to decarbonize and eliminate fossil fuels.”

Sayona Mining to undertake review of North American Lithium ops

In order to optimize NAL’s cost structure in response to the rapidly shifting conditions in the global lithium market, North American lithium producer Sayona Mining Limited is conducting an operational review of its North American Lithium (NAL) operation in partnership with its joint venture partner.

n order to optimize NAL’s cost structure in response to the rapidly shifting conditions in the global lithium market, North American lithium producer Sayona Mining Limited (ASX:SYA) (DML:FRA) (SYAXF:OTCMKTS) is conducting an operational review of its North American Lithium (NAL) operation in partnership with its joint venture partner. Opportunities to lower NAL’s cost base, control cash flow, and maintain the financial viability of the Quebec operation in a difficult market context are the main points of emphasis for the assessment. By the end of the first quarter of 2024, Sayona hopes to have finished the evaluation. It will then notify its stakeholders and shareholders of the results. “This review of our Quebec operations is focusing on reducing our cost base, enhancing productivity and improving Sayona’s

Skillings.net | February 2024

ability to continue to produce lithium throughout the market cycle,” said James Brown, Sayona’s interim CEO. Being the sole hard rock lithium mine in operation in North America, NAL is in a strong position to continue serving as a vital supply of lithium for the region’s EV and battery industries. Even if the market is difficult right now, we are optimistic that lithium will have a bright future as the energy transition picks up steam and the globe continues to become more electrified.” Guy Belleau, the CEO of Sayona Inc., the company’s Quebec subsidiary, has left his position with effect from January 24, 2024, as part of the operational review. After joining Sayona in late 2022, Mr. Belleau assumed the role of CEO in January 2023. The Company wishes Mr. Belleau well in his future endeavors and thanks him for his work.

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Wyloo Metals Halts Operations at Western Australian Mines

n response to a significant downturn in nickel prices, Wyloo Metals Pty Ltd., the private nickel producer owned by billionaire Andrew Forrest, has announced the temporary closure of its Western Australian mines near Kambalda. The shutdown, scheduled to commence on May 31, comes just six months after Wyloo’s acquisition of the mining assets.

Indonesia, posing a threat to the industry. This trend has prompted other mining entities to respond to the market dynamics. First Quantum Minerals Ltd., for instance, recently announced a suspension of mining activities at its nickel and cobalt operation in Australia, accompanied by a reduction in its workforce.

The company cited the challenging market conditions, attributing the decision to the sharp decline in nickel prices over the past year. Wyloo Metals conveyed its inability to fulfill a nickel off-take agreement with BHP Group Ltd., notifying the mining giant that the agreement, set to expire at the end of 2025, cannot be honored. The nickel market has been adversely affected by an influx of inexpensive supply from

Wyloo’s decision follows a warning from BHP, the world’s largest mining company, which indicated the possibility of a write-down in the value of its nickel assets to address the impact of the price crash. Despite the closure of the Kambalda mines, Wyloo Metals remains active in the region. The company, which owns assets in both Canada and Australia, entered into a joint venture agreement with IGO Ltd. last year.

Iron ore prices climb as China pledges to stabilize market Iron ore futures climbed to their highest level in more than a week on Tuesday as investor confidence boosted after policymakers in top consumer China vowed to stabilize the market.

steps on Monday to strengthen the yuan’s exchange rate and prevent it from depreciating too quickly, Reuters reported.

The benchmark iron ore price for February on the Singapore Exchange rose 2.01% to $131.55 a tonne by 0724 GMT, also its highest level since January 12.

Beijing on Monday kept its key interest rate unchanged at its monthly setting, following last week’s decision to keep medium-term credit rates steady, reflecting Beijing’s limited room to ease monetary policy amid pressure on the yuan.

China will take stronger and more effective measures to boost market confidence, state media CCTV said on Monday, citing a cabinet meeting held after China’s stock market plunged. Meanwhile, China’s major state-owned banks took

Beijing has set a growth target of around 5% for 2024, exceeding last year’s target of more than 4.5%, although growth is expected to slow. “Many steel mills have completed a wave of iron ore purchases to meet production needs during the

he most-traded May iron ore contract on China’s Dalian Commodity Exchange (DCE) rose 1.42% in intraday trading to 965.5 yuan ($134.70) a tonne, its highest level since January 12.

Skillings.net | February 2024

Lunar New Year holiday, while some small steel mills may have to return to the port market for sporadic purchases in the coming weeks.” Mysteel analyst in Shanghai. Other steelmaking raw materials on the Dalian Commodity Exchange also rose, with coking coal and coke rising by 0.3% and 0.73% respectively. Benchmark steel prices rose on the Shanghai Futures Exchange as commodity prices rose. Steel bars rose 0.34%, hot-rolled coils rose 0.42%, wire rods rose 0.27%, and stainless steel rose 1.52%.

Early Blow to SA Coal Exports Transnet Freight Rail (TF), a subsidiary of state-owned ports and rail company Transnet, confirmed an incident recently.

accident was caused by human error when a shift change failed to alert the line that a stopped train was coming.

The collision occurred in Erubana, outside Richards Bay. “Investigations are ongoing to determine the cause of the accident,” TFR said. According to News24, citing TFR sources, Sunday’s

Due to a power outage at Richard’s Bay, the train was stopped on the route ahead. TFR still has analog systems to control the movement of rolling stock. It relies on signaling and telephone communications to plan trains and manage their movement, News24 reported. TFR said in December it would expand coal trains along its northern corridor to ease port

ransnet Freight Rail (TF), a subsidiary of state-owned ports and rail company Transnet, confirmed an incident on Monday night. Few details were provided, saying only that recovery efforts were “ongoing” and that no serious injuries were reported.

congestion that has crippled operations at the port of Richards Bay. ``The improved service will include seven coal trains running per week by mid-December, taking the total number of trains per week to 28. It said: “This translates into a transport volume of approximately 15,400 tonnes per week and 739,200 tonnes per year, equivalent to 452 truck movements per week and 21,747 truck movements per year.”

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Leadership Upheaval at Endeavour Mining

CEO Dismissal Shakes Up Corporate Governance & Market Confidence CHARLES PITTS

Recently, Endeavour Mining Plc revealed that Sébastien de Montessus, the company's former CEO, would suffer a major financial loss. After being fired earlier this month for "serious misconduct," de Montessus will lose an astounding $29.1 million in pay. The London-based gold mining business disclosed that $15.6 million in unvested share awards and $17.6 million in forfeited pay, which includes a $2 million yearly bonus for the prior year, are included in this sum.

n addition, Endeavour Mining is recovering $10 million from a 2021 onetime reward and a 2022 cash bonus of $1.5 million. Following the company's termination of de Montessus's employment due to serious wrongdoing, this decision was reached.

The FTSE 100 saw a sharp 12% decline in the company's shares, demonstrating the market's response to this well-publicized executive turmoil.

Following a board investigation into an improper payment instruction of $5.9 million related to an asset disposal by the firm, Sébastien de Montessus, the former CEO of Endeavour Mining, faced an abrupt departure. The company's private whistleblower channel revealed that De Montessus was also charged with personal wrongdoing involving coworkers.

In response, de Montessus claimed that in 2021 he had given an order to Endeavour's creditor to deduct money that the business owed for the purchase of necessary security gear to shield partners and staff in a conflict area. He acknowledged that his failure to notify the board of this offset was a mistake in judgment. He asserted, however, that he was not given enough time to address the accusations and denied receiving any personal gain from this decision.

De Montessus's resignation was announced "with immediate effect" by Endeavour Mining, a well-known gold mining business in West Africa, which found the unusual payment during an acquisitions and disposals assessment.

De Montessus claimed that no misconduct was discovered by an outside inquiry into the individual claims of personal misconduct because none had taken place. He talked about taking his advisers' opinions into consideration and took

Skillings.net | February 2024

satisfaction in the work he had done for Endeavour during the previous eight years. Since then, the business has named Ian Cockerill as its new CEO. Cockerill has over 40 years of expertise in the natural resources sector, having held CEO positions at Gold Fields and Anglo Coal. The largest shareholder in Endeavour, La Mancha Investments, expressed confidence in Cockerill's leadership and reaffirmed the board's decision. A number of significant elements of the Endeavour Mining scenario demonstrate the intricacies and consequences of corporate governance and leadership issues. Under Ian Cockerill's new direction, the company—a pioneer in the gold mining industry with operations throughout West Africa—will now go through a period of transition and scrutiny.

