Handbook 1955. International Amateur Athletic Federation. by The Marshal

PUBLICATIONS OF THE tA.A.F. Handbook of the LA.A.F. 1955, English edition. Price Ss. (Ss. 6d. post free). Scoring Table for Track and Field Events, Men (adopted at the Brussels Congress 1950, amended at Helsinki 1952). Price 6s. (6s. 6d. post free). Scoring Table for Track and Field Events, Women (adopted at the Berne Congress 1954). Price 3s. 6d. (4s. Od. post free). Copies of these publications can be obtained from the International Amateur Athletic Federation, Halton House, 23 Holborn, London, E.C.I.

I.A.A.F. (Educational and Instructional) 16 mm. FILMS (Photography and Production by Guy Butler, official photographer to the I.A.A.F . at Helsinki and Berne.)

Olympic Track and Field, 1952 1. FULL LENGTH REELS. Silent double slow motion to enable the commentator to give detailed analysis of technique. Prices: (a) LA.A.F. Olympic Film 1 ,800ft., 4 spools in can, including registered post £32 2s. 6d. Separate reels £8 lIs. 6d. (b) Star event, total footage 980ft. in two spools, including registered post £16 18s. (c) Women's events, footage 800ft. two spools, price £14 12s. 6d. including registered post. 2. LOOP FILMS, available for each event. Prices: Single 8-l2ft., 7s. Double up to 20ft., 10s. 6d.

European Track and Field Cham.pionships 1954

INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION

Silent but fully titled film of about I ,500ft . on three reels. Price £25. 4s. including registered post. Full information concerning these films can be obtained from:

HANDBOOK

GUY BUTLER, "Harbledown, .. Little Hadham, Hertfordshire, England.

1955

This Handbook is copyright and no part may be reproduced without the permission of the Council of the International Amateur Athletic Federation.

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WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS held In conjunction with the Olympic Games, Helsinki, 1952

MEN 100 METRES 1 L. Remigino, U.S.A., 10.4 s. 2 H. H. McKenley, Jamaica, 10.4 s. 3 E. MeD. Bailey, Great Britain & N. Ireland, 10.4 s. 200 METRF<S 1 A. Stanfield, U.S.A., 20.7 s. 2 W. Baker, U.S.A., 20.8 s. 3 J. Gathers, U.S.A., 20.8 s. 400 METRES 1 V. G. Rhoden, Jamaica, 45.9 s. 2 H. H. McKenley, Jamaica, 45.9 s. 3 O. Matson, U.S.A., 46.8 s. 800 METRES 1 M. Whitfield, U.S.A., 1 m. 49.2 s. 2 A. Wint, Jamaica, 1 m. 49.4 s. 3 H. Ulzheimer, Germany, 1 m. 49.7 s. 1,500 METRES 1 J. Barthel, Luxemburg, 3 m. 45. 2 s. 2 R. McMillen, U.S.A., 3 m. 45.2 s. 3 W. Lueg, Germany, 3 m. 45.4 s. 5,000 METRES Zatopek, Czechoslovakia, 14 m. 6.6 s. 2 A. Mimoun, France, 14 m. 7.4 s. 3 H. Schade, Germany, 14 m. 8.6 s. 1 E.

10,000 METRES Zatopek, Czechoslovakia, 29 m. 17.0 s. 2 A. Mimoun, France, 29 m. 32.8 s. 3 A. Anoufriev, U.S.S.R., 29m. 46.2s. 1 E.

110 - METRES HURDLES 1 H. Dillard, U.S.A., 13.7 s. 2 J. Davis, U.S.A., 13.7 s. 3 A. Barnard, U.S.A., 14.1 s. 400 METRES HURDLES 1C. Moore, U.S.A., 50.8 s. 2 J. Lituev, U.S.S.R" 51.3 s. 3 J. Holland, New Zealand, 52.2 s. 3,000 METRES STEEPLECHASE 1 H. Ashenfelter, U.S.A., 8 m. 45.4 s. 2 V. Kazantsev, U.S.S.R., 8 m. 51.6 s. 3 J. Disley, Great Britain & N. Ireland, 8 m. 51.8 s. 10,000 METRES WALK 1 J. Mikaelsson, Sweden, 45 m. 2.8 s. 2 F. Schwab, Switzerland, 45 m. 41 s. 3 B. Junk, U.S.S. R., 45 m. 41 s. -

50 KILOMETRES WALK 1 G. Dordoni, Italy, 4h. 28m. 7.8s. 2 J. Dolezal, Czechoslovakia, 4 h. 30 m. 17.8 s. 3 A. R6ka, Hungary, 4 h. 31 m. 27.2 s. 4 x 100 METRES RELAY 1 U.S.A. (F. Smith, H. Dillard, L. Remigino, A. Stanfie1d), 40.1 s. 2 U.S.S. R. (B. Tokarev, L. Kaljaev, L. Sanadze. V. Soukharev), 40.3 s. 3 Hungary (L. Zarandi, G. Varasdi, G. Chanyi, B. Goldovanyi), 40.5 s. 4x 100 METRES RELAY Jamaica (A. S. Wint, L. H. Laing, H. H. McKenley, V. G. Rhoden), 3 m. 3.9 s. 2 U.S.A. (0. Matson, E. G. Cole, e. H. Moore, M. G. Whitfie1d), 3 m. 4 s. 3 Germany (G. Steines, H. Geister, H. Ulzheimer, K. F. Haas), 3m. 6.6s.' HIGH JUMP 1 W. Davis, U.S.A., 2.04 m. (6 ft. 8Hn. 2 K. Wiesner, U.S.A., 2.01 m. (6 ft. 7 in.) 3 J. Telles de Conceicao, Brazil, 1. 98 m. (6 ft. 6 in.) LONG JUMP 1 J. Biffle, U.S.A., 7.57 m. (24 ft. 10 in.) 2 M. Gourdine, U.S.A., 7.53 m. in.) (24 ft. 3 O. Foldesi, Hungary, 7.30 m. (23 ft. 11i in.)

POLE VAULT 1 R. Richards, U;S.A., 4.55 m. (14 ft. 11i in.) 2 D. Laz, U.S.A., 4.50 m. (14 ft. 9i in.) 3 R. Lundberg, Sweden, 4.40 m. (14 ft. Si in.) HAMMER 1 J. Csermak, Hungary, 60.34 m. _ (197 ft. 1I! in.) 2 K. Storch, Germany, 58.86 m. (193 ft. 3t in.) 3 1. Nemeth, Hungary, 57.75 m. (189 ft. 5 in.) HOP, STEP AND JUMP A. F. da Silva, Brazil, 16.22 m. (53 ft. 2! in.) 2 L. Scherbakov, U.S.S. R., 15.98 m. (52 ft. 4t in.) 3 A. Devinish, Venezuela, 15.52 m. (50 ft. 11 in.)

lNTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION OFFICIAL HANDBOOK 1955 ENGLISH EDITION

3 INDEX

Committees Corrtpetition Rztles Cons ti tu tion Co'wnci! Foreword History.", Members of Committees Members of Council ... Members of the I.il.il.F. Officers: Present Officials and their duties Records: Events for which 'World Records are recognised European Olympic Games World Rules: ConstitutionAlterations to rules Rule 11 Championships-World, Area, European, etc. 1U Composition 1 Congress Meetings 4 Council 6 Games-Olympic, Continental, Area, Regional, etc. 10 International CompetitionsDefinition 9 Languages-official 3 Membership 7 Objects 2 Officers 5 Qualifications of Competitors 9 SUbscription fees 7 Suspensions 8 1 Rules relating to eligibility of A thletes to compete under I.il .il .F. Rules 1-5 Rules-Organisation and Technical-for International Competitions SECTION I-Officials and their dut-iesAnnouncer -15 Clerks of the Course (Starter's Assistants) 11 Doctors 1

Page 11 42 28 10 27 6 11 10 16 7

42 123 132 139 125

37 36 28

30 31 36 34 29 32

28 31

34 32

34 28

38-41

49 43

4 Judges Jury of Appeal Lap Scorers Manager Marshal Officials Recorder Referees Secretary Starter Stewards Surveyor Technical Manager Timekeepers ... Umpires SECTION II-Competition:Trials in matches Clothing Numbers Lanes ... Obstruction Running in Lanes Leaving track Time announcing Assistance Order of competing Competing in other events Competitor delaying trials... Change of place for events ... Doping... Entries ... Measurements and Weights Official Athletic Implements Protests Rounds, Heats and Qualifying Trials Ties W orId Records SECTION Ill-Running Events : Cross Country Finish '" Hurdles Lanes ... Marathon Relay '" Start Steeplechase Track 'Team ...

Rule 7

5 12 2 14 1 13 6 3 10 1 16 4 9 8

Page

46 44 50 44 51

42 50 45 44 49 43 51 44 47 47

53 18(1) 53 18(2) 53 18(3) 53 18(4) 53 18(5) 53 18(6) 54 18(7) 54 18(8) 54 18(9) 54 18(10) 54 18(11) 54 18(12) 54 18(13) 20 57 52 17 21 57 64 25 23 60 19 54-56 22 58 24 60 33 27 28 26 30 31 27 29 26 32

75 66 68 64 72

73 66

64 74

SECTION IV-Jumping Events;General Hop, Step and Jump Pole Vault Running High Jump ... Running Long Jump Standing High Jump Standing Long Jump

PageRule 34

39 36 35 37 38 38

76 81 78 78 79 80 80,

42 40 44 41 43

84 81 86Âˇ 83 84

SECTION VI-Walking Events

86Âˇ

SECTION VII-Combined Events : Pentathlon Decathlon

46 46

88 88

SECTION V-Throwing Events:Discus ... General Hammer Javelin Shot

SECTION VIII-Specifications for official Implements and Apparatus;Circles 55 102 Discus ... 51 % Finish Posts 62 106 Hammer 53 98 Hammer Cage 54 99 Hurdles 59 104 50 94 Javelin Jumping and Vaulting Standards 47 89 Relay Baton 60 106 Sectors 57 103 Sector Flag 58 104 52 Shot 97 106, Starting Blocks 61 Stop Board 56 103 Take-off Board 49 92 Vaulting Pole 48 92 Veterans of the I.A .A . F. 15 Rules for European Championships ... 115 1-14 Rules for European Records ... 121 107 Rules for Olympic Games 1-11 W odd Championships Results Inside Front and Back cover

HISTORY On the 17th July, 1912, a meeting of representatives from the athletic associations of the following countries:Australasia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Norway, Russia and United States of America congregated in Stockholm for the purpose of discussing the possibility of forming an International Amateur Athletic Federation, the need for which had been apparent for some time previously, due to the development in international contests and in particular the Olympic Games. It had become essential to set up an universal code of rules and regulations together with a common amateur definition, which would be acceptable throughout the world, and also it was.most desirable to establish an authentic register for World, Olympic and National records. The meeting resolved to proceed in the matter and under the patronage, of H.R.H. The Crown Prince of Sweden appointed a Provisional Committee consisting of Messrs. J. Sigfrid Edstrom (Sweden) as President, Kristian Hellstrom (Sweden) as Honorary Secretary, Carl Diem (Germany), P. L. Fisher (Gt. Britain), Pierre Roy (France), S. Stankovits (Hungary) and J ames E. Sullivan (United States of America) , to agree to a date on which to hold the inaugural meeting in the following year, an invitation having been accepted to hold it in Berlin: also to prepare an agenda and submit to the meeting, draft rules and regulations. The inaugural meeting took place in the Preussiches Abgeordnetenhaus, Berlin, 20th-23rd August, 1913, when the following countries were represented: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary. Norway, South

Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and United States of America. Herr Runge (Germany) proposed the formation of the International Amateur Athletic Federation and was supported by Mr. G. V. A. Schofield (United Kingdom), Mr. G. T. Kirby and Mr. J. E. Sullivan (U.S.A.). The proposition was carried Subsequently draft statutes for the FederatIOn, amateur status rules, and standard rules for competition together with a list of world records was submitted, but all were referred to a Congress meeting to be held the next year, for final adoption. The first officers and members of the council to be elected \-vere :-President, Mr. J. Sigfrid Edstrom; Hon. Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. Kristian Hellstrom; Members of Council: Messrs. C. Diem (Germany), P. L. Fisher (United Kingdom), F. Reichel (France), S. Stankovits (Hungary), J. E. Sullivan (U.S.A.). It is pleasurable to record that of the representatives who attended the inaugural meeting, the following still take a very live interest in the affairs of the I.A.A.F. : Mr. J. Sigh-id Edstrom, late President of the International Olympic Committee, Mr. Lauri Pihkala (Finland) and Mr. Gustavus T. Kirby (U.S.A.).

Since those early days forty-three years ago, much has been accomplished. International athletics are now in a very healthy state and the standard of becomes higher. Eighty-six countries are now m affiliation with the Federation and it is most gratifying to watch the growth of the sport in those countries where, a few years ago, it was unknown. One of the most important functions of the LA.A. F. is to give the greatest possible encouragement and help to the governing bodies of athletics in those countnes. A notable development in international athletics has been the growth of continental and regional games in recent

years, and these are of inestimable value in the development of athletics in those countries where the sport is still young. The LA.A.F. has been able to give considerable assistance to the organisers of these games. Without question, the control exercised by the Federation during its forty-three years of existence has been of much benefit to the sport and there is ample evidence of even greater advance in the future. With ever increasing activity throughout the 'World the need for decentralisation has become evident. A move towards this ,vas made when the European Committee was formed, with a primary function of organising and carrying through the European Championships every four years. It has now been decided that consultation with the leaders of athletics in other continents will take place in 1956 to discuss the desirability of setting up other continental committees: it is hoped that through their medium the aims and ideals of the I.A.A.F. may be brought into closer touch with the national governing bodies of athletics in every continent and, thereby, a greater number of people with the ideals of amateur athletics at heart may share in the work of the Federation. Reference must be made to the great work carried out by Mr. ]. Sigfrid Edstrom who was the first President of the LA.A.F., and retained that office from 1912 to 1946 when he retired. His efforts to promote good relations and athletics generally were unceasing and it is due to his effective leadership for so many years that the Federation stands so high in the field of amateur sport. Mr. Edstrom resigned in 1946 and was succeeded by Lord Burghley: he also resigned the Presidency of the International Olympic Committee in 1952 and was succeeded by Mr. Avery Brundage (U. S .A .) whose wise council and valuable work during the forty years he was associated with the LA.A.F. has greatly benefited the cause of international athletics.

The Federation has been well served by its Honorary Secretaries whose long service in their posts is noteworthy. The late Dr. H. Kjellman succeeded Mr. Hellstrom, the first holder of the post, in 1914 and held it until 1930 when Mr. Bo Ekelund was elected. In 1946 he was succeeded by Mr. E. ] . Holt, whose work in the difficult post war years has been of immense value. Mr. Holt resigned in 1952 to act as Technical Adviser to the Organising Committee of the Olympic Games in Melbourne and Mr. D. T. P. Pain was appointed as Honorary Secretary-Treasurer in his stead. The Federation has also been fortunate in having as its members of the Council men of considerable experience in international athletics.

INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION FOUNDED in 1912 Postal address: Halton House, 23 Holborn, London, E .C.1, England. Telegraphic address: Telephone number :

"Marathon, " London. CHAncery 3419.

President: LORD BURGHLEY, K.C.M.G. Honorary Life President: J. SIGFRID EDSTROM Honorary Life V1:ce-Presidents: BO EKELUND E. J. HOLT, C.B.E.

Council Lord Burghley, K.C.M.G., President, Halton House, 23 Holborn, London, E.C.l, England. D. T. P. Pain, Hon01'ary Secretary-Treasurer, Halton House, 23 Holborn, London, E.C.l, England. E. L. Albe, Bompland 2363, Buenos Aires, Argentina. D. J. Ferris, Amateur Athletic Union of United States of America, 233 Broadway, New York 7, U.S.A. N. Kalinin, All Union Section of Light Athletics, 4 Skatertniy Pereulok, Moscow, 69, U .S.S.R. K. Knenicky, Czechoslovak Athletic Section of the State Committee for Physical Culture and Sport, Na Porici 12, Prague II, Czechoslovakia. P. 4 Boulevard Soult, Paris 12e, France. L. Miettinen, Strengsbergs Tobaks Fabrik, J akobstad, Finland. A. Paulen, Akerstraat 7a, Treebeck (L) Netherlands. G. D. Sondhi, Bamboo Lodge, Subathu (Simla Hills), India.

O. Tendeland, J osefinesgate 21, Oslo, Norway. B. Zauli, Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera, Stadio Nazionale, Rome, Italy.

COMMITTEES Rules and Records Committee B. Lindman, Chairman, Blasieholmsgatan 3, Stockholm, SWEDEN. D. T. P. Pain, H on. Sec1' etarv Halton House 23 Holborn, London, E.C.1, Gf.' BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND. A. J. Hodsdon, A.A.U. of Australia, 41 Carlingford Road, Epping, N.S.W., AUSTRALIA. E. Clemme, Ligue Royale BeIge d' Athletisme, 61 Rue du Marche aux Herbes, Brussels, BELGIUM. J. C. da Costa, Rua Uruguaiana 41, Distrite Federal, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL. J. W. Davies, 3515 Minto Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA. K. Knenicky, Praha Ill, Vsehrdova ulice 16, CZECHOSLOVAKIA. E. Rose, Svingelvej 4, Kgs. Lyngby, DENMARK. F. A. Moran, Moran's Hotel, Talbot Street, Dublin, EIRE. G. Hidayet, Federation Egyptienne, d' Athletisme Amateur, 13 Kasr El Nil Street, Cairo, EGYPT. P. Tonelli, 10 Rue Perronet, Paris 7, FRANCE. -0. Sabel, Dortmund-Horde, Penningskamp 15, GERMANY. H. M. Abrahams, British Amateur Athletic Board 118 Chancery Lane, London, W.C.2, GREAT BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND. I. Ungur, Hungarian Athletic Association, Budapest V. Hold-u 1, HUNGARY. J. D. Pardivala, Cabinet Cottage, Tardeo, Bombay, INDIA.

O. Massini, Corso Regina Margherita Ill, Rome, ITALY. K. Asano, Japan Amateur Athletic Federation, 4-6 Surugadai, Kanda, Tokyo, JAPAN. A. Urquhart, 29 Simla Crescent, 'Wellington N .5, NEW ZEALAND. K. H. Rahman, Office of the High Commissioner of Pakistan, 39 Lowndes Square, London, S.W.I. (PAKISTAN. ) C. Forys, Warsaw, rue Polna 3a, POLAND. A. Savescu, Str. Vasile Conta 16, Bucarest, ROUMANIA. N. Ozolin, All Union Section of Light Athletics, 4 Skatertniy Pereulok, Moscow 69, U .S.S.R. D. J. Ferris, 233 Broadway, New York 7, U.S.A. M. Delic, Zagreb, Vlaska 75b, YUGOSLAVIA. European Committee P. Mericamp, President, 4 Boulevard Soult, Paris 12e, FRANCE. J. R. Seurin, H on. Secretary, 32 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris IX, FRANCE. E. Hermes, rue de la Madeleine 13, Brussels, BELGIUM. E. Bosak, Czechoslovak Athletic Section of the State Committee for Physical Culture and Sport, Na Porici 12, Prague Il, CZECHOSLOVAKIA. M. Danz, Kassel, Teichstr. 35, GERMANY. J. C. G. Crump, British Amateur Athletic Board, 118 Chancery Lane, London, W.C .2, Gt. BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND. A. Paulen, Akerstraat 7, Treebeck (L), NETHERLANDS. D. Nai, Federazione Italiani di Atletica Leggera,. Stadia Nazionale, via Dello Stadia 18, Rome, ITALY. B. Benterud, Akersborg Terrasse 30, Oslo, NORWAY .. T. Ericson, Stadion, Stockholm 0, SWEDEN.

N. Moran, The Turkish Federation of Amateur Athletics, Necatibey Caddeso, Ankara, TURKEY. N. Kalinin, All Union Section of Light Athletics, 4 Skatertniy Pereulok, Moscow 69, U.S.S.R. Walking Commission F. W. Blackmore, President, 89 Fulham High Street, S.W.6, Gt. BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND. D. T. P. Pain, H on. Secretarll, Halton House, 23 Holborn, London, E.C.l, Gt.-BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND. B. T. Yanev, Bulgarian Athletic Federation, Boris ler, No. 135, Sofia, BULGARIA. H. Sulak, Praha XI, Urajske zahrady c .6, CZECHOSLOVAKIA. F. Guilleux, 7 Rue cl' Aubervilliers, Paris, FRANCE. B. Fehervari, Hungarian Athletic Association, Budapest V. Hold-u 1, HUNGARY. G. Oberweger, Foro Italico, Rome, ITALY. A. M. Hagen, Norges Gangforbund, Torggt. 2, Oslo, NORWAY. 1. Ionescu, Str. Vasile Conta 16, Bucarest, ROUMANIA. E. Linde, Sareksvagen 7, Bromma, SWEDEN. A. Libotte, Malzgasse 28, Basle, SWITZERLAND. N. Kalinin, All Union Section of Light Athletics, 4 Skatertniy Pereulok, Moscow 69, U.S.S .R. Scoring Table Commission L. Miettinen, President, Strengsbergs, Tobaks Fabrik, J akobstad, FINLAND. A. Janecky, Praha X, Hybesova ulice 5, CZECHOSLOVAKIA. H. Meley, Mines d'Auboue, Auboue (M. & M.), FRANCE. B. Fehervari, Hungarian Athletic Association, Budapest V. Hold-u. 1, HUNGARY.

14 J. D. Pardivala, Cabinet Cottage, Tardeo, Bombay 7, INDIA. S. Gaetano, Comando 5, Zona Guardia Finanza, Palermo, ITALY . J. H. Moerman, Brinkstraat 53 bv., Amsterdam 0, NETHERLANDS. A. Jorbeck, Erik Sandbergsgatan 17, Solna, SWEDEN. E. Schwyter, Malzgasse 28, Basle, SWITZERLAND. N. Ozolin, All Union Section of Light Athletics, 4 Skatertniy Pereulok, Moscow 69, U.S.S.R. H. Berliner, 10 Crown Terrace, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Women's Commission Mme. Z. Romanova, President (23.8.1954-30.9.1955), All Union Section of Light Athletics, 4 Skatertniy Pereulok, Moscow 69, U.S.S.R. Mme. Z. Zarubina, Hon. Secretary (23.8.1954-30.9.1955), All Union Section of Light Athletics, 4 Skatertniy Pereulok, Moscow 69, U.S.S.R. P. Mericamp President (1.10.1955-November, 1956), 4 Boulevard Soult, Paris 12e, FRANCE. H. Delias, Hon. Secretary (1.10.1955-November, 1956), 45 Rue Ste.-Catherine, Bordeaux (Gironde), FRANCE. Mrs. D. 1. Magee, 26 French Street, Marouba, N.S.W. AUSTRALIA. Miss V. Hansen, Leifsgade 1, Copenhagen S., DENMARK. Mrs. W. Amies, 7 Albury Ride, Cheshunt, Herts., Gt. BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND. C. Marten, Kiel, Holsteinsportplatz, GERMANY. B. Zauli, Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera, Stadio Nazionale, via Dello Stadio 18, Rome, ITALY. J. H. Moerman, Brinkstraat 53 bv, Amsterdam 0, NETHERLANDS. C. Forys, Warsaw, rue Polna 3a, POLAND.

