Typologie d'Habitat | Housing Typology

HOUSING TYPOLOGY BAGNOLET

STUDIO ROS 2014-2015 SOCIAL HOUSING HERE AND THERE BISSAT tamara - CHHARCHHODAWALA mustufa - LEE jihye - OUDRHIRI khawla - SUTHAROJ chanaporn

PROBLEMATIC / HYPOTHESis - IN BAGNOLET, CERTAIN HOUSES ARE BUILT NEGLECTING THE SURROUNDING AND DISRECPTING THE ASPECTS OF CLIMATE AND CONTEXT AFFECTING THE DAILY LIFE OF THE INHABITANTS - SOME RIGID AND BINDING REGULATIONS are ALSO THE REASON FOR LACK OF CONNECTION AND MAKING HOUSES AND SPACES VERY RIGID AND NOT FLUID TO ADAPT DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES AT DIFFERENT TIME - IT ALSO LACKS TO OFFER THEM A PLATFORM FOR PROPER INTERACTION BETWEEN NEIGHBOURS. - SO WE DECIDED TO COMPARE OUR HOMETOWNS i.e, AHMEDABAD (INDIA), SEOUL (KOREA), BEIRUT (LEBANON), CASABLANCA (MOROCCO), BANGKOK(THAILAND) WHICH HAVE LESS RIGID REGULATIONS THAT BINDS THE ARCHITECTURE AS COMPARED TO BAGNOLET. AS A RESULT WE FOUND THAT CITIES WERE MORE LIVELY AND FOUND MORE INTERACTIVE SPACES AND CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN NEIGHBOURS. ALSO, THE HOUSING TYPOLOGY IS RESPONDING WELL WITH THE CLIMATE AND CONTEXT. - WE WANT TO ADAPT SOME OF THE QUALITIES FROM CITIES OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES WE STUDIED, IN BAGNOLET TO ENRICH THE QUALITY OF HOUSING, INTERACTIVE SPACES AND RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBOURS.

METHODOLOGY In this TD, after reviewing the documents produced in previous years and additional research, we wanted to go further in the analysis and beyond the simple description of architectural or material characteristics of each typology identified below. Also, we wanted to rework readability and global understanding of all of bagnolet’s housing typologies.

We began our work, not by its content but by its strucutre. Despite a large amount of documents already produced, the large graphic diversity and uneven scale of these documents did not allow us an immediate reuse. Thereby, the previous documents are graphically reworked, re-interpreted or completed.

The major part of the work was thus to classify, list and represent necessary information to bring them in tune and make them meaningful. We have focused on re-using the data base and have coherency in documents, to shape a comparative study of typologies.

Consequently, all the documents are prioritized in a table. This table is not specifically designed but allows us to have a clarified template.

The table offers a dual reading; a horizontal reading, which highlights a holistic view of each typology, while the vertical reading provides a comparative analysis of multiple typologies. This double entry system makes it an evolving document. It would therefore be possible for the following years to complete this list. These themes provide a playback mode combining text, pictograms and drawings in several modes of graphic representation. This table also allows the addition of one or more new typologies.

TYPOLOGY ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

LOCATION / URBAN FABRIC

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS/STREET

STANDARDS OF LIVING

RELATION TO THE STREET

TYPOLOGY’S SKETCH

LOW

HIGH

Nbr OF FACADES

KIND OF RELATION BETWEEN THE HOUSE AND THE STREET; OPEN? BARRIER (PHYSICAL? VISUAL?

DENSITY OF THE PLOT THRESHOLDS TO CROSS LOW

HIGH

TIMELINE DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

4

RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBORS

THE DWELLINGS ARE QUITE HOMOGENEOUS CONCERNING THE STANDARDS OF LIVING AND DENSITY PER HOUSING TYPOLOGY BECAUSE OF THE PRICE OF THE LAND. IN THE PRIVATE HOUSES AREA FOR EXAMPLE THE STANDARDS OF LINVING ARE HIGHER THAN THE HIGH RISE AREA MEANWHILE THE DENSITY IS MUCH LOWER (THE TWO CRITERIAS ARE OFTEN INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL). THE REALESTATE PRICE IS HIGHER IN THE PRIVATE HOUSE’S AREA BECAUSE OF THE PROXIMITY TO THE SUBWAY STATION...

LOW

HIGH

THE NOTION OF THRESHOLD IS GENERALLY TOO STRICT IN BAGNOLET (WE CAN EXTAND THE OBSERVATION TO THE WHOLE EUROPEAN SCALE). THE USE OF FENCES AND THE NUMBER OF THRESHOLLDS TO CROSS TO ACCESS THE HOUSE ARE A GOOD INDICATOROR FOR THAT. IT IMPACTS IN A CERTAIN WAY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NEIGHBORS.

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT

MATERIALS/ CONSTRUCTION METHODS

VENTILATION

INDUSTRIAL CRAFT METHOD METHOD

NATURAL

MECHANICAL

MECHANICAL OR HUMAN POWER

ORGANISATION/ EVOLUTION

POSSIBILITY OR NOT OF EXTENSION

AUTO-CONSTRUCTION

THE KIND OF VENTILATION CHANGED BETWEEN THE 19th AND 20th CENTURY IN FRANCE WITH THE EVOLUTION OF THE REGULATIONS (THERMAL REGULATION) THAT BECAME MORE AND MORE STRICT AND BINDING.

JUST LIKE THE VENTILATION, THE MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS CHANGED WITH TIME AND REGULATIONS. THE AUTOCONSTRUCTION HAS BEEN FORBIDDEN. BUT THE EXISTING IS NOW CONSIDERED AS A HERITAGE.

