Dumbach Hall Energy Study by SCB Design

US Department of Energy

a new approach to existing building energy efficiency

Sustainable Building Design Tiers

01 02 03 04 05 06

Tier 1: Basic Building Design

Track 1:

Track 2:

Track 3:

Track 4:

Best ROI

50% Increase

Cuneo

Net Zero Ready

Category

1A: Fenestration Thermal Performance

1A.3

1A.5, 1A.6

1B: Opaque Wall Thermal Performance

1B.1

1C: Roof Thermal Performance

1C.1

1D.1 - 1D.4

2B.1

1D: Air Tightness

1D.1, 1D.3, 1D.4

The Team

1E: Thermal Breaks 1F: Solar Shading 1G: Vegetation Shading

2A: Natural Ventilation Tier 2:Foreword Passive Design 2B: Daylighting Controls 2C: Thermal Mass 2D: Geothermal The Project

2E: Night Flush Cooling

Tier 3: Sustainable MEP Building DesignTools Tiers Equipment

2E.2

3A: Lighting

Track 3A.1 1:

Track 3A.1 2:

Track 3A.1 3:

Track 3A.1 4:

3B: Equipment efficiency

Best ROI

50% Increase

Cuneo

3C.1

Net Zero Ready

3D.1

1A.3 3D.1, 3D.2

and Investigation Category 3C: Heat Recovery

1A: Occupancy Fenestration Thermal Performance Tier 1: 3D: sensor controls Basic 1B: Renewables Opaque Wall Thermal Performance 3E: Findings3F: Building 1C: Mechanically Roof Thermalassisted Performance natural ventilation Design 1D: Air Tightness 3G: Radiant heating and cooling 1E: Thermal Breaks

3C.1 3D.1

1B.1

1B.1 3E.1

1C.1

1C.1 3F.1, 3F.2

1D.1, 1D.3, 1D.4

1D.1 - 1D.4

1D.1 - 1D.4 3G.2

47.2%

52.2%

61.7%

64.3%

$10,655

$13,413

$18,548

$24,988

$279,877

$1,506,965

$4,243,278

$4,513,374

26.3

112.4

228.8

180.6

Decisions and Future Action Totals 1F: Solar Shading 1G: Vegetation Shading Building Energy Use Improvement 2A: Natural Ventilation Tier 2: Annual Energy Cost Savings Passive Design 2B: Daylighting Controls

Estimated Cost 2C: ThermalConstruction Mass 2D: Geothermal

Simple Payback (years) 2E: Night Flush Cooling

Tier 3: MEP Equipment

3A: Lighting

3C.1

1A.5, 3D.2 1A.6 3D.1,

2B.1

2E.2

3A.1

3B: Equipment efficiency 3C: Heat Recovery

3C.1

3D: Occupancy sensor controls

3D.1

3D.1, 3D.2

3F.1, 3F.2

3G.2

3E: Renewables

3E.1

3F: Mechanically assisted natural ventilation 3G: Radiant heating and cooling

Totals Building Energy Use Improvement Annual Energy Cost Savings

47.2%

52.2%

61.7%

64.3%

$10,655

$13,413

$18,548

$24,988

This project was made possible by a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy

The Team

Solomon Cordwell Buenz ARCHITECT SCB is committed to designing environments that maximize human potential, productivity and health and that minimize the consumption of natural resources. We provide value to our clients through integrated, high-performance solutions that have measureable outcomes. We foster workplace practices that promote a holistic and inclusive design process for each team member

Loyola University OWNER OPERATOR Founded in 1870, Loyola University Chicago is one of the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest Jesuit, Catholic universities, with more than 16,000 students. Undergraduates hailing from all 50 states and 82 countries call Loyola home. The University has four campuses: three in the greater Chicago area and one in Rome, Italy, course locations around the world and a Retreat and Ecology Campus in Woodstock, Illinois. Consistently ranked a top national university, Loyola is recognized for community service and engagement by prestigious organizations like the Carnegie Foundation and the Corporation for National and Community Service. 8

argonne national Laboratory BUILDING SCIENCE Argonne National Laboratory, located just outside of Chicago, is one of the U.S. Department of Energyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest national laboratories for scientific and engineering research. Our over 1,250 scientists and engineers aim to solve the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most important challenges in energy, the environment and national security. Argonne integrates world-class science, engineering, and user facilities to deliver innovative research and technologies.

elara engineering MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL ENGINEER Elara Engineering is a full-service consulting engineering firm specializing in the development, design, and construction oversight of building and utility systems. With a passion for energy-efficient, sustainable design, Elara Engineering produces creative designs that improve the functionality of both new and existing buildings.