Modern Pentathlon Committee B. Lindman, Blasieholmsgatan 3 Stockholm SWEDEN. " G. T. Kirby, c/o. A.A.D. of U.S.A., 233 Broadway, New York 7, U.S.A. VETERANS OF THE LA.A.F. H.M. The King of Sweden. Lord Burghley, K.C.M.G. (Gt. Britain and Northern Ireland). Harold M. Abrahams (Gt. Britain and Northern Ireland) . Avery Brundage (U .S .A .) . Burger (Germany) ,Emlle Clemme (Belgium). Charles J. Dieges (U.S.A.). Carl Diem (Germany). J. Sigfrid Edstrom (Sweden). Bo Ekelund (Sweden). Tage Ericson (Sweden). Dan J. Ferris (U.S.A.). Edouard Hermes (Belgium). Ernest J. H. Holt, C.B.E. (Gt. Britain & Northern Ireland) . Gustavus T. Kirby (D.S.A.). U. Kekkonen (Finland). Bo Lindman (Sweden). Lauri Miettinen (Finland). Paul Mericamp (France). Justus.W. Meyerhof (Germany).-t Fredenck A. Moran (Eire). Dino Nai (Italy). Mogens Oppegaard (Norway). (Netherlands). Laun Plhkala (Finland). Oscar Rosenvinge-Kolderup (Norway). Jean R. Seurin (France). G. D. Sondhi (India).

16 ARGENTINE

Olav Tendeland (Norway). Bruno Zauli (Italy).

Deceased Sir Harry J. Barclay (Gt. Britain & Northern Ireland). William M. Barnard (Gt. Britain & Northern Ireland). J. E. Chryssafis (Greece). Leopold Englund (Sweden). J. Genet (France). Kristian Hellstrom (Sweden). Murray Hulbert (U.S.A.). E. A. Hunter (South Africa). G. Jurgenson (France). Hilding Kjellman (Sweden). S. Kishi (Japan). Joe B. MacCabe (U .S.A.). E. S. Marks (Australia). J. G. Merrick (Canada). Franz Reichel (France) . F. W. Rubien (U.S .A.). Johannes Runge (Germany). G. V. A. Schofield (Gt. Britain & Northern Ireland). Szilard Stankovits (Hungary). Robert M. Thompson (U .S.A.). Hermann Wraschti I (Austria) .

LIST OF MEMBERS The letters in brackets denote the grouping of the member country (Rule 7) AFGHANISTAN (C) Olympic Association of Afghanistan, cjo Prime Minister's Office, Kabul. Cables: "Olympic". Founded 1930. ALBANIA Ministrise se Shendetesise, Tirane. Cables:. "Federation Sportive".

(D) Founded 1930.

(B)

Atletica Argentina, V lamonte 1366, piso 6, Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic. Cables: "Cadcao". Founded 1919. AUSTRALIA . . (B) Amateur AthletIc Umon of Australia, 41 Carlingford Road, Epping, N.S.W., Australia. Cables: "Amathunion, Sydney". Founded 1897. AUSTRIA (C) Osterreichischer Leichtathletik-Verband Lowengasse 47, (Hochparterre), Vienna' III. Cables: "OLV Wien" . ' Founded 1900. BAHAMAS (D) The Bahamas Amateur Athletic Association, P .0. Box 452, Nassau, Bahamas. Founded 1952. BARBADOS (D) Amateur Athletic Association of Barbados cja P.O. Box 36, Bridgetown, Barbados, N.W.I. Founded 1947. BELGIUM (B) Ligue Royale BeIge d' Athletisme, 61-63 Rue du Marche-aux-Herbes Bruxelles. Cables: "Belgathletic". ' Founded 1889. BERMUDA (D) Bermuda Amateur Athletic Association P.O. Box 533, Hamilton, Bermuda. 1946. (D) BOLIVIA Federacion Athletica de Bolivia Avenida Montes 736, La Paz, Bolivia. Cables: "Fedatletica". Founded 1929. (B) BRAZIL Confederacao Brasileira de Desportos, Caixa Postal 1078, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cables: "Desportos". Founded 1914.

18 BRITISH GUIANA (D) Amateur Athletic Assoc. & Cyclists' Union of B.G. clo Booker' s Drug Store, P.O. Box 190, Georgetown, Demerara, British Guiana. Cables: "Athlete". Founded 1948. BULGARIA (C) Section Republicaine d' Athletisme, aupres du Comite Supreme de Culture Physique et des Sports, Boris 1,135, Sofia Bulgaria. Founded 1949. Cables: "Vekafese-Sofia JJ â&#x20AC;¢

(D)

BURMA Burma National Amateur Athletic Federation, P .0. Box 771. B.A.A. Stadium, Rangoon. Founded 1947. CAMBODIA (D) Federation Cambodgienne des Sports, 26-28 Rue Capitaine Desmoulins, Phnom-Penh, Cambodia Founded 1936. CANADA (A) Amateur Athletic Union of Canada, 621 Strathcona Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Cables: "Amateur". Founded 1888. (C) CEYLON Ceylon Amateur Athletic As.sociation, . clo P. Julian Grero, Shangn-La, 106 Klrula Road, Colombo 5, Ceylon. Cab les: "Athletics" . Founded 1922. (C) CHILE Federacion Atletica de Chile, Casilla 820, Santiago de Chile. Founded 1947. Cables: "Fedachi". CHINA (B) Athletic Association of the People's Republic of China, 16 Tung Chang An Street, Peking, China. Cables: "Athlechine, Peking" . Founded 1950.

COLOMBIA (C) Associacion Colombiana de Atletismo Amateur CaUe 26, No. 36-51, Apartado Aero No. 6024, Bogota, Colombia. Cables: "Ascodatle". CUBA (C) Union Atletica de Amateurs de Cuba, Edif La Metropolitana, 810-811, Habana, Cuba. Founded 1922. Cables: "Fenaliso, Habana". CZECHOSLOVAKIA. .. (B) Czechoslovak AthletIc SeetlOn of the State Committee for Physical Culture and Sport, Na Porici 12, Prague II. Cables: "Statsport Praha". Founded 1897. DENMARK (B) Dansk Athletik Forbund Denmark. Nojsomhedsvej 2, Founded 1907. ECUADOR (D) Federacion Deportiva Nacional del Ecuador, Palacio Municipal, Casilla Postal 3409, Guayaquil, Ecuador. Cables: "Fedenador". Founded 1925. EGYPT (C) Egyptian Amateur Athletic Federation, 13 Kasr el Nil, Cairo, Egypt. Founded 1910. EIRE (B) Amateur Athletic Union, Eire, 13 Raglan Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin, Eire. Founded 1937. ETHIOPIA (D) National Ethiopian Sports Confederation, Founded 1948. P .0. Box 940, Addis-Ababa . FIJI... (D) FIJ 1 Amateur Athletic Association, clo Suva Boys' Grammar School, Suva, Fiji. Founded 1949.

20 FINLAND Suomen Urheiluliitto, Simonkatu 12a, Helsinki, Finland. Cables: "Urheiluliitto". FRANCE Federation Francaise d' Athletisme, 32 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris 9, C;;tbles: "Fedathleti". GERMANY Deutscher Leichtathletik-Verbund, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 137, Kasel. Cables: "Leichtathletik Kasel".

(A) Founded 1906.

(A) France. Founded 1920. (A)

Founded 1898. Reformed 1949. GOLD COAST (D) The Gold Coast Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box 341, Accra. Founded 1944. GREAT BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND (A) British Amateur Athletic Board, Crown Chambers, 118 Chancery Lane, London, W.C.2. Cables: "Athlete, Estrand, London" . Founded 1932. GREECE (B) Hellenic Amateur Athletic Association, 4 Kapsali Street, Athens, Greece. Founded 1897. Cables: "Segas-Athens". (GUATEMALA (D) Federacion de Atletismo de Guatemala, 6 Avenida Sur, No. 17, Guatemala City, Central America. Cables: "Atletismo". Founded 1945. BAITI (D) La Commissioner Nationale Haitienne d' Athletisme Amateur. Bureau de Sports, Cite de l'Exposition Avenue, Marie Jeanne, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

21 HONG KONG (D) The Hong Kong Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box, 280, Hong Kong. Founded 1951. HUNGARY (A) Magyar Athletikai Szovetseg, V. Hold-u. 1. Budapest, VI, Hungary. Founded 1897. ICELAND (C) Icelandic Athletic Union, P.O. Box 1099, Reykjavik, Iceland. Cables: "Idrottasamband". Founded 1912 .. INDIA (B) Amateur Athletic Federation of India, Mayo College, Ajmer, India. Cables: "Mayo College, Ajmer". Founded 1946 .. INDONESIA (D) Persatuan Atletik Seluruh Indonesia, Djl. Borobudur 18, Djakarta, Indonesia. Founded 1950. IRAN (C) Iranian Amateur Athletic Federation Tarbiat Badani, Teheran, Iran. ' Cables: "Tarbiatbadani Teheran". Founded 1936. IRAQ (D) The Iraq Amateur Athletic Association, clo The Royal Sporting Club, Baghdad, Iraq. Founded 1948. ISRAEL (C) Sports Federation of Israel, P.O. Box 1526 Tel-Aviv. Founded 1931 . ITALY (A) Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leo-gera Stadio Nazionale, Rome. D' Cables: "Fidal Roma". Founded 1898.

23 ]AMAICA (C) ] amaica Amateur Athletic Association, 38 South Parade, Kingston. Founded 1932. JAPAN ' Nippon Rikujo-Kyogi Remmei, 4-6 Surugadai, Kanda, Tokyo. Cables: "Zennihon, Tokyo".

(A)

MALTA (D) Malta Amateur Athletic Association 93 Main Street, St. Julians, Malta. ' Founded 1928. Cables: "Athlete".

Founded 1925.

MEXICO (B) Confederacion Deportiva Mexicana, Plaza Buenavista 2, Mexico, D.F. Founded 1933.

KENYA (D) Kenya Amateur Athletic Association, Private Bag, Nairobi, Kenya Colony. Founded 1951.

NETHERLANDS (B) Koninklijke Nederlandse Athletiek Unie Brinkstraat 53 bv. Amsterdam-Oost. ' Founded 1901.

KOREA (D) Korean Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box 106, Pusan, Korea. Founded 1945.

NEW ZEALAND (B) New Zealand Amateur Athletic Association G.P.O. Box 741, Wellington, C.1., New Zealand. Founded 1&>7 .

LEBANON (D) Federation Libanaise d' Athletisme et de Cyc1isme, Imm. Esseyli, Place Assour, Beyrouth, Lebanon. Founded 1945. LIECHTENSTEIN (D) Landes-Spoitverband fur das Furstentum Liechtenstein, Balzers, Furstentum, Liechtenstein. Cables: "Landessportverband Schaan, F.L." Founded 1936.

NIGERIA (D) Amateur Athletic Association of Nigeria, P .0. Box 211, Lagos Nigeria, B.W.A. Cables: "Athletics". Founded 1944. NORTH BORNEO. .. (D) Amateur AthletIc AssoCIatIon of North Borneo ' P .0. Box No. 35, ]esselton, North Borneo. Founded 1950.

LUXEMBURG (C) Federation Luxembourgeoise d' Athletisme, P.O. Box 126 Luxemburgville, Luxemburg. Cab les: "FLA. Esch Alzette" . Founded 1928.

NORWAY Norges Cables:

MALAYA (D) Malayan Amateur Athletic Union, clo P.O. Box 1041, Kuala Lumpur. Cables: "c/o Stateworks, Kuala Lumpur, Malaya". Founded 1906.

PAKISTAN (B) Pakistan Olympic Association, No. 1 Group, R.P.A.F., Peshawar, PakIstan . Founded 1947.

(B) Torggata 2, Oslo. Fn-ldrettsforbundet" . Founded 1896.

(C) PANAMAÂ· Comision Nacional de Atletismo de Panama, Departamento de Ducacion Fisca, Apartado 1630, Republic de Panama. Cables: "Atletismo Educfisca" . Founded 1945. PERU Federacion Peruana de Atletismo, General la Ferenta 590, Lima. Cables: "Atleperu".

(C)

Founded 1927.

PHILIPPINES (C) Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation, Rizal Memorial Coliseum, Vito Cruz, Manila, Philippines. Cables: "Paafmanila". Founded 1911. POLAND Polish Athletic Federation, Aleja Roz Nr. 7, Warsaw, C.l. Cables: "Gekaef, Warsaw".

(1::) Founded 1920.

PORTUGAL (C) Federacao Portuguesa de Atletismo, Praca de Alegria 65, Lisbon. Founded 1921. PUERTO-RICO (C) Puerto Rico Athletic Federation, clo Mr. J uEo E. Monagas, Chairman Recr:ation and Parks Commission, San Juan, Puerto RICO. Founded 1947. ROUMANIA (C) Comitetul Pentru Cultura Fizica si Sport, Str. Vasle, Conta 16, Bucarest. Cables: "Comfiscult)J. Founded 1912. (D) SAAR Saarlandischer Leichtathletik-Bund e. V., Saarbrucken 3, Lamperstr 5, Saarland. Cables: "Athletic Saarbrucken." Founded 1946.

SINGAPORE (D) Singapore Amateur Athletic Association, "B" Connaught Drive, Singapore. Founded 1934. SOUTH AFRICA (B) The South African Amateur Athletic & Cycling Association, P.O. Box 956, Cape Town. Cables: "Athlete" Camps Bay. Founded 1895. SPAIN (B) Federacion Espanola de Atletismo, Barquillo 19, Madrid. Founded 1918. SWEDEN Svenska Fri-Idrottsforbundet, Stromsborg, Stockholm C. Cables: "Friidrott)J.

(A) Founded 1895.

SWITZERLAND (B) Federation Suisse d' Athletisme Amateur, Malzgasse 28, Basle. Cables: "Athletisme Basle" . Founded 1905. SYRIA (D) Syrian Federation Omnisport, Cour des comptes, Baghdad Street, Damascus. Founded 1949. TANGANYIKA (D) Tanganyika Amateur Athletic Association, clo Social Development Dept., Private.Bag, Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika. THAILAND (D) Amateur Athletic Association of Thailand, 58 Rong Muang Road, Bangkok, Thailand. Founded 1948. TRINIDAD & TOBAGO (D) Amateur Athletic Association of Trinidad & Tobago, 9a Reid Lane, Belmont, P.O.S. Trinidad, B .W.!. Cables: "Trina". Founded 1945.

26 TURKEY B.T.G.M. Atletizm Federasyonu, Ankara, Turkey. Cables: "Atletizm Spor Ankara".

Founded 1922.

(D) UGANDA Uganda Amateur Athletic Association, Department of Community Development, P.O. Box 1636, Kampala, Uganda. Cables: "Comdev" Founded 1925. UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (A) All Union Section of Light Athletics, 4 Skatertniy Pereulok 69, Moscow, U.S.S.R. Cables: "Vsecomfiscult, Moscow". Founded 1924. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (A) Amateur Athletic Union of United States of America, 233 Broadway, New York 7, New York. Ca,bles: "Amathletic". Founded 1888. URUGUAY Federacion Atletica del Uruguay, Colon 1537, Montevideo. Cables: "Atletica".

FOREWORD

(C)

VENEZUELA (D) Federacion Venezolana de Atletismo, Velodromo Teo Capriles, La Vega, Caracas, Venezuela. Cables: "Colimpico". Founded 1948. VIET-NAM (D) Federation d' Athletisme du Viet-Nam, No. 97 Rue Docteur Angier, Saigon, Sud Viet-Nam. Cables: "FAVN, Saigon". Founded 1951 (B) YUGOSLAVIA Federation Yougoslave d' Athletisme, Belgrade Terazge 35, Box 475, Yugoslavia. Cables: "Asaj". Founded 1948.

In presenting the Official Handbook of the International Amateur Athletic Federation for 1955 I would draw your attention to the fact that there h'ave been a number of amendments and modifications. These have been drafted and agreed, thanks to much detailed work by the various Committees of the Federation, and on your behalf I wish to thank them for the time and hard work which they have given to this task. Athletics has continued to prosper exceedingly in the world, and the activities of the Federation are becoming ever greater and more widespread. As I pointed out before, with the larger Council, all members of the Federation have a Council member within reach to whom they can refer, in the case of difficulty, for advice. As is mentioned in "The History" in this Handbook, our v':lJued Secretary, Mr. E. J. Holt, retired from office 111 1952 to become Technical Director of the 1956 Games in Melbourne. W e have indeed been fortunate in his successor. Mr. D. T. P. Pain is now the personal friend of many members of the Federation, and his enthusiasm and industry have provided a magnificent ,driving force in our organisation. May I, on behalf of the officers and Council, send good wishes and greetings to all members. BURGHLEY,

President

1st March, 1955. Halton House, 23 Holborn, London, E.C.1.

29 28 CONSTITUTION of the INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION NOTE :-Words in these rules and all other matter importing the masculine gender shall the feminine and the words of the s111gular person shall include the plural. The undermentioned words or letters shall bear the meaning set opposite to them :Athletics: Track and field athletics, cross country running and walking. I.A.A.F. : International Amateur Athletic Federation. M ember of the Federation: National Governing Association or Federation. 1.0.C. : International Olympic Committee.

RULE I Title and Composition I.-The title shall be the International Amateur Athletic Federation. It shall comprise duly elected national governing associations or federations of tries in control of amateur track and field athletIcs, country running and walking, which agree to abide by the rules and regulations of the I.A.A.F. Only one member for each country can be 2.-The jurisdiction of of the shall be limited to the polItlcal boundanes of the' country they represent. RULE 2 Objects of the Federation The objects of the Federation shall be:. I.-To establish friendly and loyal co-operatlOu

between all members for the benefit of amateur athletics throughout the world. 2.-To compile rules and regulations governing international competitions for men and women in amateur athletics. 3.-To ensure that all contests between members of the Federation, including continental championships, regional championships and all other international competitions shall be held under the laws and the rules for competition of the Federation. 4.-To affiliate national governing associations and federations. 5.-To decide any dispute that may arise between members if called upon to do so. 6.-To co-operate with the Organising Committees of the Olympic Games in carrying through the organisation -of the athletic competitions and as delegated by the I.O.C. to supervise and control all the technical arrangements. 7.-To frame regulations for the establishment of World, Olympic and Continental amateur records 111 athletics. RULE 3

Official Languages The official languages of the Federation shall be English and French and they shall be used at the 'Congress Meet ings . The Constitution and the Rules and Regulations shall be printed in both languages, but the Minutes, Reports and other communications as the Council shall decide. In all cases of any difference in the interpretation of the text, the English version shall be accepted.

RULE 4

Congresses I.-The Congress of the LA.A,F. shall consist of the President, two V ice-Presidents. elected for the meeting only, the Honorary Secretary, of the Council and not more than five representatIves delegated by each affiliated Member. ? -A member of the Federation shall be represented only by its delegates. Notice of the appointment of delegates, certified in writing by the Memger they represent, must be lodged with the Honorary prior to the commencement of the Congress meetmg. Delegates shall be citizens of the country they represent and shall not have coached or competed as a professional. In cases where a Member sends only one delegate he shall be entitled to use the full number of votes, A delegate shall represent only one Member of the Federation. 3.-The Members of the Federation included in "A" shall be entitled to seven votes each; those m group "B" to five votes each; those in group "C" to three votes each, and those in group "D" to one vote each. (Also see Rule 7.) 4 .-The Congress shall be bienn.ially and the venue shall be fixed at the precedmg meetmg. 5.-The President of the Federation shall at all Congress meetings. In hi,s the meetmg shall appoint one of the elected VIce-PresIdents. 6.-The Congress only shall have approve or alter any constitutional rule. amendments or alterations to the ConstItutIonal Rules must obtain two-thirds of the voting power of those present and such two-thirds must also represent at least 331-% of the total voting power of the I.A.A.F. 7.-A special Congress may be n<;>t less than fifteen Members of the FederatIOn gIve nohce III

writing to the Honorary Secretary stating they desire such a meeting and the reasons relating thereto. Upon receipt of any such notice, the Honorary Secretary shall summon a meeting of the Congress within three months. 8.-In recognition of valued services given to the cause of international athletics, Congress shall be entitled to elect an Honorary Life President and not more than three Honorary Life Vice-Presidents, without voting power. RULE 5

Officers The President and the Honorary Secretary shall be elected by the Congress, each for a term of four years. They shall reside in the same country. The officers shall be ex officio members of all committees and commissions. RULE 6

Council I.-The Council shall be elected by Congress, for a term of four years, with powers and duties as set out hereafter. The Council shall consist of the President and the Honorary Secretary of the Federation and ten additional representatives from different countries other than that of the President and Honorary Secretary. 2.-The officers and members of the Council shall serve until their successors are appointed and take office. 3.-In the absence of the President, the Honorary Secretary shall preside. 4.-The President and the Honorary Secretary shall each have a vote. The President in the case of a tie in the voting, shall have a second or casting vote.