UNLIKE THE AUTO-CONSTRUCTION, THE FREE EXTENSION OF THE PRIVATE HOUSES IS LEGAL AND IS TOTALLY PART OF THE BAGNOLET SCENNERY. SOMETIMES IT IS A BIT INCOHERENT WITH THE REST OF THE HOUSE BUT IT ALLOWES TO THE INHABITANT TO ADAPT HIS HOUSE TO HIS NEEDS.

5

SUMMARY BAGNOLET PRIVATE HOUSES MEDIUM RISE APPARTMENTS AUTO-CONSTRUCTED HOUSES HIGH RISE APPARTMENTS COLLECTIVE HOUSING UNDER-CONSTRUCTION PRIVATE HOUSING UNDER-CONSTRUCTION

10 12 14 16 18 20

CASABLANCA RIAD MEDINA’S TRADITIONAL HOUSING ART-DECO COLLECTIVE HOUSING SLUMS

26 27 28

BEIRUT CENTRAL HALL LEBANESE TRADITIONAL HOUSING BAY WINDOW BUILDINGS FRENCH MENDATE HIGH RISE MODERN BUILDINGS

30 31 32

BANGKOK ROEN THAI SHOPHOUSES

34 35

SEOUL TRADITIONAL HANOK MODERN HANOK

36 37

AHMEDABAD POL HOUSES SHOPHOUSES

38 40

REUSABLE CHARACTERISTICS

42

CONCLUSION PER CITY

43

CONCLUSION

45

ZONING BY TYPOLOGY INTERVENTION AREA IN BAGNOLET

Auto constructed houses Private houses Future private house Medium rise apartments High rise aparments Future collective apartments

PRIVATE HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

LOCATION / URBAN FABRIC

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS/STREET

STANDARDS OF LIVING

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

Nbr OF FACADES

DENSITY OF THE PLOT THRESHOLDS TO CROSS LOW

XIXth Century

10

During XIX century, according to the regulation, all the rooms should be naturally ventilated, even the servic rooms like the bath room, the kitchen... At that time, it was very common to see a Day/Night parti-

HIGH

RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBORS

tion. The functions of the spaces were generally predetermined but with extensions, this kind of housing allows a certain adaptability depending on the inhabitant needs. The standards of living are quite high and

the density low (they are generally inversally proportional). The interaction between the neighbors is inexistent, the relationship is based on fear and insecurity.

LOW

HIGH

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT

MATERIALS/ CONSTRUCTION METHODS

ORGANISATION/ EVOLUTION

Deck W.C Laundry

VEGETATION

Dining

Kitchen

Walk in closet Pantry

Master Bathroom

Room 1

Bath Bathroom Closet

Garage AUTO CONSTRUCTED HOUSE

Living Room

VENTILATION

Closet

Closet

Master Bedroom

Entry

Room 2 Closet

Office

SKY VIEW

Porch

Garden

TYPICAL PLAN GROUND FLOOR

OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/GARDEN PRIVATE HOUSE

VENTILATION

NATURAL

CRAFT METHOD

MECHANICAL AND HUMAN POWER

MECHANICAL

TYPICAL PLAN FIRST FLOOR

POSSIBILITY OF EXTENSION VERTICAL AND LATERAL

MEDIUM RISE

Entrance

Bath

Room 1

Room 3

Bathroom

Kitchen

Bathroom Dining

HIGH RISE

For this old housing typology, they used craft methods of construction relying on mechanical and human power. The materials are cheap and easy to implement such as armed concrete and tiles.

Room 1

Living Room

Room 2

Kitchen

Balcony

11 Entrance

MEDIUM RISE APPARTMENTS ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

LOCATION / URBAN FABRIC

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS/STREET

STANDARDS OF LIVING

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

Nbr OF FACADES

DENSITY OF THE PLOT THRESHOLDS TO CROSS LOW

END OF THEXIXth CENTURY - BEGINNING OF THE XXth CENTURY

12

During 1890 to 1920, according to the evolving regulation, every floor in the medium rise apartments was supposed to have a toilet and a bathroom.However, they didn’t had a common humid room.

With natural ventilation,

every room and bathroom needed to be either on the outer side facing street or courtyard. The standards of living are averge and the density quite high.

There are common spaces such as the courtyar, this must participate to make

HIGH

RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBORS

the relationship between the neighbors better than the private houses, this kind of housing allows a social interaction, but that’s not enough yet.

LOW

HIGH

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT

MATERIALS/ CONSTRUCTION METHODS

AUTO CONSTRUCTED HOUSE

ORGANISATION/ EVOLUTION

Room 01 Garden Bathroom Room 02

VEGETATION

Room 03 Entrance

Toilet PRIVATE HOUSE

Toilet

ony

Room 02

SKY VIEW

VENTILATION

Dressing Bathroom room

Room 01

Living room

Kitchen

Dining

Living room Garden

Entrance

TYPICAL PLAN

OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/GARDENMEDIUM RISE

VENTILATION

Kitchen

COLLECTIVE URBAIN HOUSING / APARTMENT

Dining

Toilet

CRAFT METHOD 0

NATURAL

MECHANICAL

MEDIUM RISE APARTMENT

PRIVATE UNDER CONSTRUCTION PROJECT 1

2m

MECHANICAL AND HUMAN POWER

NO POSSIBILITY OF EXTENSION

0

1

2m

HIGH RISE

PRIVATE UNDER CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

This kind of housing is still made with craft methods, and the materials used are specific to this this typology. They are made of red bricks and tiles that make them remarkable in the bagnolet scennery. The dwellings are rigid and enable to

adapt to the sepcific needs of each family, thay are all the same and don’t take account of the the differences of lifestyle between the inhabitants. Unlike the private houses, there is no way to add a room etc...

