HOUSING TYPOLOGY BAGNOLET
STUDIO ROS 2014-2015 SOCIAL HOUSING HERE AND THERE BISSAT tamara - CHHARCHHODAWALA mustufa - LEE jihye - OUDRHIRI khawla - SUTHAROJ chanaporn
PROBLEMATIC / HYPOTHESis - IN BAGNOLET, CERTAIN HOUSES ARE BUILT NEGLECTING THE SURROUNDING AND DISRECPTING THE ASPECTS OF CLIMATE AND CONTEXT AFFECTING THE DAILY LIFE OF THE INHABITANTS - SOME RIGID AND BINDING REGULATIONS are ALSO THE REASON FOR LACK OF CONNECTION AND MAKING HOUSES AND SPACES VERY RIGID AND NOT FLUID TO ADAPT DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES AT DIFFERENT TIME - IT ALSO LACKS TO OFFER THEM A PLATFORM FOR PROPER INTERACTION BETWEEN NEIGHBOURS. - SO WE DECIDED TO COMPARE OUR HOMETOWNS i.e, AHMEDABAD (INDIA), SEOUL (KOREA), BEIRUT (LEBANON), CASABLANCA (MOROCCO), BANGKOK(THAILAND) WHICH HAVE LESS RIGID REGULATIONS THAT BINDS THE ARCHITECTURE AS COMPARED TO BAGNOLET. AS A RESULT WE FOUND THAT CITIES WERE MORE LIVELY AND FOUND MORE INTERACTIVE SPACES AND CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN NEIGHBOURS. ALSO, THE HOUSING TYPOLOGY IS RESPONDING WELL WITH THE CLIMATE AND CONTEXT. - WE WANT TO ADAPT SOME OF THE QUALITIES FROM CITIES OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES WE STUDIED, IN BAGNOLET TO ENRICH THE QUALITY OF HOUSING, INTERACTIVE SPACES AND RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBOURS.
METHODOLOGY In this TD, after reviewing the documents produced in previous years and additional research, we wanted to go further in the analysis and beyond the simple description of architectural or material characteristics of each typology identified below. Also, we wanted to rework readability and global understanding of all of bagnolet’s housing typologies. We began our work, not by its content but by its strucutre. Despite a large amount of documents already produced, the large graphic diversity and uneven scale of these documents did not allow us an immediate reuse. Thereby, the previous documents are graphically reworked, re-interpreted or completed. The major part of the work was thus to classify, list and represent necessary information to bring them in tune and make them meaningful. We have focused on re-using the data base and have coherency in documents, to shape a comparative study of typologies. Consequently, all the documents are prioritized in a table. This table is not specifically designed but allows us to have a clarified template. The table offers a dual reading; a horizontal reading, which highlights a holistic view of each typology, while the vertical reading provides a comparative analysis of multiple typologies. This double entry system makes it an evolving document. It would therefore be possible for the following years to complete this list. These themes provide a playback mode combining text, pictograms and drawings in several modes of graphic representation. This table also allows the addition of one or more new typologies.
TYPOLOGY ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
LOCATION / URBAN FABRIC
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS/STREET
STANDARDS OF LIVING
RELATION TO THE STREET
TYPOLOGY’S SKETCH
LOW
HIGH
Nbr OF FACADES
KIND OF RELATION BETWEEN THE HOUSE AND THE STREET; OPEN? BARRIER (PHYSICAL? VISUAL?
DENSITY OF THE PLOT THRESHOLDS TO CROSS LOW
HIGH
TIMELINE DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
4
RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBORS
THE DWELLINGS ARE QUITE HOMOGENEOUS CONCERNING THE STANDARDS OF LIVING AND DENSITY PER HOUSING TYPOLOGY BECAUSE OF THE PRICE OF THE LAND. IN THE PRIVATE HOUSES AREA FOR EXAMPLE THE STANDARDS OF LINVING ARE HIGHER THAN THE HIGH RISE AREA MEANWHILE THE DENSITY IS MUCH LOWER (THE TWO CRITERIAS ARE OFTEN INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL). THE REALESTATE PRICE IS HIGHER IN THE PRIVATE HOUSE’S AREA BECAUSE OF THE PROXIMITY TO THE SUBWAY STATION...
LOW
HIGH
THE NOTION OF THRESHOLD IS GENERALLY TOO STRICT IN BAGNOLET (WE CAN EXTAND THE OBSERVATION TO THE WHOLE EUROPEAN SCALE). THE USE OF FENCES AND THE NUMBER OF THRESHOLLDS TO CROSS TO ACCESS THE HOUSE ARE A GOOD INDICATOROR FOR THAT. IT IMPACTS IN A CERTAIN WAY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NEIGHBORS.
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT
MATERIALS/ CONSTRUCTION METHODS
VENTILATION
INDUSTRIAL CRAFT METHOD METHOD
NATURAL
MECHANICAL
MECHANICAL OR HUMAN POWER
ORGANISATION/ EVOLUTION
POSSIBILITY OR NOT OF EXTENSION
AUTO-CONSTRUCTION
THE KIND OF VENTILATION CHANGED BETWEEN THE 19th AND 20th CENTURY IN FRANCE WITH THE EVOLUTION OF THE REGULATIONS (THERMAL REGULATION) THAT BECAME MORE AND MORE STRICT AND BINDING.
JUST LIKE THE VENTILATION, THE MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS CHANGED WITH TIME AND REGULATIONS. THE AUTOCONSTRUCTION HAS BEEN FORBIDDEN. BUT THE EXISTING IS NOW CONSIDERED AS A HERITAGE.