32 5.-When during the time between the Congress meetings any vacancy arises in the membership of the Council, the vacant place shall be filled by the Council by accepting the nominee of the member association represented by the retiring member of the Council. 6.-The Council shall meetat least once a year and its duties shall include:(a) The examination of all proposals to be placed before Congress and the suomission of a report thereon. (b) The administration of the affairs of the Federation. (c) The provisional affiliation of National Governing bodies for athletics. (Also see Rule 7.) (d) Notification to members of the imposition of any penalties by either Congress or the Council. (e) The maintenance of a register of World, Olympic and Continental amateur records. (f) Deciding any dispute that may arise between members of the Federation which may be referred to it by either of the interested members. (g) Framing rules and regulations for, and controlling and supervising the athletic technical organisation at the Olympic Games. (h) The submission to Congress of a report, an audited statement of accounts and balance sheet on the proceedings and finances of the Federation, together with a budget for the succeeding two years. (i) In cases of great importance requmng an immediate decision it shall have power to summon an Extraordinary Congress of the Federation. RULE 7 Membership I.-The National Governing Body for amateur athletics in any country shall be eligible for membership of the Federation. 2 .-Application for membership together with a copy

33 of the .Const.itution and rules shall be submitted to the WhICh shal.l have power to elect to membership provI.slOnally, pendmg confirmation at the next Congress meetmg. 3 .-Membershil? shall be divided into four groups and any member admItted to the Federation after the 23rd 1950 be placed in such group as the Congress may decIde. The following grouping with effect from the 1st January 1951 was agreed at the Bru.ssels Congress in 1950 and shall remain as such untIl altered by a subsequent Congress:GROUP "A" New Zealand Norway Fmland Pakistan France Poland Germany South Africa Gt. Britain Spain & Northern Ireland Switzerland Hungary Yugo-slavia Italy Japan GROUP "C" Sweden Afghanistan U.S.America Austria U.S.S.R. Bulgaria Ceylon GROUP "B" Chile Argentine Colombia Australia Cuba Belgium Egypt Brazil Iceland Republic of China Iran Czecho-Slovakia Israel Denmark Jamaica Eire Luxemburg Greece Panama India Peru Mexico Philippines Netherlands

34 Portugal GROUP "D" Puerto Rico All Roumania the Turkey other Uruguay Members. 4 .-The annual fees from each member affiliated to I .A.A.F. shall be paid' in advance on 1st January III accordance with the following groups:£20 Each Member in Group "A" shall pay £15 " "B" , , " " " £10 " "e" " " " " ,, £5 " IlD" " " " Any member whose subscription is unpaid the 31st December shall be liable to be struck off of members of the Federation or suspended at the of the Council. No representative can be to take part in any meeting of the Congress or if the subscription of the member he represents IS more than twelve months in arrears. (Also see Rule 4 para. 3.) RULE 8

Suspensions The Council of the Federation shall have the power to suspend any athlete from international competition until the next meeting of the Congress, and the Congress shall likewise have the power to suspend any athlete international competition for so long as shall be stated III its decision. RULE 9 International Athletic Competitions and Qualifications of Competitors I.-An international athletic meeting is defined as follows:(a) A meeting arra?ged between two or more members of the FederatIOn; or

(b) A meeting organised by the Federation or a member of the Federation or by a club affiliated to and having the sanction of a member, provided other members of the Federation or their clubs take part in the meeting. 2.-Neither a national championship open to all amateur athletes, nor a competition in which a touring team of athletes takes part as individuals shall be considered an international meeting. 3 .-At all international meetings the rules and regulations of the Federation shall apply. 4.-All international meetings must be sanctioned by the I.A.A.F. or by a member of the Federation. National governing bodies in authorising international meetings under their jurisdiction shall insist that all prizes are in the nature of souvenirs commemorating the success of the athlete and shall not exceed the value of £12 sterling (or its equivalent in other currencies as at 27th August 1950). Any promoter infringing this rule should not be given permission thereafter to promote an international meeting. Note: Where it is decided to honour an athlete for an outstanding performance the spirit of this rule should be observed and the intrinsic value of the award should not exceed the sum mentioned in the rule. No international meeting may be sanctioned by any member of the Federation for the period beginning two months immediately before and during the Olympic Games first obtaining permission from the Council of the I.A.A.F. 5 .-N 0 athlete of any country shall be permitted to represent his country or to compete at any meetings other than those arranged or sanctioned by a member of the /1/' If! Federation. Invitations and other correspondence ( '.'; pertaining to the competition of athletes in a foreign ./f country must pass through the respective members of the Federation involved. Every athlete must, before com- /\ peting in any foreign country, receive from his governing

36 body a permit to compete, and no member of the Federation shall allow any foreign athlete to enter any competition without such permit certifying that he is an amateur and permitted to compete in the country concerned. 6.-Any athlete competing in any foreign country (other than in international meetings as above defined) shall, in respect to that competition, be subject to the athletic laws of that country . 7.-In international competitions, members of this Federation shall be represented only by native born or naturalised subjects of the country which the affiliated member represents, except in the case of citizens of a colony, when they shall be eligible to represent the mother country if such colony is not represented by membership of the I.A.A.F . Having once represented any member of the Federation in international competition, no contestant may thereafter represent any other member except in cas-e <of:-

(a) Incorporation of one country in another, (b) Creation of a new country ratified by treaty, or (c) Where membership of the LA.A.F. is acquired by the governing body of any colony where such membership did not previously exist. RULE 10

Championships of the World and Area Championships I.-The LA.A.F. alone shall have the right to 'Organise or sanction World's, European, Far East, Latin American and other area championships for field :and track events. 2.-The Olympic Games shall be regarded as World Championships in track and field athletics.

3.-Sanction of the I.A.A.F. is required for all area championships. A fee of ÂŁ25 sterling (or its equivalent in which fee shall accompany the applicatIon for. sanctIOn, shall be paid to the I.A.A.F. by the sponsormg body for such sanction, except for the OlympIC Games and European Championships. 4.-The I.A.A.F. shall designate a representative toattend each :=trea games or championships, at the expense of the orgamsers, to ensure that the rules and regulations of the LA.A.F. are complied with. Such representative shall render his report to the I.A.A.F . within thirty days thereafter. .-For the purpose of this rule, world, group or sectIOnal games and championships are defined as area. championships. RULE 11 Alterations to Rules I.-Constitution Laws .-Proposals for alteration or additions to the. constitution rules of the Federation. shallbemadeonlybyamemberoftheFederationandmust reach the Honorary Secretary of the I.A.A.F. at least five calendar months prior to the Congress at which they are to be considered. The proposals shall be communicated to affiliated countries at least four calendar mon before such Congress. No proposals shall be conSIdered by Congress without the notice specified herein. 2.-Technical Rules .-Proposals to amend the technical rules shall be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the I.A.A.F. for submission to the Rules & Records Committee prior to presentation to the Congress. If approved. the Rules and Records Committee shall make recommendations to the Council which has full authority todecide thereon. 3 .-N 0 alterations or additions to the technical rules passed during the twelve months preceding any Olympic Games shall be effective until after the Games.

RULES RELATING TO ELIGIBILITY OF ATHLETES TO COMPETE UNDER INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION RULES I.-An amateur is one who competes for the love of sport and as a means of recreation, without any motive of securing any material gain from such competition. 2.-Competition under International Amateur Athletic Federation rules is restricted to amateur athletes who are eligible to compete under the rules as laid down by the International Amateur Athletic Federation. 3.-The following persons are ineligible to take part in competitions under International Amateur Athletic Federation rules. Any person who : (i) since reaching the age of 16 has competed in any sport for any pecuniary reward; (ii) has taken part in any track or field event in which any of the competitors were, to his knowledge ineligible to compete under International Amateur Athletic Federation rules; (iii) has ever received any pecuniary consideration for teaching, training or coaching in any sport; NOTE .-Physical education teachers whose work is solely educational and who are not paid directly or indirectly for the coaching of athletes for competitions are eligible to compete as amateurs. (iv) has at any time been financially interested in any track or field event in which he was entered; (v) writes, lectures or broadcasts for payment upon any track or field event or compet.ition without the prior permission of his national governing body; (vi) sells or pawns any of his prizes;

(vii) receives any compensation for using the goods or apparatus of any firm, manufacturer or agent, or allows his name or his static or moving picture to be used as a means of advertising or recommending the goods of any firm, manufacturer or agent; NOTE .-When and where it is proved that the name or the picture of the athlete was used for the purpose of this paragraph without his knowledge the indemnity to be collected from the person or persons responsible for the injury, privately agreed or stipulated by the Courts, will revert to the Federation to which the athlete belongs. (viii) while a member of any club or other body under the jurisdiction of a national body affiliated to the International Amateur Athletic Federation competes in any foreign country at any meeting not recognised by the governing body of such country; (ix) accepts directly or indirectly any money or other consideration for expenses or loss of earnings, other than what is permitted as follows :(a) the travelling and accommodation expenses of athletes competing in competitions under International Amateur Athletic Federation rules which are limited to the actual outlay for travelling, meals and lodging. In cases where an athlete is permitted to participate in competitions held in a country other than his own, such expenses must not in any circumstances whatever be paid direct to the athlete himself, nor to any person on his behalf, but must be paid through the national governing bodies of the countries concerned. National governing bodies must strictly control all financial transactions and in so far as any advance

41 payment is necessary to enable an athlete to obtain refreshment en route, or expend money on travelling or accommodation which cannot be provided by supplying tickets or vouchers, this must be advanced to the athlete by his own governing body who will obtain reimbursement from the governing body where the competition takes place. The athlete's own national governing body may, however, in exceptional circumstances authorise the national governing body under whose jurisdiction he is for the time being competing, to refund to the athlete actual essential expenses for travelling, meals and lodging, and at the conclusion of the competition such national body shall forward to the I.A.A.F . and to the athlete's national body a detailed statement of all such payments. (b) The period of time in anyone calendar year for which an athlete shall receive expense money is limited to 28 days exclusive of the time taken in travelling. Accumulation of these days in two consecutive years is not allowed. An extension may be given by the national association to which the athlete belongs, to cover competition in Olympic Games, Continental Championships, or when representing a country in genuine matches against other countries. The Council of the International Amateur Athletic Federation only is empowered to grant extensions in other cases. N aTE .-A genuine match is one where with the authority of the governing bodies concerned the competition is announced as between teams representing two or more countries. Each team

should be selected by the governing body concerned. A "touring" team consisting of a small number of athletes, is not recognised as an international team for the p'urposes of this definition. 4.-Any person who is, and for so long as he remains, ineligible to compete in competitions under the jurisdiction of his national governing body, is ineligible to compete under the rules of the International Amateur Athletic Federation. 5.-In any competition under International Amateur Athletic Federation rules the eligibility of any athlete competing shall be guaranteed by the governing body of the country to which the athlete belongs. If any objection is taken to the status of any athlete, such objection shall be referred to the jury or if no jury has been appointed to the referee. If the m;:Ltter cannot be settled satisfactorily prior to the meeting the athlete shall be allowed to compete "under protest" and the matter be referred to the Council of the International Amateur Athletic Federation.

ATHLETIC RULES for MEN'S AND WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONS

JURY OF ApPEAL COMPETITION OFFICIALS

One Referee for Track Events One (or more) Referees for Field Events One Referee for Walking Events Four (or more) Judges for Track Events Four (or more) Judges for Field Events Four (or more) Judges for Walking Events Four (or more) Umpires for Track Events Three (or more) Timekeepers One (or more) Starters One (or more) Clerks of the Course (Starter's Assistants) One (or more) Lap Scorers One Recorder One Marshal

All international competitions shall be held under the rules of the International Amateur Athletic Federation and this shall be stated in all announcements, advertisements, programmes and printed matter. The rules as laid down shall be applicable to men's and women's competitions. The standard of conyersion from metres to yards feet and inches used in the technical rules is 1 metre= 1.093638 yards (3.280916 feet or 39.370 inches) and for weights 1 kilogramme=2.204621 lbs.

.-1t is recommended that National Associations should adopt the rules of the I.A.A.F. for the conduct of their own athletic meetings.

NOTE

SECTION I Officials of the Meeting RULE 1 The list laid down in this rule comprises those officials considered to be necessary for principal international meetings. The organisers are at liberty to vary this where local circumstances require. MANAGEMENT OFFICIALS

One Manager One Secretary One Technical Manager

ADDITIONAL OFFICIALS

One (or more) Announcers One Official Surveyor One (or more) Doctors Stewards for Competitors, Officials and Press Where women's events are held there shall be appointed as many women officials as may be appropriate, including a woman doctor when possible. If deemed necessary, assistants may be appointed, but ,care should be taken to keep the arena as free from -officials as possible.

For the duties of officials see following rules.

RULE 2

RULE 6

The Manager The Manager shall have charge of the Meeting and be responsible for the proper carrying out of the programme. He shall see that all officials have reported for duty and when necessary shall appoint substitutes, and in cooperation with the appointed Marshal arrange that only authorised persons are allowed in the centre of the arena.

Referees I.-Separate Referees may be appointed as required, for track, field and walking events. 2.-It shall be the responsibility of a Referee to see that the rules are observed (also see rule 4) and decide any technical points which arise during the Meeting, and for which provision has not been made in these rules. The Referee shall have jurisdiction to decide any placings in a race, only when the Judges of the disputed place or places are unable to arrive at a unanimous or majority decision. (Also see rule 7 para. 3 page 47, and rule 22, para. 1 page 58.) 3.-Referees shall allocate Judges to particular events if this has not been previously arranged, specifying the duty each should carry out (e.g. circle, take-off board, etc.); announce to the Judges and ensure that the competitors are informed of the number of trials to be allowed under the rules even if this has been printed in the programme; supervise the measurements of performances; check the final results and deal with any disputed points. (Also see rule 7 para. 1 page 46.) 4.-The appropriate Referee shall have the power to 'exclude any competitor for improper conduct and he shall decide on the ground, any protest or objection as to the conduct of a competitor. (Also see rule 8 page 47 ; rule 12 page 50 and rule 23 page 60.) 5 .-If in the opinion of the Referee circumstances arise at any Meeting so that justice demands that any event should be contested again, he shall have power to declare the event void and such event shall be held again, Âˇeither on the same day or on some future occasion, as he shall in his absolute discretion decide. (Also see rule 18 para. 5 page 53.) 6.-The Referee shall have power to change the place of the competition in any field event, if in his opinion the

RULE 3 The Secretary The Secretary shall be responsible for the calling of the meetings of the executive and other committees, and shall prepare all Minutes relating thereto. He should be in charge of all administrative arrangements, and should receive and conduct all principal correspondence relating to the Meeting.

RULE 4 The Technical Manager The Technical Manager shall act directly under the Manager of the Meeting and be responsible for seeing that the track, runways, circles, arcs, sectors and pits for field events are properly laid out, also that all equipment is according to specification and readily available for approval by the appointed Referee, and that scoring, results and time recording cards are prepared. (Also see rule 6 para. 2 page 45 and rule 16 page 51.)

RULE 5 Jury of Appeal A Jury of Appeal shall be appointed, to whom all protests under rule 23 (page 60) shall be referred. Their decision shall be final.

46 conditions justify a change. Such a change shall be made only after a round is completed. 7.-Upon completion of each event the result card shall be immediately filled in, signed by the Referee and handed to the Recorder. (Also see rule 13 page 50.) NOTE .-Reference should be made when necessary to the special rules for the Olympic Games and European Championships, see pages I07 and IIS respectively.

RULE 7

Judges General I.-Subject to the rules laid down by the National Association and except iri the case of the Olympic Games and European Championships, the organisers of the meeting shall appoint the Judges for the various events. The Referee shall allocate the duties among the Judges. (Also see rule 6 para. 3 page 45.) Racing Events 2.-The Judges, who must all operate from the same side of the track and preferably from the inside, shall decide the order in which the competitors finish, and in any case where they cannot arrive at an unanimous or majority decision shall refer, the matter to the Referee, who shall decide. (Also see rule 6 para. 2 page 45.) NOTE .-1 t is recommended that wherever practicable one Judge selects the first man to finish, one the first and second, one the second and third, and so on. The Judges should be placed at least five metres (or 16ft. 6in.) from and in line with the finish and in order that they may have a good view of the finish line, an elevated stand should be provided. A Photo-finish apparatus should be available for use whenever possible as an aid to the Referee and Judges.

Field Events 3.-The Judges shall judge, measure and record each valid trial of the competitors in all events in which the :esult is determined by height or distance. In the high Jump and pole vault, precise measurements should be when the bar is raised, particularly if records are bemg At two Judges should keep a record of all tnals, checkmg their recordings at the end of each round. . Walking Events Judges at th: finis? shall be responsible only 4 for deCIdmg the order m whIch the competitors finish. Other Judges must be appointed to determine the fairness of walking in accordance with the rules for Walking, conduct of any competitor during the competItIon. (Also see rule 45, page 86.) RULE 8

Umpires (Track Events) I.-Umpires are assistants to the Referee, without power to give any decisions. .-It shall be the duty of an Umpire to stand at such pomt as the Referee may determine to watch the competition closely, and in case of a foul or violation of the by a competitor or other person, to make an ImmedIate report of the incident to the Referee. 3.-l.!mpires should also be appointed to undertake dutIes of supervision in relay races at the take-over pomts. RULE 9

Timekeepers 1.-There should be three official Timekeepers (one of whom shou.ld be the Chief Timekeeper) and one or two alternate TImekeepers who should time every event. The

times recorded by the alternate Timekeepers' watches shall not be considered unless one or more of the official Timekeepers' watches fails properly to record the time, in which case, the alternate Timekeepers shall be called upon, in such order as has been previously decided, so that in all races, three watches should have recorded the official time. In the event of two of three official watches agreeing and the third disagreeing, the time shown by the two shall be the official time. If all three watches disagree, the time shown by the watch recording the middle time, shall be the official time. (Also see rule 46 page 88 for Pentathlon and Decathlon events.) 2 .-If for any reason only two watches record the time of an event, and they fail to agree, the longer time of the two shall be accepted as the official time. 3.-The time shall be taken from the flash of the pistol. 4 .-For races up to and including 1,000 metres timing to one-tenth second shall be accepted. For longer races the timing shall be to one-fifth second, but shall be recorded by conversion into tenths of a second (e.g' two-tenths, four-tenths, six-tenths, eight-tenths). J

5 .-An electrical time keeping device approved by the National Association of the country where the competition is held, may be used. 6.-Upon completion of each event the time recording ,card shall be immediately filled in, signed by the Chief Timekeeper and handed to the Recorder. (Also see rule 13 page 50.) NOTE.-For World Records refer to Rule 24 page 60 and Rule 27 pages 66 to 68.

RULE 10 The Starter I.-All questions concerning the start shall be decided by the Starter. ' 2.-The Starter shall have entire control of the competitors on their marks, and shall be the sole judge of any fact connected with the start of the race. 3.-In races where the competitors are not placed behind the same starting line (e.g., 200-400 metres or 220-440 yards races on circular tracks), the Starter should use a microphone connected with amplifiers opposite the starting line in each lane. Where such a devicp is not used the Starter shall so place himself that the distance between him and each of the competitors is approximately the same. Where, however, the Starter cannot place himself in such position, the pistol should be placed there and discharged by electric contact. (Also see Rule 27 for regulations relating to the start, page 66.) RULE 11

Clerks of the Course (Starter's Assistants) I.-The Clerks of the Course shall check that the competitors are competing in the correct heat or race and that their numbers are worn properly, one on the breast and one on the back. They shall assist the Starter in any draw for stations (also see rule 19 para. 5 page 55). 2.-They must place each competitor in his correct lane or station, assembling the competitors on the starting line or in races up to and including 1500 metres (or 1 mile) on an assembly line 3 metres (or 10 feet) behind the starting line (in the case of races started in echelon, similarly behind each starting line) and when so placed they shall signal to the Starter that all is ready. When a fresh start is ordered the Clerks of the Course shall assemble the competitors again.

50 3.-The Clerks of the Course shall be responsible for the readiness of batons for the first runners in a relay race. 4.-When the Starter has ordered the competitors to their marks the Clerks of the Course must see that no competitor places either fingers hands or feet on the starting line or in front of it. If any difficulty arises they must signal immediately to the Starter. (Also see rule 27 page 66.) RULE 12 J

Lap Scorers 1 .-A Lap Scorer under the direction of the Referee shall keep a record of the laps covered by each competitor in races exceeding 1500 metres. For races of three miles and upwards a number of Lap Scorers shall be appointed and be provided with lap scoring boards on which they shall record the completed laps and times of each competitor. N aTE .-1n races exceeding three miles each Lap Scorer should be appointed to record for four competitors. 2.-1t shall be announced by a bell or otherwise when a competitor is entering his last lap. A Lap Scorer should be appointed for this duty. J

RULE 14

The Marshal The Marshal shall have full charge of the enclosure and shall not allow any persons other than the officials, and competitors assembled to compete, to enter and remain therein. He shall control his assistants and assign to them their duties. He shall arrange for an enclosure to be provided for officials when not on duty.

RULE 15

The Announcer The Announcer shall give out to the public, the names and numbers of the competitors taking part in each event and all relevant information such as the composition of the heats, lanes or stations drawn, and intermediate times. The resultÂˇ (placings, times, heights and distances) of each event should be announced at the earliest possible moment after receipt of the information from the Recorder. (Also see rule 13 page 50.)

RULE 13

RULE 16

The Recorder The Recorder shall collect the result of each event, together with the times or heights or distances, which shall be furnished to him by the Referee and Chief Timekeeper. He shall as soon as possible communicate the information to the Announcer, and after recording the placings times, heights or distances, he shall hand the official result together with all cards to the Manager of the meeting. (Also see rule 6 para. 7 page 46; rule 9 para. 6 page 48 and rule 15 page 51 .)

The Official Surveyor

The Official Surveyor shall immediately prior to the Meeting, survey the track and runways, and measure all the distances which are to be contested, also the circles, arcs, sectors and other measurements relating to the field events. He shall furnish to the Technical Manager and the Referee, before the Meeting, certificates as to correctness. (Also see rule 21 para. 4 page 58.)

53 SECTION 11 RULES FOR COMPETITION

RULE 17

Entries I.-Competitions under I.A.A.F. rules are restricted to amateurs in accordance with the LA.A.F. rules relating to the eligibility of athletes to compete. (Refer to pages 38-41 .) 2 .-No competitor shall be allowed to compete outside his own country unless his amateur status is guaranteed in writing by the recognised governing Athletic Association of his and he has permission from such body to compete. In all international competitions such guarantee of the amateur status of an athlete shall be accepted as conclusive for the time being, of the athlete's eligibility to compete; any objection as to his status shall be referred to the LA.A.F. (Refer to Constitutional Rule 9 page 34.) 3.-All women's entries must be accompanied by a certificate as to sex, issued by a qualified medical doctor recognised by the National Association. Medical Certificate for Female Participants in Athletics (Rule 17 of the Regulations of the International Amateur . Athletic Federation) "All women's entries must be accompanied by a certificate as to sex, issued by a qualified medical doctor, recognised by the National Association" . . I HEREBY CERTIFY that. <of . is qualified in accordance with the above-mentioned rule 'of the I.A.A.F. to compete in women's events. 5ignature of Medical Practitioner... . Address . Date . . :Signature of National Governing Body Address . Date .

RULE 18

The Competition I.-In matches arranged between members of the the number of trials in the jumping and throwmg events may be reduced as desired; any such arrangement should be made previous to the meeting. (Also see rule 34 para. 13 page 77 and rule 40 para. 2 page 81 .) 2.-In all events, competitors must wear clothing wh ich is clean and so designed and worn as not to be objectionable. In steeplechase events non-transparent shorts should be worn. 3 .-The organisers must provide two numbers for each competitor (to be worn on the breast and back) corresponding with the number in the programme. 4 ".-In races run in lanes, each competitor shall keepto hIS own lane throughout the race. This shall apply also' to relay races as regards the first lap only or to any portion of any race run in lanes. (Also see rule 31 page 73.) 5.-Any :ompetitor wilfully jostling, running across. or 0 bstructmg another competitor so as to impede his. progress, shall be disqualified. If in any race a competitor is disqualified for any of these reasons the Referee shall have power to order the race to be ;e-run or, in the case of a heat to permit any competitors affected ?y the act resulting in disqualification, toÂˇ compete m a round of the race. If for any reason a competItor IS hampered in a trial in a field event, the Referee shall have power to award him a substitute trial. (Also see rule 6 para. 5 page 32.) 6.-If during the progress of a race run in lanes, a competitor runs on or inside the inner border of his lane he shall be liable to disqualification. It shall be for Referee, to decide when any report is made, whether the competItor ,received any material advantage and if so, the competItor should be disqualified.

