SÍndromes Mieloprofilerativos - Mielodisplásicos / LMMC - Dr. Raphael Itzykson

Page 1

Leucemia mielomonoci,ca crónica

Raphaël Itzykson, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris Lima 2016


Caso n°1 •  Mujer de 80 anos •  Antecedentes : TiroidiDs de Hashimoto •  dolor crónico de la columna cervical y espaldas de horario inflamatoria ; ECOG=1 •  CRP 14 mg/L, fibrinógeno 4.1 g/L •  TSH normal

Hemograma Leucocitos 5.1 109/L

Baso 0.05 109/L

•  ANA -, anD-EHA-, RF-

Neut

1.87 109/L

PIM* 0%

Lymphos

1.25 109/L

Hb

Monos

1.87 109/L

VCM 89 fL

Eo

0.05 109/L

PLT

10.3 g/dL 112 109/L

*Precursores inmaduros mieloides


¿cuáles son las posibles causas de monocitosis ?

•  •  •  •

Leucemia mielomonociDca crónica ArtriDs Brucelosis Cáncer de Droides


¿cuáles son las posibles causas de monocitosis ?

•  •  •  •

Leucemia mielomonoci,ca crónica Artri,s Brucelosis Cáncer de Droides


Monocitosis persistante

•  Clonal –  LMMC –  Otras enfermedades del sistema mieloide: LMC, LMCa, SMPC,…

•  ReacDvas –  Infecciones: tuberculosis, brucellosis, endocardiDs… –  Enfermedades autoinmues: sarcoidosis….


Caso n°1

Hemograma Fro,s de SG

Leuco

5.1 109/L

Baso 0.05 109/L

Neutros

1.87 109/L PIM

0%

Lymphos

1.25 109/L Hb

9.7 g/dL

Monos

1.87 109/L VCM 89 fL

Eo

0.05 109/L PLT

67 109/L

Mielograma

Fro,s de MO

Cel.

Normal

MK

Normal

Blastos

1%

Myeloblastos

0%

Monos

3%

Displasia

G


¿ que le falta para el diagnóstico con los criterios WHO 2016 ?

•  •  •  •

Cuenta de promonocitos CitogeneDca Retroceso de 3 meses Ausencia de reordenamiento BCR-ABL


¿ que le falta para el diagnóstico con los criterios WHO 2016 ?

•  •  •  •

Cuenta de promonocitos Citogene,ca Retroceso de 3 meses Ausencia de reordenamiento BCR-ABL


WHO-2016 criteria for CMML 1.  2.  3.  4.  5.  6.  •  •  •

Persistent PB monocytosis (≥1 x109/L and ≥ 10% of WBC) •  No impact of BM monocyte % Not meeDng criteria for BCR-ABL11 CML, PMF, PV, or ET If eosinophilia: No evidence of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1 rearrangement or PCM1-JAK2 <20% myeloblasts or monoblasts in PB or BM •  Including promonocytes Evidence of dysplasia in one or more lineages •  If lacking: acquired, clonal cytogeneDc or gene,c abnormality or persistent monocytosis > 3 months, with exclusion of all other causes CMML-0: <2% PB blasts and <5% BM blasts CMML-1: 2-4% PB blasts and 5-9% BM blasts CMML-2: 5–19% PB blasts and 10–19% BM blasts

Arber, Blood 2016


Promonocitos en las LMMC

Goasguen Haematologica 2009


¿ como se puede excluir une monocitosis reactiva ?

•  •  •  •

CitogenéDca Prueba in vitro de colonias de progenitores GenéDca molecular Citometria de flujo


¿ como se puede excluir une monocitosis reactiva ?

•  •  •  •

Citogené,ca Prueba in vitro de colonias de progenitores Gené,ca molecular Citometria de flujo


Cytogenetics in CMML

•  Normal in 60-70% of paDents •  No specific feature: +8, -Y, -7/7q-, 20q-, +21, der(3q) •  t(5;12): re-classified as esoniphilic disorders •  Prognosis of +8 debated •  Two dedicated classificaDons Spanish Defini,on

Freq Median OS

high

+8, chr.7, cplex 12% 11 months

int

all other

9%

low

NK, -Y

79% 37 months

18 months

May o

Defini,on

Freq Median OS

high

cplex, monoso. 3%

int

all other

low

NK, -Y, der (3q) 78% 41 months

3 months

19% 20 months

Such Haematologica 2011, Wassie Am J Hematol 2014, Tang Am J Hematol 2014


Clonogenicity assays

Standard CFU assays (with cytokines) CMML

ReacDve

Birrer Eur J Haematol 2008


GM-CSF hypersensitivity in CMML

GM-CSF JMML Cbl Grb2

Shp2

Sos

Ras

Ras Nf1

ctrl

Shc

Kotecha et al, Cancer Cell 2008

GTP

« in the adult at least two patterns can be observed… »