Two primary issues influenced the board's decision to fire Sébastien de Montessus: allegations of personal misconduct and the purported mishandling of a big financial transaction. Serious questions concerning governance standards were raised by the former CEO's handling of a $5.9 million payment, allegedly for necessary security equipment in a danger zone, without board permission. This episode emphasizes how crucial it is for business decision-making to be transparent and follow set protocols. Furthermore, even though de Montessus maintains that no wrongdoing was discovered, the whistleblower's accusations about his personal behavior with coworkers highlight the increasing importance

of moral behavior and upholding a polite, professional workplace culture in today's business environment. Financial markets reacted swiftly to this well-publicized termination, with shares of Endeavour Mining falling by 12% on the FTSE 100. Investor sensitivity to leadership stability and ethical concerns in large firms is reflected in this market response. Ian Cockerill's appointment as CEO of Endeavour Mining ushers in a new era for the business. Cockerill is in a good position to lead the business through this difficult time thanks to his vast experience in the natural resources sector. In order to win back investor trust and make

sure the business upholds the greatest standards of ethical behavior and corporate governance, his leadership will be essential. La Mancha Investments, the company's largest stakeholder, has expressed strong support for the board's actions and confidence in the new leadership, suggesting that Endeavour Mining's future may be bright. The business must, however, manage the short-term uncertainties and the operational effects of this leadership transition, particularly as it attempts to wrap up significant expansion initiatives in the upcoming months.

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Risky

Minerals

The Increasing Hazard in Red Sea Shipping Channels

How Suez Canal Challenges and Geopolitical Tensions are Changing Global Mineral Trade

he Red Sea and the Suez Canal have long been important hubs for international trade. But a major re-choreography is now required, particularly in the mineral trade, because to recent geopolitical upheavals and ongoing threats linked with these essential rivers. The ramifications of these conflicts are being felt far and wide, transforming the global supply chain in significant ways, from iron ore to precious metals. Recent geopolitical tensions in the Red Sea have set off a series of events that have had a substantial impact on the maritime sector worldwide, especially with regard to the transport of minerals. Despite being a vital safety precaution, the decision to reroute vessels around the Cape of Good Hope has resulted in a significant

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increase in shipping expenses. This surge represents a rate rise of more than three times on several important routes, not simply a slight increase.

An Essential Pathway for Minerals Historically important routes like the Red Sea and the Suez Canal are more than just rivers; they are vital to the economy. They facilitate the movement of vital resources including oil, natural gas, copper, and rare earth elements from the mineral-rich countries of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East to European markets. This conduit's attractiveness has long been supported by its effectiveness and affordability. But there is now a cloud of doubt over this marine route due to recent events.

Carbon Footprints in Difficult Situations The environmental cost of these relocated shipping routes is a consequence that is frequently disregarded. Longer trips around the Cape of Good Hope, for

The Mineral Trade and Geopolitical Chess These routes have gained international attention as a result of recent unrest, especially the elevated threat of assaults in the Red Sea region. The immediate result is clear as countries struggle with these issues: shipping corporations are being forced to look for other routes. This rerouting strains international supply lines and increases market volatility by upsetting the delicate balance between timely delivery and market pricing of these minerals.

Waves in the Economy: The Price of Uncertainty These interruptions have a complex economic consequence. To name a few, there are increased insurance rates, lengthier transit times, and higher operational expenditures. When these elements come together, the market price of necessary minerals rises, forcing mining corporations to make difficult decisions. The choice is clear: either take on these higher expenses or pass them along to customers, possibly distorting the dynamics of the market.

example, result in higher fuel usage and a higher carbon footprint. The global requirement to reduce environmental effect is at conflict with this position, which also makes attaining sustainability in marine trade extremely difficult.

Looking for Safer Shores: Different Paths and Approaches A rising number of alternate paths and solutions are being investigated in response to these difficulties. These include expanding trade routes, making investments in maritime security, and developing cutting-edge logistics for shipping. These substitutes do present some difficulties, though, such as cost, practicality, and the possibility of introducing unanticipated hazards. Mining businesses are facing a perilous situation as a result of the present geopolitical tensions affecting shipping routes across the Red Sea. These businesses, many of which rely significantly on the effective movement of minerals via these routes, are currently battling an abrupt rise in operating expenses. This strain is a serious problem that has the potential to completely change the nature of the world's mineral commerce, not simply a minor annoyance. For mining businesses, the fast increase in operating expenses is their main worry. Due to the heightened risk involved in traveling over or near the Red Sea, higher shipping costs and insurance premiums have become significant financial burdens. The cost of shipping minerals from extraction sites to processing centers and eventually to international markets is higher than it has ever been, which has a big impact on these businesses' bottom lines. Mining businesses' profit margins are directly impacted by these rising costs. In a sector where profit margins are often narrow, any extra cost can mount up. Businesses must decide whether to pass these expenses on to customers and risk seeing a decline in demand as a result of higher pricing, or absorb them themselves and risk lower profitability.

FOR MINING BUSINESSES, the fast increase in operating expenses is their main worry. Due to the heightened risk involved in traveling over or near the Red Sea, higher shipping costs and insurance premiums have become significant financial burdens.

to avoid these pathways by acquiring minerals from other regions due to quality, quantity, or geopolitical concerns. Some mining corporations may consider making more significant strategy changes in reaction to these challenges. This can entail making investments in regionally focused processing facilities, broadening supply chains, or even looking into joint ventures with businesses in less impacted areas. Even while these strategic choices may pay off in the long run, they take a lot of time and money to implement.

Businesses are under tremendous pressure to review their cost control and pricing policies in light of this circumstance.

Wider changes in the market could result from the pressure on mining corporations. Supply and price changes in the mineral market could have an impact on a variety of industries, including electronics and construction. Furthermore, there might be a greater emphasis on creating supply chains that are more resilient and diverse, which could result in more regional or localized trade networks.

In light of these obstacles, mining corporations are thinking about using different sources and shipping routes. Finding workable substitutes is not simple, though. There are additional obstacles along other routes, such those that go around the Cape of Good Hope, such as longer travel durations and possible security threats. Furthermore, it may not be feasible

The mining industry has a chance for creativity and cooperation as a result of this difficult circumstance. To reduce risks and expenses, businesses could investigate new technologies for shipping and logistics optimization, make investments in more productive mining techniques, or form alliances with other sectors of the economy.

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Recognizing the Range of Cost Rises The shipping cost increase is rather noticeable. For example, shipping rates from Asia to Europe, a vital route for the transportation of different minerals, have increased by over three times. Longer travel distances, more fuel consumption, higher insurance premiums because of the perceived risks, and a lack of safe and effective alternate routes are the main causes of this growth. The price of commodities that are traded internationally is directly and immediately impacted by this increase in shipping expenses. The fundamental element of this commerce, minerals, is undergoing price changes. These changes are reverberating throughout international markets and are not restricted to the Red Sea's immediate region. A container of minerals must now be transported at a much higher cost from extraction sites to processing centers and finally to markets. These expenses will unavoidably trickle down along the supply chain. Leading the charge in this economic revolution are mining businesses. These businesses now have to shoulder more financial obligations on top of the complicated terrain they already traverse due to operating expenses, market demands, and regulatory obstacles. The augmented charges related to shipping constitute a noteworthy segment of the operational costs, hence compressing profit margins. Businesses must choose whether to pass these expenses on to customers, maybe resulting in lower demand due to higher market pricing, or absorb them, thus risking lost profitability.