UNLIKE THE AUTO-CONSTRUCTION, THE FREE EXTENSION OF THE PRIVATE HOUSES IS LEGAL AND IS TOTALLY PART OF THE BAGNOLET SCENNERY. SOMETIMES IT IS A BIT INCOHERENT WITH THE REST OF THE HOUSE BUT IT ALLOWES TO THE INHABITANT TO ADAPT HIS HOUSE TO HIS NEEDS.
5
SUMMARY BAGNOLET PRIVATE HOUSES MEDIUM RISE APPARTMENTS AUTO-CONSTRUCTED HOUSES HIGH RISE APPARTMENTS COLLECTIVE HOUSING UNDER-CONSTRUCTION PRIVATE HOUSING UNDER-CONSTRUCTION
10 12 14 16 18 20
CASABLANCA RIAD MEDINA’S TRADITIONAL HOUSING ART-DECO COLLECTIVE HOUSING SLUMS
26 27 28
BEIRUT CENTRAL HALL LEBANESE TRADITIONAL HOUSING BAY WINDOW BUILDINGS FRENCH MENDATE HIGH RISE MODERN BUILDINGS
30 31 32
BANGKOK ROEN THAI SHOPHOUSES
34 35
SEOUL TRADITIONAL HANOK MODERN HANOK
36 37
AHMEDABAD POL HOUSES SHOPHOUSES
38 40
REUSABLE CHARACTERISTICS
42
CONCLUSION PER CITY
43
CONCLUSION
45
ZONING BY TYPOLOGY INTERVENTION AREA IN BAGNOLET
Auto constructed houses Private houses Future private house Medium rise apartments High rise aparments Future collective apartments
PRIVATE HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
LOCATION / URBAN FABRIC
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS/STREET
STANDARDS OF LIVING
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
Nbr OF FACADES
DENSITY OF THE PLOT THRESHOLDS TO CROSS LOW
XIXth Century
10
During XIX century, according to the regulation, all the rooms should be naturally ventilated, even the servic rooms like the bath room, the kitchen... At that time, it was very common to see a Day/Night parti-
HIGH
RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBORS
tion. The functions of the spaces were generally predetermined but with extensions, this kind of housing allows a certain adaptability depending on the inhabitant needs. The standards of living are quite high and
the density low (they are generally inversally proportional). The interaction between the neighbors is inexistent, the relationship is based on fear and insecurity.
LOW
HIGH
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT
MATERIALS/ CONSTRUCTION METHODS
ORGANISATION/ EVOLUTION
Deck W.C Laundry
VEGETATION
Dining
Kitchen
Walk in closet Pantry
Master Bathroom
Room 1
Bath Bathroom Closet
Garage AUTO CONSTRUCTED HOUSE
Living Room
VENTILATION
Closet
Closet
Master Bedroom
Entry
Room 2 Closet
Office
SKY VIEW
Porch
Garden
TYPICAL PLAN GROUND FLOOR
OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/GARDEN PRIVATE HOUSE
VENTILATION
NATURAL
CRAFT METHOD
MECHANICAL AND HUMAN POWER
MECHANICAL
TYPICAL PLAN FIRST FLOOR
POSSIBILITY OF EXTENSION VERTICAL AND LATERAL
MEDIUM RISE
Entrance
Bath
Room 1
Room 3
Bathroom
Kitchen
Bathroom Dining
HIGH RISE
For this old housing typology, they used craft methods of construction relying on mechanical and human power. The materials are cheap and easy to implement such as armed concrete and tiles.
Room 1
Living Room
Room 2
Kitchen
Balcony
11 Entrance
MEDIUM RISE APPARTMENTS ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
LOCATION / URBAN FABRIC
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS/STREET
STANDARDS OF LIVING
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
Nbr OF FACADES
DENSITY OF THE PLOT THRESHOLDS TO CROSS LOW
END OF THEXIXth CENTURY - BEGINNING OF THE XXth CENTURY
12
During 1890 to 1920, according to the evolving regulation, every floor in the medium rise apartments was supposed to have a toilet and a bathroom.However, they didn’t had a common humid room. With natural ventilation,
every room and bathroom needed to be either on the outer side facing street or courtyard. The standards of living are averge and the density quite high. There are common spaces such as the courtyar, this must participate to make
HIGH
RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBORS
the relationship between the neighbors better than the private houses, this kind of housing allows a social interaction, but that’s not enough yet.
LOW
HIGH
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT
MATERIALS/ CONSTRUCTION METHODS
AUTO CONSTRUCTED HOUSE
ORGANISATION/ EVOLUTION
Room 01 Garden Bathroom Room 02
VEGETATION
Room 03 Entrance
Toilet PRIVATE HOUSE
Toilet
ony
Room 02
SKY VIEW
VENTILATION
Dressing Bathroom room
Room 01
Living room
Kitchen
Dining
Living room Garden
Entrance
TYPICAL PLAN
OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/GARDENMEDIUM RISE
VENTILATION
Kitchen
COLLECTIVE URBAIN HOUSING / APARTMENT
Dining
Toilet
CRAFT METHOD 0
NATURAL
MECHANICAL
MEDIUM RISE APARTMENT
PRIVATE UNDER CONSTRUCTION PROJECT 1
2m
MECHANICAL AND HUMAN POWER
NO POSSIBILITY OF EXTENSION
0
1
2m
HIGH RISE
PRIVATE UNDER CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
This kind of housing is still made with craft methods, and the materials used are specific to this this typology. They are made of red bricks and tiles that make them remarkable in the bagnolet scennery. The dwellings are rigid and enable to
adapt to the sepcific needs of each family, thay are all the same and don’t take account of the the differences of lifestyle between the inhabitants. Unlike the private houses, there is no way to add a room etc...