Raf MEK

Cambier et al, Hematol Cell Therap 1997

ERK

AP1


GM-CSF hypersensitivity is absent in the majority of CMML cases

Nombre colonies Numberde of colonies

80

40% 90%

60

RIT1

40

Median WBC P=0.01

P=0.01 20

28.1 x109/L

60%

0

Controls ContrĂ´les

CMML LMMC

Serum-free medium GM-CSF 10 ng/mL

29%

12.6 x109/L

Itzykson et al. ASH 2012


Molecular Genetics as diagnostic tool

Signaling

•  None is specific of CMML •  Preferen,al combina,ons: TET2/SRSF2 •  Healthy Clonal Hematopoiesis: TET2, DNMT3A, ASXL1

CBL RAS

JAK2

Epigene,cs

ASXL1 EZH2

NH2

TET2

N N

Splicing

O

SRSF2

A

Exon 2

IDH

DNMT3A

U2AF1 ZRSR2

SF3B1

Itzykson JCO 2013, Busque Nat Genet 2011, Genovese NEJM 2014, Jaiswal NEJM 2014


Molecular Genetics as diagnostic tool

Gene

CMML

MDS

MPN

AML

TET2

50-60%

20-25%

5-20%

5-25%

SRSF2

40-45%

10%

<5%

<5%

ASXL1

30-40%

10-15%

10-15%

5%

SF3B1

5-10%

90% RS

<5%

<5%

JAK2

10%

RARS-T

50-90%

<10%

DNMT3A

<5%

5-10%

5-15%

10-20%

NPM1

<5%

<5%

<5%

30%


Complementation groups in CMML reflect functional pathways

CYTOKINE SIGNALING

TET2/IDH

SPLICING

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

CBL NRAS KRAS JAK2 FLT3 KIT

TET2 IDH2 IDH1

SRSF2 U2AF35 SF3B1 ZRSR2

0

PRC2

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

ASXL1 EZH2

Itzykson J Clin Oncol 2013


15 +/- 5 mutations / sample (4-29)

gene

# cases

TET2

24

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

SRSF2

18

CBL

8

ASXL1

6

KRAS

5

U2AF1

5

DNMT3A

5

EZH2

4

15

MUC16

4

10

ZRSR2

4

5

CUX1

3

0

NRAS

3

IDH2

3

LUC7L2

3

SH2B3

2

ABCC9

2

BCOR

2

SF3B1

2

25 20

Mostly transitions

G>A C>T A>G T>C A>C T>G C>A G>T A>T T>A G>C C>G

Frequency (%)

Mostly SNVs

Splicing Frameshift deletion Frameshift insertion Non frameshift deletion Non frameshift insertion Non synonymous SNV Stop loss Stop gain Unknown Synonymous SNV

Frequency (%)

Whole exome sequencing of 41 CMML

Mostly known oncogenes

Merlevede et al. Nat Comm 2016


Clonal architecture of CMML: comprehensive analysis

Exome sequencing: 16 variants (14 SNV, 2 indels) KRAS wildtype

TET2fs, U2AF1Q157R, KRASK117R, SH2B3fs

Clone 4 Clone 1

Clone 2

Clone 3

6

14

16

N=10

TET2 heterozygous U2AF1 BFSP2 TRAPPC6B CTTNBP2 MYLK

TET2 homozygous …

N=7

Clone 5 N=73

N=1

16

16

N=9

KRAS homozygous

KRAS heterozygous ASAP1 ADCY10 ATP2C2 CEP63 HECW2 SIPA1L2 SMOC2 SH2B3 CTCF

Itzykson Blood 2013


Flow Cytometry as diagnostic tool

Peripheral blood human monocyte subsets

CD16

CD14lowCD16high non-classical monocytes MO3 MO2

MO1

Healthy donors MO1 < 94 % MO2 + MO3 > 6 %

CD14+CD16+ Intermediate monocytes

CD14+CD16- Classical monocytes

CD14 Selimoglu-Buet et al. Blood 2015


Flow Cytometry as diagnostic tool Accumulation of classical monocytes (MO1) is a signature of CMML CMML

Reactive monocytosis

CD16

Age-matched controls

CD14

Selimoglu-Buet et al. Blood 2015


Flow Cytometry as diagnostic tool

Phenotype stronger than monocyte count ? “MDS� 2.1

ROC curve for %MO1

CMML 2.2

95.7

Mono : 0.7 G/L

0.4

ROC curve for Monocytes count

2.3

97.3

Mono : 2.3 G/L

Area under the curve = 0.972

Area under the curve = 0.8293 !