54 7.-A competitor after voluntarily leaving the track or course shall not be allowed to continue in the race. 8.-No official or any other person within the arena except an appointed official shall indicate any intermediate times to competitors. 9.-Except as provided in rules 30 and 45 (pages 72 and 87) during the progress of an event, no competitor shall receive any assistance whatsoever from any person. lO.-Subject to the provisions of paragraph 11, if a competitor misses his turn in a field event, he shall not be permitted to take the trial so missed. 11 .-If a competitor is entered in both a track event and field event, or in more than one field event taking place simultaneously, the judges may allow the competitor to take trials in an order different from that decided upon prior to the start of the competition, but the competitor cannot demand to take all his trials in succession or to take any trials of the rounds in which he has failed to appear. 12.-A competitor in a field event who unreasonably delays making a trial renders himself liable to disqualification. 13.-The Referee shall have the power to change the place of the competition in any field event, if in his opinion the conditions justify it. Such a change shall be made only after a round has been completed.

RULE 19

Rounds, Heats and Qualifying Trials Track Events I.-Preliminary rounds (heats) shall be held in track events in which the number of competitors is too large to allow the competition to be conducted satisfactorily in a single round (final).

2.-The heats and qualifying conditions shall be arranged by the Committee conducting the meeting except in the Olympic Games when the Council of the I .A.A.F. will act, and in the European Championships when the European Committee will act. The representatives of each nation shall be placed as far as possible in different heats, which shall be so arranged that not less than six competitors shall qualify for the final. N aTE .-1 t is recommended when heats are being arranged, that the latest standard performances by the competitors be taken into consideration and the heats so arranged that normally the best performers should reach the final.

3.-In any track competition where there are more competitors than can be placed in the first row, the draw for stations shall be by nations, when one competitor from each nation shall be placed in the order of the draw. Additional starters from any nation shall then be placed behind, in the same order. 4.-A competitor shall not be allowed to compete in a heat other than the one in which his name appears, except in circumstances which in the opinion of the Referee justify an alteration. 5 .-At Olympic Games, European Championships and similar meetings the authorities conducting the meeting may arrange for the drawing of stations on the day immediq.tely preceding the race. The competitors shall be notified as to the time and place for the drawing and they shall have the right to be present in person or to send a representative. When such a draw has not taken place the competitors shall draw for their respective stations immediately before the start. (Also see rule 11 para. 1 page 49.) 6.-In all preliminary rounds, at least the first and second in each heat shall qualify for the next round.

56 7.-The following minimum times must be allowed when practicable, between the last heat of any round and the first heat of a subsequent round or final : Up to and including 220 yards 45 minutes Over 220 yards and up to and including 1000 metres 90 minutes Over 1000 metres 3 hours Field Events 8.-In any field event, a qualifying trial may be held if necessary, to decide who shall compete in the competition proper. The qualifying conditions shall be arranged by the Committee conducting the meeting except in the Olympic Games when the Council of the I.A.A.F. will act, and in the European Championships when the European Committee will act. The competitors shall compete in the order drawn by lot and where possible their names shall be placed in the programme in the order drawn. (Also see rules 34 para. 1 pages 76 and 40 para. 1 page 81.) Combined Events- Pentathlon and Decathlon 9.-The order of competing shall be drawn before each separate event. 1O.-Three trials only are allowed in the throwing, putting and jumping events. H.-In 100 metres, 200 metres, 400 metres and 110 metres hurdles events the competitors shall be drawn by lot in groups by the Referee, so that where possible three or four competitors start in each group, and in 1500 metres, five or six competitors. The Referee should so arrange the groups that never less than two competitors start in any one test. He shall have the power to re-arrange the groups if in his opinion it is desirable. (Also see rule 46 page 88.)

57 RULE 20

Doping I.-Doping is the employment of drugs with the intention of increasing athletic efficiency by their stimulating action upon muscles or nerves, or by paralysing the sense of fatigue. Their use is strongly deprecated not only on moral grounds but because of their danger to health. 2.-Any competitor who uses drugs as defined above shall be suspended from active participation in amateur athletics for such period as the Council of the I.A.A.F. shall prescribe, and any person aiding or abetting in the use of drugs, shall be permanently excluded from any ground where the rules of the I.A.A.F. are in force. RULE 21

Measurements and Weights I.-All measurements must be made with a certified steel tape or bar graduated in centimetres and/or quarter-inches, and all implements must be weighed on a governmentally approved balance. 2.-In measuring the distances of throwing, putting and jumping events, that part of the steel tape recording the distance achieved must be held by an official at the take-off point, the circle or- scratch line. Distances if measured in metres, shall always be recorded to the nearest centimetre below the distance covered, i.e., fractions less than one centimetre must be ignored. Distances if measured in feet, under 100 feet shall be recorded to the nearest quarter-inch and if over 100 feet shall be recorded to the nearest half-inch below the distance covered, i.e., fractions less than quarter-inch or half-inch respectively, must be ignored. In jumping for height, all measurements shall be made perpendicularly from the ground with a certified steel tape or bar to the lowest part of the upper side of the bar.

58 3 .-A scientific measuring apparatus, such as a datum line measurer, the accuracy of which is approved by the Governmenta) Weights and Measures department of the member where the events are held, may be used when approved by the I.A.A.F. 4.-Measurements for long distance events over roads must be carried out by a professional surveyor who shall furnish two certificates as to correctness: alternatively a wheel certified as to correctness may be used. (Also see rule 16 page 51.) RULE 22 Ties Ties shall be decided as follows : Track Events I.-In the event of a tie in any heat which affects the qualification of competitors to compete in the next round or final, where practicable, the tying competitors shall both qualify, failing which they shall compete again. In case of a tie for first place in any final, the Referee is empowered to decide whether it is practicable to arrange for the competitors so tying to compete again. If he decides it is not, the result shall stand. Ties in other placings shall remain.

Field Events 2 .-In jumping or vaulting for height:(a) The competitor with the lowest number of jumps at the height at which the tie occurs shall be awarded the higher place. (b) If the tie still remains, the competitor with the lowest total of failures throughout the competition up to and including the height last cleared shall be awarded the higher place. (c) If the tie still remains, the competitor with the lowest total number of jumps (whether successful or not) throughout the competition up to and including the height last cleared shall be awarded the higher place.

ExampleHigh Jump :Vletres 1. 78

__ 5'10" A

C D -

1.82

1.85

1.88

1.90

1.92

1.94

6'0"

6'1"

6'2"

6'3"

6'4"

6'5"

xv'v' v' v' v' v' v' x v' == Did not jump. v' -

xv' xxv' x xv' xxv' v' xxv' xxv' xxv' xxv' xyl == Cleared. X = FaJled.

xxx xxx xxx xxx

Total Total failures Jumps 4

4 5

Pas. 2

3 4 1

A, B, C and D all cleared 1.92 metres (6ft. 4in.) and failed at 1.94 metres (6ft. Sin.).

The rule regarding ties comes into operation, and as "D" cleared 1.92 metres (6ft. 4in.) at his second attempt, the others taking three, he is declared the winner. The other three will tie and the Judges add up the total number of failures, up to and including . the height last cleared, i.e., 1.92 metres (6ft. 4in.) "C" has more failures than "A" or "B", and is therefore awarded fourth place. "A" and "B" still tie and the Judges add up the total number of jumps up to and including the height last cleared, i.e., 1.92 metres (6ft. 4in.), "A" being awarded second place. {d) If the tie still remains : (i) If it concerns the first place, the competitors tying shall have one more jump at the height at which they failed, and if no decision is reached, the bar shall be lowered or raised to the heights, which shall be announced before the commencement of the competition; with one jump at each height until the tie is decided. Competitors so tying must jump on each occasion when deciding the tie. (Also see rule 34 para. 9 page 77.)

60 (ii) If it concerns any other place, the competitors shall be awarded the same place in the competition. 3.-In those field events where the result is determined by distance, the second best performance of the competitors tying shall decide the tie. If the tie still remains the third best and so on. (Also see rule 24 para. 5 page 63.) RULE 23

Protests I.-Protests concerning the status of an athlete to participate in a meeting must be made prior to the commencement of such meeting, to the Jury of Appeal, who if unable to give a decision shall refer the protest to the I .A.A.F. 2 .-Protests relating to matters which dev:elop during the carrying through of the programme should be made at once and not later than within two hours after the meeting has terminated, or within fifteen minutes of the occurrence in a preliminary round. 3.-Any such protests must be made in writing by a responsible official to the Referee (who in case of necessity shall refer to the Jury of Appeal) accompanied by the deposit of one pound sterling or its equivalent before action is taken. The deposit will be forfeited if the protest is considered to be frivolous. (Also see rule 5, page '714.) (Reference should be made when necessary to the rules for Olympic Games and European Championships, see pages 107 and 115 respectively.) RULE 24

World Records I.-When a W orId Record is to be claimed, the I .A.A.F. member in the country where the record

performance was made shall proceed to establish the Record without delay. 2.-The official application form of the I.A.A.F. shall be filled in and forwarded to the I.A.A.F. office within six months. If the application concerns a foreign athlete a duplicate of the form shall be sent to the National Association of the athlete in question. 3.-A World Record shall be accepted if the application form is submitted by the member where the Record was made and is certified by the Referee, Judges and Recorder of the Meeting as to:place time of day state of weather condition of track or field force and direction of wind level or gradient of ground correctness as to the distance covered by the competitor in a race correctness of announced time, distance or height weight, measurement and material of implement and that the athletic rules of the I.A.A.F. have been strictly followed. 4 .-The following conditions shall apply to all World Records:(a) the Record has been approved by the National Association of the country where the Record was made. ' (b) the Record must be made out of doors. (c) running and walking Records may be made only on a track which is not banked, and timed by official Timekeepers, as provided in Rule 9 (page 47), (accepted by the National Association as such), whose watches must have been exhibited to the Referee for confirmation of the time recorded.

(d) records in field events must be measured by three Field judges with a certified steel tape, graduated in centimetres or quarter-inches, or by a scientific apparatus approved by the Governmental Weights and Measures department of the member where the games are held, and approved by the I.A.A.F. (e) The Record must be made in a bona fide scratch competition which has been duly fixed and advertised before the day and is included in the printed programme of the meeting together with the names of the entrants for the event. A race must be stated over one distance only. It is, therefore, not considered a bona fide scratch competition if any of the runners compete at a shorter distance than others in the same race. It is permissible for the same athlete to in the same race any number of records but It IS not permissible for different athletes to be credited with records in the same race except as follows:200 metres and 220 yards 400 ,, ,,440 yards 800 ,, " 880 yards 1,500 " ,,1 Mile 'J 2 Miles 3,000 ,,3 Miles 5,000 " ,,5, 6 and 7 Miles 10,000 " (Note: Records at 5 and 7 miles apply only to Walking.) In field events a handicap may be combined with the scratch competition. (f) If the Record is for a race on a straight course, or for the Long jump, or for the Hop, Step and jump, the athlete must not have obtained assistance from a wind blowing at his back. If the component of the wind in the direetio? of running exceeds 2m. (6ft. 6m.) per second, It

is considered to be of assistance to the competitor. In running events the wind should be measured for a period of 10 secs. and in the jumping events for 5 secs. and the average wind speed during the period calculated. (g) The Record must be better than or equal the result in the latest World Record list, in the event in question. If a Record at a longer distance is better than the existing Record for a shorter distance, a claim may be submitted for Records at both distances. (h) In the case of women's Records all applications must be accompanied by a medical certificate as to sex, drawn up by a qualified medical doctor recognised by the National Association of the athlete claiming the Record. 5.-Records made in heats or qualifying trials, in deciding ties, and Pentathlon and Decathlon events will be accepted. 6.-The President and Honorary Secretary of the LA.A.F. together are authorised to recognise World Records. If in their opinion there is any doubt as to the information concerning any record, the application shall be referred to the I .A.A.F. Rules and Records Committee for decision. 7.-The I .A.A.F. office shall keep lists of the World, Olympic and European Records. These lists shall be revised once a year and a copy forwarded to each member of the I.A.A.F. 8.-Members of the I.A.A.F. shall keep a list of the National Records in their own countries. Copies of these lists shall be forwarded to the I .A.A. F . office in j anuary each year. NOTE.-The official World Record plaques as designed by the I.A.A .F. for presentation to World Record holders, will be supplied by the I.A.A .F. provided National A ssociations remit the cost.

64 Refer to appendix as to the events for which World Records are approved (pages 123 and 125) ° RULE 25

Official Athletic Implements I.-In all international competitions, the implements used, must comply with the specifications for official implements adopted by the I.A.A.F. set out in Rules 47 to 62 (pages 89 to 107). 2.-All such implements shall be provided by the organisers of the meeting. No competitor is allowed to use any other implements, with the exception of vaulting poles and starting blocks, in which they may.use their own, provided these comply wIth the condItIons laid down in the rules. (Also see Rules 36 and 61, pages 78 and 106.) SECTION III RUNNING EVENTS RULE 26

Track and Lanes (See diagram below) A

--'1'======'

_ +

'rI

300m/,", (I FT)

1.12... (4FT)

(50 m

LINE /",

___.!O'::"'L""'-C!..?-

1,21... (4FT)

WOOD OR,

,/50"'!,",

('2')

(Z 0) CONCRETE !

INNER LANE

TAPE OR CHALK

- ----LINE ALL OTHER

GROUND

I.-The running track should be not less than 7.32 metres (24 feet) in width and be bordered on the inside with cement, wood or other suitable material, 5 centimetres (2 inches) in height, and not more than 5 centimetres (2 inches) in width. 2.-The measurement shall be taken 30 centimetres (1 foot) outward from the inner border of the track. 3.-In all races up to and including 440 yards, each competitor shall have a separate lane of at least 1.22 metres (four feet) in width, to be marked by lines of chalk or similar substance, 5 centimetres (two inches) in width. The inner lane shall be measured as stated in paragraph two above, but the remaining lanes shall be measured 20 centimetres (8 inches) from the outer edges of the chalk lines. NOTE.-The chalk line on the r£ght hand only oJ each lane, shall be included in the measurement oJ the width oJ each lane: (see diagram on page 64). 4 .-The direction of running shall be left hand inside. 5.-In international meetings the track should allow for at least six lanes. 6.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of tracks shall not exceed 1: 100 and in the running direction 1 :1000. NOTE . - ( a) It is recommended that where possible the length oJ the track should not be less than 400 metres or 440 'vards and the width should allow Jor seven lanes, particularly in major events, such as the Olympic Games and Continental Championships. (b) Where £t is not possible Jor the inner edge

oJ the running track to have a raised border, the inner edge shall be marked with lines oJ chalk 5 centimetres (2 inches) in width; £t shall also be Jlagged at intervals oJ 5 metres (or 5 yards) . Flags must be so

67 placed on the chalk line as to prevent any competitor running on the chalk line and they shall be placed at an angle of 60 degrees with the ground away from the track. Flags approximately Win. by 8in. in size mounted on a staff 18in. long are the most suitable for the purpose. World Records will be accepted under these conditions, subject to the further requirements contained in Rule 24 page 60.)

RULE 27 The Start and Finish I.-The start and finish of a race shall be denoted by a line marked in chalk 5 cm. (2 in.) in width at right angles to the inner edge of the track. The distance of the race shall be measured from the edge of the starting line further from the finish, to the edge of the finish line nearer to the start. Two white posts shall denote the extremities of the finish line, and shall be placed at least 30 centimetres (1 foot) from the edge of the track. (For apparatus see rule 62 page 106.) When the starting line is on a curve, it shall be so laid out that all competitors shall cover approximately the same distance (see diagram) . 2 .-All races shall be started by the actual report of a pistol or any similar apparatus fired upwards into the air, but not before all the competitors are quite still on their marks. 3.-At all international meetings the words of the Starter in his own mother tongue, shall be "On your marks", "Set", and when all competitors are "Set", the pistol shall be fired. 4 .-If for any reason the Starter has to speak to any competitor either before or after the word "Set", he shall order all competitors to stand up and the Clerks of the Course shall place them on the assembly line again.

5.-If a competitor leaves his mark with hand or foot after the word "Set" but before the shot is fired it shall be considered a false start. ' 6 .-Any competitor making a false start must be warned. If a competitor is responsible for two false starts he shall be disqualified. (Also see rule 46 para. 4(c) page 89 for Pentathlon and Decathlon.) 7.-If in the opinion of the Starter, the start was not fair, he must recall the competitors with a second shot. If the unfair start was due to one or more competitors "beating the pistol", it shall be considered a false start and the Starter must warn the offender or offenders, who shall be disqualified if they continue to offend after one such warning. NOTE .-In practice when one or more competitors "beat the pistol" others are inclined to follow and strictly speaking, any competitor who does so follow, has beaten the pistol. The Starter should warn only suchÂˇ competitor or competitors who in his opinion were responsible for beating the pistol. This mav result in more than one competitor being warned. If the unfair st,art is not due to any competitor 'IW warnÂˇing shall be gwen.

S.-Starting' blocks or foot supports may be used. If starting blocks or foot supports are used both feet must be in contact with the track while starting. Competitors may use their own starting blocks. 9 .-Worsted shall be stretched across the track between the finish posts 1.22 metres (4 feet) above the ground and fastened to the posts, for the purpose of assis,ting the Referee and Judges in placing the competitors. It shall be immediately above the nearer edge of the finish line. 10.-The competitors shall be placed in the order in which any part of their bodies (i. e . "torso" , as

distinguished from the head, arms, legs, hands or feet) reach the nearer edge of the finish line as defined above. NOTE.-A "PHOTO-FINISH" camera should be used zvhenever possible to assist the Referee and the Judges.

(Also refer to rules 10, 11 and 61, pages 36, 37 and 106.)

RULE 28

Hurdle Races I.-The following are the standard distances:MEN In yards 120, 220, 440 In metres 110, 200, 400

WOMEN In yards 87! In metres 80

2 .-MEN .-There shall be ten flights of hurdles in each lane, set out in accordance with the table below:*Height of Hurdle

Distance of race

from scratch line to first hurdle

Distance between hurdles

Distance from last hurdle to finish line

Metres 13.72 18.29 45.

Metres 9.14 18.29 35

Metres 14.02 17.10 40

In. Yards 6.18 15 6.18 20 0.18 49i

Yards 10 20 38i

Yards 15 20 46.12

Minimum Maximum Metres 110 200 400 Yards 120 220 440

Cm. 106.4 75.9 91.1 Ft. 3 2 2

Cm. 107.0 76.5 91.7

In. Ft. 5i 3 51.8 2 lli 3

WOMEN .-There shall be eight flights of hurdles in each lane, set out as follows : Distance of race

*Height of Hurdle

Distance from scratch line to first hurdle

Distance between hurdles

Distance from last hurdle to finish line

Minimum Maximum Metres Cm. Cm. Metres Metres Metres 80 75.9 76.5 12 8 12 Yards Ft. In. Ft. In. Yards Yards Yards 87! 2 5i 2 6t 13t 8i 13t *Refer to Rule 59 (page 104) for construction and standard heights of hurdles. NOTE .-The tolerance allowance of 3 millimetres (t- inch ) above and below the standard heights is to allow for variation in the manufacture of the hurdles. 3 .-All races shall be run in lanes and each competitor shall keep to his own lane throughout. 4.-A competitor who trails his foot or leg alongside any hurdle or jumps any hurdle not in his own lane shall be disqualified. 5 .-The knocking down of hurdles shall not disqualify nor prevent a record being made. 6.-In establishing a World Record a complete set of hurdles of the international type must be used. RULE 29

Steeplechase I.-The standard distances shall be : In metres-3000 (1 mile 1520 yards 2ft. 8in.). In miles-2 miles (3218.65 metres) 2 .-There shall be 28 hurdle jumps and 7 water jumps included in the 3000 metres event, and 32 hurdle jumps and 8 water jumps in the 2 miles event.

3.-The water jump shall be the fourth jump in each lap. If necessary the finish line shall be moved to another part of the track. .-Ozving to the water jump having to be constructed on the arena inside or outside the track, thereby lessening or lengthening the normal distance of the laps, it is not possible to lay down any rule specifying the exact length of the laps or to state precisely the position of the water jump. It should be borne in mind that there must be enough distance from the starting line to the first hurdle to prevent the competitors from overcrowding, and there should be approximately 68 metres or 76 yards from the last hurdle to the finish line. EXAMPLE: The following measurements are given as a guide and any adjustments necessary should be made by lengthening or shortening the distance at the starting point oJ the race. It is assumed that a lap DJ 400 metres or 440 yards has been shortened by 10 metres or 10 yards by constructing the water jump inside the track. NOTE

Distance from starting point to commencement of 1st lap, to be rUn without jumps ... Distance from commencement of 1st lap to 1st hurdle From 1st to 2nd hurdle From 2nd to 3rd hurdle From 3rd hurdle to water jump From water jump to 4th hurdle From 4th hurdle to finishing line ...

Lap of 390 metres

Lap of 430 yards

270 metres 10 78 78 78 78

m. m. m. m. m.

80 yds. 10 86 86 86 86

yds. yds. yds. yds. yds.

5 .-The hurdles shall be not less than 91 .1 centimetres (2ft. 11 i-in.) nor more than 91.7 centimetres (3ft. Mn.) high and shall be at least 3.66 metres (12 feet) in width. The section of the top bar of the hurdles and the hurdle at the water jump, shall be 127 millimetres (S inches) square. They should be made of heavy timber so that they may not be overturned easily. 6.-The water jump shall be 3.66 metres (12 feet) in length and width. The water shall be 76 cm. (2 feet 6in.) in depth immediately in front of the hurdle and slope to the level of the field at the further end. The hurdle at the water jump shall be firmly fixed in front of the water and be of the same height as the others in the competition.

Cfl.OUNO

LEVEL

T "<;;bM

68 m.

76 yds. 8Iaps--7 laps of 390 m.=2730 m. of 430 yds.==3440 yds. 3000 m.

the hurdles being removed until the competitors have entered the first lap.

(1'2 FT 0")

3520 yds. ==(2 miles)

4.-The distance from the starting point to the commencement of the first lap shall not include any jumps,

I r -

..1 (12fT 0')

72 7.-Each competitor must go over or through the water, and anyone who steps to the one side or the other of the jump or trails his foot or leg alongside any hurdle shall be disqualified. He may jump or vault over each hurdle, or place a foot on each hurdle and on the hurdle at the water jump. RULE 30

carried or taken by a competitor other than that provided by the organisers, but the athlete may-specify the type of refreshment desired. (Also see rule 18 para. 9 page 59.)