Environmental Issues with Maritime Transportation Geopolitical tensions have caused the disruption of regular maritime routes through the Red Sea, forcing vessels to take longer, alternative routes, most notably around the Cape of Good Hope. Even though this modification is required for security and safety, it has caused serious environmental problems because of the increased fuel use and carbon emissions. These worries point to an increasing tension between the demands of environmental sustainability and the demands of international trade. Longer sea routes need longer travel times and distances, which inevitably result in more fuel being used. The amount of fossil fuels used by ships, which are among the biggest users in the transportation industry, is directly correlated with the length of their voyages. As a result, the redirected trips consume a lot more fuel, which raises operating expenses and—more importantly—leaves a bigger environmental impact. Carbon emissions rise as a direct result of the higher gasoline consumption. Long-distance shipping adds significantly to the already significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions associated with transportation worldwide. The increased emissions resulting from rerouting shipments are not insignificant; rather, they signify a significant rise in the shipping sector's overall carbon footprint. Considering the worldwide obligations to combat climate change and cut emissions, this

The effects are not limited to the mining industry. Construction and other industries that depend on these minerals for manufacturing are also impacted. This might put pressure on inflation in a number of industries, which would add to the overall volatility of the economy. Furthermore, because of their restricted financial flexibility, emerging markets and developing nations—which mostly depend on these resource imports—may encounter more serious difficulties. Though the present emphasis is on resolving pressing issues, it is important to take the longer future into account. The maritime sector could have to reconsider its operational plans. For example, it might have to spend money on quicker, more efficient ships or look into more affordable energy alternatives. Furthermore, by encouraging additional investment in local or regional resource extraction and processing facilities, the volatility of shipping routes may lessen reliance on long-distance marine trade.

is very troubling. The current state of affairs highlights a crucial clash in the dynamics of global trade: the requirement for economical, efficient shipping versus the necessity of minimizing environmental effects. There has been growing pressure on the maritime sector to reduce its carbon footprint through initiatives like enhanced energy efficiency and cleaner fuel regulations. But these initiatives are directly challenged by the present ship rerouting, which could impede efforts to lessen the industry's environmental effect. Extended usage of lengthier shipping routes may have longterm consequences for the environment. In addition to the immediate rise in emissions, these modifications may have an impact on the maritime industry's innovation and environmental compliance initiatives. In these conditions, the demand for more fuel-efficient and low-emission shipping systems increases. This circumstance emphasizes the necessity for the shipping industry to continue innovating and to enact stronger regulations. Reducing the environmental effect requires advancements in ship design, alternative fuels (such as electricity, hydrogen, or liquefied natural gas), and operating efficiency (like slow steaming). International laws and incentives may also be required to hasten the adoption of certain techniques and technologies. Beyond just the environment, the idea of sustainable global trade is also affected by the current shipping interruptions. It might be necessary for stakeholders—including governments, businesses, and consumers—to reevaluate their goals in order to strike a balance between environmental care and the needs of commerce and the economy.

Diverse International Reaction to Safety of Maritime Routes

and aggressive reaction to the security problems presented in these regions, but one that necessitates a large investment of resources and coordination among participating nations. However, because of resource limitations, conflicting perspectives on the severity of the threat, or geopolitical considerations, other countries have exhibited hesitation or taken more inactive positions. This hesitancy may be due to a wish to prevent tensions from rising or getting engaged in local conflicts. Furthermore, some nations might not have the political will or naval capability to participate in such alliances. The international attempts to protect these routes are made more difficult by the disparate levels of engagement and commitment. In addition to military actions, diplomatic initiatives are being made to deal with the underlying reasons of the instability plaguing these marine routes. Negotiations and discussions with regional authorities and stakeholders are part of these efforts aimed at finding peaceful, long-term solutions to the problems affecting maritime safety. Nonetheless, the larger geopolitical backdrop and the willingness of all sides to have meaningful conversations are frequently prerequisites for the success of diplomatic initiatives. The international response is significantly shaped by trade and economic factors as well. Nations that depend significantly on these maritime lanes for their imports and exports are more likely to take proactive steps to guarantee their security. On the other hand, countries that experience less disruptions would be less motivated to support protective measures, which could result in an unequal allocation of duties and resources.

The international community has responded to the geopolitical unrest that is threatening important marine routes, especially the Red Sea and the Suez Canal, in a complex and varied manner. The appropriate approaches for nations and international organizations to manage and safeguard these vital rivers are being debated, creating a complex and occasionally disjointed geopolitical environment.

These issues are also being addressed by international organizations like the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the United Nations. These groups have the potential to be extremely important in promoting communication, establishing safety guidelines, and organizing global initiatives. However, in a geopolitically fractured context, achieving consensus and collaboration among member nations can be difficult, so making them less effective.

In response, several countries have taken the initiative to build coalitions that are meant to safeguard commercial ships in these tumultuous waters. Increasing patrolling and naval escorts are common practices in these coalitions to protect boats from any attacks. The goal of multinational naval forces' presence is to ward off hostile acts and give shipping firms a sense of security. However, this strategy can be viewed as a clear

In the future, the diverse international response will serve as a reminder of the necessity of increasingly coordinated and cooperative measures to maritime security. A disjointed reaction may result in security lapses and unequal protection in various areas. For these key maritime lanes to remain safe and stable over the long run, a more cohesive strategy combining military, diplomatic, and economic tactics is required.

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Queensland Resources Sector Strengthened by Women New industry data analysed by the Queensland Resources Council (QRC) has shown the number of women working in trade positions in Queensland’s resources sector increased by almost 40 per cent during the 2022–23 financial year.

omen now work in 13 per cent of Queensland’s trade roles, a record high for the sector. The data also shows that nine out of 10 women employed by resources companies now work in ‘non-traditional’ roles such as engineering, environmental science, data analysis, production supervision and management positions. Acting QRC chief executive officer Judy Bertram said there has never been a better time for women to get a job in Queensland’s resources sector and a more diverse workplace helps create a safer, more productive and more positive working environment for all employees. “The resources sector is also experiencing a serious skilled worker shortage so

there are plenty of practical reasons why companies are seeking to recruit more women for a broad range of positions,” she said. Women In Mining and Resources Queensland co-chair Sally Rayner said the latest data shows that the state’s resources sector attracts a younger female demographic, with 38 per cent of the industry’s female employees in Queensland being 34 years old or under, compared to the national figure of 28.4 per cent. “Resources companies are also more aware of the value to their business from having an inclusive environment which is open to new and different ways to identify and solve problems,” she said.

The data was released alongside the 19 finalists of the 2024 Resources Awards for Women. The winners will be announced at an awards presentation held at the Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre on March 8. The winners are also set to represent Queensland at the Women in Resources National Awards being held in Canberra later this year. “This year’s outstanding field of award finalists clearly demonstrates the diverse and rewarding careers available across our sector, which we hope inspires a whole new generation of women to consider the opportunities available,” Rayner said.

SKILLINGS MINING

CAREER SERIES

S K I L L I N G S R O U N D TA B L E Q & A D I S C U S S I O N

Insights from Industry Professionals: Leadership, Job Goals, and Navigating Career Paths In a recent Skillings roundtable Q&A discussion, five mining professionals with over a decade of experience each shared their insights on leadership, career development, and the future of the industry. The participants included GABRIEL GONZALEZ, WALEED RASHID, JAMES MORRIS, KEMPER PORTOCARRERO.

Gabriel Gonzalez Rodriguez PERÍMETRO URBANO MEDELLÍN, ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA Techie | Product Manager| BA | Scrum Master Versatile and very successful technology professional with a wealth of technical and administrative skills acquired across demanding roles with over 10 years experience within technology in the mining and commodities sector.

A. Waleed Rashid ORINDA, CALIFORNIA, UNITED STATES A customer-centric marketing & sales executive with partnerships & demand generation experience managing multi-channel customer acquisition teams via SEO, SEM, Email, eCommerce, CRO, UIX in the agency & SaaS worlds. Expert at devising go to market strategies and product-market fit requirements working for/with Fortune 1000 companies.

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The participants—Gabriel Gonzalez, Waleed Rashid, James Morris, and Kemper Portocarrero— provided their input via this survey, which has been used to construct the content of the discussion. This format was chosen to facilitate the collection of their expert opinions and experiences in a manner that is both comprehensive and convenient for their schedules.

Welcome to FEBRUARY 2024’s roundtable discussion. We’re joined by four distinguished professionals: Gabriel Gonzalez, a versatile technology expert in the mining sector; Waleed Rashid, a marketing and sales executive; James Morris, a manager of Climate Risk and Resilience at Accenture; and Kemper Portocarrero, an experienced mining engineer. Today, we'll delve into their insights on professional growth, leadership, and balancing life.

Professional Evolution and Continuous Learning

Gabriel, you’ve emphasized the importance of learning from others. How has this shaped your career? Gabriel Gonzalez: In over 10 years in technology, I’ve found that a narrow focus limits your potential. Learning from others and specific courses have been instrumental in empowering others and achieving great results.