Foreword

The challenge Estimates say that in 2035, 65% of commercial building stock will have been built prior to 2010. Of that existing building stock 45% will undergo renovation. To set aggressive goals for carbon reduction and deal with growing demand it is clear that we must have sophisticated strategies to drive down energy cost for these existing buildings. This has been recognized by some government entities, these early adopters are evaluating and regulating energy use of existing buildings â&#x20AC;&#x201C; similar to the way new construction and renovations are regulated. New York City and San Francisco, among others, have adopted ordinances that require existing buildings to be benchmarked, to publicly disclose energy use, or even engage in energy efficiency audits and improvements. California and Washington, as well as several municipalities, have laws that require owners to disclose energy use information when the building is financed, sold or leased. This is all in the context of model energy codes that are rapidly increasing efficiency requirements: the latest version of the model energy efficiency code 12

35%

NEW CONSTRUCTION

35%

30%

EXISTING 2010

EXISTING 2010 RENOVATED

BUILDING STOCK IN

2035

Source: Architecture 2030.org

(IECC 2012) raises efficiency by approximately 30% over the 2006 version. There are also private efforts underway to share data about buildings - including energy use and carbon impact. One example is the website Honest Buildings (www.honestbuildings.com) which is meant to be an online portal and database for existing buildings. The image on the following page shows a map of downtown San Francisco from the Honest Buildings site. Green circles indicate buildings that comply with the requirements of the San Francisco Existing Commercial Buildings Ordinance, red circles indicate non-compliance. With such publicly available information, energy efficiency can become a marketing advantage - or a liability in the case of 13

KEY ENERGY ORDINANCE NON-COMPLIANT

San Francisco compliance map energy inefficiency. Institutional owners, and some developers, have also started to recognize energy efficiency as a hedge against energy price volatility and future carbon regulation. These developments may start to change the traditional value proposition of energy efficiency improvements. Currently, cost savings is the primary driver of energy efficiency improvements in commercial buildings. Lower operating costs result in direct savings and can also increase the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s value. Common energy efficiency improvements include: replacing light bulbs and lighting controls, replacing or upgrading windows and improvements to mechanical systems or controls. These measures can be affordable and result in significant savings. However, for many existing 14

Source: http://www.honestbuildings.com/sf-ecb

ENERGY ORDINANCE COMPLIANT

buildings some or all of these steps have already been taken. So what are the options when the building still falls short of new regulatory requirements or the marketplace? One of the primary goals of the Dumbach Hall project was to provide a new framework to conceptualize energy improvements for existing buildings. The inspiration was Cuneo Hall, a new high performance academic building achieving a 50% energy performance improvement beyond ASHRAE 90.1-2004, an energy efficiency code. The two buildings are similar in layout, size and use so they were ideal for this investigation. Using the concepts and strategies from Cuneo and the historic Dumbach Hall the team conducted a comparative study of the various energy efficiency strategies. This study included extensive energy modeling and cost estimating to compare the relative merits of suites of improvements. The team also analyzed Dumbach to find unique opportunities for energy savings. While most projects cannot afford such an extensive analysis, this study builds a more sophisticated toolbox to push the energy efficiency of existing buildings forward. It also illustrates the value of a well designed efficiency analysis and plan for a building that accounts for future building changes and also synergies between the various energy efficiency measures 15

The Project

d.o.e. grant requirements

Introduction opportunity & hypothesis Significant innovation in energy reduction strategies primarily occur in the design of NEW buildings as opposed to EXISTING buildings. The dichotomy is, in part, due to the fact that new buildings have all of their systems designed at the same time as opposed to existing buildings which are primarily renovated one or two systems at a time in isolation. This latter negates synergies and efficiencies gained by designing mutually beneficial systems, such as how a well insulated wall permits the use of lower energy radiant heating and cooling. By using innovative ideas and integrated process from new high performance academic buildings as inspiration we can evaluate and apply enhanced retrofit strategies to existing academic buildings to achieve deeper energy savings. The intent is to identify next generation energy reduction strategies, particularly as they may be occurring in a context where easier initial-step energy improvement retrofits may have already been undertaken, but where significant next steps remain to be exploited. 18