Marathon Race (42,195 metres-26 miles 385 yards). I.-The Marathon race shall be run on main roads; when traffic or similar circumstances make it unsuitable, the course, duly marked, may be on a bicycle path or footpath alongside the road, but not on soft ground such as grass verges or the like. The start, and finish may be within an athletic arena. The course should be so designed that as little as possible is traversed in more than one direction. NOTE .-1 t is recommended in measuring the course that it should be measured one metre from the verge of the road and in the running direction. 2.-Each competitor must send with his entry a medical certificate from a qualified doctor certifying his fitness to take part in a race of this kind, and shall be required to take a physical examination before the race by a qualified doctor who shall be appointed by the organisers. If the doctor considers it dangerous or inadvisable, the competitor shall not be allowed to start. 3.-A competitor must retire at once from the race if ordered to do so by a member of the medical staff, officially appointed 4.-The distance in kilometres and miles on the route shall be displayed to all competitors. 5.-Refreshments shall be provided by the organisers of the race at 15 kilometres or 10 miles, and thereafter at every 5 kilometres or 3 miles. No refreshment may be

Relay Races

RULE 31 I.-Chalk lines shall be drawn across the track to mark the distances of the stages and to denote the scratch line. 2.-Chalk lines also shall be drawn 10 metres (11 yards) before and after the scratch line to denote the takeover zone and no member of a team shall take up a position or move outside this zone prior to taking over the baton. These lines are to be included in the zonal measurements. 3.-The position of the teams at the start of the race shall be drawn, and shall be retained at each take-over zone, except that waiting runners can move to the inside position on the track as incoming team-mates arrive, provided this can be done without fouling. 4.-In events where the first lap only is run in lanes, competitors after leaving the take-over zone are free to take up any position on the track. 5 .-The baton must be carried in the hand throughout the race provided that if dropped, it must be recovered by the athlete who dropped it. The baton must be passed only within the take-over zone. G.-Competitors after handing over the baton should remain in their lanes or zones until the course is clear, to avoid obstruction to other competitors. Should any compet'itor wilfully impede a member of another team by running out of position or lane at the finish of the stage he is liable to cause the disqualification of his own team. 7.-Assistance by pushing-off or by any other method will cause disqualification.

8.-0nce a team has competed in the preliminary rounds of an event, the composition of the team must not be altered, for any subsequent round or final, but it is permissible for the order of running to be changed as between heats and succeeding rounds or final. No competitor may run two sections for a team. (Also see rule 18 pages 53 and 54.) RULE 32

Team Races I.-In team races the maximum number of starters comprising a team and the number of competitors whose positions are to count shall be stated in the programme. 2.-If necessary, preliminary rounds may be held. 3.-Stations shall be drawn and the members of each team shall be lined up behind each other at the start of the race. 4.-The composition of a team must not be changed after a heat has been run and only competitors finishing the full distance are eligible to compete in the final. 5.-The method of scoring shall be optional and may be anyone of the following : (a) By scoring the least number of points, according to the positions in which the scoring members of a team finish. The finishing positions of the nonscoring members of a team shall be scored in computing the scores of other teams, but when a team fails to finish the requisite number to score, it shall be eliminated; or (b) By scoring the least number of points, according to the scoring positions in which the scoring members of a team finish. The positions of the non-scoring members of a team whether it finishes all its members or not shall be scored in computing the scores of other teams; or

(c) By scoring the least number of points according to the positions in which the scoring members of a team finish. The finishing positions of the nonscoring members of a team and the members of a team which fails to finish the requisite number to score, shall be eliminated; or (d) By scoring the lowest aggregate of the times recorded by the scoring members. 6.-If two or more competitors tie for any place the points for the places concerned shall be aggregated and divided equally among the competitors so tying. 7.-In case of a tie on points, the team whose last scoring member finished nearest to first place shall be the winning team.

RULE 33

Cross -Country Races I.-The race shall be run on a bona fide cross-country course properly marked. 2.-The course must be marked preferably with red flags on the left and white flags on the right which must be visible from a distance of 125 metres (140 yards). In all other respects the rules governing track competitions shall prevail. 3.-When laying out the course very high obstacles should be avoided, so should deep ditches, and dangerous ascents or descents, thick undergrowth and in general any obstacle which would cOI).stitute a difficulty beyond the aim of the competition. WOMEN

4.-The distance shall be not greater than 3 kilometres (or 2 miles).

77 SECTION IV JUMPING EVENTS RUNNING AND STANDING HIGH JUMPS; RUNNING AND STANDING LONG JUMPS; Hop, STEP .'\ND JUMP; POLE VAULT

RULE 34

General Rules General .1.-The order in which the competitors take their tnals shall be drawn by lot. (Also see rule 19 para. 8 page 56.) 2:-.In all jumpiJ?-g. events the length of the runway is. unlImIted. The mllllInum length provided for the runway in each case shall be as follows:Running High Jump 15 metres or 50 feet Running Long Jump I Hop, Step and Jump 40 metres or 130 feet Pole Vault j 3.-In all jumping events each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his jumps subject to conditions relating to ties. (Also see rule 22, page 58.) 4 .-The employment of weights or grips of any kind is forbidden. 5.-The take-off ground about the jump must be level. 6.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of the runways for jumping events shall not exceed 1 :100 and in the running direction 1 :1000. 7 .-A competitor may place marks to assist him in his run-up and take-off and a handkerchief on the cross-bar for sighting purposes. No marks shall be placed in any jumping pit but the Organising Committee may place marks outside.

Jumping for Height and Pole Vau'zting: 8.-The uprights or posts shall be not less than 3.66 (12 feet) and not more than 4.02 metres (13ft. 2 4 111.) apart. . 9.-.Before tl:e commencement of competitions in Jumplllg for heIght, the judges shall announce to the coI?petitors t.he commencing height and the different heIghts to whIch the bar will be raised at the end of each round. The amount the bar will be raised or lowered in jumping off a tie for first place should also be announced. (Rule 22 para. 2 sub-section d(i), page 60.) competit?r. may jumping at any heIght. the mllllmum heIght and may jump at his own at any subsequent height. Three consecutive o! the height at which any -of such faIlures occur dIsqualIfy from further jumping. NOTE effect oj this rule is that a competitor may forego second or third fumps or vaults at a parhcular he'lght (after failing first time) and still jump at a subsequent height. ll.-Even after all the other competitors have failed a competitor is entitled to continue jumping until he forfeited his right to compete further. 12 .-Any measurement of a new height should be made before competitors attempt such height. In all cases of records the judges must check the measurements after the ..height has been cleared. NOTE:'-:-Judges should ensure, before commencing the the underside and front of the cross-bar are d'lstmgu'lshable and that the bar is always replaced with the same surface uppermost and the same surface to the front. (Also see rule 19, pages 54 to 56.) Jumping for distance: 13 .-Each competitor shall be allowed three trials and the six best shall be allowed three additional trials. No

competitor shall be allowed the additional trials unless one of his three trials was a fair jump. (Also refer to rule 18 para. 1 page 53.)

RULE 35 Running High Jump I.-The competitor must take-off from one foot. 2.-Knocking the bar off the supports or touching the ground beyond the plane of the uprights with any part of the body shall count as a failure. 3.-The uprights or posts shall not be moved during the competition unless the Referee considers the take-off or landing ground has become unsuitable. In such a case the change shall be made only after a round has been completed. (For apparatus refer to Rule 47 page 90.)

(c) after leaving the ground places his lower hand above the upper one or moves the upper hand higher on the pole; or (d) touches with any part of his body or with the pole, the ground beyond the plane of the stopboard of the wooden box. 4.-If in making an attempt the competitor's pole is broken it shall not be counted as a failure. 5 .-N0 one shall be allowed to touch the pole unless it is falling away from the bar or uprights; if it is so touched the vault shall be recorded as a failure. 6.-Competitors may use their own poles. No competitor shall be allowed to use any of the private poles except with the consent of the owner. (For apparatus see rules 47 and 48 pages 89 and 92.)

RULE 37 RULE 36 Pole Vault I.-Any competitor may have the uprights moved in either direction but they may not be moved more than 60 centimetres (two feet) from the prolongation of the inside edge of the top of the stopboard. If the uprights are moved, the Judges should make a re-measurement to ensure that there is no variation in the height. (Also refer to rule 21 pages 57 and SS.) 2.-The take-off for the pole vault shall be from a wooden box. 3.-In addition to the failures mentioned in rule 34 paragraph 10 (page 77) a competitor fails if he:(a) Knocks the bar off the supports; or (b) leaves the ground for the purpose of making a vault and fails to clear the bar; or

Running Long Jump I.-The take-off shall be from a board, sunk level with the runway and the surface of the pit, the edge of which, nearer to the pit, shall be called the take-off line. Immediately beyond the take-off line there shall be placed a board of plasticine or similar substance for recording the athlete's footprint when he has footfaulted. If it is not possible to instal the above apparatus the following method should be adopted: immediately in front of the take-off line and across all the length of it over a width of 10 centimetres (4 inches) the ground shall be sprinkled with soft earth or sand to make it 13 millimetres (one half-inch) higher than the take-off board. From the take-off board the earth shall be raised at an angle of 30Â° to,the height of 13 millimetres (one half-inch) .

80 2 .-If competitor t.ouches the ground beyond the take-off lll1e, or lll1e extended, with any part of the runmng up with,out jumping or in the act of Jumpmg, It shall be counted a failure. 3.-All jumps should be measured from the nearest break in the I?it made by. any part of the body or limbs to the take-off lll1e and at nght angles to such line. If in the course of landing the competitor touches the ground outside the pit nearer to the take-off than the nearest break in the pit made by the jump, such jump shall not be measured but shall count as a failure. jumping pit shall have a minimum width of 2 metres 75 centimetres (9 feet) . 5.-The distance between the take-off and the end of the pit shall be at least 9 metres (29t feet). 6.-The take-off board shall be not less than one metre (3ft. 3in.) from the edge of the pit. (Also see rule 34, pages 76 and 77.) (For apparatus refer to rule 49 page 92.)

RULE 39

Hop I Step and Jump I.-The take-off shall be made from a board (for apparatus see rule 49 page 92) sunk level with the runway, and placed at least 11 metres (36ft.) from the pit. 2 .-The hop shall be made so that the competitor shall first land upon the same foot with which he shall have taken off, in the step he shall land on the other foot from which consequently the jump is performed. ' 3.-If the competitor while jumping touches the ground with the "sleeping" leg it shall be considered as a failure. 4.-In all other respects the rules for the Running Long Jump shall apply. (Also see rule 37 pages 79 and 80.)

SECTION V THROWING EVENTS HAMMER, SHOT, DISCUS AND JAVELIN

RULE 38

Standing High Jump Standing Long Jump 1:---:-The feet of the competitor may be placed in any pOSItIon, but the ground only once in making an attempt to Jump. When the feet are lifted from the ground or two springs are made in making an attempt, It shall count as a failure. A competitor may rock forward and backward, lifting heels and toes alternately from the ground, but he may not lift either f?ot clear from the ground or slide it along in any directlOn on the ground. .-With these exceptions, the rules for the Running HIgh Jump and Long Jump respectively shall apply.

RULE 40 General Rules I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. (Also see rule 19 para. 8 page 56.) 2.-In all throwing events, each competitor shall be allowed three trials, and the six best shall be allowed three additional trials. No competitor shall be allowed the additional trials unless one of his three trials was a fair throw. Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his throws. (Also see rule 18 para. 1 page 53.) . 3.-In all throwing events from a circle a competitor IS allowed to touch the inside of the iron band or stop

board. It shall be a foul throw and not allowed to count, if the competitor after he has stepped the circle and commenced to make a throw, touches WIth any part of his body, the top of the stop-board or circle o.rthe ground outside, or improperly releases the shot, dlscus or hammer in making any attempt. (Also see rule 55, page 102.) 4.-The competitor must not leave the circle until the implement has touched the ground, and he shall then from a standing position, leave the circle from the rear half, which shall be indicated by a chalk line drawn through the centre and extended outside the circle, not less than 75 centimetres (30 inches) on each side.

g.-No harness, instrument or device of any kind which can be used as a support when making a throw shall be allowed. 10.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of the runways for throwing events shall be 1 :100 and in the running direction 1 :1000, and that of the throwing field 1: 1000. (Also refer to rule 18 pages 53 and 54.)

In throwing the javelin, a foul throw or improperly releasing the implement in making an attempt shall be recorded as a throw, but shall not count.

I.-The length of the runway shall be unlimited but not less than 30 metres (98ft. 6in.) and shall be marked by two parallel lines 5 centimetres (2 inches) in width and 4 metres (13ft. Itin.) apart. The throw shall be made from behind an arc of a circle drawn with a radius of 8 metres (26ft. 3in.) ; such arc shall consist of a strip made of wood or metal 7 centimetres (21 inches) in width, painted white and sunk flush with the ground.

5.-All throws from a circle, to be valid, must fall within the inner edge of the lines making a sector of 90Â°, (except in putting the shot where the sector will approximately 65Â°. refer to rule 56 103) the radll lines crossing at the centre of the CIrcle. The ends of the lines should be marked with sector flags. (Also refer to rule 57 page 103.) 6.-The measurement of each throw shall be made from the nearest mark made by the fall of the discus, shot, or head of the hammer, to the inside of the circumference of the circle along a line from the mark made by the implement to the centre of the circle. 7 .-A distinctive flag or disc shall be provided to mark the existing world record and when appropriate the existing national record in each throwing..event. In the javelin, discus and hammer competItIOns a distinctive flag shall be provided also to mark the throws of each competitor. 8.-0nly throwing implements provided by the organisers of the meeting may be used.

RULE 41

Javelin Throwing

2.-The javelin must be held at the grip. 3 .-N 0 throw shall be valid in which the po int of the javelin does not strike the ground before any part of the shaft, or when the competitor touches with any part of his body or limbs, the strip or the lines drawn from the extremities thereof at right angles to the parallel lines or the ground beyond those lines. The competitor may cross either of the parallel lines . 4.-All throws to be valid must fall within the inner edge of lines marking the sector set out on the ground by extending for a distance of 90 metres, the lines from the centre (A) of the circle, of which the arc is a part, through the points (B) and (C) at which the arc joins the lines marking the runway. The ends of the radii lines should be marked with sector flags. (See page 85.)

5.-If the javelin breaks, while in the air, it shall not count as a trial provided the throw was made in accordance with the rules. 6.-The measurement of each throw shall be made from the nearest point of the fall of the javelin to the inside edge of the arc along a line from the point of the fall to the centre of the circle, of which the arc is a part. (For implement refer to rule 50, page 94.)

LANDING POINT

RULE 42

Throwing the Discus I.-The discus shall be thrown from a circle 2.50 metres (8ft. 2!in.) in diameter. (For implement and apparatus refer to rule 51 pages 96 and 97.) RULE 43

Putting the Shot I.-The put shall be made from a circle 2.135 metres (7 feet) in diameter. At the middle of the circumference in the front half of the circle a stop board shall be placed :firmly fastened to the ground. 2.-The shot shall be put from the shoulder with one hand only. At the time the competitor takes a stance in the ring to commence a put the shot shall touch or be in close proximity to the chin and the arm shall not be ,dropped below this position during the action of putting. The shot must not be brought behind the line of the :shoulders. 3.-All measurements shall be made immediately :after each throw. (For implement and apparatus refer to rule 52 page 97 and rules 56, 57 and 58 pages 103 and 104.)

\ )

/ I

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I I

"....,

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I.L.

'-.9

,00

I I

4M \ (1'3 FT

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86 RULE 44 Throwing the Hammer I.-All throws shall be made from a circle 2.135 metres (7 feet) in diameter. 2.-When throwing the hammer, ordinary gloves for the protection of the hands are permitted. 3.-If the hammer breaks during a throw or while in the air, it shall not count as a throw provided it was made in accordance with the rules. If the competitor thereby loses his equilibrium and commits a foul, it shall not count against him. 4 .-It shall not be considered a foul throw if the head of the hammer touches the ground when the competitor makes the preliminary swings or turns; but if, after having so touched the ground, he stops throwing so as to begin the throw again, this shall count as a trial throw. (For implement and apparatus refer to rules 53 and 54 pages 98 and 99.)

SECTION VI RULE 45 Walking I.-Definition. Walking is progression by steps so taken that unbroken contact with the ground is maintained. 2.-Judging. Judges of walking must be careful to observe that the advancing foot of the walker makes contact with the ground before the rear foot leaves the ground, and in particular, that during the period of each step, in which a foot is on the ground, the leg shall be straightened (i.e., not bent at the knee) at least for one moment. 3.-Judging and Disqualifications. The appointed Judges of Walking shall elect a Chief Judge. All the Judges shall act in an individual capacity. When, in the opinion of:-

87 (a) fLeo of the Judges, one being the Chief Judge or (b) three Judges other than the Chief Judge a competitor's mode of progression fails to comply with the definition during any part of the competition, he shall be disqualified and informed of his disqualification by the Chief Judge. In 110 circumstances shall two Judges of the same nationality have the power to disqualify. 4.-Effect may be given to any such disqualification immediately after the conclusion of the competition, if circumstances render impracticable an earlier notice to the competitor of his disqualificatiop. 5 .-A competitor may be 'l\ hen by his mode of progression he is in danger of ceasing to comply with the definition of contact; but he is not entitled to a second caution. The decision to caution a competitor shall be made under the same procedure as for disqualification set out in para. 3. 6.-In track races a competitor who is !disqualified must immediately leave the track, and in road races the disqualified competitor must, immediately after his disqualification, remove the distinguishing number or numbers which he is wearing. N aTE . -It is recommended that a system of signalling "caution" by white flag and "disqualiFcation" by red flag be used as far as possible dZfring a walking race for the information of the offic1:als, competitors and spectators. 7.-In all international races of 50 kilometres (or 30 miles) and over, refreshments shall be provided by the organisers, and refreshment stations shall be arranged at 10 kilometres or 6 miles, and thereafter at every 5 kilometres or 3 miles. No refreshment may be carried or taken by any competitor other than that provided by the organisers, but the athlete may specify the type of refreshment desired. (Also see rule 18 para. 9 page 54.)

SECTION VII COMBINED COMPETITIONS

RULE 46 Pentathlon and Decathlon MEN I.-The Pentathlon consists of five events which shall be held in the following order: Long Jump; Throwing the Javelin; 200 metres; Throwing the Discus; and 1500 metres. 2.-The Decathlon consists of ten events which shall be held on two consecutive days in the following order: First day -100 Metres; Running Long Jump; Putting the Shot; Running High Jump; and 400 Metres. Second day-I 10 Metres Hurdles; Throwing the Discus; Pole Vault; Throwing the Javelin; and 1500 Metres. WOMEN. 3.-The Penthathlon for women consists of five events which shall be held on two consecutive days in the following order:First day -Putting the Shot; Running High Jump; . and 200 Metres. Second day-80 Metres Hurdles; and Running Long Jump. GENERAL 4.-The I.A.A.F . rules for each event constituting the competition will apply with the following exceptions : (a) In each of the jumping and throwing events, each competitor shall be allowed three trials only. (b) The time of each competitor shall be taken independently by at least two time-keepers, and if their times differ, the slower time shall be recorded.

(c) In the running trials and the hurdles a competitor shall be disqualified in any event in which he has made three false starts. S.-The scores separately and combined should be announced to the competitors after the completion of each event. (Refer to rule 19 paras. 9-11 page 56.) 6.-The winner shall be the competitor who has obtained the highest number of points in the five or ten events as the case may be, awarded on the basis of the LA.A.F. Scoring Table.

SECTION VIII SPECIFICATIONS FOR OFFICIAL IMPLEMENTS AND ApPARATUS

RULE 47 Jumping and Vaulting Standards I.-Uprights .-Any style or kind of uprights or posts may be used provided they are rigid. 2 .-Cross-bar .-The Cross-bar shall be of wood or metal, triangular or circular in section, each side or diameter of which shall measure 30 millimetres (1 iG inch). The ends of the circular bar sball be constructed in such a way that a flat surface of 30 X 150 millimetres (liff X 6 inches) is obtained for the purpose of placing the bar on its supports on the uprights. Optionally the cross-bar may be split in the middle and joined with a metal clip about 300 millimetres (1 foot) long. 3.-The cross-bar shall be between 3.64 metres (11 feet It} inches) and 4 metres (13 feet 1t inches) in length and the distance between the uprights shall not be less than 3.66 metres (12 feet) or more than 4.02 metres (13 feet 2! inches). The maximum weight of the cross-bar shall be 2 kilogrammes (4 lbs. 6% ozs.) . 4.-Supports jar cross-bar in the High Iump.-The supports for the cross-bar shall be flat and rectangular,

40 millimetres (I! inches) wide and 60 millimetres (2i inches) long. They shall each face the opposite upright and the ends of the cross-bar shall rest on them in such a manner that if it is touched by a competitor it will easily fall to the ground, either forwards or backwards. 5.-There shall be a space of at least 10 millimetres inch) between the ends of the cross-bar and the uprights.

6.-The drawings opposite illustrate one way of constructing the uprights in accordance with the rule. 7 .-Suj)ports for the cross-bar in the ,Pole Vault.-Pegs shall be used to support the cross-bar and shall be without notches or indentations of any kind, of uniform thickness throughout and not more than 13 millimetres (! inch) diameter. They must not extend more than 75 millimetres (3 inches) from the uprights, and the cross-bar shall rest on them so that if it is touched by a competitor or his pole it will fall easily to the ground in the direction of the pit. 8 .-TVooden box for the Pole Vault .-This shall measure 1 metre (3 feet 4 inches) in length, 60 centimetres (2 feet) in width at the front end, and tapering to 15 centimetres (6 inches) in width at the stop-board, where it shall be 20 centimetres (8 inches) in depth. The bottom of the box shall be lined with 2.5 millimetres (1/10 inch) sheet iron or metal. (As shown in the ,diagram on page 92.) N aTE . -The landing pit should measure not less than 4 metres (13ft. 1iin.) long by 4 metres (13ft. liin.) wide for the High Jump, and for the Pole Vault 4 metres (13ft. liin.) long (i.e. at the take-off side) by 5 metres (16ft. 4in.) wide.

TIES

millimetres (4 inches) wide, immediately beyond the take-off board on which to place a board 25 millimetres (1 inch) thick as required; with a layer of plasticine or similar substance 13 millimetres (t inch) thick, the edge of which next to the take-off board must be at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. The layer of plasticine can be smoothed off by means of a roller or suitably shaped scraper for the purpose of removing the footprints of the -competitors.

.. 'r200rr I pI

(Also see rule 37 para. 1 page 79.)

RUN UP

- - ---,_ --_ '

RULE 48 Vaulting Pole The pole may be of any material and of any length or diameter, but the basic surface of the metal, where metal is used, must be smooth. The pole may have a binding only of not more than two layers of adhesive tape of uniform thickness.

LONG

RULE 49 Take -off Board JUMP AND Hop, STEP

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100""' 4 (4")

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'30'

()l2") PLASTICINE INDIC",TOR.. OR. RAISED SAND

BR.ACKETS FOR INDICATOR

2.-The take-off board shall be painted wh ite. AND JUMP

I.-Construction .-The take-off board shall be made of wood and shall measure 1.22 metres (4 feet) long, 200 millimetres (8 inches) wide and 100 millimetres (4 inches) deep. On the side nearer to the pit should be :fixed a horizontal shelf 1.22 metres (4 feet) long; 140 millimetres (5t inches) wide; the top of which should be 25 millimetres (1 inch) below the surface of the take-off board. This shelf should have a ledge, of the following approximate measurements, along the edge next to the pit, 38 millimetres (1 t inches) high and 25 millimetres (1 inch) wide, thus forming a recess 38 millimetres (It inches) deep, 1.22 metres (4 feet) long, and 100

NOTE .-1 t zvill be very helpful to have a spare plasticine board available, so that 7£llu:le the footprint is being eliminated the competitors are not delayed.