Waleed, your career has spanned several areas. How do you view the role of diversifying your skills? Waleed Rashid: Absolutely crucial. My journey from Economics to marketing and sales in the digital world has underscored the importance of adapting and expanding one's skill set for both day-to-day operations and long-term growth.

James Morris CITY OF LONDON, ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM With over 20 years of experience in risk management, security, and resilience, I help clients at Accenture address the challenges and opportunities of the climate crisis. As a Manager of Climate Risk and Resilience, I provide a range of solutions that enable businesses to assess, mitigate, and adapt to the impacts of climate change on their operations, assets, and stakeholders.

Leadership in a Changing Professional Landscape

James, with your extensive experience in risk management, how do you view leadership? James Morris: Leadership is about getting people to follow your vision. It’s more than technical skill; it’s about inspiring and guiding teams, especially in challenging areas like climate risk.

Kemper Portocarrero MOOSE JAW, SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA As an experienced Mining Engineer with over sixteen years in Open Pit Mine Operations, I bring a wealth of knowledge in Drill and Blast, Haulage, transportation, dewatering, Mine Planning, Economic valuation, strategic plans of Mining Projects, Mining Business, and Customer Service.

Kemper, as a mining engineer, what’s your take on leadership? Kemper Portocarrero: Leadership is paramount. With experience, you adopt more strategies, like SWOT analysis, to achieve your goals. It’s about constantly adapting and guiding your team through changes.

Balancing Technical Expertise and Management

 Gabriel, how do you balance your technical expertise with management abilities? Gabriel Gonzalez: Both are essential. In the tech sector, especially in mining, you need to keep up with technical developments while also making sound decisions based on available information. Waleed Rashid: In marketing, management ability is distinct from technical knowledge. Striking a balance is key, especially as customer acquisition channels evolve.

NAVIGATING THE MINING INDUSTRY Perspectives from Seasoned Professionals

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Personal Life and Professional Success

James, how do you balance your demanding career with personal life? James Morris: It’s about leading by example, not just in your professional life but also in how you prioritize your personal life. Balance is essential for long-term success. Kemper Portocarrero: Agreed. Balancing family life with professional responsibilities is crucial. It’s about dreaming big but also putting in the effort consistently.

Embracing Future Challenges and Technologies

As we look towards the future, how do you plan to embrace emerging challenges and technologies in your respective fields? Gabriel Gonzalez: The key is to remain agile and open to new technologies. In the mining and technology sector, this means constantly exploring innovative solutions that improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Waleed Rashid: For marketing, it's crucial to stay at the forefront of digital trends. This involves not only adopting new technologies like AI and machine learning but also continuously refining strategies to engage with evolving customer behaviors. James Morris: In climate risk management, the future is about integrating advanced analytics and predictive modeling. This helps in better understanding and mitigating risks associated with climate change. Kemper Portocarrero: The mining industry must embrace technological advancements, particularly in automation and sustainable practices, to remain competitive and environmentally responsible.

Advice for Young Professionals

What advice would you give to young professionals aspiring to enter your fields? Gabriel Gonzalez: Be curious and never stop learning. The technology field, especially in sectors like mining, is dynamic, so staying informed and adaptable is crucial. Waleed Rashid: Build a strong foundation in your core field, but also be willing to explore and learn from adjacent areas. The convergence of skills is increasingly important in today’s digital marketing landscape. James Morris: Focus on developing a broad skill set. Understanding the intersections of technology, business, and climate science is key in risk management and resilience planning.

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Kemper Portocarrero: For those entering mining engineering, prioritize safety and sustainability. Also, develop strong analytical and problem-solving skills, as they are invaluable in this industry.

Thank you, Gabriel, Waleed, James, and Kemper, for sharing your experiences and insights. Your diverse perspectives offer valuable lessons in adapting to change, embracing innovation, and leading with integrity. This discussion has been enlightening, and we hope it inspires our audience in their professional journeys. Thank you all for joining us today. Disclaimer Please note that the responses and insights shared in this roundtable discussion are derived from a digital survey completed by the participants. The participants—Gabriel Gonzalez, Waleed Rashid, James Morris, and Kemper Portocarrero—provided their input via this survey, which has been used to construct the content of the discussion. This format was chosen to facilitate the collection of their expert opinions and experiences in a manner that is both comprehensive and convenient for their schedules. The conversation, as presented, is a structured compilation of their survey responses and does not represent a live or real-time interaction among the participants.

AFRICA ENERGY INDABA

Unveiling Vital Energy Solutions in Response to South Africa’s 31% Electricity Hike Public Enterprises Minister Pravin Gordhan

Public Enterprises Minister Pravin Gordhan approved a further hike in electricity tariffs of 10% in 2024. In his letter to the Speaker of Parliament, Gordhan called for an average increase in retail electricity prices of 12.74% for the financial year 2024-2025.

his is an increase from the 18.65% that consumers will pay in fiscal year 2023-2024. In just two years, consumers’ electricity bills will drop by 31%. With rising interest rates having a significant impact on consumers, businesses and the wider economy, issues of energy affordability and sustainability inevitably take center stage. In light of these developments, the Africa Energy Indaba (AEI), which will be held at CTICC in Cape Town, South Africa, from 5 to 7 March 2024, will provide an important platform to explore energy-conscious solutions in a challenging climate. Africa Energy Indaba organizer Liz Hart highlighted the key timing of the event in a statement, saying: “Given the unprecedented rise in electricity prices, there is an urgent need for cost-effective and sustainable energy solutions.” Upward . The Africa Energy Indaba offers stakeholders a unique opportunity to actively participate in shaping Africa’s energy landscape. This is a must-read for anyone working to transform the continent’s energy industry.

In addition, the conference portion of Indaba will include thought-provoking conversations from leading figures in the energy sector. The sessions will highlight alternative energy possibilities to minimize the impact of rising electricity prices and provide attendees with insights into Africa’s energy future. In addition, the event aims to provide important networking opportunities by connecting guests with key stakeholders, innovators and decision-makers in the energy industry.

Empowering change AEI is more important than ever given the obstacles posed by load shedding and sharp increases in electricity prices. By showcasing a variety of products and services for different needs and budgets, the seminar provides an entrepreneurial space for consumers and businesses to explore and invest in renewable energy solutions. This will ultimately enable participants to gain knowledge and make informed decisions about energy consumption, putting them back in control of their energy future.

Cooperate rather than compete

The Africa Energy Indaba actively respond to urgent needs

AEI drives individuals, businesses and policymakers to work together to address the looming hardships caused by inflationary electricity costs. The Indaba exhibition space will therefore include a variety of innovative and cost-effective energy solutions, with a focus on renewable and sustainable technologies.

The Africa Energy Indaba has strategically planned to meet the need to take urgent action in response to the impending tariff increases. The event invites all stakeholders, including government officials, business leaders, entrepreneurs and the general public, to participate in and contribute to discussions on Africa’s energy future.

Credits:Photo: Zora Zhuang/iStock

The Intersection of Engineering & Critical Materials in Electric Vehicle Batteries According to Electrek, an electric vehicle recently showed an incredible carrying capacity of 100 tons, exhibiting true engineering prowess. This notable event not only represents a significant advancement in electric vehicle (EV) technology, but it also emphasizes the crucial importance of critical minerals in EV batteries, particularly in demanding industries such as mining.

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Overview of EV Batteries and Critical Materials Every electric car is powered by a battery, a complex combination of chemistry and technology. Critical materials such as nickel, lithium, and cobalt are essential components of these batteries, resulting in high energy density and endurance. These materials enable electric vehicles to meet a wide range of performance parameters, including both daily commuting and strenuous duties.

The Scientific Basis of Electric Vehicle Battery Power EV battery capacity and efficiency advances are indications of ongoing engineering advancements. Engineers have expertly constructed the batteries to resist heavy loads, as evidenced by the recent success of the electric vehicle. Battery management systems and electrode composition, among other design considerations, are critical to ensuring power and safety.

Cold weather might create obstacles. In cold conditions, however, the performance of EV batteries remains one of their most significant challenges. Lower temperatures have been shown to drastically impair battery capacity and efficiency. In response to this worry, engineers have developed advanced battery chemistries and thermal management systems to mitigate the effects of low temperatures and ensure improved performance uniformity across varied climate zones.