13

AUTO-CONSTRUCTED HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

LOCATION / URBAN FABRIC

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS/STREET

STANDARDS OF LIVING

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

Nbr OF FACADES

DENSITY OF THE PLOT THRESHOLDS TO CROSS LOW

BEFORE THE 50’s

14

After world war I and II, people lost their houses so they came to Bangolet. They used the land to build a house which is either square or rectangular. Local materials were used to build this type of house with own knowledge and method.

After 2000, according to the

HIGH

RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBORS

new regulations the owners of the autoconstructed houses could not renovate or sell the plot to anyone else other than municipality. Paradoxally this housing typology is the only one in bagnolet to allow a real social interaction There is some shared gardens and no

fences between the houses.

Alle the surrounding space is common to the whole plot.. The standards of ling are very low, the inhabitants first came here illegally so the owners have no juridical status.

LOW

HIGH

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT

MATERIALS/ CONSTRUCTION METHODS

ORGANISATION/ EVOLUTION

Entrance

Bathroom

Room 2 Room 1

VEGETATION

Bathroom

Kitchen

Room 3 Bathroom

Living Room

Dining

VENTILATION SKY VIEW

OCCUPATION OF THE AUTO CONSTRUCTED HOUSE PLOT/GARDEN

VENTILATION

NATURAL

Room 1

Living Room

Room 2

Kitchen

Entrance

Balcony

TYPICAL PLAN

CRAFT METHOD

MECHANICAL

HUMAN POWER

POSSIBILITY OF LATERAL EXTENSION

PRIVATE HOUSE

AUTO-CONSTRUCTION

MEDIUM RISE

This houses are auto-constructed, that means that they are completely adapted to the needs of the inhabitants, they don’t all look the same, there is a variety in the dimensions, the organisation, the materials (recycling materials like

metal sheets, bricks etc...).

They rely only on the natural ventilation and there are infinite possiblities of lateral extension.

15

HIGH RISE APPARTMENTS ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

LOCATION / URBAN FABRIC

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS/STREET

STANDARDS OF LIVING

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

Nbr OF FACADES

DENSITY OF THE PLOT THRESHOLDS TO CROSS LOW

BETWEEN THE 60’s - 70’s

16

In 1970s according to new regulations, high rise apartments must have a proper insulation and also bathrooms should be mechanically ventilated. A common humid room was shared by all the apartments. This is a social housing, so the standards of

HIGH

RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBORS

living are low and the density massive. There is no connection to the street and no relationship between the neighbors, people only interact with their countrymates. The racial discrimination is part of the daily life. The insecurity is very high; the daily life of the area is tor-

mented by the drug-dealing and violence. the ventilation can be mechanical. The dwellings are standardized and based on a rigid grid.

LOW

HIGH

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT

MATERIALS/ CONSTRUCTION METHODS

AUTO CONSTRUCTED HOUSE

ORGANISATION/ EVOLUTION Entrance

PRIVATE HOUSE

Bathroom

Room 2 Room 1

VEGETATION

Kitchen

Room 3

MEDIUM RISE

VENTILATION

SKY VIEW

Bathroom

Bathroom

Living Room

Dining SKY VIEW OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/GARDEN

Balcony

Living Room

Room 1

TYPICAL PLAN

HIGH RISE

Room 2

Kitchen

INDUSTRIAL METHOD/ PREFABRICATION

VENTILATION

PRIVATE UNDER CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

NATURAL

MECHANICAL

CRANE POWER Entrance

NO POSSIBILITY OF EXTENSION

COLLECTIVE URBAIN HOUSING / APARTMENT

These housings are made of prefabricated concrete pannels (Standardization of the construction for economical reasons). There is no possiblity of extension.

There is a Day/Night partition, the public spaces are usually on the facade and

the private spaces on the inside (mechanical ventilation). The common spaces arround the High-rises are not used (not adapted to the appropriation).

17

COLLECTIVE HOUSING - UNDER CONSTRUCTION ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

LOCATION / URBAN FABRIC

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS/STREET

STANDARDS OF LIVING

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

Nbr OF FACADES

DENSITY OF THE PLOT THRESHOLDS TO CROSS LOW

STILL UNDERCONSTRUCTION

18

These projects are modern but there is no appropriable and quite posh but still, buffer zone between the private there is no thinking about and public space. the social interaction. They are made for a high social class but don’t suggest any solutions for the city issues.

They are physically connected to the street (no fences)

HIGH

RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBORS

LOW

HIGH

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT

MATERIALS/ CONSTRUCTION METHODS

ORGANISATION/ EVOLUTION

HIGH RISE

Room 01

Bathroom

W.C Room 1 B a l c o n y

VEGETATION

Kitchen

Room 3

PRIVATE UNDER CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

Balcony Living room

SKY VIEW Room 2

Dressing

Entrance

Living Room

Ent

Kitchen Toilet

VENTILATION

OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/GARDEN

COLLECTIVE URBAIN HOUSING / APARTMENT

COLLECTIVE URBAIN HOUSING / APARTMENT

TYPICAL PLAN

INDUSTRIAL METHOD/ PREFABRICATION

VENTILATION

NATURAL

Entrance

Room 02

MECHANICAL

CRANE POWER

The materials used are modern, expensive and different from a collective housing to another. The dwellings are still based on a rigid grid but they can be different depending on the familly situation of the inhabitant (single, maried, one or

NO POSSIBILITY OF EXTENSION

many children...). The Day/ Night partition is still common in the french architecture.