Until the above-mentioned construction can be brought into use, it is recommended that the old type of take-off board be used where in front of the take-off line and across all the length of it over a width of 100 millimetres (4 inches) the ground shall be sprinkled with sand or soft earth to make it 13 millimetres (t inch) higher than the take-off board. From the take-off board the earth shall be raised at an angle of 30° to the height of 13 millimetres (t inch).

94 Width of cord grip:

RULE 50

Maximum

I.-Construction .-The javelin shall be made of metal or wood with a sharp metal point. 2 .-It shall conform to the following specifications:-

Men Weight inclusive of cord grip: Minimum 800 grammes (lIb. 12t 025.) Length: 260 centimetres Minimum (8ft. 6i in.) Maximum

270 centimetres (8ft. 10iin.)

Length of metal point minimum: Minimum 15 centimetres (6 inches)

16 centimetres (6-/6 in.)

Javelin

Women 600 grammes (lIb. 5t ozs .) 220 centimetres (7ft. 2iin.) 230 centimetres (7ft. 6tin.)

15 centimetres (S-k in.)

.3.-The cord grip shall be about the centre of gravity WIthout thongs, notches or indentations of any kind on the shaft, and shall not exceed the circumference of the shaft by more than 25 millimetres (1 inch). 4.-The cross section shall be regularly circular throughout and the maximum diameter thereof shall be under the grip. From the grip the javelin shall taper . gradually to the metal point and to the rear tip. The line from the end of the grip to the metal point may be straight or slightly curved but the curve must be gradual and there must be no abrupt alteration in the diameter of the section throughout the length of the javelin. 5.-The javelin shall have no mobile parts or other apparatus which during the throw could change its centre of gravity or throwing characteristics.

15 centimetres (6 inches)

-I

Distance from tip of metal point to centre of gravity: Minimum 90 centimetres 80 centimetres (2ft. 1l-{6in.) (2ft. 7tin.) Maximum 110 centimetres 95 centimetres (3ft. 7iin.) (3ft. 1iin.)

METAy

900"'1'" (7 FT 11

Diameter at thickest point: Minimum 25 millimetres (1 inch) Maximum 35 millimetres (1 iin.)

POINTJ

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'Âˇ10 ... ('>FT 7/.4') MAX,!

20 millimetres (tit inch) 30 millimetres (1i'2 in .)

97 RULE 51

Discus 1.-Construction.- The discus shall consist of a wooden body, with metal plates set flush into the sides of the latter and shall have, in the exact centre of the circle framed by the metal rim, a means of securing the correct weight. 2 .-It shall conform to the following specifications:-

Men Weight: Minimum

2 kilogrammes (4 Ibs. 6-§- ozs.) Outer diameter of metal rim: Minimum 219 millimetres (8iin .) 221 millimetres Maximum (8liin.) Diameter of metal plates: Minimum 50 millimetres (lit in .) 57 millimetres Maximum (2-i2 in .) Thickness at centre: Minimum 44 millimetres (1 !in.) 46 millimetres Maximum (ll%in.) Thickness of the rim at a distance (-1 inch) from the edge: Minimum 12 millimetres (t inch)

3 .-Each side of the discus shall be identical and shall be without indentations, projecting or sharp edges. T?e SIdes shall taper in a straight line from the beginnmg of the curve of the rim to a circle a distance of 2S millimetres (1 inch) from the centre of the discus. The thickness at 2S millimetres (1 inch) from the centre of the discus shall be exactly the same as at the centre. i(1"

Women 1 kilogramme (2 Ibs. 3i ozs.) 180 millimetres (7·l2 in.) 182 millimetres (73'''2 in .)

50 millimetres 3 1.'In \ (1 ;a2 'l 57 millimetres (2 1l 2 in .) 37 millimetres (IB·in.) 39 millimetres (Iti in .) of 6 millimetres

12 millimetres (t inch)

The edge of the metal rim shall be rounded in a true circle. A metal discus complying with the official measurements, weight and conditions may be used.

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RULE 52

Shot

l.-Construction.-The shot shall be of solid iron brass or any metal not softer than brass, or a shell of such metal filled with lead or other material. It must be spherical in shape. 2.-1 t shall conform to the following specifications :_ Men Women Weight: Minimum 7.257 kilogrammes 4 kilogrammes (16 pounds) (8 pounds 13 ozs.) Diameter: Minimum 110 millimetres 95 millimetres (4l§oin .) (3!in .) Maximum 130 millimetres 110 millimetres (5tin .) (4tt in .)

98 RULE 53

Hammer Construction: 1.-Head.-The head shall be of solid iron, brass or any metal not softer than brass or a shell of such metal filled with lead or other material. It must be spherical in shape.

Length of hammer complete as thrown: Minimum

118 centimetres (3ft. 10iin.)

Maximum

122 centimetres (4ft.)

Diameter of head: Minimum Maximum

102 millimetres (4 s \in.) 120 millimetres (4H-in.)

2 .-Handle .-The handle shall be of single unbroken and straight length of spring steel wire not less than 3 millimetres (t inch) in diameter, or No. 36 piano wire 2.6 millimetres (1/10 inch) in diameter, and shall be such that it cannot stretch appreciably while the hammer is being thrown. The handle may be looped at one or both ends as a means of attachment. 3.-Grip.-The grip may be either of single or double loop construction, but must be rigid and without hingeing joints of any kind, and so made that it cannot stretch appreciably while being thrown. It must be attached to the handle in such a manner that it cannot be turned within the loop of the handle to increase the overall length of the hammer. 4 .-Connection .-The handle shall be connected to the head by means of a swivel which may be either plain or ball bearing. The grip shall be connected to the handle by means of a loop. A swivel may not be used. 5.,----The hammer shall conform to the fo 110 wing specifications :Weight of hammer complete as thrown: Minimum

Hammer Throwing Cage

7.257 kilogrammes (16 pounds)

Weight of head: Minimum

RULE 54

6.80 kilogrammes (15 pounds)

I.-It is strongly recommended that all hammer throws be made from an enclosure or cage to ensure the safety of spectators, officials and competitors.

100

101

2.-The cage should be U -shaped in plan, the diameter of the bent portion being 8.23 metres (27 feet) with the opening through which the throw is made 8.23 metres (27 feet) wide. The height should be not less than 2.74 metres (9 feet). 3.-A cage made to the following specification suggested.

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...

;

Erection.-If inverted "y" shaped supports are used two bracing cross-ropes or wire stays are attached to the two supports at one end of the structure. It will assist in the erection of the framework if this section is as:sembled first. Where permanent sockets can be set in the ground the :gallows-type uprights may be used. The sockets should -be sunk to a depth of 43 centimetres (17 inches) and pro'vided with covers for use when the uprights are removed.

';" '::1:\.9 \{1t-.

Framework .-A metal rod 19.2 metres (63 feet) in length is bent to the shape of a letter U the radius of the bent portion being 4.11 metres (13 feet 6 inches) and the width of the open end being 8.23 metres (27 feet). The rod is supported in a horizontal plane 2.74 metres (9 feet) above the ground by metal supports made in the shape of an inverted letter "y}} or by gallows-shaped supports. Netting.-A net 19.2 metres (63 feet) long by 3.05 metres (10 feet) wide made of cord 12.5 millimetres (t inch) in circumference with 50 millimetres (2 inches) meshes is suspended from the rod by tying or preferably lacing with similar cord. To the lower edge of the net resting on the ground 9 sandbags each weighing approximately 13.5 kilogrammes (30 pounds) are attached at regular intervals.

-.t.:=.

. <!'\ ,=",,-,

103

102 RULE 55

Circles

1.-Construction.-Circles shall be made of band iron or steel, the top of which shall be flush with the ground outside. The earth or clay in the circles shall be packed hard, firm and level and 2 centimetres (lin.) lower than outside the circle. The interior of the circles for Discus throwing and Hammer throwing may be constructed of concrete or a similar material. 2 .-Measurements .-The circle shall measure : Discus throwing 2.50 metres (8ft. 2! in.) inside diameter. Hammer Throwing and Shot Putting 2.135 metres (7 feet) inside diameter. The metal circle shall be 6 millimetres (1- inch) in thickness and 76 millimetres (3 inches) in height sunk flush wit!' the ground outside. 3.-The circle shall be painted white.

RULE 56 Stop Board (Putting the Shot) l.-Construction.-The board shall be made of wood in the shape of an arc so that the inner edge coincides with the inner edge of the circle, also so made that it can be firmly fixed to the ground. 2 .-Measurements .-The board shall measure 1 .22 . metres (4 feet) long on the inside, 114 millimetres (4t inches) wide and 100 millimetres (4 inches) high. 3.-Finish.-The board shall be painted white. AI'I'l\OX.

65Âˇ

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RULE 57

Sectors for throws from circles and arcs The sector within which all throws must fall, shall be dearly marked on the ground with lines 5 centimetres (2 inches) wide, the inner edges of which shall form the sector lines, the radii lines crossing at the centre of the circles. The outer ends of the radii lines should be marked with sector flags.

105

104

RULE 58

Sector Flag 1.-Constrz,tctioll .-The Sector flag should be entirely of metal. 2 .-Measurements . -The flag should be rectangular in shape measuring about 10 X 18 centimetres (4 ;c 7 inches) with the standard 8 millimetres (5/16 inch) in diameter and not less than 60 centimetres (or 2 feet) in length, above the ground. RULE 59

Hurdles I.-Construction .-The hurdles shall be made of metal or wood and shall consist of two bases and two uprights supporting a rectangular frame reinforced by one or more cross-bars, the uprights to be fixed at the extreme end of each base. The hurdles shall be of such a design that a force of at least 3.6 kilogrammes (8 Ibs.) applied to the centre of the top edge of the cross-bar is required to overturn it. The hurdle may be adjustable in height for each event. The counterweights must be adjustable so that at each height a force of at least 3.6 kilogrammes (81bs.) and not more than 4 kilogrammes (81bs. 13 ozs.) is required to overturn it. 2 .-Measurements.-The standard heights of the hurdles shall be:liVomen 80 metres

87 t yards 76.2 centimetres (2ft. 6 in .) .

Men 110 metres 120 yards 1.067 metres (3ft. 6in.). 200 metres 220 yards 76.2 centimetres (2ft. 6in.). 400 metres 440 yards 91.4 centimetres (3ft. Oin.). The extreme width shall be 1 .20 metres (3ft. 11 in.) . The extreme length of the base shall be 70 centimetres

(2ft. 3tin.). The total.weight of the hurdles shall be not less than 10 kilogrammes (22 Ibs. 2t ozs.) . N aTE . - In each case there shall be a tolerance allo'U'ance of 3 millimetres (k inch) above and belo7J.' the standard heights, to allow for variation in the manufacture. (Also see rule 28 pages 68 and 69.) 3.-The width of the top bar shall be 70 millimetres h ) O 3' ( _::[ me es . -! .-Finish .-The top bar shall be striped in b lack and white. The hurdles shall be so placed on the track that the feet of the hurdles shall be on the side of the approach by the competitor.

DII\ÂˇEcnON OF RUNNING

ADJUSTAME WEIGHT (-

5 .-Testing .-To check the resisting force of hurdles a simple spring-balance should be used by the application of a pulling force to the centre of the cross-bar. Alternatively use a cord with a hook, applied to the centre of the cross-bar, take the cord along over a pulley fixed conveniently and load the other end of the cord with weights.

106

107 RULE 60

Relay Baton Construction.-The baton shall be a smooth hollow wooden or metal tube circular in section in one piece, the length of which shall be not more than 30 centimetres (1 foot) and not less than 28 centimetres (11 inches). The circumference shall be 120 millimetres (4! inches) and it shall not weigh less than SO grammes (1! ounces).

50""/rn ( '2") (Ci-lI\LK LINE.

80",'",,, 20"'1""'

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RULE 61

(4FT)

Starting Blocks I.-The purpose of starting blocks is to expedite the carrying through of programmes and to protect the tracks. 2.-They must be constructed entirely of rigid materials. 3.-They may be adjustable, but must be made without springs or other devices whereby the athlete can obtain any artificial assistance. 4.-They should be so made as to be easily and quickly placed into position and removed without damage to the track.

RULE 62

Finish Posts The finish posts shall be of rigid construction of about 1.37 metres (4ft. 6in.) in height, 8 centimetres (3in.) in width and 2 centimetres (!in.) in thickness.

GENERAL RULES FOR OLYMPIC EVENTS RULE 1 The Jury I.-The Jury shall consist of five or eight members appointed by the International Amateur Athletic Federation and shall manage the field and track events at the Olympic Games. 2.-All financial and technical arrangements of the Olympic Games shall be in the hands of the National Olympic Committee organising the Games, but the Jury mentioned above shall supervise the technical arrangements, appoint judges, etc., as stated hereafter. The organising Committee shall appoint one of its members as liaison officer to the Jury; such liaison officer shall take care of and be responsible for good communication between the Jury and the organising Committee. 3.-The organising Committee shall be responsible for -part of the travelling expenses of the Jury, but not for those of the international Judges.

109

108

RULE 2 Work of the Jury I.-The Jury shall be the highest authority on the track, and receive and decide any protests. (See rule 23 page 60 of the Athletic Rules for International Competitions .) 2.-The Jury shall not overrule the decisions of the Referees or Judges unless it shall find that a distinct mistake has been made. 3.-The Jury shall decide all questions relating to the actual conduct of the Meeting, the final settlement of which is not otherwise covered by the rules. 4.-The Jury shall, through special experts, investigate the track and field and the technical arrangements thereof, also that implements are in accordance with specifications, not less than 15 days before the opening of the Games. The report of such experts shall be forwarded by the Jury to the Olympic Committee organising the Games, as soon as possible, with the request that certain alterations be made if necessary. 5.-The Jury shall meet at the place where the competitions are to be held not less than eight days before the beginning of the events. It shall see that field and track are in good order, courses properly laid out and measured to conform to all the requirements as laid down by the Athletic Rules for International Competitions and that all implements and equipment necessary for satisfactory competition are provided. 6.-The organising Committee shall have all the implements ready for inspection at least five days. before the opening of the games. Should the Jury not find the implements in accordance with specification, new implements shall be obtained as directed by the Jury. 7.-The organising Committee shall hand over to the Jury final entries arranged for the different competitions.

not less than five days before the opening of the Games. The Jury shall accept or reject such entries, arrange the series and heats, and return the result to the organising Committee, which shall publish the entries with the competitors' numbers in sufficient time before the opening of the Games. 8.-In the event of the track and field upon which the Olympic Games are to be held not being available for practice, the organising Committee shall provide a suitable place for this purpose.

RULE 3 The Athletic Ground I.-The length of each lap should be 400 or 500 metres. The track for the 200 metres dash may be straight. 2.-All tracks for running, jumping and throwing Âˇevents must be of cinder or similar material. Grass is not permitted. 3.-0n the field there shall be arranged two platforms. One of these shall be near the tunnel through which the competitors enter the field, and from the field and track events shall be managed, and whIch shall have telephone communication with the dressing rooms of the athletes, the Press Stand the Band Stand, the loud speaker, the flag posts, etc.,' and from which bells may be operated in all dressing rooms, to call the competitors to the start. 4.-The other platform shall serve as an office for the Jury in charge of the field and track events. 5.-The loud speaker shall be governed by the Manager of the Games, and the speaker into the microphone p laced near the Manager.

111

110

RULE 4

Officials I.-Besides the Jury there shall be the following officials: One Manager, 3 or 4 Assistant Managers, One Keeper of the Implements, 2 or more Announcers. 2.-0ne Referee for track events, 3 Starters, 7 Judges at the finish, 6 or more Umpires, 9 Timekeepers. ,3.-0ne Referee for throwing events, 6 or more Judges for throwing events. 4 .-One Referee for jumping events, 6 or more Judges for jumping events. 5.-0ne or more Press Stewards, One Official Surveyor, One Marshal, One or more Doctors. 6.-Necessary number of Clerks and Scorers, including Lap-Scorers, Necessary number of Assistants. 7 .-For the running events in Decathlon, as "Yell as in the Marathon race and the 50,000 metres Walkmg Race the number of officials must be considerably increased.

RULE 5

The Manager The Manager shall have charge of the field and track events and be responsible for the proper carrying out of the Games. Ten minutes before the time of an event, he shall sound the bells in the dressing rooms, and Announcers shall announce on the field, to the competitors, the judges and the public, the start ofthe event. The Manager of the Games shall not leave his stand during the time a competition is going on. After the finishÂˇ of an event he shall, through his assistant receive the results from the scorer of such event. All announcements to the public, press, etc., shall be given by the Manager of the Games through the Announcers, Press Stewards, loud speakers, etc. RULE 6 The Assistant Manager I.-The Manager shall have three or four Assistant Managers, one for running events, one for jumping events and one for throwing events, etc. The Assistant Managers shall see that starts are carried out and shall follow the particular competitions. Fifteen minutes before the finish of any competition they shall notify the Manager thereof, in order that he may be prepared for the start of the next event. 2.-The Assistant Managers shall at the end of each event collect and hand to the Manager the results given by the scorers. RULE 7

The Keeper of the Implements This official shall keep all implements under lock and key and shall be responsible for the implements being at hand in proper time for each event. The keeper of the implements acts directly under the Manager of the Games.

112

113

RULE S The Referees I.-The Referees are responsible for the proper conduct of each event under their control and assign to the J uclges their particular duties. In the case of a difference between the Judges, they shall decide and, if necessary, refer to the Jury. 2.-When, in any but the final of a race, a claim for a foul or interference is made, the Referee shall have the power to disqualify the competitor who was at fault, if he considers the foul intentional or due to culpable carelessness, and shall also have the power to allow the hindered competitor to start in the next round of heats, just as if he had been placed in his trial. 3.-When, in a final, a claim for a foul or interference is made, he shall have the power to disqualify the competitor who was at fault, if he considers the foul intentional or due to culpable carelessness, and he shall also have the power to order a new race between such of the competitors as he thinks entitled thereto.

RULE 9 Timekeepers 1 . -Timekeepers shall use only watches tested and certified at an astronomical or physical institute during the same year in which the Games take place, and the rules and conditions of the test be similar to those adopted by the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England. (The said Rules are published in the 1931 edition of the Athletic Rules.) 2.-The use of watches of the Splitsecond Tvpe (Rattrapante) is strongly recommended, also that -all watches to be used by the official timekeepers at the Games, shall be provided by the Organising Committee of the Games.

3 .-One of t?e timekeepers acts by appointment of the Jury as head tImekeeper and regulates the daily division and work of the other timeke,epers. shall act independently from one 4 .-The enter. theIr without discussing times and showmg theIr watches to each other, in the form specially made for this purpose, and after the form, hand it to the head timekeeper who is entItled to control the reported times on the watches. 5.-.The head timekeeper enters the reported time in a speCIal blank schedule, fixes the official time results according to Rule 10 and provides for publication. 6 .-The head timekeeper may entrust one of the timekeepers taking jntermediate times and may designate for takmg the tIme of the winner a fourth (reserve) timekeeper, the time taken by whom shall only be taken into account in case and for whatever reason only two watches have been acting. 7.-:rhe timekeepers their place by gradation in extenSIOn to the fimsh lme on the other side of the track and in at least two metres from the finishing post. S .-In all races up to 200 metres the times of at least first three, in all other running and walking races the tImes of at least the first six, shall be officially taken and published. 9.-0ut of the timekeepers 4 take the time of the first, 3 " second, 3 " third. One of the four designated for the first place acts as a reserve timekeeper (see under para. 6 above.) 1O.-In of 400 metres or more those timekeepers who take the tIme of the first place take also the time of the fourth place, those who take the time of the second place, take also the time of the fifth place, and those who take the time of the third place take also the time of the sixth place.

114

115

RULE 10

Other Officials

RULES FOR THE EUROPEAN COMMITTEE AND EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIPS

Regarding other officials, duties in the Athletic Rules for InternatIonal CompetItIons, whIch apply for all other questions regarding the Olympic Games.

RULE 1 The International Amateur Athletic Federation has decided to promote EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIPS in every fourth year, two years after the Olympic Games.

(Refer to pages 42 to 47 .)

RULE 11

Qualification Trials I.-Where in any of the throwing or events the number of entries exceeds 18, a quahfymg round shall be held prior to the competition proper. 2.-No athlete shall participate in the proper unless he has prescribed standard m the qualifying round; but .If .m any event less than 12 competitors reach the quahfymg standard, then the first 12 athletes and any athlete tying for the 12th place shall take part in the competition proper. 3.-In each qualifying round, each competitor shall be allowed three trials, but the performances accomplished shall not be considered part of the proper. Once a competitor has reached, the quahfymg standard he shall not make any more tnals.

RULE 2 The Council of the I.A.A.F . shall exercise the followmg powers:(a) It shall have supreme control of the Championships; (b) It shall decide upon all fundamental principles; (c) It shall appoint the appropriate European member of the LA.A.F. to organise the Championships, upon the recommendation of the European Committee; (d) It shall decide upon the venue for the Championship on the recommendation of the European Committee. RULE 3 The European Committee shall be appointed for a period of four years and shall consist of a President, Honorary Secretary and ten other members all to be elected by Congress from different European countries in affiliation with the LA.A.F. together with the President and the Honorary Secretary of the I.A.A.F. who shall be ex officio members of the Committee and be entitled to vote. The President and Honorary Secretary of the Committee shall reside in the same country and each shall have a vote. The President of the Committee, in the case of a tie in the voting, shall have a second or casting vote. The Committee shall serve until a new Committee is appointed and inducted to office.

116

117

RULE 4 The European Committee shall have the following (a) it shall follow the directions given by the Council of the I.A.A.F. and report to that body on European matters; (b) it shall consider applications to hold the European Championships and to make recommendations thereon to the Council; (c) it shall determine, in co-operation with the Organising Member the venue and the date on which the Championships shall be held; (d) it shall have charge of the supervision, preparations and conduct of the Championships and arrange that they are carried through in conformity with the technical rules of the I.A.A.F. (e) it shall furnish to the Organising Member, the list of the countries to be invited to compete; (f) it shall appoint a Jury of five persons and the principal officials; (g) it shall accept or reject entries, arrange heats and qualifying trials, as well as the programme and timetable of events; (h) it shall arrange annually a meeting of representatives of European countries for the purpose only of co-ordinating European Fixtures for the fo llowing year. RULE 5 The Championships shall comprise the following events: FOR MEN:

Running: 100 Metres 200 400 0800

1,500 Metres 5,000 " 10,000 " Marathon (42 km. 195 m.)

Hurdles: 110 Metres 400 Metres Steeplechase: 3,000 Metres Relays: 4 X 100 Metres 4 X 400 Metres Walking: 20,000 Metres (Road) 50,000 Metres (Road) Jumping: High; Pole; Long; Hop, Step and Jump Throwing: Discus; Javelin; Hammer Putting: Weight Decathlon FOR WOMEN:

Running: 100 Metres 200

800 Metres

Hurdles: 80 Metres Relays: 4 X 100 Metres Jumping: High; Long Throwing: Discus; Javelin Putting: Weight Pentathlon RULE 6 The maximum period for the Championships shall not exceed five days.