The consequences for the mining sector The mining industry is experiencing an increased demand for crucial commodities as the number of electric vehicles grows. In addition to greater mining operations, this demand necessitates a focus on ethical and sustainable sourcing practices. In addition to negotiating these shifting demands, the sector must meet its environmental and social commitments.

Sustainable Mining Practices: Finding a Balance Between Environmental Integrity and Demand With the electric vehicle (EV) industry expanding, the mining sector has a huge challenge: combining the growing demand for vital resources with the obligation to maintain environmental responsibility. Adherence to sustainable mining methods progresses from a mere obligation to a key requirement.

Techniques for Environmentally Friendly Extraction Cutting-edge extraction techniques are essential in the practice of sustainable

mining. In-situ leaching, which collects minerals by dissolving them and bringing the solution to the surface, is a less invasive alternative to traditional mining methods. This strategy significantly reduces the ecological impact by avoiding land disturbance and downstream water pollution issues.

Recovery and Recycling of Materials Reusing and recovering resources is another critical component of sustainable operations. Recycling a variety of electrical gadgets, including older electric vehicles, at the end of their useful lives can provide a considerable supply of critical elements. Implementing effec-

Solid-State Technology An Investigation into the Development of Electric Vehicle Batteries

As the search for safer and more efficient electric vehicle (EV) batteries continues, solid-state technology emerges as an attractive topic. Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are viewed as the next paradigm leap in battery technology, offering potential benefits above traditional lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, they face significant technological obstacles.

Positive features of solid-state batteries 1. SSBs can store more energy than regular lithium-ion batteries. This is because solid-state electrolytes contain more lithium and allow for the use of lithium-metal anodes with higher capacities. 2. Solid electrolytes used in SSBs are generally non-combustible, which decreases the risks of overheating and thermal runaway. This intrinsic safety may eventually result in reduced battery pack cooling and protection requirements, lowering the weight and cost of electric vehicles. 3. Extended Durability: SSBs are less susceptible to deterioration than liquid electrolyte-based batteries. This results in an extended operational time, which may lead to batteries that outlast the vehicle's lifespan. 4. Furthermore, solid-state technologies may enable faster charging times. The absence of liquid electrolytes in contemporary batteries considerably reduces the likelihood of lithium dendrite formation, which is a critical issue limiting rapid charging.

Technological obstacles 1. Material Compatibility and Interface Difficulties: One of the most difficult aspects of SSBs is maintaining stable interfaces between electrodes and solid electrolytes. Material degradation and interface resistance are two concerns that can impede a battery's performance. 2. Manufacturing and Scalability: At the moment, it is challenging to produce SSBs at a scale suitable for automotive applications. These batteries' manufacturing processes are more complex and costly than those of traditional lithium-ion batteries. 3. Temperature Sensitivity: Certain solid electrolytes lose functionality when exposed to lower temperatures. To utilize SSBs in electric vehicles, it is necessary to develop materials that maintain a high degree of ionic conductivity across a wide temperature range.

tive recycling technologies reduces reliance on basic material extraction while also addressing waste issues.

Understanding the complexities of the supply chain for critical materials

Application of Renewable Energy in Mining

The electric vehicle (EV) revolution is dramatically changing the mining industry, resulting in the convoluted nature of essential material supply networks. In addition to increasing output, the challenge is efficiently negotiating geopolitical intricacies and ensuring a stable and diverse supply.

Implementing renewable energy sources in mining operations is a significant step toward sustainability. By incorporating solar, wind, and hydroelectric power into mining operations, the sector not only contributes to the electric vehicle (EV) industry's general goal of reducing carbon footprints, but it also reduces greenhouse gasses.

Projects of Community Participation and Rehabilitation Furthermore, sustainable mining needs reclamation activities and strong community engagement. By adopting post-mining land use planning options such as ecosystem restoration and community space development, the mining legacy can be altered for the betterment of the environment.

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Geopolitical and commerce interdependencies Geopolitical difficulties have a significant impact on the supply chains for commodities like nickel, lithium, and cobalt. These resource-rich countries usually wield significant power over the global supply chain, exposing them to potential vulnerabilities in the event of political unrest or trade wars. Political instability in regions such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a major cobalt supplier, has had an impact on worldwide prices.

Sources of Critical Material Diversification

Materials and function of the anode

Diversifying the sources of crucial minerals is critical to mitigating these risks. This necessitates establishing international collaborations, investing in countries with undiscovered resources, and exploring new mining sites. Diversification of this kind not only enhances supply chains, but it also reduces reliance on a single supplier, allowing for price and supply stability.

In the majority of modern EV batteries, the anode is made of graphite, which serves as a lithium ion host. During battery charging, lithium ions go from the cathode to the anode and are stored in the graphite layers. The effectiveness of this technique is important to the overall functionality of the battery. Ongoing research is being conducted on alternate materials like silicon, which has the ability to hold a higher amount of lithium ions but faces expansion and durability challenges.

Advances in Technology for Supply Chain Management In addition, technology is critical for supply chain optimization. Blockchain technology has the potential to promote ethical procurement practices by enabling transparency and traceability. Furthermore, supply and demand trends can be forecasted using AI-powered predictive analytics, allowing for more effective and flexible supply chain management.

Human Rights and Ethical Sourcing Considerations Furthermore, ethical procurement is critical, particularly for elements like cobalt, which have been related to human rights issues. To avoid involvement in human rights breaches, responsible procurement methods require extensive supply chain auditing and strict adherence to international standards.

An in-depth examination of the engineering of EV battery materials. The creation of batteries for electric vehicles (EVs) requires a complex interplay of materials science, chemistry, and physics. The fundamental operation of these batteries is dependent on the properties and conditions of the constituent materials, which primarily include the cathode, anode, and electrolyte.

Materials and Properties of the Cathode The cathode is a critical component that determines the battery's capacity and voltage. Typically, it is made of lithium metal oxide. Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), and lithium cobalt oxide are all common cathodes. Each material offers a distinct combination of energy density, durability, and security. For example, NMC is known for its extremely high energy density, making it ideal for longer-range propulsion systems.

Electrolyte: The Metallic During charging and discharging, lithium ions move between the cathode and anode via the electrolyte. The typical composition consists of lithium salt dissolved in organic solvent. Critical electrolyte properties include ionic conductivity, stability, and safety. Solid-state electrolytes are being investigated as a potential substitute for liquid electrolytes in order to improve energy density and safety.

Safety and Thermal Management Considerations Effective thermal management during operations is critical to assuring safety and efficiency. Thermal runaway, which occurs when heat accumulates, might cause the battery to burn or detonate. Strict thermal management systems are essential for maintaining optimal operating temperatures; they include heat sinks, cooling surfaces, and thermal interface materials.

Materials and Technologies of Tomorrow Emerging technologies, such as solid-state batteries, aim to boost energy density and safety by utilizing solid electrolytes. Alternative research projects focus on the use of sulfur-based cathodes to increase energy storage capacity and the development of lithium metal anodes.

Present State of Development solid state Batteries Several major battery and automobile manufacturers are investing heavily in solid-state battery technology. Although prototypes and small production lines have been constructed, the time has not yet arrived for mass commercialization. Manufacturing and material challenges must be overcome before SSBs can be used in mass-market EVs.

Environmental and Regulatory Navigation Regarding the Production and Disposal of Electric Vehicle Batteries The rapid expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) sector has increased the importance of the regulatory framework that oversees battery manufacture and disposal. Emerging technologies, such as solid-state batteries and traditional lithium-ion batteries, present significant environmental challenges, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive regulatory framework.

2. Recycling Incentives and Mandates: Governments are increasingly focused on recycling activities. To encourage the recycling of electric vehicle (EV) batteries, which is crucial for the long-term management of the materials they contain, legislative measures and incentives are being implemented.

Impact of Battery Materials on the Environment 1. Carbon Footprint: While electric cars (EVs) have lower lifecycle emissions than conventional vehicles, the production of EV batteries contributes to carbon emissions. The battery manufacturing industry is making concerted attempts to reduce carbon emissions by combining renewable energy sources and improving manufacturing processes. 2. Land and Water Use Consequences: Mining for battery materials can have a significant impact on land and water resources. Implementing sustainable mining methods is critical for mitigating these environmental problems.