-30% 1

Reduce energy use in the existing building by at least:

Not a case study: create an optimum workflow

Solutions are scalable and replicable across buildings and campuses

A unique opportunity to investigate this premise existed on Loyola Universityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lakeshore Campus in Chicago, Illinois. Cuneo Hall is a new high performance academic building achieving a 62% energy performance improvement beyond ASHRAE 90.1-2004. Cuneo Hall will serve as inspiration for the examination and energy efficiency retrofitting of Dumbach Hall, an existing lesser performing academic building, built in 1908. These two buildings are similar in layout, size and use. Dumbach Hall was renovated in 2006 with new lighting systems and HVAC equipment. As is consistent with the project premise these are easier, initial-step energy efficiency retrofits that have already been completed. Therefore the project team will seek a 30% energy performance improvement beyond the 2006 retrofits. 19

tier

lower

Equipment water reuse efficient equipment artificial lighting renewables

tier

passive systems daylighting passive cooling natural ventilation direct gain heating thermal mass geothermal crossed-out items are difficult or impossible to change in many existing buildings

tier

POTENTIAL energy savings

basic design form orientation thermal mass glazing orientation exterior shading air tightness vegetation insulation color

higher

3 TIER METHODOLOGY A 3-tiered methodology was employed to investigate and organize potential energy efficiency retrofit strategies. This methodology prioritizes sustainable systems and strategies in order of typically higher energy savings potential (tier 1) to lower energy savings potential (tier 3). Items in tier 1 often have better return on investment because they create energy efficiency via basic low-tech strategies, such as insulation, as opposed to high performance equipment and strategies in tier 3 that are often more complex and costly for similar energy efficiency performance. There are exceptions to this, but a 3-tiered system provides a good organizational framework to breakdown the complex problem of analyzing an entire building. When using the 3-tier methodology in an existing building itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not possible to pursue all strategies. Items crossed out in the diagram at left fall into that category. In addtion, many existing buildings have historic facades and interiors to be preserved, thus negating the likelihood of additional energy savings strategies, such as exterior shading, among others. 21

EXAMINE CAMPUS, SELECT BUILDING

BENCHMARK EXISTING BUILDING

GENERATE ENERGY RETROFIT POTENTIALS

investigation framework A central goal of this study is that any institution can use these findings to inform energy efficiency retrofitting of their existing building stock. To that end the project is not conceptualized as just a case study, but rather as a documentation of the sustainable

ANALYZE FINALIZE + DOCUMENT RETROFITS

retrofit design process. A how to flow chart acts as a road map from which users can understand the teamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s process. This opens the project to a hierarchy of user types. High level decision makers can follow the workflow and general steps needed to undertake similar work on any campus. Design professionals can analyze the quantitative data of Dumbach / Cuneo study within the context of

CONSTRUCT COMMISSION AND ASSESS RETROFITS

the overall workflow. This dual scale approach provides a wellrounded and widely applicable platform. This diagram is a simplified representation illustrating a possible path one could follow when reviewing the report. Start with high level workflow (left) and move through the report to arrive at fine grain information for a particular energy efficiency measure (right) 22

EXAMINE CAMPUS MULTIPLY RETROFITS

add solar chimney analysis: ENERGY USE REDUCTION = 2.24% eNERGY COST SAVINGS = $1,443/ yr CONSTRUCTION COST = $1.4 MILLION Poor Roi and difficult constructability

recommendation: do not Pursue

dumbach hall built

1908

the buildings

cuneo hall built

2011

Loyola University Chicago

DUMBACH hall Chicago, IL

eui: 102 Current energy use intensity in kBtu/sf/yr 26

1908 27

dumbach hall existing energy use Dumbach Hall is currently served by Loyola’s campus steam and chilled water plant for its heating and cooling. The existing building’s energy usage is largely driven by natural gas use. This is due to the relatively low efficiency of the steam plant. In addition the unoccupied nighttime and holiday periods are problematic because little to no internal heat gain is generated when temperatures are lowest. The currently uninsulated building envelope also contributes largely to the heating dominated load which is 54.5% of the Dumbach’s energy pie. The cooling load is smaller at 9% because of the high efficiency of the chilled water plant and the lower occupancy during summer periods. The next highest energy usage category is lighting and miscellaneous equipment which account for 28% of the building’s energy use (even though classroom lighting is efficient). This high number is due to lights and equipment being left on during unoccupied periods. Lighting energy in the hallways is unpredictably high due to halogen lamps and non-emergency lights being on continuously. An air infiltration test found Dumbach is surprisingly air tight, around .31 air 28