118 RULE 7 The order of the events and the complete daily programme shall be determined by the European Committee by the end of December previous to the Championships. RULE 8 Each I.A.A.F. Member in Europe may be represented by not more than two athletes (in women's events: three) in each individual event and one team in each relay event. Competitors must comply with the following qualifications : That:(a) they were born in the country they represent; or (b) they are citizens of the country they represent and have lived there continuously for a period of not less than five years; or (c) they have become naturalised in the country,they represent and have permanent residence there; or (d) they are of European parents fulfilling the above conditions and have not become naturalised as subjects of a country outside Europe. (e) for the purpose of this Rule, Algeria is considered to be a part of France and athletes from all parts of Turkey can also qualify. With the exception of the terms of clause (e) athletes born outside Europe cannot be qualified unless they meet the condition stated in (b) or (d). RULE 9 The closing date for entries, which must be submitted by the National associations or federations shall be not later than fourteen days prior to the first day of the Championships. A country may nominate not more than two competitors and one reserve (women: three and one reserve) for each individual event and eight competitors in each relay event. The final nominations of the

119 athletes (see Rule 8) to represent a country shall be lodged with the Organising Member not later than three full days for individual events and for relay events not later than 6 0' clock on the evening of the day preceding the event. RULE 10 In each event the winner shall be awarded a silver gilt medal, the second a silver medal, and the third a bronze medal. RULE 11 A commemorative medal shall be distributed to all officials and competitors. RULE 12 The Championships are allocated to a European Member of the I .A.A.F . who shall be wholly responsible for all the costs and expenses involved in the promotion of the Championships as well as for the following obligations imposed by the I.A.A.F. : (a) The Member will immediately appoint an Organising Committee; (b) Second-class travelling expenses (including meals en route) together with board and lodging for a maximum period of eight days, shall be paid to the fourteen Members of. the European Committee (rule 3); (c) Second-class travelling expenses (including meals en route) together with board and lodging of not more than two technical delegates (who should be Members of the European Committee) for a period of not more than five days prior to the Opening of the Championships. These expenses, except for travelling, are supplementary to those which may be claimed under para. (b);

121

120 (d) Second-class travelling expenses (including meals en route) of not not more than two delegates for the general supervision of the Championships, at such periods as may be thought appropriate, which shall be supplementary to (b) and (c). RULE 13 The Organising Committee shall pay to the I.A.A.F. 4% of the total of the gate money (with a minimum payment of the equivalent of U.S.A. Dollars, three thousand) taken at the Championships. The minimum payment shall be paid not later than fourteen days after the Championships and the remainder within three months after the Championships. RULE 14 The Organising Committee shall pay the travelling and living expenses (second-class return rail ticket, board and lodging) for a period of eight days (including the time taken in travelling) for not less than 100 men and 50 women athletes of the various participating countries. These expenses shall be calculated from the capital city of the participating country. The 100 and 50 places respectively shall be distributed among the various countries in accordance with the general athletic results of the preceding year. The Organising Committee shall draw up a formula on these lines, from which the quota for each country can be calculated, to reach the Honorary Secretary of the European Committee not later than 15th January in the year of the Championships, who shall submit the proposals to the European Committee for approval and allocation of the places not later than 15th March following. The places shall be so allotted that each participating country shall obtain at least one place each for men and women.

The decision of the European Committee shall be final. Other expenses of athletes and officials participating in the Championships shall not be paid. As far as possible, however, the Organising Committee shall endeavour to obtain reduced charges for travelling and accommodation for athletes and officials.

RULES FOR EUROPEAN RECORDS I.-European Records shall be established for the same events as those which are accepted for World Records. 2.-The eligibility of athletes claiming European Records must conform with the following qualifications, that:(a) they are subjects by birth of the country they represent; or (b) they are citizens of the country they represent and have lived there continuously for a period of not less than five years; or (c) they have become naturalised in the country they represent and have permanent residence there; or (d) they are of European parents fulfilling the above conditions and have not become naturalised as subjects of a country outside Europe. (e) For the purposes of this rule, Algeria is considered to be a part of France and athletes from all parts of Turkey can also qualify. With the exception of the terms of clause (e) athletes born outside Europe cannot be qualified unless they meet the conditions stated in (b) or (d). 3.-The non-European performances of athletes who are admitted according to the above rules as European athletes may be also recognised as European Records, if

122 these performances are obtained at Olympic Games or they have been accepted by their respective national associations as national records. 4.-At the first registration of European Records all world's records recognised by the I .A.A.F. and complying with the above rules are entered in the list without control. Furthermore, all performances already recognised by the competent national association as national records will also be accepted as European Records without proofs if their essential data (name of athlete, performance, time, place, etc.) are certified and presented in writing by the respective national association. 5.-For all future performances the same rules and procedure will be in force as the world's records. Application for the registration of records must be submitted in writing, the application to be accompanied by the proofs prescribed in Rule 24 and sent to the Honorary Secretary, European Committee of the I.A.A.F., clo Federation Francaise d' Athletisme, 32 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France. 6.-All European Records shall be verified and sanctioned by the European Committee.

123

EVENTS FOR WHICH WORLD RECORDS ARE RECOGNISED

100 yards 220 " 440 " 880 " 1 mile

MEN Running 2 miles 100 metres 2,000 metres 3 200" 3,000 " 6 400" 5,000 " 10 800 10,000 " 15 1,000 20,000 " 1,500 25,000 " 30,000 1 hour

3,000 metres

Hurdles 120 yards 110 metres 220" 200" 440" 400" Relays 4 x 110 yards 4 X 100 metres 4 X 200 " 4 X 220" 4 X 400 " 4 X 440 4x880" 4x 800 " 4 X 1 mile 4 X 1500 " 2 miles 5 7

Walking 10 miles 3,000 metres 15,000 metres 20 5,000 " 20,000 " 30 10,000 30,000 " 50,000 " 1 hour and 2 hours

oq oq

......

M-M-

M-nro

::r

::l

S .......

oq '-'. (JO.

....

r'l:l

15 100 metres ...

20.2 45.8 I m. 2m.

....

>-'

0...

ro s::: 00""l "-"0. 00_

M-.....

OF WORLD

--. 00

$lj

...

f€

E. Zatopek

V. G. Rhoden R. Harbig A. Boysen

M. E. Patton

H. Futterer

L. LaBeach N. H. Ewell E. l'vlcD. Bailey

. J. C. Owens H. Davis

59.2 s ....... 1 E. Zatopek

H. D. Hogan M. E. Patton H. lvIcKenley M. Whitlield J. Landy (;. E. G. Reiff V. Kuc

RUNNING

Holder

.. 1vI. E. Patton

s . s . 46.6 s. 19.55.......

10.2 s

LIST

1 h. 16 m. 26.4 s.

Ill.

48111. 12 s

*""

00 ....... 000

s . s . s . I m. 48.6 s . 3 Ill. 58 s. .. .. 8 m. 40.4 s. 13 m. 26.4 s.......

Time Height or Distance

9.3 9.3 20.2 46.0

x x x

0...

III

«:

000

.......

xxx

*"" *"-

.....

""s:::

<'l

t::l l'C (')

" 00

ro M-

MEN

TRACK

"""

AND

(JO.

FIELD

U.S.A Australia U.S.A Jamaica U.S.A. . Australia Belgium U.S.S.R

.. .. . .. . .. .. ..

15. 5.48 13. 3.54 7. 5.49 5. 6.48 17. 7.53 21. 6.54 26. 8.52 23.10.54

Date

Czechoslovakia ......... I. 6.54 Czechoslovakia ......... 29. 9.51 Czechoslovakia . 2G.1O.52 .. U.S.A.. , .. 20. 6.36 .. 6. 6.41 " .. Panama .. 15. 5.48 .. U.S.A .. 9. 7.48 .. Gt. Britain & N. Ireland . 25. 8.51 .. Germany . 31. 10.54 .. U.S.A .. 7. 5.49 .. Jamaica .. 22. 8.50 .. Germany .. 15. 7.39 .. Norway . 18. 8.54

.. .. .. .. . .. . ..

Country

M-

S' S·oq oq

::ro

M-

0...

USA

U.S.A. Australia

ro" 00 III Mro· :=;::''"d III

-.§

'"d '"d

'-<.'-'.

oq::r

§ cTQ'

.........

s::: S

.. U.s.A. . . .. .. Yugoslavia . Japan .. U.S.A. .. Sweden Italy .. Sweden

Belgrade Yokohama Los Angeles Eskilstuna Milan Gavle

(JO.

'l:l .... ::l

Stara Boleslav Chicago Compton Fresno Illinois

Belgiulll Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia

.. .. Finland . France . Czechoslovakia

.. .. ..

Place

(JO.

Stara Boleslav ...

Brussels

Fresno Sydney Los Angeles Berkeley Turku Turku Paris Prague

""l

t:r' 0

v .... [j)'::S

B 8ro 00 p

......

go 0

M-M-

S''"d

c-<'(J)

RECORDS

::s

::l!;;iO : : l ; ; ; . . . . . .t:r' . ........... 0 0 0 (j)::l -

III

: : ::; tn

8 «:

(Recognised by the I.A.A.F. as at the 31st January. 1955)

OFFICIAL

(JO.

....

=-....

""l:::

'"d

'-<.

880 " I mile ......

100 yards ... 100 220

Event

200 400 800 1,000

0' ::s

....

S.....

::l

(J)tJC-<. ::r ...... III

::q cTQ'

CJl

.......

Time Height or Distance

Event

Place

Date

Country

Holder

------1--------:-------------- -------:-----1-------- -----1,500 metres 3 m. 41. 8 s. .. 5 m. 7 s 2,000 7 m. 58.8 s. 3,000 I3m.51.25....... 5,000

J. G. G. V.

. Australia . Belgium .. .. U.S.S'.'R.

Landy Reili Reiff Kuc

Czechoslovalda

21. 6.54 29. 9.48 12. 8.49 23.10.54

Turku Brussels Gavle Prague

. Finland . Belgium Sweden .. Czechoslovakia

10,000

28 In. 54.2 s. ......

E. Zatopek

20,000

59 m. 51.6 s.

E. Zatopek

I. 6.54 29. 9.51

25,000 30,000

I h. 19 m. I I. 8 s. I h. 35 m. 23.8 s. 20,052 Ill. 40 CIll. (12 mls. 810 yds.)

E. Zatopek E. Zatopek E. Z3.topek

26.10.52 26.10.52 29. 9.51

Brussels Belgium Stara Boleslav... Czechoslovakia Stara Boleslav .. Stara Boleslav . S tara Boleslav .

14. 5.38

Fresno

22. 5.54

Los Angeles ......

...... 20. 5.49

Los Angeles ......

" I hour ...

RELAYS

110

4 X 220

4 x440

4 x 880

. University of South California (La Fond, Anderson U.S.A. Jordan, Talley) 40.5 s . Texas University (D. Smith, J. Prewith, A. Frieden, C. Thomas) ... I m. 24 s .. University of South California (M. Patton, R. Frazier, G. Pasquali, N. Stocks) ... 3 m. 8.8 s . U.S.A. National Team (E. G. Cole, J. W. Mashburn, R. Pearman, M. G. Whitfteld) . University 7 m. 27.3 s. Âˇ .. Âˇ .. 1 Fordham (T. FoIey, F. Tarsney, W. Persichetty, T. Courtney)

40.5 s

4 x 110 yards

9. 8.52 21. 5.54

Event

Time Height or Distance

Country

Holder

. Gt. Britain & N. Ireland ... (e. J. Chataway, G. W. Nankeville, D. C. Seaman, R. G. Bannister) .. 4 X 100 metres 39.8 s . U.S.A. National Team (J. C. Owens, R. H. Metcalfe, F. Draper, F. C. Wykoff) .. I m. 24 s . University of South 4 x 200 CalifornIa (M. Patton, R. Frazier, G. Pasquali, N. Stocks) ... 4 x400 3 m. 3.9 s. Jamaican National Team (A. S. Wint, L. A. Laing, H. H. McKenley, V. G. Rhoden) .. 4 X 800 7 m. 26.8 s....... Soviet Army Team (0. Ageev, S. Sukhanov, G. Modoj, G. Ivakin) ...... IS m. 21.2 s....... Budapest Honved Sport 4 x 1500 " Egyesulet (L. Tabori, 1. Rozsavolgyi, F. Mikes, S. Iharos) ... 4x I mile

U.S.A.

London..

England

Los Angeles ......

U.S.A.

Date

Place

16 m. 41 s

G.B. & N.!.

1. 8.53

London............

England

U.S.A. .........

9. 8.36

Berlin

Germany

.. ....

20. 5.49

Los Angeles ......

U.S.A.

Jamaica

27. 7.52

Helsinki .........

Finland

U.S.S.R.

25. i54

Kiev

U.S.S.R.

Hungary......

14. 7.54

Budapest .........

Hungary

U.S.A.

10. 7.50 21. 6.47 13.10.54 10. 7.50 8. 6.40 21. 6.47 20. 9.53

Helsinki Salt Lake London ............ Helsinki ......... Prince ton ......... Salt Lake Citv ... Budapest .... :....

England Finland U.S.A.

HURDLES 13.5 s 120 yards 200 22.3 s 51.3 s 440 " 110 metres 13.5 s 200 22.3 s 400

50.4 s

.. R. H. Attlesey .. H. Dillard .. J. Lituyev . R. H. Attlesey . F. Wolcott H. Dillard . J. Lituyev

. . . .. .. .. .

U.S.'S.R. U.S.A. U.S.'S.R.

City:::

U.S.A.

=========:::-:;:T路ime Height or Event __________D_is_t_an_c_e _

Place

Date

Country

Holder

WALKING 12 m. 45 s 35 Ill. 15 S.

'2 miles 5

V. Hardmo R. Hardy

7 10

J. Dolezal 2 h. 33 nl. 09.4 s. 20 4 h. 21.11 s . J. A. Ljunggren 30 .. V. Hardmo 3,000 metres II m. 51.8 s 20 m. 2G.8 s .. V. Hardmo 5,000 42 m. 39.G s . V. Hardmo 10,000 J. Dolezal 1 h. 5 m. 59.6 s. 15,000 J. Dolezal 1 h. 30 m. 26.4 s. 20,000 2 h. 21m. 38.6 s. 30,000 4h. 22m. 11.2s. 50,000 " J. F. Mikaelsson .. 1 hour ... 13,812 In (Smiles I,025y.) 25,595 m .. J. Dolezal 2 (l5miles 1,591 y.l

1. 9.45 . Sweden ......... . Gt. Britain & 5.52 31. Ireland ... N. 9. 9.45 Sweden ......... Czechoslovalda ......... 30. 5.54 14. 5.54 .. ......... 29. 8.53 I. 9.45 . 31. 7.45 . 9. 9.45 .. .. 4.54 30. vakia 1. 11. 53 .. 12.10.52 U.S.s'.'R .. 27. 8.54 1. 9.45 .. .. Sweden

MahllO

Malmo Kumla Kumla

.. .. vakia

S tara Boleslav .

" Prague

Berne Stockholm

Sweden

12.10.52

Prague

Czechoslovakia

27. 6.53

Ohio

U.S.A

25. 5.35

Ann Arbor ......

U.S.S.R.

19. 7.53

Moscow

U.S.S.R.

U.S.A

23. 5.42

Modesto

U.S.A.

Czechoslovakia

England Sweden Czechoslovakia S tara Bo lesla v ...

London Kurnla

::::::::::::::'路::::::1

{T.

Sweden

JUMPING High Jump ... 6 ft. lIt in.' ...... (2.12 m.) Long J urn P ... 26 ft. 81 in.) (8.13 m.) Hop, Step and. 53 ft. 21 in. (16.23 Ill.) Jump Pole Vault ... 15 ft. 7'1 in. I (4.77 m.)

"'1

Time Height or Distance

Event

W. Davis

U.S.A.

J. Owens

L. Scherbakov

VI' armerdam

Holder

Country

------+-------1------_路_-------

Date

Place

---路----1-----1---------,- - - - - - -

THROWING Shot Discus Javelin Hammer

. 60 it. 10 in. W. P. O'Brien (18.54 m.) F. Gordien .. 194 ft. 6 in. (59.28 m.) . 263 ft. lOin....... F. Held (80.41 m.) .. 210 ft. It in ....... S. Nenashev (64.05 m.)

U.S.A. .

U.S.S.R.

11. 6.54

Los Angeles ......

22. 8.53

Pasadena

8. 8.53

Pasadena

12.12.54

U.S.A.

Baku

U.S.S.R.

Helsinki .........

Finland

Sydney Vancouver Moscow Lemberg Gifu Helsinki Kiev

Australia Canada U.S.S.R. Poland Japan Finland U.S.S.R.

DECATHLON Decathlon

...

7,887 points ......

R. B. Mathias.................. (1950 Scoring Table)

U. S. A. 25-26.7.52

WOMEN

RUNNING 100 yards ...... 220 880 " ...... 60 metres 100 200 800

10.4 s 24s 2 m. 8.4 s. .. 7.3 s. 11. 4 s. 23.4 s 2 m. 6.6 s

M. Jackson M. Nelson Jackson N. Otkalenko S. Walasiewicz M. Nelson J ackson M. Jackson N. Otkalenko

10.9 s

S. B. de la Hunty M. Golubnichaja

.. Australia 8. 3.52 .. 5. 8.54 18. 7.54 .. U.S:S.R. .. Poland ......... 24. 9.33 Australia 4.10.52 25. 7.52 . . U.S:S.R ....... 16. 9.54

.. .. .. .. .. ..

HURDLES 80 metres...

Australia U.S.S.R.

24. 7.52 3. 8.54

Helsinki Kiev

Finland U.S.S.R.

Time Height or Distance

Event

Holder

Place

Date

Country

..CN o

RELAYS 4 x 110 yards

3>: 880 4;< 220

(1m. I m.

4 X 100 metres 45.6

4 X 200

3 x 800

Australian National Team (S. B. de la Hunty, V. Johnston, W. Cripps, M. ............... . .. . .. Jackson) 3(1.2 s. ...... National Team of Hungary (A. Bacskai, A. Oros, A. Kazi) ........................... 39.9 s. . ..... Gt. Britain & N. Ireland (A. Pashley, J. Newboult, S. Hampton, A. Johnson) s. ......... ... U.S.S.R. National Team ... (V. Kalashnikova, Z. Sofronova, N. Dvalishvili Hnikina, I. Turova) 36.4 s. . ..... U.S.S.R. National Team (F. Calajnicova, V. Kazenteva, Z. Sofronova, N. DvalijviIi-Hnikina) ......... 33.2 s. ...... U.S.S.R. NatiOIial Team D. (N. Chernoshchok, Barahovich, N.OtkalenkoPletneva

46.3 s .

Ill.

6 m.

............

.........

England

2\. 7.54

Tata ...............

Hungary

30. 9.53

London

. ........

England

......

Hungary

Budapest . ........

Hungary

Australia ......

4. 8.52

Hungary ...... G.B. & N.I.

U.S.S.R. ...... 20. 9.53

" "

......

9. 8.53

......

19. 9.53

London

Budapest

Budapest ......... Hungary

JUMPING High Jump ... Long Jump ...

Event

5 ft. 8 in. ......... (\.73 m.) 20 ft. 7l in. ...... (6.28 m.)

Time Height or Distance

A. Chudina . ....................

U.S.S.R. ...... 22. 5.54

Y. W. Williams ............... New Zealand

Holder

Country

Kiev

............ U.S.S.R.

20. 2.54

Gisborne ......... New Zealand

Date

Place

THROWING Shot

Javelin

53 ft. 4f in. (16.28 Ill.) 187 ft. It in. (57.4 m.) 182 ft. Din. (55.48 m.)

...

G. Zybina

..... - .........

U.S.S. R.

N. Dumb adze .............. N. Konjaeva

14. 9.54

Kiev

18.10.52

Tbilisi

6. 8.54

..............

U.S.S.R .

Kiev

PENTATHLON Pentathlon ..

4.704 points . ..... (1954 Table)

A. Chudina

. ................

U.S.S.R.

8-9. 8.54

Bucarest . ....

Ronlnania

..r.-J .....

OFFICIA,l

LIST

EUROPEAN

TRACK

AND

FIELD

RECORDS

MEN

(Recognised by the I.A.A.F. as at Ist February, 1953) Time Date Height or Country Place Holder Distance -------- ---------1Âˇ---------------1--------1-----1--------- ----.-Event

RUNNING lOO yards

9.6 s.

E. MeD. Bailey

220 440 880

I mile ...

21 s. . .. 47.2 s .. I m. 48.6 s. 3 m. 59.4 s.......

E. K. N. R.

MeD. Bailey F. Haas G. Nielsen G. Bannister

2 3

8 Ill. 40.4 s. 13 m. 32.2 s.

27 m. 59.2 s.

G. F. C. E.

Reiff Green Chat away Zatopek

10 IS

" ...

I 00 metres

Ill.

12 s.

1 h. 16m. 26.4 s. 10.2 s

E. Zatopek

. Gt. Britain & N. Ireland ... .. " ...... . Germany .. Denmark .. Gt. Britain & N. Ireland ... . Belgium .. Gt. Britain & .. N. Ireland . .. .. Czechoslovakia ..

E. Zatopek E. MeD. Bailey

.. ..

H. s .. H. .. . R. 46.6 s. R. 19.5s....... A.

200 . 400 800 1,000

20.8 46 s. I m. 2m.

1,500

3 m. 43 s.

Futterer Futterer Harbig Harbig Boysen

Event

G. Hagg

Time Height or Distance

Holder

6.52 5.53 6.53 9.54

London London Glasgow Copenhagen ......

England England Scotland Denmark

6. 5.54 26. 8.52

Oxford Paris

England France

10. 7.54

London............

England

1. 6.54 29. 9.51

Brussels Stara Boleslav

Belgium Czechoslovakia

26.10.52 Gt. & N. Ireland ... 25. 8.51 .. Germany 31.10.54 . 31.10.54 .. 12. 8.39 .. IS. 7.39 . ......... 18. 8.54

L. Strand........................

W. Lueg

21. 16. 13. 30.

Sweden " Germany

7. 7.44 16. 7.47 . 29. 6.52

Country

Stara Boleslav ...

Belgrade ......... Yugoslavia Yokohama Japan Yokohama ...... Japan Frankfurt Germany Milan Italy Gavle Sweden Gothenburg ...... Malmo Berl in ... .. .. .. ... Ger/t{an y

Date

Place

-------1,----- -------- -------

2,000 metres 5 m. 7 s. 3,000 7 m. 58.8 s. 5,000 l3m. 51.25

G. E. G. Reiff...... G. E. G. Reiff

Belgium Belgium U.S.S.R. Czechoslovakia

V. Kuc

10,000

28 m. 54.2 s

E. Zatopek

15,000 20,000 25,000

44 m. 54.6 s. 59m. 51.6s I h. 19m. 11.8s.

E. Zatopek E. Zatopek E. Utopek

30,000 " 1 hour ...

E. Zatopek E. Zatopek

4xllOyards

I h. 35m. 23.8s. 20,052.40m. .. .... (12 miles 809 yds. 2 ft.) 41.35 ..