13
AUTO-CONSTRUCTED HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
LOCATION / URBAN FABRIC
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS/STREET
STANDARDS OF LIVING
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
Nbr OF FACADES
DENSITY OF THE PLOT THRESHOLDS TO CROSS LOW
BEFORE THE 50’s
14
After world war I and II, people lost their houses so they came to Bangolet. They used the land to build a house which is either square or rectangular. Local materials were used to build this type of house with own knowledge and method. After 2000, according to the
HIGH
RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBORS
new regulations the owners of the autoconstructed houses could not renovate or sell the plot to anyone else other than municipality. Paradoxally this housing typology is the only one in bagnolet to allow a real social interaction There is some shared gardens and no
fences between the houses. Alle the surrounding space is common to the whole plot.. The standards of ling are very low, the inhabitants first came here illegally so the owners have no juridical status.
LOW
HIGH
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT
MATERIALS/ CONSTRUCTION METHODS
ORGANISATION/ EVOLUTION
Entrance
Bathroom
Room 2 Room 1
VEGETATION
Bathroom
Kitchen
Room 3 Bathroom
Living Room
Dining
VENTILATION SKY VIEW
OCCUPATION OF THE AUTO CONSTRUCTED HOUSE PLOT/GARDEN
VENTILATION
NATURAL
Room 1
Living Room
Room 2
Kitchen
Entrance
Balcony
TYPICAL PLAN
CRAFT METHOD
MECHANICAL
HUMAN POWER
POSSIBILITY OF LATERAL EXTENSION
PRIVATE HOUSE
AUTO-CONSTRUCTION
MEDIUM RISE
This houses are auto-constructed, that means that they are completely adapted to the needs of the inhabitants, they don’t all look the same, there is a variety in the dimensions, the organisation, the materials (recycling materials like
metal sheets, bricks etc...). They rely only on the natural ventilation and there are infinite possiblities of lateral extension.
15
HIGH RISE APPARTMENTS ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
LOCATION / URBAN FABRIC
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS/STREET
STANDARDS OF LIVING
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
Nbr OF FACADES
DENSITY OF THE PLOT THRESHOLDS TO CROSS LOW
BETWEEN THE 60’s - 70’s
16
In 1970s according to new regulations, high rise apartments must have a proper insulation and also bathrooms should be mechanically ventilated. A common humid room was shared by all the apartments. This is a social housing, so the standards of
HIGH
RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBORS
living are low and the density massive. There is no connection to the street and no relationship between the neighbors, people only interact with their countrymates. The racial discrimination is part of the daily life. The insecurity is very high; the daily life of the area is tor-
mented by the drug-dealing and violence. the ventilation can be mechanical. The dwellings are standardized and based on a rigid grid.
LOW
HIGH
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT
MATERIALS/ CONSTRUCTION METHODS
AUTO CONSTRUCTED HOUSE
ORGANISATION/ EVOLUTION Entrance
PRIVATE HOUSE
Bathroom
Room 2 Room 1
VEGETATION
Kitchen
Room 3
MEDIUM RISE
VENTILATION
SKY VIEW
Bathroom
Bathroom
Living Room
Dining SKY VIEW OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/GARDEN
Balcony
Living Room
Room 1
TYPICAL PLAN
HIGH RISE
Room 2
Kitchen
INDUSTRIAL METHOD/ PREFABRICATION
VENTILATION
PRIVATE UNDER CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
NATURAL
MECHANICAL
CRANE POWER Entrance
NO POSSIBILITY OF EXTENSION
COLLECTIVE URBAIN HOUSING / APARTMENT
These housings are made of prefabricated concrete pannels (Standardization of the construction for economical reasons). There is no possiblity of extension. There is a Day/Night partition, the public spaces are usually on the facade and
the private spaces on the inside (mechanical ventilation). The common spaces arround the High-rises are not used (not adapted to the appropriation).
17
COLLECTIVE HOUSING - UNDER CONSTRUCTION ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
LOCATION / URBAN FABRIC
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS/STREET
STANDARDS OF LIVING
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
Nbr OF FACADES
DENSITY OF THE PLOT THRESHOLDS TO CROSS LOW
STILL UNDERCONSTRUCTION
18
These projects are modern but there is no appropriable and quite posh but still, buffer zone between the private there is no thinking about and public space. the social interaction. They are made for a high social class but don’t suggest any solutions for the city issues. They are physically connected to the street (no fences)
HIGH
RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBORS
LOW
HIGH
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT
MATERIALS/ CONSTRUCTION METHODS
ORGANISATION/ EVOLUTION
HIGH RISE
Room 01
Bathroom
W.C Room 1 B a l c o n y
VEGETATION
Kitchen
Room 3
PRIVATE UNDER CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Balcony Living room
SKY VIEW Room 2
Dressing
Entrance
Living Room
Ent
Kitchen Toilet
VENTILATION
OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/GARDEN
COLLECTIVE URBAIN HOUSING / APARTMENT
COLLECTIVE URBAIN HOUSING / APARTMENT
TYPICAL PLAN
INDUSTRIAL METHOD/ PREFABRICATION
VENTILATION
NATURAL
Entrance
Room 02
MECHANICAL
CRANE POWER
The materials used are modern, expensive and different from a collective housing to another. The dwellings are still based on a rigid grid but they can be different depending on the familly situation of the inhabitant (single, maried, one or
NO POSSIBILITY OF EXTENSION
many children...). The Day/ Night partition is still common in the french architecture.