55%

28% 9%

7% 1%

h g li

m pu

s n fa

ui q .E C

g n

IS M

li o

G IN AT HE

EXISTING DUMBACH HALL ENERGY USE

changes per hour. The exterior doors, an unused chimney, and an abandoned duct are the main sources of infiltration in the building. Fans 7% and pumps 1.5% are the remaining energy users in Dumbach Hall. A unique aspect of Dumbach Hall is the large data center located in the basement. The data center serves all Loyola campuses and is isolated from the rest of the building as it has its own HVAC systems and is thermally buffered via insulated enclosure. The data center generates a large amount of heat that is currently exhausted without heat recovery. 29

Loyola University Chicago

cuneo hall Chicago, IL

eui: 59 Current energy use intensity in kBtu/sf/yr 30

cuneo hall energy efficiency Cuneo and Dumbach are very similar in terms of building program and energy sources, with a few exceptions. One, Cuneo Hall is served by its own high-efficiency boilers instead of the campus steam plant. Two, it has a higher proportion of faculty offices that Dumbach. Three, Cuneo currently employs more energy efficiency features as listed below with representative diagrams at right:

• Chiller heat recovery • High efficiency, condensing boilers • Variable flow pumping & air handling • High efficiency artifical lighting • Campus return chilled water for chilled ceiling • Reduced flow plumbing fixtures • Radiant heating / cooling • Atrium night flush cooling • High efficiency MEP systems with heat recovery • Chilled water from campus plant • Demand control ventilation • Occupancy and CO2 sensor control • Operable windows allow natural ventilation • Daylighting • Central atrium drives stack effect natural ventilation • Exterior enclosure u-value = 0.041 • Optimized glazing ratios and type for daylighting and solar control • Optimized exposed thermal mass on interior • Occupant participation integral to energy savings 32

Occupant participation integral to energy savings

Daylighting

high performance exterior enclosure

Atrium stack-effect ventilation and night-flush cooling

Operable window natural ventilation

Tools and Investigation

Analysis tools Analysis tools fulfilled two needs. One, they measured the actual energy use of the existing building. This data is used to calibrate energy models and insure they are an accurate representation of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s actual energy use. Two, we used them to estimate the expected energy performance of potential retrofits. Tools used vary in level of detail and scale; everything from whole building energy modeling to manual calculations via spreadsheets. 36

energy SUB-Meters The first step to understand potential energy efficiency reductions is to benchmark the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s actual energy use. This is done by installing utility submeters that monitor and record actual energy data. To ensure the data set is reliable a minimum of 1 year of data must be collected for all energy sources.

DUMBACH HALL SUBMETERS: - ELECTRICITY - chilled h2o - hot h2o

THERM IMAGE envelope thermal performance modeling A large portion of building energy is attributable to the thermal effectiveness of the exterior envelope. As facade insulation increases, the amount of heat gained or lost through the facade decreases, typically resulting in lower energy demand, allowing HVAC systems to be downsized or eliminated altogether. This highlights the critical nature of understanding R and U values (insulating effectiveness) for all exterior wall and roof assemblies. Hand calculations, spreadsheets and software tools Therm, Window and Comfen were used to study the envelope. 38

whole building energy models A whole building energy model takes envelope thermal performance data and couples it with HVAC systems, electrical systems, hot water systems and occupant schedules to estimate the total annual building energy use. Once the baseline building has been modeled potential energy efficiency retrofits can quickly be quantified to determine their effectiveness. Energy models were used to make design decisions and to estimate in detail each systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy use. Software used: eQuest and Trnsys

potential energy efficiency measures (EEMS)

POTENTIAL EEMS EVALUATED BASED ON:

- Energy Use Savings - Energy Cost Savings - Construction Cost - Return on Investment (ROI) - Operations Ramifications - Does it Help Sustainable Vision? 42

menu of eems 1A.1

Improve window thermal properties by adding films

2A.3

3F.2 + 2A.4 Transfer Duct + Add solar chimney at roof

1A.2

2nd window in existing openings to make ‘box’ window

2A.4

2A.1 + 3F.2 + Add transfer duct

1A.3 Replace existing windows with Cuneo windows

2B.1 Add continuous dimming to existing classroom lights

1A.4 Add a new glass façade to form double façade

2B.2

Slope ceilings to expose the entire window + 2B.1

1A.5

2B.3

Increase interior surface reflectance through finish colors

Insulate portions of windows currently above existing ceiling

1A.6 Replace windows w/ Serious Windows Light Commercial

2B.4 Add interior light shelves at existing windows

1B.1

2B.5 Add skylights / light wells

Add R20 polyurethane spray insulation

1B.2 Add R40 polyurethane spray insulation

2B.6 Remove stained glass, leave exising double IGU inplace

1B.3 Add R50 nanogel insulation

2C.1 Remove select finishes to expose thermal mass

1C.1 Add R50 spray insulation + vapor barrier at attic floor

2C.2 Add phase-change material

1C.2 Add R62nanogel insulation + vaport barrier at attic floor

2D.1 Replace air handling equipment + geothermal wells

1D.1 Add glass door vestibules at North and South entrances

2D.2

1D.2 Add R20 polyurethane spray insulation

2E.1 Not used

1D.3

2E.2

Seal all existing unused interior vertical shafts leading to attic

Preheat the incoming outdoor air with earth duct Outdoor air economizer to existing air handling equipment

1D.4 Add weather seals to all exterior doors

3A.1 Relamp high wattage fixtures (corridor)

1D.5 New insulated brick cavity wall on exterior of existing wall

3A.2 Perimeter vs. interior zones

1E.1

3B.1 Remove hot water heaters and replace with tankless system

Install insulation at underside of floor slabs at perimeter

1E.2 New insulated brick cavity wall on exterior of existing wall

3C.1

1F.1 Add exterior operable blinds on E, W & S facades

3C.2 Add pre-heat coils in existing air handlers and tie to data center

1F.2 Add daylight redirection blinds on E, W & S facades

3C.3 Recover exhaust heat via energy recovery heat exchanger

1F.3 Add daylight redirection blinds in‘box window’ cavity

3D.1

Install occupancy and motion sensors

1F.4 Add daylight redirection blinds (Cuneo) to 1A.3

3D.2

Demand Control Ventilation tied to CO2 sensors

1F.5 Add daylight redirection blinds in cavity of double façade

3E.1 Photovoltaics to offset loads

1F.6 Add exterior operable blinds to 1A.6

3F.1

1F.7 Add daylight redirection blinds to 1A.6

3F.2 Red / green light signals occupants to open / close windows

1G.1 Plant minimal deciduous trees along the west façade

3F.3 Add ceiling fans in all classrooms

1G.2 Plant maximum deciduous trees along the west façade

3G.1

2A.1 Add roof shaft for natural ventilation

3G.2 Add radiant ceiling panels

2A.2

Water to water heat pump recovers data center waste heat

3F.2 + 2A.4 Tranfer Duct + Fans to assist natural ventilation

Double existing “Runtal” wall radiators

2A.1 + 3F.2 + Add transom windows

The six representative EEMs highlighted in red are explored in further detail on the following pages.

-4.0%

ENERGY USE SAVINGS

KEY PROPOSED RETROFIT EXISTING

-$1,360/ yr

ENERGY cost SAVINGS

$620,000

construction cost

Install new serious window light Commercial 5000 (low SHGC option) to create a ‘box’ window

Cavity

POOR ROI

Effective Assembly U-value: 0.180 Btu/°F•ft2•h SHGC = 0.202

Not RECOMMENDED

Exterior

1A.2 EXISTING + NEW WINDOW 44

Interior

-13.9%

ENERGY USE SAVINGS

-$3,300/ yr

ENERGY cost SAVINGS

$540,000

construction cost

Add 3 inches polyurethane spray insulation (R-20) at interior of exterior wall

energy savings +

Effective Assembly R-Value: 18.25 °F•ft2•h/Btu

sustainable vision

RECOMMENDED

Interior

Exterior

1B.1 spray insulation 1

-0.5%

ENERGY USE SAVINGS

KEY PROPOSED RETROFIT EXISTING

-$320/ yr

ENERGY cost SAVINGS

$5,000

construction cost

Low Cost

RECOMMENDED

2 46

2e.2 outdoor air economizer

Reprogram existing air handlers for 100% outdoor air economizer during cooler night time hours