The Future of Solid-State Batteries

Regulatory Framework for Battery Production 1. Emission Standards and Material Sourcing: Emissions from battery production are regulated to ensure that resources are sourced responsibly. To reduce ecological impacts, lithium, cobalt, and nickel extraction, for example, must follow environmental protection requirements. 2. Workplace Safety Standards: Because of the hazardous material handling and potential chemical exposure risks, battery manufacturing plants are subject to stringent safety standards. These regulatory measures are primarily designed to improve the well-being of employees. 1. EV batteries must meet exact performance and quality standards, which include efficiency, durability, and safety. The aforementioned restrictions are critical in maintaining consumer confidence and ensuring the reliability of electric car technology.

Environmental Regulations for Battery Disposal and Recycling 1. Regulations restrict the disposal of lithium-ion batteries to reduce the danger of environmental pollution. Regulations mandate proper battery management and disposal to reduce the risks associated with hazardous waste.

Skillings.net | February 2024

Although solid-state batteries are still in the development stage, they have the potential to lessen environmental impact. The potential use of less hazardous elements, as well as the lack of liquid electrolytes, may help to improve battery manufacture and recycling safety. Nonetheless, under upcoming regulatory frameworks, the environmental impact of innovative materials used in solid-state batteries would require careful consideration.

Future Prospects: Forecasting Advances in Mining and Electric Vehicle Battery Technology. With the continued expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) sector, significant improvement is expected in battery technology and alternative materials research. These improvements have the potential to increase the power and effectiveness of electric vehicles while also having important implications for the mining industry.

Technological advancements in batteries Current research and development in electric vehicle (EV) battery technology aims to enhance overall efficiency, reduce charging times, and boost energy density. Solid-state batteries have the potential to provide better energy density and improved safety than conventional lithium-ion batteries, which is a huge step forward. This transformation may result in a shift in primary resource demand, with worldwide implications for mining activities.

Investigation of Substitute Materials To decrease or eliminate the use of scarce or expensive components like cobalt, the industry is looking at alternative materials in an effort to produce more environmentally re-

sponsible and cost-effective solutions. Such efforts have led to the development of lithium-sulfur batteries and the spread of nickel-rich chemistry. As a result, the mining sector may reorganize as demand for certain minerals increases while demand for others decreases.

Impact on the Mining Industry Technological advancements in the mining industry need the use of agile techniques and proactive planning. Mineral extraction, refining, and supply chain management techniques must change alongside battery technology. Investing in new mining technologies and supporting sustainable mining practices are critical for the industry to adapt to a changing environment.

Difficulties and Opportunities. Although these transformations provide certain challenges, they also offer opportunities for progress and expansion in the mining industry. New mining operations, particularly in places with unexplored alternative material resources, have the potential to boost economic growth and employment creation. However, this must be weighed against sustainable practices and environmental concerns.

Pioneering vent shaft at Palabora holes out safely at 1,200 metres Leading underground mining contractor Murray & Roberts Cementation and its client Palabora Mining Company (PMC) celebrated the last blast at the new ventilation shaft, which took its depth to a final 1,200 metres below surface on 9 January 2024.

he 8.5 metre diameter upcast vent shaft – which holed through to an already developed return air way at depth – is vital to PMC’s Lift II project. Lift II will develop access to ore resources sufficient to extend the life of this copper mine beyond 2040. Murray & Roberts Cementation Senior Project Manager Fred Durand says a key achievement was the project’s fatality free record, earned over more than a million hours worked. “The achievement of a million fatality free hours – reached in November 2023 – is more than just a number,” says Durand. “It reflects the deep-rooted safety culture that has permeated every aspect of the project.” The innovative sinking methods, used for the first time in South Africa, were also carefully focused on achieving zero harm. Murray & Roberts Cementation employed its Canadian shaft sinking methodology, adapted to what became called ‘the PMC way’. This method included an innovative solution

Skillings.net | February 2024

to poor ground conditions, where the sidewall of the shaft was closed up within 48 hours by means of the shaft concrete lining after every three metres of advance. “Among the improvements that this facilitated was the removal of the hazardous work by rock drill operators at the shaft bottom, who would traditionally have to install temporary support,” he explains. “We also decided not to conduct concurrent work in the shaft, so there was no risk of danger to anyone below when work was carried out from the stage.” He emphasises the close collaboration between Murray & Roberts Cementation and PMC to ensure the success and safety of the shaft sinking. The project was significant insofar as there were many lessons learnt which could be taken forward into

future projects, he says, further improving the safety record of shaft sinking practice. “We are already looking ahead to two more important shaft sinking projects within the South African mining sector, where there is potential for certain of these learnings to be applied,” says Durand. A veteran of over 15 shaft sinking projects around Africa during his career, he admits finding aspects of the PMC way initially quite unusual when he joined the project in 2022. “Ultimately, though, we all want to deliver safe projects, so there are many brilliant ideas that we have proven on this project,” he says. “These strategies have been combined with the company’s leading mining and engineering expertise, and made us very excited about the future of shaft sinking and contract mining.” To facilitate streamlined programming on the project, the work ran on continuous operations with two 12 hour shifts. He notes that this improves on the usual eight hour shift system, which requires three shift changes – each change taking up valuable project time. The two-shift system requires only a morning and evening change. The vent shaft will replace the two existing vent shafts from the Lift I project, which are likely to be affected as they are in the Lift I zone of influence. In the final stages of the project, Murray & Roberts Cementation will strip out its services from the shaft, lift out the stage and dismantle the headgear. Final demobilisation of the company’s infrastructure will be carried out during the first quarter of 2024, says Durand.

Latin Metals acquires Argentina copper project

atin Metals Inc., a leading mineral exploration company in South America, has announced acquisition by staking of the 68 000 ha. Terraza copper exploration project in northwest Argentina. Latin Metals is a first mover in exploring sediment-hosted copper deposits in this emerging belt and, with this acquisition, increases its ground holding to more than 500 000 ha. Latin Metals’ exploration efforts in northwest Argentina are focused on understanding and unlocking the potential for sediment-hosted copper deposits in this emerging belt. The first step is a large-scale drainage survey where the company hopes to take more than 1500 samples, essentially screening and prioritising the entire 500 000 ha. land position. This ‘boots on the ground’ approach is what emerging belts need the most, and the drainage samples will be accompanied by systematic prospecting, mapping and sampling of mineralised outcrops. Work to date has included 196 stream sediment samples covering approximately 60% of the Mirador copper project. Sample pulps have been prepared by a commercial laboratory, but analysis using the company’s portable XRF has been delayed by unscheduled equipment service by the manufacturer. Analysis of mineralised rock samples at Mirador is ongoing with results expected in due course.

Multotec scoops SACEEC Exporter of the Year Award Multotec announced that it has won the South African Capital Equipment Export Council’s (SACEEC) Exporter of the Year Award in the category for companies with a turnover of R2-R5 billion a year.

heka Majola, Managing Director for Processing Equipment at Multotec, says the award is not only an indication of the company’s growth over the years but also the culmination of a 15-year strategy to grow its global presence and income from its export business. The SACEEC Exporter of the Year Awards celebrate the passion and commitment of members who have participated and succeeded, through determination and innovation, in their respective local and

Joint Venture Between Highland Copper & Kinterra Copper

ighland Copper Company Inc. has disclosed that its joint venture, White Pine Copper, LLC, in collaboration with Kinterra Copper USA, LLC (“Kinterra”), has commenced a drilling program at the White Pine North Project located in Ontonagon County, Michigan. The goal of the winter drilling program, which was started in mid-January, is to gather material for further test work programs in geotechnical and metallurgical areas. The program’s primary goal is to gather data to enhance project development. It is scheduled to run through Q2 2024.

Skillings.net | February 2024

export markets.Majola explains that exports currently contribute 63% of Multotec’s total annual turnover, of which more than 60% is exported into Africa. Multotec has more than 50 years of experience and expertise in supplying a wide range of good quality mineral processing equipment that is backed by field service and maintenance specialists in most of the commodities, including gold, platinum group metals, lithium, and copper. He explains that to support the growth

of its export business, Multotec has had to invest in its manufacturing facilities and now has almost 80 000 m² of manufacturing and storage space in the Spartan, Pretoria, and Secunda areas. “We now employ nearly 2 000 people to service our customers globally and make high-quality products for them. With an increasing international footprint, we are now present on six continents and do business with customers in over 100 countries. We were the first to embrace verification by the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) to prove that our equipment has more than 60% local content,” says Majola.