19
PRIVATE HOUSING - UNDER CONSTRUCTION ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
LOCATION / URBAN FABRIC
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS/STREET
STANDARDS OF LIVING
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
Nbr OF FACADES
DENSITY OF THE PLOT THRESHOLDS TO CROSS LOW
STILL UNDERCONSTRUCTION This typology is very similar to the old private houses in a more posh version. The clients are usually called “bobo” (rich people seeking for a bohemian lifestyle. In general the inhabitants are
20
HIGH
RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBORS a couples with no children of selves open minded. But it is not artists or architects. The ar- always translated in the archichitecture is very modern and tecture. opened to the private garden (big bay windows). The inhabitants look for a social interaction because they are them-
NEW TYPOLOGIES COMING?
LOW
HIGH
MEDIUM RISE
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT
MATERIALS/ CONSTRUCTION METHODS
ORGANISATION/ EVOLUTION Room 01 Room 01
Garden Garden
Bathroom Bathroom
HIGH RISE
VEGETATION Room 1 B a B l a c l o c n o y n y
W.C
Bathroom
W.C
Bathroom
Room 01
Kitchen
Room 01
Kitchen
Dressing
Living Room Living Room
Kitchen Kitchen
SKY VIEW
Entrance
Entrance
Entrance
Toilet
Room 02
Toilet
Room 02 COLLECTIVE URBAIN HOUSING / APARTMENT COLLECTIVE URBAIN HOUSING / APARTMENT
OCCUPATION OF THE Entrance PRIVATE UNDER PLOT/GARDEN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
NATURAL
Living room
Entrance
Entrance
INDUSTRIAL METHOD/ PREFABRICATION
VENTILATION
MECHANICAL
Toilet
Balcony
Living room
Dressing
VENTILATION
Room 03
Balcony Living room
Room 2
Room 02
EXAMPLE OF A PLAN FIRST FLOOR
Room 3
Room 2
Room 03
Toilet
Room 3
Room 1
Room 02
MECHANICAL AND HUMAN POWER
Living room
Garden Garden
Kitchen
Dining
Kitchen
Dining
Toilet Toilet
EXAMPLE OF A PLAN GROUND FLOOR
PRIVATE UNDER CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PRIVATE UNDER 0 1 PROJECT 2m CONSTRUCTION 0
1
2m
POSSIBILITY OF EXTENSION BUT...?
? ?
COLLECTIVE URBAIN HOUSING / APARTMENT
The materials used are modern, expensive and various. The ventilation can be mechanical or natural (often a mix). There is a possibility of extention and the plans are not standard, the activities inside can be fluid from a space to the other.
21
BAGNOLET TIMELINE
23
COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT CITIES
- AFTER ANALYZING HOUSING TYPOLOGY IN BAGNOLET, WE DECIDED TO BRING OUT THE CHARACTERISTIC OF EACH TYPOLOGIES TO COMPARE WITH TYPOLOGY IN BAGNOLET. - WE BRING OUT SEVERAL TYPOLOGIES FROM FIVE DIFFERENT CITIES: CASABLANCA (MOROCCO) BEIRUT (LEBANON) BANGKOK (THAILAND) SEOUL (SOUTH KOREA) AHMEDABAD (INDIA) - WE WANT TO ADAPT SOME OF THE QUALITIES FROM CITIES OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES WE STUDIED IN BAGNOLET TO ENRICH THE QUALITY OF HOUSING, INTERACTIVE SPACES AND RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBOURS.
24
SEOUL (SOUTH KOREA) CASABLANCA (MOROCCO)
BEIRUT (LEBANON)
AHMEDABAD (INDIA)
BANGKOK (THAILAND)
25
CASABLANCA
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION
RIAD MEDINA’S TRADITIONNAL HOUSING
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
MATERIALS
CRAFT METHOD
GROUND-FLOOR PLAN
SKY VIEW TOWARDS THE STREET
HUMAN POWER
SKY VIEW TOWARDS THE PATIO
1st LEVEL
2nd LEVEL
ORGANISATION INSIDE THE HOUSE
VENTILATION AND RELATION TO THE SITE
STANDARDS OF LIVING
LOW
CLIMATE
TEMPERATURE
HIGH LOW
DENSITY
LOW
ORGANISATION INSIDE THE HOUSE
HIGH
HUMIDITY
HIGH
VENTILATION
LOW
HIGH
REGULATION NATURAL
XVI Century th
26
THE RIADS ARE PART OF THE MOROCCAN HERITAGE, THEY ARE MAINLY LOCATED IN THE MEDINA (MEDIEVAL CITY). THEY REPRESENT THE RELIGIOUS PRINCIPLES OF ISLAM IN MANY POINTS: -HUMILITY: THE FACADES ARE SOBER (WHITE WALLS WITH SMALL WINDOWS WITH NO SIGN OF WEALTH), THE HOUSE IS TURNED TOWARDS THE PATIO (REPRESENTATION OF THE EDEN GARDEN). THIS
PATIO IS THE KEY ELEMENT OF THE HOUSE CAUSE IT VENTILATES AND BRINGS THE LIGHT INSIDE KEEPING THE HOUSE FRESH DURING THE SUMMER, DURING THE WINTER THE ROOF CAN BE CLOSED WITH CANVAS. -GATHERING: THIS KIND OF HOUSING USUALLY WELCOMES MANY GENERATIONS UNDER THE SAME ROOF. THEIR IS MANY RECEPTION ROOMS AND A SOLARIUM (WHEN
THE WEATHER IS NOT TOO HOT) TO SHARE A MEAL OR A CUP OF TEA WITH THE NEIGHBORS. EVEN IF THIS DWELLINGS LOOK VERY CLOSED AND SELF CENTERED, THEY ALLOW A REAL INTERACTION BETWEEN PEOPLE AS THE DOORS ARE ALWAYS OPEN DURING THE DAY. PEOPLE IN THE MEDINAS FEEL SAFE AND HAVE NO FEAR OF THE OTHERS.