19

PRIVATE HOUSING - UNDER CONSTRUCTION ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

LOCATION / URBAN FABRIC

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS/STREET

STANDARDS OF LIVING

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

Nbr OF FACADES

DENSITY OF THE PLOT THRESHOLDS TO CROSS LOW

STILL UNDERCONSTRUCTION This typology is very similar to the old private houses in a more posh version. The clients are usually called “bobo” (rich people seeking for a bohemian lifestyle. In general the inhabitants are

20

HIGH

RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBORS a couples with no children of selves open minded. But it is not artists or architects. The ar- always translated in the archichitecture is very modern and tecture. opened to the private garden (big bay windows). The inhabitants look for a social interaction because they are them-

NEW TYPOLOGIES COMING?

LOW

HIGH

MEDIUM RISE

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT

MATERIALS/ CONSTRUCTION METHODS

ORGANISATION/ EVOLUTION Room 01 Room 01

Garden Garden

Bathroom Bathroom

HIGH RISE

VEGETATION Room 1 B a B l a c l o c n o y n y

W.C

Bathroom

W.C

Bathroom

Room 01

Kitchen

Room 01

Kitchen

Dressing

Living Room Living Room

Kitchen Kitchen

SKY VIEW

Entrance

Entrance

Entrance

Toilet

Room 02

Toilet

Room 02 COLLECTIVE URBAIN HOUSING / APARTMENT COLLECTIVE URBAIN HOUSING / APARTMENT

OCCUPATION OF THE Entrance PRIVATE UNDER PLOT/GARDEN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

NATURAL

Living room

Entrance

Entrance

INDUSTRIAL METHOD/ PREFABRICATION

VENTILATION

MECHANICAL

Toilet

Balcony

Living room

Dressing

VENTILATION

Room 03

Balcony Living room

Room 2

Room 02

EXAMPLE OF A PLAN FIRST FLOOR

Room 3

Room 2

Room 03

Toilet

Room 3

Room 1

Room 02

MECHANICAL AND HUMAN POWER

Living room

Garden Garden

Kitchen

Dining

Kitchen

Dining

Toilet Toilet

EXAMPLE OF A PLAN GROUND FLOOR

PRIVATE UNDER CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PRIVATE UNDER 0 1 PROJECT 2m CONSTRUCTION 0

1

2m

POSSIBILITY OF EXTENSION BUT...?

? ?

COLLECTIVE URBAIN HOUSING / APARTMENT

The materials used are modern, expensive and various.

The ventilation can be mechanical or natural (often a mix). There is a possibility of extention and the plans are not standard, the activities inside can be fluid from a space to the other.

21

BAGNOLET TIMELINE

23

COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT CITIES

- AFTER ANALYZING HOUSING TYPOLOGY IN BAGNOLET, WE DECIDED TO BRING OUT THE CHARACTERISTIC OF EACH TYPOLOGIES TO COMPARE WITH TYPOLOGY IN BAGNOLET. - WE BRING OUT SEVERAL TYPOLOGIES FROM FIVE DIFFERENT CITIES: CASABLANCA (MOROCCO) BEIRUT (LEBANON) BANGKOK (THAILAND) SEOUL (SOUTH KOREA) AHMEDABAD (INDIA) - WE WANT TO ADAPT SOME OF THE QUALITIES FROM CITIES OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES WE STUDIED IN BAGNOLET TO ENRICH THE QUALITY OF HOUSING, INTERACTIVE SPACES AND RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBOURS.

24

SEOUL (SOUTH KOREA) CASABLANCA (MOROCCO)

BEIRUT (LEBANON)

AHMEDABAD (INDIA)

BANGKOK (THAILAND)

25

CASABLANCA

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION

RIAD MEDINA’S TRADITIONNAL HOUSING

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

MATERIALS

CRAFT METHOD

GROUND-FLOOR PLAN

SKY VIEW TOWARDS THE STREET

HUMAN POWER

SKY VIEW TOWARDS THE PATIO

1st LEVEL

2nd LEVEL

ORGANISATION INSIDE THE HOUSE

VENTILATION AND RELATION TO THE SITE

STANDARDS OF LIVING

LOW

CLIMATE

TEMPERATURE

HIGH LOW

DENSITY

LOW

ORGANISATION INSIDE THE HOUSE

HIGH

HUMIDITY

HIGH

VENTILATION

LOW

HIGH

REGULATION NATURAL

XVI Century th

26

THE RIADS ARE PART OF THE MOROCCAN HERITAGE, THEY ARE MAINLY LOCATED IN THE MEDINA (MEDIEVAL CITY). THEY REPRESENT THE RELIGIOUS PRINCIPLES OF ISLAM IN MANY POINTS: -HUMILITY: THE FACADES ARE SOBER (WHITE WALLS WITH SMALL WINDOWS WITH NO SIGN OF WEALTH), THE HOUSE IS TURNED TOWARDS THE PATIO (REPRESENTATION OF THE EDEN GARDEN). THIS

PATIO IS THE KEY ELEMENT OF THE HOUSE CAUSE IT VENTILATES AND BRINGS THE LIGHT INSIDE KEEPING THE HOUSE FRESH DURING THE SUMMER, DURING THE WINTER THE ROOF CAN BE CLOSED WITH CANVAS. -GATHERING: THIS KIND OF HOUSING USUALLY WELCOMES MANY GENERATIONS UNDER THE SAME ROOF. THEIR IS MANY RECEPTION ROOMS AND A SOLARIUM (WHEN

THE WEATHER IS NOT TOO HOT) TO SHARE A MEAL OR A CUP OF TEA WITH THE NEIGHBORS. EVEN IF THIS DWELLINGS LOOK VERY CLOSED AND SELF CENTERED, THEY ALLOW A REAL INTERACTION BETWEEN PEOPLE AS THE DOORS ARE ALWAYS OPEN DURING THE DAY. PEOPLE IN THE MEDINAS FEEL SAFE AND HAVE NO FEAR OF THE OTHERS.