!

Selimoglu-Buet et al. Blood 2015


¿ cómo integrar los dolores de la columna cervical y espaldas ?

•  Localización específica de la LMMC : se necesita una IRM •  polymyalgia rheuma@ca asociada con la LMMC : prueba de glucocorDcoides •  Síntoma consDtucional : considerar un tratamiento con azaciDdine •  Sin relación, buscar el consejo de un reumatólogo


¿ cómo integrar los dolores de la columna cervical y espaldas ?

•  Localización específica de la LMMC : se necesita una IRM •  polymyalgia rheuma@ca asociada con la LMMC : prueba de glucocor,coides •  Síntoma consDtucional : considerar un tratamiento con azaciDdine •  Sin relación, buscar el consejo de un reumatólogo


Caso n°1

Hemograma CMML-1 Cario,po normal Independiente de transfusiones Ausencia de esplenomegalia

Leuco

5.1 109/L

Baso 0.05 109/L

Neutros

1.87 109/L PIM

0%

Lymphos

1.25 109/L Hb

9.7 g/dL

Monos

1.87 109/L VCM 89 fL

Eo

0.05 109/L PLT

67 109/L

Mielograma Cel.

Normal

MK

Normal

Blastos

1%

Myeloblastos

0%

Monos

3%

Displasia

G


What are the prognos,c scores applicable with rou,ne analyses?

•  IPSS (Greenberg et al. Blood 1997) –  15% of IMRAW paDents were MD-CMML per FAB

•  IPSS-R (Greenberg et al. Blood 2012) –  WHO-defined CMML were excluded

•  GFM Score (Itzykson et al. JCO 2013) –  Requires oncogeneDcs

•  CPSS (Such et al. Blood 2012) –  First rouDnely applicable, validated, CMML PSS

•  CPSS-mol (Elena et al. Blood 2016) –  Requires oncogeneDcs


What are the prognos,c scores applicable with rou,ne analyses?

•  IPSS (Greenberg et al. Blood 1997) –  15% of IMRAW paDents were MD-CMML per FAB

•  IPSS-R (Greenberg et al. Blood 2012) –  WHO-defined CMML were excluded

•  GFM Score (Itzykson et al. JCO 2013) –  Requires oncogeneDcs

•  CPSS (Such et al. Blood 2012) –  Fist rouDnely applicable, validated, CMML PSS

•  CPSS-mol (Elena et al. Blood 2016) –  Requires oncogeneDcs


CPSS

Score

0

1

WHO

CMML-1

CMML-2

WBC

<13 x109/L

≥13 x109/L

Cytogene,c risk*

Low

Int

RBC-TD

No

Yes

2

high *Such Haematologica 2011

Group

Score

Freq.

Median OS

Low

0

41%

72 months

Int-1

1

29%

31 months

Int-2

2-3

26%

13 months

High

4-5

4%

5 months

Such et al. Blood 2012


¿ Puede refinar el pronos,co la gené,ca molecular?

•  •  •  •

Mutaciones de SF3B1 Mutaciones de TET2 Mutaciones de ASXL1 Mutaciones de TP53


¿ Puede refinar el pronos,co la gené,ca molecular?

•  •  •  •

Mutaciones de SF3B1 Mutaciones de TET2 Mutaciones de ASXL1 Mutaciones de TP53


Prognos,c Impact of Gene Muta,ons fav

unfav

TET2

JAK2 KRAS ZRSR2

*

1.0 100% 0.8 80% 0.00%

IDH2

0.6 60%

CBL

SF3B1 U2AF1 0.1

1.0

10.0

HR (95% CI)

OS AMLFS

* P < 0,05 ** P < 0,01 *** P < 0,001

ASXL1 muté ASXL1 mutated

48 months

0.4 40%

NRAS

ASXL1 sauvage ASXL1 wildtype

18 months

0.2 20%

RUNX1

Overall Survival (%)

ASXL1

Overall Survival

Cumulative Survival SurvieProbability Globaleof (%)

* * *** *** * * ** *

SRSF2

187 167 125 95

00 N à risque 187 125

6

134 68 12 12

134 68

106 44 18

84 29

65 17

50 10

24 30 36 24 36 Mois 84 Months 50 29 10

Months

33 8 42

19 6 48 48

19 6

11 4 54

5 jco$asxl1=0 1 jco$asxl1=1 60 60

5 1

Itzykson, JCO 2013


GFM Prognos,c Score

Variable

Score

Age > 65y

2

WBC > 15 x109/L

3

Case #1

Anemia

2

WBC 5.1 x109/L, Hb 9.7 g/dL, Plt 67 x109/L

Platelets < 100 x109/L

2

TET2 S716X, SRSF2 P95H, ASXL1 wildtype

ASXL1 muta,on

2

*Anemia : men: Hb < 11 g/dL ; women: Hb < 10 g/dL Group

Score

Freq.