Niger suspends granting of new mining licenses

iger’s self-appointed military government has temporarily suspended the granting of new mining licences and will begin an audit of the sector, its mining ministry said. In a statement seen by reporters, the ministry also said it will take stock of existing mining licences as it seeks to boost government revenue. According to the junta government, the country’s mining industry, which also includes gold and iron ore, is an area of “national concern”. “We are trying to figure out who holds the mining licences and what reforms need to be implemented in order for the state to increase its profits,” Fatimata Korgom, the Deputy Secretary-General at the mining ministry, said in a voice note shared with reporters by a junta spokesman. Niger is one of the world’s biggest producers of uranium, a material that is essential to producing nuclear energy. According to data from Mining Technology‘s parent company, GlobalData, Niger was the seventh-biggest producer of the metal in 2022 and accounted for 4% of global production. France’s Orano, Toronto-based Global Atomic and China Natural Nuclear Corporation are among the companies operating in the country.

The Downside of

Senegal’s Gold Rush People from all over West Africa are working on gold mines along Senegal’s border with Mali. The mining is a much-needed economic boon for the region. But mounting instability in Mali makes it vulnerable too.

n the Kedougou region of southeastern Senegal, the gold rush starts just after dusk when the heat is still bearable and the sun is clement. Near the village of Samekouta, men with tired faces park their motorbikes on the edge of a vast, rocky plot of land surrounded by trees and high grass. Their clothes are covered in rust-colored dust. The artisanal mine comprises narrow black holes into which miners disappear with a swift hop. A permanent background noise of jackhammers and electricity generators covers their sparse conversations. The men are from Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Guinea.

Most of the gold leaves Senegal The latest report published by Senegal’s statistics agency states that gold production amounted to 387.7 billion CFA francs in 2020 (€590 million), a figure likely

greater if informal mining were considered. Estimates indicate that around 90% of the gold is taken abroad. “It’s mostly Malians and Guineans who buy the gold,” Aliou Cisse* told DW in Faranding, a village on the shores of the Faleme River. He used to search for gold in the fields surrounding his village. Kedougou, one of the poorest regions of Senegal, is home to over 20 nationalities. Foreigners, mainly from other countries in West Africa, come to Kedougou to try their luck in striking gold. Gold mining is not new in the region, which borders Mali and Guinea. Farmers and villagers have practiced it on an artisanal level for decades. But since the 2010s, Senegal’s gold mining sector has seen a considerable growth, Locals searching for higher incomes moved from agriculture to small-scale mining on their lands. Word of the

gold later drew foreigners in large numbers, and foreign companies set up industrial and semi-mechanized mines.

Land grabs and pollution The gold rush has come at the expense of the locals, some of whom have seen parts of their land grabbed and their environment polluted. Cisse told DW his village has lost much land since a Chinese company set up a semi-mechanized mine on its outskirts. Power shovels now tirelessly to excavate mounds of orange sand in the area where Faranging residents used to grow cereals and vegetables or search for gold. “For almost a century, our village has practiced agriculture, livestock farming and gold mining on this land. We were doing everything here, and the Chinese company came to occupy the space,” Cisse says.

QC Copper Employs AI to Target Drill Program

C Copper and Gold has received an AI report detailing five priority drilling targets at its 25,000-hectare Opemiska project, which includes the former Springer and Perry copper-gold mines near Chapais, Quebec. The company is specifically looking for new discoveries. QC Copper and Gold (TSXV: QCCU) has received an AI report detailing five priority drilling targets at its 25,000-hectare Opemiska project, which includes the former Springer and Perry copper-gold mines near Chapais, Quebec. The company is specifically looking for new discoveries. The report was prepared by Windfall Geotech using artificial intelligence to evaluate historical drilling, geophysical and sampling data. QC Copper said the success of the AI software depends on the quantity and quality of geological input, making Opemiska’s extensive range of validated data an ideal candidate. In addition to the preliminary targets highlighted in QC Copper’s January 16, 2024 press release, this AI assessment generated multiple AI target models at the Opemiska mine site, with a specific focus on the former Robitaille and Cooke mines. The Chibougamau copper deposit is over 1.5 kilometers long and 300 meters wide. A north-northeast trending magnetic anomaly parallel to the Chibougamau copper mine occurs approximately 1.5 km to the east.

Skillings.net | February 2024

GoviEx Uranium Reaffirms Niger Position TSX-V-listed GoviEx Uranium has responded to recent articles published in the wider press concerning an alleged audit of the mining sector in Niger, noting that this will not affect the company.

he company says recent press reports have “inaccurately suggested that the entirety of the Niger mining sector is to be subject to a new government audit”, citing a leaked internal memo from the Ministry of Mines. GoviEx informs that it has directly engaged with the author of the memo cited in these press reports and confirms that this initiative is a response to specific issues within the gold sector, which does not impact GoviEx – as it is focused on uranium. “GoviEx maintains [the] necessary permits for its operations in Niger and is fully

compliant with all regulatory standards. Furthermore, the company has a strong partnership with the government, reflected in their 20% interest in the company’s Madaouela project,” the company emphasises. It adds that it remains dedicated to providing accurate and timely information to all of its stakeholders. “The company regrets any confusion caused by the recent press coverage and is committed to ensuring such misunderstandings are promptly addressed,” the company states.

A Roadmap for Green Metals in 2024 Last year was a bloodbath for mining stocks tied to the green energy transition. But with markets rallying in the early part of 2024, ‘green miners’ continue to lag.

ast year was a bloodbath for mining stocks tied to the green energy transition. But with markets rallying in the early part of 2024, ‘green miners’ continue to lag. Unfortunately, that doesn’t bode well for a sharp turnaround in 2024. Dampening that outlook further is the string of negative news over the last week. Mining billionaire Andrew Forrest’s privately owned Wyloo Metals announced a shutdown of its nickel operations in Western Australia due to falling prices. Lithium giant Albemarle (NYSE: ALB) revealed job cuts and a trimming of its capital expenditure. It also unloaded its stake in Liontown Resources (ASX: LTR) after last year’s failed takeover bid. Liontown’s stock price has now plunged more than 44% since the new year.

opments which supply the raw materials for these metal intensive projects. Given we’ve just embarked on one of the most hawkish monetary regimes in modern history, it explains why the sector plummeted last year. But according to the former chief of commodities at Goldman Sachs, Jeff Currie, ‘green’ metals could return with a vengeance this year. That’s based primarily on expected rate cuts. You see, rising rates have diminished the public’s appetite for extravagant renewable mega-projects. It’s perhaps one of the reasons why crude came back into focus last year. Fossil fuels are energy dense,

making them a relatively cheap option. We could also add uranium to the list, another energy-packed commodity that can supply reliable, base load power. But the key point from Currie is this: in a high-cost environment, traditional energies reign. He labels them the ‘brown’ commodities. So why could 2024 see a major pivot back to ‘green’ metals? It’s simple really. The idea of capital-intensive green energy projects becomes a difficult pill to swallow in an economy struggling against the rising cost of living.

Even the insiders have lost faith. Pilbara Minerals (ASX: PLS) CEO, Dale Henderson, sold around 1.2 million shares following the company’s latest earnings result. But to get a handle on what 2024 looks like, we should first clarify why green metal stocks sold down so heavily in 2023. You see, mega renewable energy projects are expensive. So too are the mining devel-

Decline in Coal Line Security Incidents is Improving Performance – Transnet Security incidents that disrupt trains transporting coal to South Africa’s Richards Bay Coal Terminal (RBCT) for export to the world are in definite decline and that has certainly helped to improve performance, acting Transnet Freight Rail CE Russell Baatjies emphasised to Mining Weekly during question time at RBCT’s latest media briefing.

n addition, a gradual changeout of overhead catenary copper cable that supplies electricity to locomotives using the coal line with the aluminium conductor steel reinforced (ACSR) cable alternative is being advanced. “We replace especially hot-spot areas as fast as we can,” said Baatjies. Copper cables are routinely targeted because of copper’s monetary value on the scrap metal market, with part changeout plan carried out during the annual maintenance shutdowns. “We do it bit by bit because we cannot change it all at once,” Transnet Freight Rail executive manager Moloko Matjekane pointed out. While the ACSR cable does not have the same level of conductivity as copper, it is sufficient to keep the rail network operating and the plan is to eventually replace the cables across the entire network. There is, however, still insufficient awareness among thieves that the new cables are no longer copper intensive and visual differentiation and signposted highlighting are likely going forward. In addition, relay rooms and substations vulnerable to thieving are being shield-

Skillings.net | February 2024

ed by new technology that ensures the early detection of predatory behaviour and quicker protective response. “We’ve made quite a few arrests and we want to build on our intelligence side to make sure that we get better in terms of the convictions that we have.