MECHANICAL

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS LOW

LOW

HIGH

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

THE MATERIALS USED ARE LOCAL (THE FABRICATION OF GREEN TILES AND «ZELLIJ» ARE TYPICAL CRAFT ARTS) AND CHEAP. THE CLAY HAS A GOOD THERMAL INERTIA. THE REGULATIONS ARE NOT BINDING AT ALL. PEOPLE CAN

HIGH

DO WHATEVER THEY WANT BUT THEYAGREED ON FOLLOWING THE ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES. ALL THE HOUSES ARE SIMILAR FROM THE OUTSIDE AND SO DIFFERENT INSIDE DEPENDING ON THE STANDARDS OF LIVING.

ART DECO COLLECTIVE HOUSING

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION

ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

MATERIALS

INDUSTRIAL METHOD/ PREFABRICATION

CRANE POWER ORGANISATION INSIDE THE HOUSE

SKY VIEW

VENTILATION AND RELATION TO THE SITE

CLIMATE

STANDARDS OF LIVING

LOW

TEMPERATURE

HIGH LOW

DENSITY

LOW

HIGH

HUMIDITY

HIGH

VENTILATION

LOW

HIGH

REGULATION NATURAL

XX CENTURY th

THE ART DECO STYLE IS A HERITAGE FROM THE FRENCH COLONIAL ERA. THIS TYPE OF HOUSING IS ALL OVER CASABLANCA NOW (THE CAPITAL OF THE COLONISATION) BUT THEY FIRST APPEARED IN THE MEDINA, NEXT TO THE RIADS. BY THAT TIME JEWISH PEOPLE, MUSLIMS AND FRENCH COLONS WERE LIVING PEACEFULLY ALONGSIDE. THEY MIGHT NOT BE AS POROUS AND CLIMATE DEPENDING AS THE RIADS

BUUT THEY STILL ALLOWED A GOOD INTERACTION BETWEEN NEIGHBORS. AT THAT TIME THE MECHANICAL VENTILATION WAS ALREADY EXISTING, THEY FOLLOW THE FRENCH REGULATION ON MANY POINTS, LIKE THE NIGHT/DAY PARTITION ETC...

THE MATERIALS ARE A MIX OF THE MOROCCAN TRADITION (GREEN TILES...) AND THE FRENCH MODERNISM (USE OF ARMED CONCRETE, WHITE FACADES...)

MECHANICAL

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS LOW

LOW

HIGH

HIGH

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

27

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION

SLUMS

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

MATERIALS

CRAFT METHOD

SKY VIEW TOWARDS THE OUTSIDE OF THE SLUM

HUMAN POWER

SKY VIEW TOWARDS THE INSIDE OF THE SLUM

ORGANISATION INSIDE THE HOUSE

AUTO-CONSTRUCTION

VENTILATION AND RELATION TO THE SITE

STANDARDS OF LIVING

LOW

CLIMATE

TEMPERATURE

HIGH LOW

DENSITY

LOW

HIGH

HUMIDITY

HIGH

VENTILATION

LOW

HIGH

REGULATION NATURAL

XXth Century

28

THE SLUMS ARE STILL PART OF THE SCENNERY OF THE MOROCCAN ECONOMICAL CAPITAL. THEY REPRESENT HIGH DENSITY POINTS IN THE URBAN FABRIC. THE LIFE CONDITIONS INSIDE ARE VERY PRECARIOUS, BUT STILL, PEOPLE REFUSE TO LEAVE THEM FOR THE SUBURBIAN SOCIAL HOUSING OFFERED BY THE GOVERNMENT BECAUSE THEY HAVE THEIR HABITS. THEY DEVELOP-

MECHANICAL

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS PED INSIDE A PARTICIPATIVE WAY OF LIFE WITH A WHOLE ORGANISATION (CHIEFTAINS, INTERNAL ASSOCIATIONS TO TAKE DECISIONS ETC...).

THEY RELY ON THE NATURAL VENTILATION, BUT THE RECYCLING MATERIALS OF WHICH THEY ARE MADE OF (METAL SHEETS) ARE NOT ADAPTED TO THE HOT MOROCCAN WEATHER. PEOPLE LIVING IN THE SLUMS ARE THERE ILLEGALLY (MOST OF THE

LANDS ARE PRIVATE) BUT BECAUSE OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS, NOBODY CAN FORCE THEM TO LEAVE.

LOW

LOW

HIGH

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

HIGH

BEIRUT

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION

CENTRAL HALL HOUSES // TRADITIONAL LEBANESE HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

winter reception

bedroom

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

CRAFT METHOD

kitchen

central hall

MATERIALS

bedroom

TYPICAL PLAN

FIRST FLOOR

HUMAN POWER

SKYVIEW TYPICAL PLAN

AUTO-CONSTRUCTION

GROUND FLOOR

VENTILATION/ VEGETATION

STANDARDS OF LIVING

LOW

CLIMATE

TEMPERATURE

HIGH LOW

DENSITY

LOW

HIGH

HUMIDITY

HIGH

VENTILATION

LOW

HIGH

REGULATION NATURAL

XVIITH Century

30

The relationship of architecture to nature is the central force in the design of a Lebanese house. A moderate climate allowed the Lebanese to enjoy the outside. From most locations, dramatic landscapes provided exciting and inspiring views. Thus was born an architecture that was open to the outside, embracing the

MECHANICAL

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS landscape, capturing the cool breeze in summer and the warm sun in winter. This openness was achieved through an ornate triple arch window.

As its name indicates, the plan of this type of house consists of a central hall, a distinctive feature. Not only around this large room follows a certain spatial organisation (all

rooms are on the outer side for natural ventilation), but also a gathering place for the whole family. The stability and continuity of the family was of utmost importance.