MECHANICAL
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS LOW
LOW
HIGH
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
THE MATERIALS USED ARE LOCAL (THE FABRICATION OF GREEN TILES AND «ZELLIJ» ARE TYPICAL CRAFT ARTS) AND CHEAP. THE CLAY HAS A GOOD THERMAL INERTIA. THE REGULATIONS ARE NOT BINDING AT ALL. PEOPLE CAN
HIGH
DO WHATEVER THEY WANT BUT THEYAGREED ON FOLLOWING THE ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES. ALL THE HOUSES ARE SIMILAR FROM THE OUTSIDE AND SO DIFFERENT INSIDE DEPENDING ON THE STANDARDS OF LIVING.
ART DECO COLLECTIVE HOUSING
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION
ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
MATERIALS
INDUSTRIAL METHOD/ PREFABRICATION
CRANE POWER ORGANISATION INSIDE THE HOUSE
SKY VIEW
VENTILATION AND RELATION TO THE SITE
CLIMATE
STANDARDS OF LIVING
LOW
TEMPERATURE
HIGH LOW
DENSITY
LOW
HIGH
HUMIDITY
HIGH
VENTILATION
LOW
HIGH
REGULATION NATURAL
XX CENTURY th
THE ART DECO STYLE IS A HERITAGE FROM THE FRENCH COLONIAL ERA. THIS TYPE OF HOUSING IS ALL OVER CASABLANCA NOW (THE CAPITAL OF THE COLONISATION) BUT THEY FIRST APPEARED IN THE MEDINA, NEXT TO THE RIADS. BY THAT TIME JEWISH PEOPLE, MUSLIMS AND FRENCH COLONS WERE LIVING PEACEFULLY ALONGSIDE. THEY MIGHT NOT BE AS POROUS AND CLIMATE DEPENDING AS THE RIADS
BUUT THEY STILL ALLOWED A GOOD INTERACTION BETWEEN NEIGHBORS. AT THAT TIME THE MECHANICAL VENTILATION WAS ALREADY EXISTING, THEY FOLLOW THE FRENCH REGULATION ON MANY POINTS, LIKE THE NIGHT/DAY PARTITION ETC... THE MATERIALS ARE A MIX OF THE MOROCCAN TRADITION (GREEN TILES...) AND THE FRENCH MODERNISM (USE OF ARMED CONCRETE, WHITE FACADES...)
MECHANICAL
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
27
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION
SLUMS
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
MATERIALS
CRAFT METHOD
SKY VIEW TOWARDS THE OUTSIDE OF THE SLUM
HUMAN POWER
SKY VIEW TOWARDS THE INSIDE OF THE SLUM
ORGANISATION INSIDE THE HOUSE
AUTO-CONSTRUCTION
VENTILATION AND RELATION TO THE SITE
STANDARDS OF LIVING
LOW
CLIMATE
TEMPERATURE
HIGH LOW
DENSITY
LOW
HIGH
HUMIDITY
HIGH
VENTILATION
LOW
HIGH
REGULATION NATURAL
XXth Century
28
THE SLUMS ARE STILL PART OF THE SCENNERY OF THE MOROCCAN ECONOMICAL CAPITAL. THEY REPRESENT HIGH DENSITY POINTS IN THE URBAN FABRIC. THE LIFE CONDITIONS INSIDE ARE VERY PRECARIOUS, BUT STILL, PEOPLE REFUSE TO LEAVE THEM FOR THE SUBURBIAN SOCIAL HOUSING OFFERED BY THE GOVERNMENT BECAUSE THEY HAVE THEIR HABITS. THEY DEVELOP-
MECHANICAL
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS PED INSIDE A PARTICIPATIVE WAY OF LIFE WITH A WHOLE ORGANISATION (CHIEFTAINS, INTERNAL ASSOCIATIONS TO TAKE DECISIONS ETC...). THEY RELY ON THE NATURAL VENTILATION, BUT THE RECYCLING MATERIALS OF WHICH THEY ARE MADE OF (METAL SHEETS) ARE NOT ADAPTED TO THE HOT MOROCCAN WEATHER. PEOPLE LIVING IN THE SLUMS ARE THERE ILLEGALLY (MOST OF THE
LANDS ARE PRIVATE) BUT BECAUSE OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS, NOBODY CAN FORCE THEM TO LEAVE.
LOW
LOW
HIGH
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
BEIRUT
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION
CENTRAL HALL HOUSES // TRADITIONAL LEBANESE HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
winter reception
bedroom
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
CRAFT METHOD
kitchen
central hall
MATERIALS
bedroom
TYPICAL PLAN
FIRST FLOOR
HUMAN POWER
SKYVIEW TYPICAL PLAN
AUTO-CONSTRUCTION
GROUND FLOOR
VENTILATION/ VEGETATION
STANDARDS OF LIVING
LOW
CLIMATE
TEMPERATURE
HIGH LOW
DENSITY
LOW
HIGH
HUMIDITY
HIGH
VENTILATION
LOW
HIGH
REGULATION NATURAL
XVIITH Century
30
The relationship of architecture to nature is the central force in the design of a Lebanese house. A moderate climate allowed the Lebanese to enjoy the outside. From most locations, dramatic landscapes provided exciting and inspiring views. Thus was born an architecture that was open to the outside, embracing the
MECHANICAL
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS landscape, capturing the cool breeze in summer and the warm sun in winter. This openness was achieved through an ornate triple arch window. As its name indicates, the plan of this type of house consists of a central hall, a distinctive feature. Not only around this large room follows a certain spatial organisation (all
rooms are on the outer side for natural ventilation), but also a gathering place for the whole family. The stability and continuity of the family was of utmost importance.