“One of the big focus areas coming out of that process has been the judicial system, and how we can get to a great level of prosecution of these criminals so that they are not released,” RBCT CEO Alan Waller told the media briefing during question time.

“It’s something that we’ve identified that we need to improve upon on our side, but certainly the teams that we have on the ground, make arrests in the instances where we do find the culprits busy,” Baatjies disclosed.

“That has made a difference in terms of the number of prosecutions that have been taking place and the number of people arrested.

Discussions to advance still further the security relationship that RBCT has had in place with Transnet for 24 months are under way amid the mutual cooperation agreement signed in November of last year already being seen as a game-changer. Likely to be piloted soon is the monitoring capability that rail line fibre-optic cabling can do to quickly detect any tampering along the line and to dispatch response teams to investigate. Various regulatory bodies are studying the crime-related impact on the coal line and several processes emerging from this study are poised to assist in providing intelligence.

“Part of the intelligence solution will come through that process but also, in terms of Transnet’s individual contractual relationships with their service providers, they have an intelligence element within those contracts as well. “We know from our interactions. We meet every Tuesday with the Transnet security team, together with the service providers, and information is provided in terms of what’s happening at scrap metal dealerships etc., around the country. “So, there’s a big focus on that side of the business, but it’s also coming from a strategic point of view,” Waller added.

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SKILLINGS MINING REVIEW STASTISTICS

NOVEMBER 2023 CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION

orld crude steel production for the 71 countries reporting to the World Steel Association (worldsteel) was 145.5 million tonnes (Mt) in November 2023, a 3.3% increase compared to November 2022. Africa produced 1.8 Mt in November 2023, up 3.1% on November 2022. Asia and Oceania produced 104.8 Mt, up 2.2%. The EU (27) produced 10.6 Mt, up 3.2%. Europe, Other produced 3.7 Mt, up 22.2%. The Middle East produced 4.8 Mt, up 4.0%. North America produced 8.9 Mt, up 3.1%. Russia & other CIS + Ukraine produced 7.4 Mt, up 14.8%. South America produced 3.5 Mt, down 0.6%. The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2022.Regions and countries covered by the table: Africa, Asia and Oceania, European Union (27), Europe,other, Middle East, North America, Russia & other CIS + Ukraine, South America.

Top 10 steel-producing countries China produced 76.1 Mt in November 2023, up 0.4% on November 2022. India produced 11.7 Mt, up 11.4%. Japan produced 7.1 Mt, down 0.9%. The United States produced 6.6 Mt, up 6.1%. Russia

Table 1. Crude steel production by region

Table 2. Top 10 steel-producing countries

change nov % change jan-nov %jan-nov 2023(mt) nov 23/22 2023 (mt) 23/22

Africa Asia and Oceania

is estimated to have produced 6.4 Mt, up 12.5%. South Korea produced 5.4 Mt, up 11.9%. Germany produced 2.7 Mt, down 2.4%. Türkiye produced 3.0 Mt, up 25.4%. Brazil produced 2.7 Mt, up 3.8%. Iran is estimated to have produced 3.0 Mt, up 7.6%.

nov 2023 (mt)

% change nov 23/22

jan-nov 23 (mt)

% change jan-nov 23/22

0.4

952.1

1.5

1.8

3.1

20.1

4.5

China

76.1

104.8

2.2

1,271.4

1.8

India

11.7

11.4

128.2

12.1

Japan

7.1

-0.9

80.0

-2.8

EU (27)

10.6

3.2

117.6

-7.8

Europe, Other

3.7

22.2

37.9

-6.3

Middle East

4.8

4.0

48.2

0.3

North America

8.9

3.1

100.2

-2.5

Germany

2.7

Russia & CIS+ Ukraine*

7.4

14.8

81.4

4.4

Türkiye

3.0

South America

3.5

-0.6

38.3

-6.0

Brazil

2.7

3.8

29.3

-7.1

Total 71 countries

145.5

3.3

1,715.1

0.5

Iran

3.0 e

7.6

28.1

0.6

United States Russia South Korea

6.6

6.1

73.9

-0.5

6.4 e

12.5

70.2

6.4

5.4

11.9

61.3

1.1

-2.4

32.8

-4.0

25.4

30.5

-6.1

The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2022. Regions and countries covered by the table:Africa: Egypt, Libya, South Africa, Tunisia Asia and Oceania: Australia, China, India, Japan, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan (China), Thailand, Viet Nam,European Union (27),Europe, Other: Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Türkiye, United Kingdom,Middle East: Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,North America: Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, United States,Russia & other CIS + Ukraine: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine,South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela

Skillings.net | February 2024

2022 GLOBAL CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION TOTALS TOTAL WORLD CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION WAS 1,878.5 MT IN 2022, A 4.2% DECREASE COMPARED TO 2021.

Source – World Steel Association Rank Country

2022

2021

% 2022/ 2021

Rank Country

2022

2021

% 2022/ 2021

China

1 013.0

1 034.7

-2.1

Poland (e)

7.7

8.5

-8.6

India

124.7

118.2

5.5

Austria

7.5

7.9

-4.7

Japan

89.2

96.3

-7.4

Belgium (e)

6.9

0.4

United States

80.7

85.8

-5.9

Ukraine

6.3

21.4

-70.7

Russia (e)

71.5

77.0

-7.2

Netherlands

6.1

6.6

-7.2

South Korea

65.9

70.4

-6.5

United Kingdom

6.1

7.2

-15.6

Germany

36.8

40.2

-8.4

Pakistan (e)

6.0

5.4

10.9

Turkey

35.1

40.4

-12.9

Australia

5.7

5.8

-1.9

Brazil

34.0

36.1

-5.8

Thailand

5.3

5.5

-2.9

Iran

30.6

28.3

8.0

Bangladesh (e)

5.2

5.5

-5.5

Italy

21.6

24.4

-11.6

Argentina

5.1

4.9

4.5

Taiwan, China (e)

20.6

23.2

-11.2

Sweden

4.4

4.7

-5.9

Viet Nam (e)

20.0

23.0

-13.1

South Africa

4.4

5.0

-12.3

Mexico

18.2

18.5

-1.6

Czechia

4.3

4.8

-11.0

Indonesia (e)

15.6

14.8

5.2

Kazakhstan

4.1

4.5

-8.0

France

12.1

13.9

-13.1

Slovakia

3.9

4.9

-20.4

Canada (e)

12.0

13.0

-7.8

Finland

3.5

4.3

-18.5

Spain

11.5

14.2

-19.2

Algeria (e)

3.5

0.2

Malaysia (e)

10.0

9.1

10.0

United Arab Emirates

3.2

3.0

7.1

Egypt

9.8

10.3

-4.6

Others

37.2

39.5

-5.7

Saudi Arabia

9.1

8.7

3.9

World

1 878.5

1 960.4

- 4.2

e – annual figure estimated using partial data or non-worldsteel resources. * The world total production figure in this table includes estimates of other countries that only report annually.

2023 Steel Statistical Yearbook published

he World Steel Association (worldsteel)’s Steel Statistical Yearbook 2023 contains comprehensive statistics from 2013 to 2022 on crude steel production by country and process, steel production by product, steel trade by product, apparent steel use and apparent steel use per capita by country, as well as production and trade of pig iron and

directly reduced iron. It also includes data on production and trade of iron ore and scrap. It is available for purchase for €685 here. Individuals access the data by logging into the worldsteel data platform with a personal username and password automatically issued at the time of purchase.

Access is granted once payment is confirmed. The data can be easily downloaded in Excel format once payment has been processed. A PDF version of all the data is also included. worldsteel members can access all the data for free via the extranet.

SKILLINGS MINING REVIEW February2024

Articles inside

A Roadmap for Green Metals in 2024

Solid-State Technology