Median OS

Low

0-4

42%

~ 60 months

Int

5-7

34%

39 months

High

8-12

24%

14 months

Itzykson, JCO 2013


CPSS-mol

Elena, Bloox 2016


CPSS-mol

Elena, Blood 2016


Caso 2 Hombre de 80 anos hiperplasia prostáDca benigna Desde 3 anos, SMD con inv3p11: 46,XY,inv(3)(p11q24)[21] Hace 1 ano, mieloproliferacion, sin control del mielograma, tratado con hidroxiurea •  ECOG=1, ausencia de sintoma consDtucional •  Ausencia de esplenomegalia •  •  •  •

BM CBC

Cell.

Elevada

Leuco

71.9 109/L Baso 0.0 109/L

MK

Raros

Neutro

27.3 109/L PIM

42%

Blastos

2%

Lymphos

1.25 109/L Hb

9.7 g/dL

Myeloblastos

0%

Monos

4.3 109/L

VCM 85fL

Monos

3%

Eosino

0.0 109/L

PLT

Displasia

G+++

133 109/L


¿ Puede ayudar la citogenetica ?

•  •  •  •

RepeDr el carioDpo Hacer un CGH-Array Hacer un carioDpo consDtucional Hacer una FISH de EVI1


¿ Puede ayudar la genetica molecular ?

•  •  •  •

BCR-ABL CSF3R ETNK1 SETBP1


¿ Puede ayudar la citogenetica ?

•  •  •  •

Repe,r el cario,po Hacer un CGH-Array Cario,po cons,tucional Hacer una FISH de EVI1

Inv3(p11) consDtuDonal normal

h|p://atlasgeneDcsoncology.org

46,XY,inv(3)(p11q24) nunca informado


¿ Puede ayudar la genetica molecular ?

•  •  •  •

BCR-ABL CSF3R ETNK1 SETBP1 LCN

LMCa

LMMC

>25 x109/L

>13 x109/L

cualquier

<10%

≥10%

cualquier

Monocitos

-

<10%

≥1 x109/L y ≥ 10%

Mut. CSF3R

~60%

25-50%

3%

Mut. ETNK1

?

9%

14%

Mut. SETBP1

33%

25%

5-15%

Leucocitos Prec. Inmaduros


Caso n°2

•  CarioDpo : 46,XY,inv(3)(p11q24)[1]/46,sl,t(9;22) (q34;q11)[20] •  Reordenamiento BCR-ABL posiDvo –  e14a2 (b3a2), 18% IS

•  ImaDnib 400 mg/dia •  RMM a 6 meses


Caso n°3 •  Hombre de 83 anos •  DiagnosDco de LMMC-1 –  Leuco 10.3 109/L (monos 1.8 109/L; PIM 2%), Hb 129 g/L, Plt 40 109/L –  MO de cellularidad normal, blastos 3% –  CarioDpo : 47,XY,+8[8] / 46, XY[16]

•  3 meses despues : fiebre, derrame pleural y pericárdico, aumentacion de los leucocitos a un 35x109/L •  Búsqueda de infeccion negaDva •  Tratamiento con colchicino por el cardiologo •  Control de mielograma : 10% de blastos


¿ Propuesta de tratamiento ? •  tratamiento de soporte •  Hidroxiurea •  Ara-C a baja dosis •  AzaciDdine •  Decitabine •  RuxoliDnib


¿ Terapia dirigida de las LMMC prolifera,vas ?

GM-CSF

PI3K

Cbl

Akt Grb2

Shc Shp2

Sos

Ras

Nf1

JAK2

Ras

STAT 5

GTP

CMML

Raf

Muta,ons

MEK ERK

AP1

JMML


¿ Terapia dirigida de las LMMC prolifera,vas ?