LOW

LOW

HIGH

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

HIGH

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION

BAY WINDOW BUILDINGS

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

CRAFT METHOD

kitchen

dining room

MATERIALS

bathroom

bedroom central hall

bathroom

bedroom

bedroom

HUMAN AND MECHANICAL POWER

reception

TYPICAL PLAN

SKYVIEW

AUTO-CONSTRUCTION

VENTILATION/ VEGETATION

CLIMATE

STANDARDS OF LIVING

LOW

TEMPERATURE

HIGH LOW

DENSITY

LOW

HIGH

HUMIDITY

HIGH

VENTILATION

LOW

HIGH

REGULATION

Between 1920 and 1940 The Bay Window building is considered as the architectural trademark of French Mandate residential buildings. It is a ready-made Western import.

With the increase in population; mainly of the continuing rural to urban migration and influx of refugees, residential areas had to be doubled in size.

This typology had the inherent

advantage of increasing inner floor area while keeping an outdoor space (balcony); a must in a Mediterranean context.

Also, the central hall plan remained, as it is one of the most important space in a lebanese culture. Rooms continued to be on the outer side especially for ventilation reasons.

NATURAL

MECHANICAL

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS LOW

LOW

HIGH

HIGH

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

31

HIGH RISE MODERN BUILDINGS

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

MATERIALS

CRANE POWER bedroom

bedroom bedroom

bedroom

kitchen

SKY VIEW

dining room

INDUSTRIAL METHOD

reception

TYPICAL PLAN

AUTO-CONSTRUCTION

VENTILATION AND RELATION TO THE STREET

STANDARDS OF LIVING

LOW

CLIMATE

TEMPERATURE

HIGH LOW

DENSITY

LOW

HIGH

HUMIDITY

HIGH

VENTILATION

LOW

HIGH

REGULATION

21

32

TH

NATURAL

Century

Nowadays, high rise and more luxurious buildings can be found everywhere in the capital. With all the new regulations and HVAC systems, rooms can be disposed freely. Reception, bedrooms and kitchen are three independant parts, all of which are connected to the main hall (entrance). The apartments are opened to the

MECHANICAL

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS outside through large balconies, embracing the sea view and capturing the refreshing breeze.

These buildings also offer common space for all of its inhabitants; finding most of the time swiming pools, gardens , parking lots...

LOW

LOW

HIGH

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

HIGH

33

BANGKOK

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION

ROEN THAI

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

MATERIALS

CRAFT METHOD

HUMAN POWER

Common area

Main Bedroom

Living Area

Toilet

Common area

Kitchen

STANDARDS OF LIVING

LOW

CLIMATE

TEMPERATURE

HIGH LOW

DENSITY

LOW

HIGH

HUMIDITY

HIGH

VENTILATION

LOW

HIGH

REGULATION NATURAL

XIV Century

MECHANICAL

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS LOW

34

Thai traditional house has a large housing area. Each house has their own characteristics according to each region, geography, climate environment, and the way of life of Thai people. Most of Thai traditional house usually raise the floor up according to floo-

ding and hot weather climate.

The plan of the house usually has a meeting area in the middle of the house, so that every members of the family can gather in the middle room. The house itself located in the middle of the plot and surrounded with garden.

LOW

HIGH

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

Traditional Thai house built by wooden material. This is because wood is poor heat conductor and Thailand has a very hot climate. Therefore, wood helps cool the house down. The window wasn’t need

HIGH

at that period. The air ventilation is great as the house itself raise p from the ground.

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION

SHOPHOUSE ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

MATERIALS

INDUSTRIAL METHOD/ PREFABRIATION

MECHANICAL POWER

Floor Plan

Second Floor Plan

Third Floor Plan

CLIMATE

STANDARDS OF LIVING

LOW

TEMPERATURE

HIGH LOW

DENSITY

LOW

HIGH

HUMIDITY

HIGH

VENTILATION

LOW

HIGH

REGULATION NATURAL

XIX Century

MECHANICAL

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS LOW

Shophouse is another typology of housing in Thailand. It is inspired from Chinese culture and the first Shophouse is at Chalernkrung Road. Shophouse bring city to life as it has activities on the ground floor.

There are a lot of interactive

between neighborhoods. As we can see shophouse use the plot wisely but this causes dense in population. People have only small space to live in. Air ventilation is not well thought of.

The materials are obviously modern and easy to build. Because

there are many shophouse building near each other and to save time, the prefabricated materials have been produced.

LOW

HIGH

HIGH

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

35

SEOUL

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION

TRADITIONAL HANOK ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

R

R

R

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

R

CRAFT METHOD

Hall Kitchien

Room

R

MATERIALS

R

R Yard

Toilet Kitchien

Shed

Typical plan

HUMAN POWER

Skyview Room Kitchen

Chimney

STANDARDS OF LIVING

LOW

CLIMATE

TEMPERATURE

HIGH LOW

DENSITY

LOW

HIGH

HUMIDITY

HIGH

VENTILATION

LOW

HIGH

REGULATION NATURAL

XVI Century

MECHANICAL

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS LOW

36

In Korea, continental climate and oceanic climate co-existe each season.

So very hot and humide in summer but very cold and dry in winter.

For solution of this climate, traditional korean house (Ha-

nok) has a natural floor heating system for winter ; Ondol, and natural cooling system for summer ; wood floor main hall

LOW

HIGH

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

HIGH

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION

MODERN HANOK ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

Room

Kitchien

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

MATERIALS

CRAFT METHOD PREFABRICATION

Room

Restroom Hall Living room Yard

Toilet Room

Typical plan

HUMAN POWER

Skyview

Sun/Ventilation

CLIMATE

STANDARDS OF LIVING

LOW

TEMPERATURE

HIGH LOW

DENSITY

LOW

HIGH

HUMIDITY

HIGH

VENTILATION

LOW

HIGH

REGULATION NATURAL

XXI Century As time has changed, the traditional hanok has become uncomfortable to the modern inhabitant.