LOW
LOW
HIGH
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION
BAY WINDOW BUILDINGS
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
CRAFT METHOD
kitchen
dining room
MATERIALS
bathroom
bedroom central hall
bathroom
bedroom
bedroom
HUMAN AND MECHANICAL POWER
reception
TYPICAL PLAN
SKYVIEW
AUTO-CONSTRUCTION
VENTILATION/ VEGETATION
CLIMATE
STANDARDS OF LIVING
LOW
TEMPERATURE
HIGH LOW
DENSITY
LOW
HIGH
HUMIDITY
HIGH
VENTILATION
LOW
HIGH
REGULATION
Between 1920 and 1940 The Bay Window building is considered as the architectural trademark of French Mandate residential buildings. It is a ready-made Western import. With the increase in population; mainly of the continuing rural to urban migration and influx of refugees, residential areas had to be doubled in size. This typology had the inherent
advantage of increasing inner floor area while keeping an outdoor space (balcony); a must in a Mediterranean context. Also, the central hall plan remained, as it is one of the most important space in a lebanese culture. Rooms continued to be on the outer side especially for ventilation reasons.
NATURAL
MECHANICAL
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
31
HIGH RISE MODERN BUILDINGS
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
MATERIALS
CRANE POWER bedroom
bedroom bedroom
bedroom
kitchen
SKY VIEW
dining room
INDUSTRIAL METHOD
reception
TYPICAL PLAN
AUTO-CONSTRUCTION
VENTILATION AND RELATION TO THE STREET
STANDARDS OF LIVING
LOW
CLIMATE
TEMPERATURE
HIGH LOW
DENSITY
LOW
HIGH
HUMIDITY
HIGH
VENTILATION
LOW
HIGH
REGULATION
21
32
TH
NATURAL
Century
Nowadays, high rise and more luxurious buildings can be found everywhere in the capital. With all the new regulations and HVAC systems, rooms can be disposed freely. Reception, bedrooms and kitchen are three independant parts, all of which are connected to the main hall (entrance). The apartments are opened to the
MECHANICAL
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS outside through large balconies, embracing the sea view and capturing the refreshing breeze. These buildings also offer common space for all of its inhabitants; finding most of the time swiming pools, gardens , parking lots...
LOW
LOW
HIGH
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
33
BANGKOK
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION
ROEN THAI
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
MATERIALS
CRAFT METHOD
HUMAN POWER
Common area
Main Bedroom
Living Area
Toilet
Common area
Kitchen
STANDARDS OF LIVING
LOW
CLIMATE
TEMPERATURE
HIGH LOW
DENSITY
LOW
HIGH
HUMIDITY
HIGH
VENTILATION
LOW
HIGH
REGULATION NATURAL
XIV Century
MECHANICAL
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS LOW
34
Thai traditional house has a large housing area. Each house has their own characteristics according to each region, geography, climate environment, and the way of life of Thai people. Most of Thai traditional house usually raise the floor up according to floo-
ding and hot weather climate. The plan of the house usually has a meeting area in the middle of the house, so that every members of the family can gather in the middle room. The house itself located in the middle of the plot and surrounded with garden.
LOW
HIGH
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
Traditional Thai house built by wooden material. This is because wood is poor heat conductor and Thailand has a very hot climate. Therefore, wood helps cool the house down. The window wasn’t need
HIGH
at that period. The air ventilation is great as the house itself raise p from the ground.
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION
SHOPHOUSE ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
MATERIALS
INDUSTRIAL METHOD/ PREFABRIATION
MECHANICAL POWER
Floor Plan
Second Floor Plan
Third Floor Plan
CLIMATE
STANDARDS OF LIVING
LOW
TEMPERATURE
HIGH LOW
DENSITY
LOW
HIGH
HUMIDITY
HIGH
VENTILATION
LOW
HIGH
REGULATION NATURAL
XIX Century
MECHANICAL
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS LOW
Shophouse is another typology of housing in Thailand. It is inspired from Chinese culture and the first Shophouse is at Chalernkrung Road. Shophouse bring city to life as it has activities on the ground floor. There are a lot of interactive
between neighborhoods. As we can see shophouse use the plot wisely but this causes dense in population. People have only small space to live in. Air ventilation is not well thought of. The materials are obviously modern and easy to build. Because
there are many shophouse building near each other and to save time, the prefabricated materials have been produced.
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
35
SEOUL
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION
TRADITIONAL HANOK ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
R
R
R
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
R
CRAFT METHOD
Hall Kitchien
Room
R
MATERIALS
R
R Yard
Toilet Kitchien
Shed
Typical plan
HUMAN POWER
Skyview Room Kitchen
Chimney
STANDARDS OF LIVING
LOW
CLIMATE
TEMPERATURE
HIGH LOW
DENSITY
LOW
HIGH
HUMIDITY
HIGH
VENTILATION
LOW
HIGH
REGULATION NATURAL
XVI Century
MECHANICAL
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS LOW
36
In Korea, continental climate and oceanic climate co-existe each season. So very hot and humide in summer but very cold and dry in winter. For solution of this climate, traditional korean house (Ha-
nok) has a natural floor heating system for winter ; Ondol, and natural cooling system for summer ; wood floor main hall
LOW
HIGH
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION
MODERN HANOK ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
Room
Kitchien
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
MATERIALS
CRAFT METHOD PREFABRICATION
Room
Restroom Hall Living room Yard
Toilet Room
Typical plan
HUMAN POWER
Skyview
Sun/Ventilation
CLIMATE
STANDARDS OF LIVING
LOW
TEMPERATURE
HIGH LOW
DENSITY
LOW
HIGH
HUMIDITY
HIGH
VENTILATION
LOW
HIGH
REGULATION NATURAL
XXI Century As time has changed, the traditional hanok has become uncomfortable to the modern inhabitant. For solving the problem, modern hanok typology is created in terms of adopting the way of life in 21st century. While maintaining the wisdom of our ancestry, such as the construction method, and na-
MECHANICAL
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS tural ventilation system, the house developed more hygienically and brought a change in the kitchen according to the status of women improved. Also it developed related to changing of lifestyle ; having a garage in basement, having a toilet and bathroom inside the house and adding artificial ventilation.