-1.9%

ENERGY USE SAVINGS

-$682/ yr

ENERGY cost SAVINGS

$448,000

construction cost

POOR ROI

AHU

ing g n a ch y ex d by b r i n ats a he grou buried e h Pre with t rough h heat ing air t uctive d draw ally con m ther s) ( tube

Not RECOMMENDED

ROUND TURE YEAR PERA Â° 5 5 TEM GROUND

2d.2 earth duct

2 47

-41.8%

ENERGY USE SAVINGS

KEY PROPOSED RETROFIT EXISTING

-$6,600/ yr

ENERGY cost SAVINGS

$187,000

construction cost

energy savings

Install water to water heat pump to recover heat from the existing data center

+ ROI + sustainable vision

RECOMMENDED

DATA DATA CENTER CENTER HEAT HEAT

3 48

3c.1 recover waste heat

-1.6%

ENERGY USE SAVINGS

-$1,050/ yr

ENERGY cost SAVINGS

New rooftop fans in strategic locations assist natural ventilation

Attic

$609,000

construction cost

POOR ROI

Attic

Not RECOMMENDED

3f.1 assisted natural ventilation

3 49

Findings

passive exhaust to attic

1908

buried history After walking through the building the team began to uncover original building design concepts that had been undone through renovations over the years. Some of the original concepts were energy efficient and a key strategy became to uncover this buried history and restore or even try to amplify it. A prime example was the natural ventilation concept for the building which involved letting air flow in towards the central cooridor via operable windows and transoms in the classrooms. This air naturally rose into the attic via openings in the 2nd floor ceiling. This was the original means of cooling the building (without using electricity). 52

no exhaust

solar chimney

? - 2012

new

unique opportunities While a goal of the project was to come up with an optimum workflow and general strategies that any building could follow, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important to understand that there is no universal menu of energy efficiency. There will always be valuable solutions unique to each building due to itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s original design, context, users, etc. that canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be anticipated by examing precedent. Dumbach Hall has a large data center in the basement that was an untapped source of free heat for the rest of the building. 54

DATA CENTER HEAT CURRENT: DATA CENTER HEAT TO OUTSIDE

DATA CENTER HEAT PROPOSED: DATA CENTER HEAT INTO BUILDING

1 +1 = 3 AMPLIFY synergies Each energy efficiency measure (EEM) was analyzed individually to quantify and isolate the energy savings it provided. However, individual EEMs cannot simply be added to attain an aggregate energy savings percentage. Grouping items effects their performance. What this necessitates is a systems approach, as opposed to an a-la-carte approach. Particularly interesting are the crossdisciplinary combinations: certain architectural strategies + certain MEP strategies provide greater energy savings only in combination. An example is radiant heating / cooling per 3G.2 + insulation per 1B.1. When 3G.2 is examined individually it yields a 3.23% increase in building energy performance, but when taken in conjunction with 1B.1 it yields a greater energy savings of 5.0%. EEMs must be combined with knowledge and purpose to magnify, not decrease, energy savings. 56

individual

14%

energy savings

combined

19%

energy savings 57

group by goal The most effective and mutually beneficial EEMs were combined into groups with aggregate energy savings calculated. Each group was created based on a particular goal as described below. This allowed the design team to present the client with a variety of focused options so they could weigh their goals and make an informed decision.

track 1: best roi Based on simple payback and minimal scope. Includes air tightness, relamping light fixtures, adding a heat pump and occupancy sensors

track 2: 50% energy reduction Based on achieving 50% energy usage reduction. Includes Track 1 + insulating walls & roof

track 3: match cuneo hall Based on strategies and design intent of Cuneo Hall. Includes Track 2 + new windows, daylight controls, automated natural ventilation and radiant heating / cooling

track 4: Net zero ready Based on working towards Net-Zero Ready. Includes Track 3 + photovoltaic arrays (which would be remotely located on campus) 58

Sustainable Building Design Tiers

Tier 1: Basic Building Design

Group 1:

Group 2:

Group 3:

Group 4:

Best ROI

50% Increase

60% Increase (Cuneo)

Net Zero Ready

1A.3

1A.5, 1A.6