For solving the problem, modern hanok typology is created in terms of adopting the way of life in 21st century.

While maintaining the wisdom of our ancestry, such as the construction method, and na-

MECHANICAL

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS tural ventilation system, the house developed more hygienically and brought a change in the kitchen according to the status of women improved.

Also it developed related to changing of lifestyle ; having a garage in basement, having a toilet and bathroom inside the house and adding artificial ventilation.

So this housing typology is following the construction of a traditional Korean house and at the same time adaptation with modern features.

For encouraging this heritage housing, the regulation became lighter compared with the very traditional hanok and the part of the construction and renovation is financially supported by the city.

LOW

LOW

HIGH

HIGH

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

37

AHMEDABAD

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION

TRADITIONAL HOUSES - ‘POL HOUSES’

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

MATERIALS

CRAFT METHOD VENTILATION SKY VIEW

HUMAN POWER SUN

AUTO-CONSTRUCTION

DISTRIBUTION OF PLOT

TYPICAL HOUSE

STANDARDS OF LIVING

LOW

CLIMATE

TEMPERATURE

HIGH LOW

DENSITY

LOW

HIGH

HUMIDITY

HIGH

VENTILATION

LOW

HIGH

REGULATION NATURAL

XIII Century

MECHANICAL

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS LOW

38

Ahmedabad has a hot, semi-arid climate. aDAPTING THE CLIMATE, FOLLOWING CRITERIA ARE USED TO BUILD THE POL HOUSES : - THREE WALLS ARE COMMON, SO IT REDUCES SURFACE AREA EXPOSED TO THE SUN. ONLY SHORTER FACADE IS OPEN FOR LIGHT AND VEN-

TILATION. - CHOWK (COURTYARD) PROVIDES POROSITY TO THE BUILT MASS, ALSO GIVES THE SENSE OF OPENNESS - CHOWK (COURTYARD)ALSO ACTS AS VENT SHAFT WHICH SUCKS THE HOT AIR FROM THE HOUSE PROVIDING THERMAL COMFORT IN HOT DRY CLIMATE.

- THE BALCONY AND PROJECTIONS ACT AS A BUFFER PROTECTING INNER SPACES FROM DIRECT SUNLIGHT AND HOT WINDS.

LOW

HIGH

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

HIGH

RELATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT/ OCCUPATION OF THE PLOT/ORGANISATION

SHOP HOUSES - OLD CITY

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

ARCHITECTURAL TYPE

MATERIALS

CRAFT METHOD

HUMAN POWER STREET SECTION & SUN

AUTO CONSTRUCTED

DISTRIBUTION OF PLOT

SKY VIEW

CLIMATE

STANDARDS OF LIVING

LOW

TEMPERATURE

HIGH LOW

DENSITY

LOW

HIGH

HUMIDITY

HIGH

VENTILATION

LOW

HIGH

REGULATION NATURAL

Since 1600’s Ahmedabad has a hot, semi-arid climate. aDAPTING THE CLIMATE, Shop houses are the type of houses which has shops on mostly ground floor on one side of the street and house on the other and on the top floors above the shops.

Shop houses on both sides of street makes a very dense market with overhand of the house above them making the space

very cosy and cool according to the climate. the market also transforms into different activities depending upon the time. In early morning vegetable vendors are on streets, from afternoon till evening they are mostly tailors and jewellery shops and at night it becomes the food court with roadside vendors.

MECHANICAL

RELATIONSHIP NEIGHBORS LOW

LOW

HIGH

HIGH

RELATION TO THE STREET

LOW

HIGH

39

PLANNED POL

ORGANIC POL

STREET ELEVATION

STREET SECTION : ACTIVITY & SHADOW PATTERN

STREET SECTION

A pol in India is a housing cluster which comprises many families of a particular group, linked by caste, profession, or religion. Pols are typical of urban centres in Gujarat especially of Ahmedabad.

Pols were originally made as a protection measure when communal riots necessitated greater security. A typical pol would have only one or two entrances and also some secret entrances known only to people residing in a pol.

‘Pol’ architecture is an interesting evolution in urban living space.

PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT VEHICULAR MOVEMENT PARKING LANDMARKS THELAS INSTITUTIONS

REUSABLE CHARACTERISTICS

SLUMS

CASABLANCA

BEIRUT BANGKOK

SEOUL AHMEDABAD 42

- ORGANISATION AROUND A NEIGHBORHOOD LIFE - FLUIDITY OF THE SPACE’S FUNCTIONS - CENTRIFUGAL POWER OF THE ACTIVITIES - BLURRED LIMIT BETWEEN THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC

RIAD - RESPECT THE LOCAL LIFESTYLE AND CULTURE - ARCHITECTURAL LEGACY - COMMON SPACES FOR SOCIAL INTERACTION - ARCHITECTURAL PARADOX BETWEEN THE CENTRIFUGAL ACTIVITIES AND THE RESPECT OF INTIMACY - TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE LOCAL CLIMATE

CENTRAL HALL HOUSE

BAY WINDOW BUILDINGS

- ORGANISATION AROUND A CENTRAL HALL (INSIDE OR OUTSIDE-PATIO) - AN ARCHITECTURE OPEN TO THE OUTSIDE - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARCHITECTURE AND NATURE - TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE LOCAL CLIMATE

- ORGANISATION AROUND A CENTRAL SPACE - INCREASE INNER FLOOR AREA WHILE KEEPING AN OUTDOOR SPACE - ALWAYS TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION LOCAL LIFESTYLE, HABITS AND CLIMATE