So this housing typology is following the construction of a traditional Korean house and at the same time adaptation with modern features. For encouraging this heritage housing, the regulation became lighter compared with the very traditional hanok and the part of the construction and renovation is financially supported by the city.
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
37
AHMEDABAD
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION
TRADITIONAL HOUSES - ‘POL HOUSES’
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
MATERIALS
CRAFT METHOD VENTILATION SKY VIEW
HUMAN POWER SUN
AUTO-CONSTRUCTION
DISTRIBUTION OF PLOT
TYPICAL HOUSE
STANDARDS OF LIVING
LOW
CLIMATE
TEMPERATURE
HIGH LOW
DENSITY
LOW
HIGH
HUMIDITY
HIGH
VENTILATION
LOW
HIGH
REGULATION NATURAL
XIII Century
MECHANICAL
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS LOW
38
Ahmedabad has a hot, semi-arid climate. aDAPTING THE CLIMATE, FOLLOWING CRITERIA ARE USED TO BUILD THE POL HOUSES : - THREE WALLS ARE COMMON, SO IT REDUCES SURFACE AREA EXPOSED TO THE SUN. ONLY SHORTER FACADE IS OPEN FOR LIGHT AND VEN-
TILATION. - CHOWK (COURTYARD) PROVIDES POROSITY TO THE BUILT MASS, ALSO GIVES THE SENSE OF OPENNESS - CHOWK (COURTYARD)ALSO ACTS AS VENT SHAFT WHICH SUCKS THE HOT AIR FROM THE HOUSE PROVIDING THERMAL COMFORT IN HOT DRY CLIMATE.
- THE BALCONY AND PROJECTIONS ACT AS A BUFFER PROTECTING INNER SPACES FROM DIRECT SUNLIGHT AND HOT WINDS.
LOW
HIGH
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION
SHOP HOUSES - OLD CITY
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
ARCHITECTURAL TYPE
MATERIALS
CRAFT METHOD
HUMAN POWER STREET SECTION & SUN
AUTO CONSTRUCTED
DISTRIBUTION OF PLOT
SKY VIEW
CLIMATE
STANDARDS OF LIVING
LOW
TEMPERATURE
HIGH LOW
DENSITY
LOW
HIGH
HUMIDITY
HIGH
VENTILATION
LOW
HIGH
REGULATION NATURAL
Since 1600’s Ahmedabad has a hot, semi-arid climate. aDAPTING THE CLIMATE, Shop houses are the type of houses which has shops on mostly ground floor on one side of the street and house on the other and on the top floors above the shops. Shop houses on both sides of street makes a very dense market with overhand of the house above them making the space
very cosy and cool according to the climate. the market also transforms into different activities depending upon the time. In early morning vegetable vendors are on streets, from afternoon till evening they are mostly tailors and jewellery shops and at night it becomes the food court with roadside vendors.
MECHANICAL
RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
RELATION TO THE STREET
LOW
HIGH
39
PLANNED POL
ORGANIC POL
STREET ELEVATION
STREET SECTION : ACTIVITY & SHADOW PATTERN
STREET SECTION
A pol in India is a housing cluster which comprises many families of a particular group, linked by caste, profession, or religion. Pols are typical of urban centres in Gujarat especially of Ahmedabad. Pols were originally made as a protection measure when communal riots necessitated greater security. A typical pol would have only one or two entrances and also some secret entrances known only to people residing in a pol. ‘Pol’ architecture is an interesting evolution in urban living space.
PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT VEHICULAR MOVEMENT PARKING LANDMARKS THELAS INSTITUTIONS
REUSABLE CHARACTERISTICS
SLUMS
CASABLANCA
BEIRUT BANGKOK
SEOUL AHMEDABAD 42
- ORGANISATION AROUND A NEIGHBORHOOD LIFE - FLUIDITY OF THE SPACE’S FUNCTIONS - CENTRIFUGAL POWER OF THE ACTIVITIES - BLURRED LIMIT BETWEEN THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC
RIAD - RESPECT THE LOCAL LIFESTYLE AND CULTURE - ARCHITECTURAL LEGACY - COMMON SPACES FOR SOCIAL INTERACTION - ARCHITECTURAL PARADOX BETWEEN THE CENTRIFUGAL ACTIVITIES AND THE RESPECT OF INTIMACY - TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE LOCAL CLIMATE
CENTRAL HALL HOUSE
BAY WINDOW BUILDINGS
- ORGANISATION AROUND A CENTRAL HALL (INSIDE OR OUTSIDE-PATIO) - AN ARCHITECTURE OPEN TO THE OUTSIDE - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARCHITECTURE AND NATURE - TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE LOCAL CLIMATE
- ORGANISATION AROUND A CENTRAL SPACE - INCREASE INNER FLOOR AREA WHILE KEEPING AN OUTDOOR SPACE - ALWAYS TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION LOCAL LIFESTYLE, HABITS AND CLIMATE
ROEN THAI
SHOPHOUSE
- Freely sharing space between neighbors - Having a common area in the middle of the house - Prioritize the air ventilation more than the mechanic ventilation
- Having public space and residential space close by each other - Live close by each other providing a closer neighborhood relationship - Activities on the ground level
TRADITIONAL HANOK
MODERN HANOK
- Natural floor heating system for winter; Ondol, - Natural cooling system for summer; wood floor main hall
- RESPECTS THE TRADITIONAL PRINCIPLES AND ADAPTS TO THE MODERN LIFESTYLE. - Maintaining the construction method, and natural ventilation system - Financial aid and lighter regulation for encouraging this heritage housing
POL HOUSE
SHOP HOUSES
-TREATING FACADES ADAPTING THE CLIMATE -SENSE OF BELONGINGNESS IN THE COMMUNITY BY CREATING INTERACTIVE SPACES ON STREET
-USING CERTAIN SPACES AS MULTIPURPOSE SPACES FOR LIVELY ENVIRONMENT. -Having public space and residential space close by each other
CONCLUSION PER CITY
BEIRUT The existence in traditional Lebanese architecture offered an opportunity to maintain a local model under western siting conditions. This explains
CASABLANCA
THE CULTURE CAN OVERPASS THE ARCHITECTURE. THE ART DECO HOUSING IS COPIED FROM THE FRENCH STYLE AND DID’NT ARCHITECTURALLY ADAPT TO THE TRADITIONAL MOROCCAN STYLE. HOWEVER, ONCE APPLIED ON THE MOROCCAN CONTEXT IT ALLOWED THE SOCIAL
INTERACTION AND A REAL NEIGHBORHOOD LIFE ALONGSIDE THE RIADS IN THE MEDINA.
BANGKOK
Thailand has a flexible regulation as there are activities happening on
AHMEDABAD
The house form, the grouping and the hierarchy of its access ways formING an extremely secure and homogeneous settlement pattern, which provides an excellent example of community living and urbanity based on cultural identity. The communities advocated a living in tune with religious practices and sharing as the basis for their welfare and at the level of the house form this was expressed by the treatment of the facade and entrance areas PROVIDING a gradual transition space, ALLOWING the occupants to socialize with outside and also create a distinct zone of spaces for the houses
to distinguish between the public and private areas.
the street, which create a lively
en-
vironment to the city. People from
different social classes and different culture can exchange their own things WITH others. Thai culture gives the priority of interacting between people since the old days. One of Thai major characteristics and culture is that we should ‘‘give
things to others without any expectation’’.
the flourishing of the central hall scheme during colonial era.Today, we can still find in the heart of Beirut, streets that kept their authenticity with their red-roofed or bay windows buildings. When you are enjoying a walk, you can still feel that village-like atmosphere and get a sense of how traditional Lebanese villages looked like. Ultimately, architecture should be designed to fit each particular situation. If this is not the case, whatever the housing typology; traditional or colonial, lebanese always manage to adapt to the place by giving a touch of their own culture and traditions.
SEOUL
The way of life changes as time went by. Comparing between traditional hanok and modern hanok in Seoul, the housing typology have been
developed adapting to the new
lifestyle. So, if we keep the positive side of our heritage and develop it in change of time, it will contribute to the identity of the city and will make the city sustainable and flexible. 43
Conclusion After analyzing the problematic of Bagnolet and comparing them with cities from different countries, following ways can be used to enrich the quality of interactive spaces and housing typology in Bagnolet. Firstly, to have a flexible regulation such as, allowing inhabitants to make their city evolve. After they participate in the city, people feel more comfortable to interact with each other and create a lively neighborhood. Secondly, to adapt the traditional houses to go with the present period of time in order to continue the development of the city and also preserving the heritage of the city. w In conclusion, Bagnolet should become more lively and all keeping its own character. Therefore the city becomes sustainable and infinite. The nEXT STEP WOULD BE QUESTIONING HOW ALL THESE HOUSING TYPOLOGIES, IN BAGNOLET AND FOREIGN CITIES, EFFECT THE URBAN FABRIC TO CREATE THE CITY.
45
BIBLIOGRAPHY - TD d’analyse BAGNOLET, 2013-2014 - TD d’analyse BAGNOLET, 2012-2013 - TD d’analyse CHIANG MAI, typologie d’habitat, 2014 - www.ville-bagnolet.fr - http://www.sopic-logements.fr/programmes/opark - http://www.nim.archi/portfolio/maison-architecte-montreuil/ - SALIBA, robert, 1998. Beirut 1920-1940, Domestic architecture between tradition and modernity. Beirut, order of engineers and architects. - RAGETTE, friedrich, 1980. Architecture in lebanon, the lebanese housing during the 18th and 19th centuries. New york, Caracan books. - http://www.djharch.com/ - http://www.kahoidong.com/ - http://tip.daum.net/question/73027497 - http://wdc2010.tistory.com/category/?page=26 - http://www.slideshare.net/benazirmohamedkhan/pols-of-ahmedabad - http://portfolio.cept.ac.in/lost-heritage-of-jethabhai-ni-pol/ - http://thai-thaihousemodel.exteen.com/20080917/entry-1 -http://nicca.deviantart.com/art/north-easten-Thai-house-style-5152482 - http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad - http://www.travel-in-morocco.com/historiqueriads.htm -http://archivesma.epfl.ch/2011/006/atif_enonce/atif_shama_ modeles_d_habitats_marocains.pdf -http://voyage.blogs.rfi.fr/article/2013/04/04/casablanca-fleuron-de-lart-deco
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