GM-CSF

PI3K

Cbl

Akt Grb2

Shc Shp2

Sos

Ras

Nf1

JAK2

Ras

STAT 5

GTP Raf MEK ERK

Targets

Lyubynska Science Transl Med 2012, Padron Blood 2013, Goodwin, Blood 2014, Kong, J Clin Invest 2014


AZA is licensed in CMML-2 with WBC < 12 G/L 1.0

Proportion of patients surviving

0.8

0.6

CMML: n=11 0.4 Azacitidine (n=179) CCR (n=179)

0.2

CMML: n=5 0 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Time from randomisation (months)

Lancet Oncol 2009;10:223–32


Hydroxyurea (HY) in CMML •  •  •  •

HY versus VP16 in advanced CMML (N=105) Overall Response Rate : 60% (CR: 20%) Median OS with EMD: 20 months Poor prognosis: low hemoglobin value, abnormal karyotype

Wattel Blood 1996


Other low-dose chemotherapy •  LD AraC (n=17, Fenaux J Clin Oncol 1987)

–  20 mg/m2/d –  Results comparable to MDS: CR rate: 15% –  Fairly myelotoxic

–  Topotecan acDve

–  Oral formulaDon not tested in CMML

–  Campthotecin (n=32, Quintas Cardama Cancer 2006)

–  N=32, ORR 41% CR rate 11%

•  Only acDve in cases with normal karyotype


Intensive chemotherapy •  AraC – Anthracycline 7+3 inducDon chemotherapy Wattel BJH 1991 (99 MDS including 17 CMML)

–  No CMML trial –  Results close to MDS –  CR rates: 40-60% –  CR dura,on < 1 year –  Normal Karyotype ++ –  Topotecan IV (n=22, Beran Blood 1996)

–  30% RR CR rate, median duraDon: 7.5 months


HMA in CMML MDACC retro

EORTC/German phases II/III

GFM phase II

Pi|sburgh retro

GFM-US retro

DAC

DAC

DAC

AZA

AZA

19

31

41

38

79

CMML-2

21%

42%

54%

25%

47%

WBC > 13 G/L

68%

23%

82%

70%

46%

Extramedullary Dis (%)

22%

N/A

38%

34%

32%

Normal Karyotype (%)

68%

52%

54%

50%

57%

# courses (median)

9

4

10

5

6

Overall Response %

69

45

38

39

43

Complete Response %

58

10

10

11

16

Median OS (months)

19

15

18.5

12

22

HMA N=

Reference

Aribi Wijermans Braun Costa Cancer 2007 Leuk Res 2008 Blood 2011 Cancer 2011 ‘advanced’ CMML according to Wa|el

Ades Leuk Res 2013


HMA are acDve on extramedullary disease

•  40% regression of splenomegaly Braun Blood 2011, Costa Cancer 2010

•  1of 2 skin responses Costa Cancer 2010

•  6 of 8 (skin=5, lymph nodes=3) responses Braun Blood 2011


MyeloproliferaDon •  concomitant HY while iniDaDng DAC is manageable –  Braun Blood 2011

HY AZA

•  HY May modify AZA pharmacodynamics 1.0 0.4

0.6

0.8

DAC

9 30 0

Adès Leuk Res 2013

DNA

0.2 0.0

AZA

Cumulative Probability of Survival

RNA

8 26 6

7 20 12

6 15 18

Monthsdata on file GFM study;

2 wbc13=0 5 wbc13=1 24


GeneDc Biomarkers of HMA in CMML

•  TET2 mutaDons may predict superior response rates to HMA, though not longer OS

Itzykson & Kosmider Leukemia 2011, Traina Leukemia 2014, Bejar Blood 2014

•  No specific data in large series of CMML •  Poor prognosis of ASXL1 mutaDons in the HMA subgroup (n=79) –  Partly abrogated in the GFM phase II decitabine trial (n=38)?

Braun et al. Blood 2011, Itzykson JCO 2013


DACOTA Trial

A Randomized Phase III study of Decitabine with or without Hydroxyurea versus Hydroxyurea in patients with advanced proliferative Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia CMML WBC > 13 G/L

Decitabine 20mg/m2/d x5d q.28d

N=168

± HY during the first 3 cycles

≥ 2 criteria: Marrow blasts ≥5 % Abnormal K (except –Y) ANC > 16 G/l Hb < 10 g/dL Platelets < 100 G/L Splenomegaly > 5 cm Or Extramedullary localization

HY

N=168

Primary Endpoint: Event-free Survival -  Death -  Transformation to AML -  Progression of myeloproliferation

GIHMO

FISM


¿ Propuesta de tratamiento ? •  tratamiento de soporte •  Hidroxiurea : randomizado en el ensayo DACOTA •  Ara-C a baja dosis •  AzaciDdine •  Decitabine •  RuxoliDnib


Evolucion

•  LMMC estable durante 12 meces con hidroxiurea

•  Aparición de una ictericia conduciendo a la diagnosis de colangiocarcinoma de evolución peyoraDva


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