ROEN THAI

SHOPHOUSE

- Freely sharing space between neighbors - Having a common area in the middle of the house - Prioritize the air ventilation more than the mechanic ventilation

- Having public space and residential space close by each other - Live close by each other providing a closer neighborhood relationship - Activities on the ground level

TRADITIONAL HANOK

MODERN HANOK

- Natural floor heating system for winter; Ondol, - Natural cooling system for summer; wood floor main hall

- RESPECTS THE TRADITIONAL PRINCIPLES AND ADAPTS TO THE MODERN LIFESTYLE. - Maintaining the construction method, and natural ventilation system - Financial aid and lighter regulation for encouraging this heritage housing

POL HOUSE

SHOP HOUSES

-TREATING FACADES ADAPTING THE CLIMATE -SENSE OF BELONGINGNESS IN THE COMMUNITY BY CREATING INTERACTIVE SPACES ON STREET

-USING CERTAIN SPACES AS MULTIPURPOSE SPACES FOR LIVELY ENVIRONMENT. -Having public space and residential space close by each other

CONCLUSION PER CITY

BEIRUT The existence in traditional Lebanese architecture offered an opportunity to maintain a local model under western siting conditions. This explains

CASABLANCA

THE CULTURE CAN OVERPASS THE ARCHITECTURE. THE ART DECO HOUSING IS COPIED FROM THE FRENCH STYLE AND DID’NT ARCHITECTURALLY ADAPT TO THE TRADITIONAL MOROCCAN STYLE. HOWEVER, ONCE APPLIED ON THE MOROCCAN CONTEXT IT ALLOWED THE SOCIAL

INTERACTION AND A REAL NEIGHBORHOOD LIFE ALONGSIDE THE RIADS IN THE MEDINA.

BANGKOK

Thailand has a flexible regulation as there are activities happening on

AHMEDABAD

The house form, the grouping and the hierarchy of its access ways formING an extremely secure and homogeneous settlement pattern, which provides an excellent example of community living and urbanity based on cultural identity. The communities advocated a living in tune with religious practices and sharing as the basis for their welfare and at the level of the house form this was expressed by the treatment of the facade and entrance areas PROVIDING a gradual transition space, ALLOWING the occupants to socialize with outside and also create a distinct zone of spaces for the houses

to distinguish between the public and private areas.

the street, which create a lively

en-

vironment to the city. People from

different social classes and different culture can exchange their own things WITH others. Thai culture gives the priority of interacting between people since the old days. One of Thai major characteristics and culture is that we should ‘‘give

things to others without any expectation’’.

the flourishing of the central hall scheme during colonial era.Today, we can still find in the heart of Beirut, streets that kept their authenticity with their red-roofed or bay windows buildings. When you are enjoying a walk, you can still feel that village-like atmosphere and get a sense of how traditional Lebanese villages looked like.

Ultimately, architecture should be designed to fit each particular situation. If this is not the case, whatever the housing typology; traditional or colonial, lebanese always manage to adapt to the place by giving a touch of their own culture and traditions.

SEOUL

The way of life changes as time went by. Comparing between traditional hanok and modern hanok in Seoul, the housing typology have been

developed adapting to the new

lifestyle. So, if we keep the positive side of our heritage and develop it in change of time, it will contribute to the identity of the city and will make the city sustainable and flexible.

43

Conclusion After analyzing the problematic of Bagnolet and comparing them with cities from different countries, following ways can be used to enrich the quality of interactive spaces and housing typology in Bagnolet.

Firstly, to have a flexible regulation such as, allowing inhabitants to make their city evolve. After they participate in the city, people feel more comfortable to interact with each other and create a lively neighborhood.

Secondly, to adapt the traditional houses to go with the present period of time in order to continue the development of the city and also preserving the heritage of the city. w In conclusion, Bagnolet should become more lively and all keeping its own character.

Therefore the city becomes sustainable and infinite.

The nEXT STEP WOULD BE QUESTIONING HOW ALL THESE HOUSING TYPOLOGIES, IN BAGNOLET AND FOREIGN CITIES, EFFECT THE URBAN FABRIC TO CREATE THE CITY.

45

BIBLIOGRAPHY - TD d’analyse BAGNOLET, 2013-2014 - TD d’analyse BAGNOLET, 2012-2013 - TD d’analyse CHIANG MAI, typologie d’habitat, 2014 - www.ville-bagnolet.fr - http://www.sopic-logements.fr/programmes/opark - http://www.nim.archi/portfolio/maison-architecte-montreuil/ - SALIBA, robert, 1998. Beirut 1920-1940, Domestic architecture between tradition and modernity. Beirut, order of engineers and architects.

- RAGETTE, friedrich, 1980. Architecture in lebanon, the lebanese housing during the 18th and 19th centuries. New york, Caracan books.

- http://www.djharch.com/ - http://www.kahoidong.com/ - http://tip.daum.net/question/73027497 - http://wdc2010.tistory.com/category/?page=26 - http://www.slideshare.net/benazirmohamedkhan/pols-of-ahmedabad - http://portfolio.cept.ac.in/lost-heritage-of-jethabhai-ni-pol/ - http://thai-thaihousemodel.exteen.com/20080917/entry-1 -http://nicca.deviantart.com/art/north-easten-Thai-house-style-5152482 - http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad - http://www.travel-in-morocco.com/historiqueriads.htm -http://archivesma.epfl.ch/2011/006/atif_enonce/atif_shama_ modeles_d_habitats_marocains.pdf -http://voyage.blogs.rfi.fr/article/2013/04/04/casablanca-fleuron-de-lart-deco

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