4 x I mile......

16111. 41

4 :<100 metres 40. I 5

4 X 400 metres 3 m. 6.6 s

English National Team (E. MeD. Bailey, J. A. Gregory, A. W. Lillington, B. Shenton)

Gt. Britain & N. Ireland ...

Gt. Britain & N. Ireland Team (e. J. Chataway, G. W. Nankeville, D. e. Seaman, Gt. Britain & R. G. Bannister) . N. Ireland ... . German National Team (E. Borehmeyer, G. Hornberger, K. Neckermann, J. Scheuring) .. Germany .. German National Team (G. Steines, H. Geister, H. Ulzheimer, K. F. Haas)1 Germany

29. 9.48 12. 8.49 23.10.54

Brussels Gavle Prague

1. 6.54 29. 9.51 29. 9.51 26.10.52

Brussels Turku Stara Boleslav Stara Boleslav

26.10.52 29. 9.51

Stara Boleslav . Stara Boleslav .

5. 7.52

London............

England

1. 8.53

London

England

29. 7.39

Berlin

Germany

27. 7.52

Helsinki .........

Finland

......... ..

Belgium Sweden Czechoslovakia

.. Belgium . Finland . Czechoslo.. vakia

Time ___E_v_e_n_t_+_ _

_ _'l

4 x 800 metres 7 m. 26.8 s. 4 x 150U

Soviet Army Team (0. Ageev, S. Sukhanov, G. Modoj, G. Ivakin) ...... . Budapesti Honved Sport Egyesulet (L. Tabori, 1. Rozsavolgyi, F. MikRs, S. Iharos)

IS m. 21.2 s

y c._o_u_n_t_r

.H _ _O_I_d_e_r.

Date

U.S.S.R .......

25. 7.54

Kiev...............

U.S.S. R.

Hungary......

14. 7.54

Budapest .........

Hungary

Gt. Britain & N. Ireland ... " U.S.S. R . Sweden . U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R.

I. 8.49 23. 6.51 13.10.54 22. 9.40 29. 8.52 20. 9.53

London London London Baracca Leningrad Budapest

HURDLES 120 yards

14.4 s

D. O. Finlay

220 440 " 110 metres 200 400

24. Is....... 51.3 s 14 s. .. 23.5 s 50.4 s

P. J. E. J. J.

B. Hildreth Lituyev H. Lidman Lituyev Lituyev

England England England Itaiy . .. U.S.S.R. .. Hungary

WALKING 2 miles 5

12 Ill. 45 s.......... 35 m. 15 s..........

7 10

48 m. 15.2 s ....... I h. 10 m. 45.8 s.

20 30 3, OUO 5,000 10,000 15,000

2 h. 33 m. 9.4 s. 4 h. 21. 11 s. ...... 11 m. SI. 8 s....... 20 Ill. 26.8 s. 42 m. 39.6 s....... I h. 5 m. 59.6 s.

V. Hardmo .................. ... Sweden ......... R. Hardy ........................ Gt. Britain & N. Ireland V. Hardmo ..................... Sweden ......... J. Dolezal . .................... Czechoslovakia ......... J. Dolezal ..................... ......... .. .... . . . ......... Ljunggren J. V. Hardmo ..................... V. Hardmo ..................... V. Hardmo ..................... J. Dolezal ..................... vakia .........

I. 9.45 31. 5.52 9. 9.45 30. 14. 8. I. 31. 9.

5.54 5.54 8.53 9.45 7.45 9.45

30. 4.54

Malmo ............ Sweden England Sweden Czechoslovakia Stara Boleslav ... Stara Boleslav ... Fristad . ........... Malmo Kumla ............ Kumla ............ London Kumla

Stara Boleslav ...

vakia

Time Country Date Height or Holder Place Distance ------1-------- -------------.- --------1-----1--------- -----CzechosloI. 11. 53 J. Dolezal Czechoslovakia 2U,000 metres 1 h. 30 m. 26.4 s. Stara Boleslav ... vakia 12.10.52 2 h. 21 m. 38.6 s. J. DolRzal " 30,000 Strahov, Prague 27. 8.54 V. Ukhov U.S.S.R. m. 11.2 s. 4 h. 22 Berne 50,000 " I. 9.45 J. F. Mikaelsson Sweden . 1 hour ... 8 miles 1,025y. Stockholm Sweden (13,812 m.) 2 CzechosloIS miles 1,591 yds J. Dolezal Czechoslovakia ... 12.10.52 (25 km. 595 m.) Prague .. vakia Event

JUMPING High Jump

. 6ft. 8i in (2.04 m.) Long Jump .. 25 ft. 11 in. (7.90 m.) Hop, Step and Jump . 53 ft. 2! in. (16.23 m.) Pole Vault .. 14 ft. 7! in. (4.46 m.)

l{.

Kotkas

Finland

I. 9.36

Gothenburg ...... Sweden Berlin

L. Long

Germany

I. 8.37

L. Scherbakov

U.S.S.R.

19. 7.53

Moscow

13. 9.54

Kiev

Poland .........

2.10.53

Iena

Czechoslovakia .........

27. 9.53

Ave Sal!

Italy

23. 7.50

Rome

P. Denisenko

Germany U.S.S. R. ..

JAVELIN Javelin .........

262 ft. 11 in....... (80.15 m.)

J. Sidlo

························1

Putting the Shot ...... 59 ft. 6! in. (17.54 m.)

J. Skobla

Throwing the Discus ......

A. Consolini

181 ft. III in. ... (55.47 m.)

E. Germany

Italy

Time Height or Distance

Event

Throwing the Hammer

"'1 Decathlon

207 ft. 9i in....... (63.34 m.)

... Points: 7824.5

Place

Date

Country

Holder

29. 8.54

V.S.S.R. ......

M. Krivonosov

...............

H. H. Sievert

... " .......... Germany ...... 7Âˇ8.8.34

Berne

Switzerland

............

Germany

Hamburg .........

(11.1; 7.48; 15.31 1.80; 52.2; 15.8; 47.23; 3.43, 58.32 4.58.8)

Event

Time Height or Distance

Holder

Date

Country

Place

WOMEN

RUNNING 100 yards .... ,. 220 880 60 metres 100 200 :WO RlIll

10.8 s

24.2 s 2 m. 8.4 s.

F. E. Blankers-Koen . F. E. Blankers-Koen N. Otkalenko

7.3 s. 11.5 s 23.6 s. 23.0 s 2 Ill. 6.6s

S. Walasiewicz

S. Walasiewicz C. Stubnick N. Otkalenko

10.9 s

J\I. Golubnichaja

F. E. Blankers-Koen

Netherlands ... 27. 8.48 29. 6.50 . 18. 7.54 . IT.S.S.R Poland Netherlands Poland Hungary V.S.S.R

. 24. 9.33 . 13. 6.48 . 15. 8.35 7. 8.54 . Hi. 9.54

Dublin Bresica Moscow Lemberg Amsterdam \Varsaw Kiev

.. Eire . Italy . V.S.S.R. . . . . .

Poland Netherlands Poland Hungary U.S.S. R.

HURDLES 80 metres .,.

IT.S.S. R. ......

3. 8.54

Kiev......

IT. S. S. R.

RELAYS 4 >z 110 yards

47.4 s

4 x 220 yards

I m. 39.9 s. ... ...

3 >; 880 yards

6 m. 36.2 s

Nethlerlands Nat. Team (Blankers-Koen, Adema, Timmer, Kardys) Gt. Britain & N. Ireland Team (A. Pashley, J. Newboult, S. Hampton, A. Johnson) National Team of Hungary (A. Bacskai, A. Oros, A. Kazi)

Netherlands

25. 7.48

Ryswik

Netherlands

G. B. & N.1.

30. 9.53

London ... ... ... ...

England

Hungary......

21. 7.54

Tata ... ... ... ......

Hungary

Time Height or Distance

Event

Place

Date

Country

Holder

_ _ _ _ _ _. , - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1- - - - - - - 1- - - - -1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .

4 x 100 metres 45.6 s

4x200metres

1 m. 36.4s.......

metres 6 m. 33.2 s.......

U.S.S.R. National Team (V. Kalashnikova, Z. Sofronova, N. DvalishviliHnikina, 1. Turova) U.S.S.R. National Team (F. Calajnicova, V. Kazenteva, Z. Sofronova, N. Dvalijvili-Hnikina) ......... U.S.S.R. National Team (N. Chernoschok, D. Barahovich, N. OtkalenkoPletneva) ..

20. 9.53

U.S.S.R ....

Budapest .........

Hungary

U.S.S.R.

9. 8.53

......

19. 9.53

U.S.S.R. ......

22. 5.54

Kiev . ..............

Netherland s ...

19. 9.43

Leiden

U.S.S.R.

14. 9.54

Kiev ............... TbiIisi ............

JUMPING High Jump ... Long Jump ... Putting the Shot ..........

5 ft. 8i in.......... A. Chudina ..................... (1.73 m.) 20 ft. 6 in .......... F. E. Blankers-Koen ......... (6.25 m.) THROWING 53 ft. 41 in. (16.28 m.)

G. Zybina

187 ft. It in....... (57.04 m.)

N. Dumbadze ..................

18.10.52

......... ... ... ...

6. 8.54

A. Chudina . ....................

8-9.8.54

Throwing the Discus ...... Throwing the Javelin ...... Pentathlon

...

.................

182 ft. o in. ...... N. Konjaeva (55.48 m.) 4704 .................. (1954 Table)

OFFICIAL

LIST

OLYMPIC GAMES MEN

Kiev

............ Netherlands U.S.S.R.

............ ... Roumania

Bucarest

RECORDS

(Recognised by the I.A.A.F as at the 31 st December, 1952)

Time ___E_v_en_t

__ I------H-o-ld-e-r---- _

100 metres ...

10.3 s

200

20.7 s

400

45.9 s

800

1 m. 49.2 s.

1,500

3 m. 45.2 s.

5,000

14 m. 6.6 s.

10,000" 110 m. Hurdles

29 m. 17 s 13.7 s

.. E. Tolan

J. C. Owens H. Dillard .. J. C. Owens A. W. Stantield . V. G. Rhoden H. H. McKenley M. G. Whittield M. G. Whitfield J. Barthel R. E. McMillen E. Zatopek

p _ l_ace

Los Angeles Berlin London............ Berlin Helsinki

.. U.s.A. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. U.S.A . Czechoslovakia .. .. .. U.S.A: .. .. . ......... .

1932 1936 1948 1936 1952

1936

Berlin

Gprmany

.. .

1952

Helsinki

Finland

. E. Zatopek .. H. Dillard J. Davis 400 m. Hurdles 50.8 s . C. H. Moore 1O,000m. Walk 45 m. 2.8 s. '" J. F. l\Iikaelsson 4 x 100 m. Relay 39.8 s .. U.S.A. (J. C. Owens, R. H. Metcalfe, F. Draper, F. C. Wykoff) . D.S.A 4 x 400 m. Relay 3 m. 3.9 s. Jamaica (A. S. Wint, L. A. Laing, H. H. McKenley, V. G. Rhoden) .. Jamaica High Jump ...... 6 ft. 8i in.) W. F. Davis .. U.S.A (2.04 m.)

Germany England Germany Finland England

1952

Event

Time Height or Distance

Holder

Country

Long Jump ... 26 ft. 55/0 in. ...... J. C. Owens (8.06 m.) Hop, Step and Jump ...... 53 ft. 2t in. .. .... A. F. da Silva.................. (16.22 m.) Pole Vault... 14 it. lIt in ....... R. E. Richards (4.55 m.) Discus ......... 18(1 ft. 6t in. S. Iness . (55.03 m.) J. Csermak Hammer ...... 197 it. 1I!Âˇ in. (60.34 m.) Javelin ......... 242 it. 0t in ....... C. C. Young (73.78 m.) Weigh!.. ....... 57 ft. It in....... W. P. O'Brien (17.41 m.) Decathlon ... 7,887 points ...... R. B. Mathias (1950 Scoring Table)

Date

Place

U.S.A.

1936

Berlin

Germany

Brazil

1952

Helsinki

Finlann

Helsinki .........

Finland

U.S.A.

Hungary

U.S.A ....

Best performances in events where world records are not recognised3,000 metres Steelplechase Marathon 42,195 m. (26 mls. 385 y.) Road Walk 50,000 metres (31 miles 120 y.)

Event

I H.

8 m. 45.4 s.

Ashenielter

U.S.A

2 h. 23 m. 3.2 s.

E. Zatopek

Czechoslovakia

4 h. 28 m. 7.8 s.

G. Dordoni

Italy

Time Height or Distance

Holder

1952

Country

--------

Place

Date

----

- - - ---

------

WOMEN IUO metres

11.5 200 metres 23.7 80 m. Hurdles 10.9 4 X 100 metres 45.9 Relay

s s s s.

. .. . ..

M. Jackson M. Jackson S. B. de la Hunty

.. . ..

Long Jump ..

5 it. 6! in.) (1.68 m.)

(20 ft. 5t in. (6.24 Ill.) Weight .. 50 ft. n in. (15.28'm.) Discus ......... 168 ft. 8t in ....... (51.42 m.) Javelin . 165 it. '7 in. (50.47 m.)

1952

Helsinki

Finland

USA.

(M. Faggs, B. Jones, J. Morreau, C. Hardy)

U.S.A.

Gennany

High Jump ...

Australia ......

.. ...... Âˇ1

(U. Knab, M. Sander, H. Klein, M. Petersen) Germany ...... A. Coachman . U.S.A. D. J. B. . Gt. Britain & N. Ireland Y. WiIIiams New Zealand G. Zybina N. Romaschkova D. Zatopkova

U.S.S.R. . ..

Czechoslovakia .........

1948 1952

Engiand

o *'"'

143

142 Monday, 26th November, 1956

OLYMPIC GAMES - MELBOURNE 1956 TIME- TABLE The Council of the I.A.A.F . reserves the right to make any alteration in the programme they may deem to be advisable. ' Friday I 23rd November, 1956 10.00 a.m. 10.00 a.m. 2.30 p.m. 2.30 p.m. 3.10 p.m. 4.10 p.m. 4.15 p.m. 5.05 p.m. 5.40 p.m. 6.00 p.m.

High jump-Qualifying trials. Discus-Women-Qualifying trials. 400 metres hurdles-1st round. High jump-Final. 100 metres-1 st round. Discus-Women-Final. 800 metres-1st round. 100 metres-2nd round. 400 metres hurdles-2nd round. 10,000 metres-Final.

Saturday I 24th November, 1956. 10.00 a.m. 10 .00 a.m. 10.00 a.m. 1.30 p.m. 2.30 p.m. 2.30 p.m. 2.45 p.m. 3.45 p.m. 3.50 p.m. 4.00 p.m. 4.40 p.m. 5.10 p.m. 5.30 p.m.

Pole vault-Qualifying trials. Hammer throw-Qualifying trials. Long jump-Qualifying trials. 50 kilometres walk-Start. 400 metres hurdles-Semi-finals. Hammer throw-Final. 100 metres-Women-1st round. 100 metres-Semi-finals. Long jump-Final. 800 metres-Sem-finals. 100 metres-vVomen-Semi-finals. 400 metres hurdles-Final. 100 metres-Final.

10.00 1 .30 2.30 3.25 3.30 3.50 5.20 5.40

a.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. p.rn. p.m. p.m.

Javelin-Qualifying trials. Pole vault-Final. 200 metres-1st round. Javelin-Final. 800 metres-Final. 5,000 metres-1st round. 100 metres-Women-Final. 200 metres-2nd round.

Tuesday, 27th November, 1956 10.00 a.rn. 10 .00 a.m. 10.00 a.m. 2.30 p.m. 2.30 p.m. 3.00 p.m. 3.20 p.m. 3.25 p.m. 4.00 p.m. 4.05 p.m. 5.00 p.m. 5.20 p.m.

Hop, step and jump-Qualifying trials. Discus-Qualifying trials. Long jump-Women-Qualifying trials. 80 metres hurdles-Women-1st round. Hop, step and jump-Final. 200 metres-Semi-finals. 110 metres hurdles-1st round. Discus-Final. Steeplechase-1st round. Long jump-Wornen-Final. 200 metres-Final. 80 metres hurdles-Women-Semi-finals.

Wednesday, 28th November, 1956 10.00 10.00 2.30 2.30 2.50 3.00 3.30 4.05 4.45 5.15 5.35

a.m. a.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m.

Shot Put-Qualifying trials. J avelin-Women-Qualifying trials. 110 metres hurdles-Semi-finals. Shot Put-Final. 20 kilometres walk-Start. 400 metres-1st round. Javelin-Wornen-Final. 110 metres hurdles-Final. 5,000 metres-Final. 80 metres hurdles-Women-Final. 400 metres-2nd round.

WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS

144

held in conjunction with the Olympic Games, Helsinki, 1952

Thursday, 29th November, 1956 10.00 a.m. 11.00 a.m. 2.15 p.m. 3.00 p.m. 3.20 p.m. 4.00 p.m. 4.00 p.m. 4.30 p.m. 5.30 p.m. 5.50 p.m. 6.30 p.m.

100 metres: Decathlon. Long jump: Decathlon-2 pools. Shot Put: Decathlon-2 pools. 400 metres-Semi-finals. 200 metres-Women-lst round. High jump: Decathlon. Steeplechase-Final. 1,500 metres-1st round. 400 metres-Final. 200 metres-Women-Semi-finals. 400 metres: Decathlon.

Friday, 30th November, 1956 9.00 a.m. 10.00 a.m. 10.00 a.m. 1.15 p.m. 3.00 p.m. 3.30 p.m. 4.15 p.m. 4.35 p.m. 5.15 p.m. 6.30 p.m.

110 metres hurdles: Decathlon. Discus: Decathlon. Shot Put-Women-Qualifying trials. Pole vault: Decathlon-2 pools. Shot Put-Women-Final. 4 X 100 metres relay-1st round. Javelin: Decathlon. 4 X 400 metres relay-1st round. 200 metres-Women-Final. 1, 500 metres: Decathlon.

Saturday, 1st December, 1956 10.00 3.15 3.30 3.50 3.50 4.15 4.35 4.50 5.10

a.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. P .m.

High jump-'vVomen-Qualifying trials. Marathon-Start. 4 X 100 metres re lay-Women-1st round. 4<400 metres relay-Semi-finals. Highjump-Women-Final. 1,500 metres-Final. 4 X 100 metres relav-Final. 4xl00 metres rela)l-Women-Final. 4 X 400 metres relay-Final.

Tlte Holmcsdale Press, Ltd., Redhill, Surrey.

(continued) WEIGHT 1 W. O'Brien, D.S.A., 17.41 m. (57 ft. li in.) 2 C. Hooper, D.S.A., 17.39 m. (57 ft. in.) 3 J. Fuchs, U.S.A., 17.06 m. (55 ft. in.)

JAVELIN 1 G. C. Young, U. S.A., 73.78 m. (242 ft. 0i in.) 2 W. Miller, D.S.A., 72.46 m. (237 ft. Si in.) 3 T. Hyytiiiinen, Finland, 71.89 m. (235 ft. lOin.)

DISCUS 1 S. Iness, D.S.A., 55.03 m. (180 ft. 6! in.) 2 A. Consolini, Italy, 53.78 m .â&#x20AC;˘ (176 ft. Si in.) 3]. Dillon, D.S.A., 53.28 m. (174 ft. 9ft in.)

DECATHLON 1 R. B. Mathias, U.S.A., 7887 points 2 M. Campbell, D.S.A., 6975 points 3 FI. Simmons, U.S.A., 6788 points

MARATHON Zatopek, Czechoslovakia, 2 h. 23 m. 3.2 s. 2 R. Corno. Argentine, 2 h. 25 m. 35 s. 3 R. jansson, Sweden, 2 h. 26 m. 7 s. 1 E.

WOMEN 100 METRES 1 M. J ackson, Australia, 11.5 s. 2 D. Hasenjager, S. Africa, 11.8 s. 3 S. B. de la Hunty, Australia, 11.9s. 200 METRES 1 M. jackson, Australia, 23.7 s. 2 B. Brouwer, Holland, 24.2 s. 3 N. Khnykina, U.S.S.R., 24.2 s. 80 METRES Hl.JRDLES 1 S. de la Hunty, Australia, 10.9 s. 2 M. Golubichnaja, D.S.S.R., 11.1 s. 3 M. Sander, Germany, 11. 1 s. 4x 100 METRES RELAY 1 U.S.A. (M. Faggs, B. jones, j. Morreau, C. Hardy), 45.9 s. 2 Germany (D. Knab, M. Sander, H. Klein. M. Petersen), 45.9 s. 3 Great Britain & N. Ireland (S. Cheeseman, J. Foulds, .T. Desforges, H. Armitage), 46.2 s. HIGH JUMP lE. Brand, S. Africa, 1.67 m. (5 ft. Si in.) 2 S. Lerwill, Great Britain & N. Ireland, 1. 65 m. (5 ft. 5 in.) 3 A. Chudina, D.S.S.R., 1.63 m.

LONG JUMP 1 Y. Williams, New Zealand, 6.24 m. (20 ft. Si in.) 2 A. Chudina, D.S.S. R., 6.14 m. (20 ft. li in.) 3 S. Cawley, Great Britain & N. Ireland, 5.92 rn. (19 ft. 5 in.) WEIGHT 1 G. Zybina, D.S.S.R., 15.28 m. (50 ft. li in.) 2 M. Werner, Germany, 14.57 m. (47 ft. 9i in.) 3 K. Tochenova, U.S.S.R., 14.50 m. (47 ft. 6i in.) DISCUS 1 N. Ramaschkova, U.S.S.R., 51.42 m. (168 ft. Si in.) 2 E. Bagrjanceva, D.S.S. R., 47.08 m. (154 ft. Si in.) 3 N. Dumbadze, U.S.S.R., 46.29 m. (151 ft. lOt in.) JAVELIN Zatopkova, Czechoslovakia, 50.47 m. (165 ft. 7 in.) 2 A. Chudina, U.S.S.R., 50.01 m. (164 ft. 1 in. ) 3 E. Gorchakova, D. S. S. R., 49.76 m. (163 ft. 3 in.) 1 D.

---

-------

148

WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS heid in conjunction with the Olympic Games, Melbourne, Australia, 1956 (continued) HAMMER H. Connolly, U.S.A., 63.19 m.

(207 ft. 3} ins.) U.S.S. R., (,3.03 m. (206 it. 9} ins.) A. Samotsvetov, U.S.S. R., 62.56 III (205 ft. 3 ins.) JAVELIN E. Danielsen, Norway, 85.71 m. (281 ft. 2 ins.) J. Sidlo, Poland, 79.98 ffi. (262 ft. 4} ins.) V. Tsibulenko, U.S.S.R., 79.50 m. (260 it. 9} ins.) SHOT W. O'Brien, U.S.A., 18.57 m. (60 it. 11 ins.) W. Neider, U.S.A., 18.18 m. (59 it. 7} ins.) ]. Skobla, Czechoslovakia, 17.65 Ill. (57 it. 10l ins.)

2 l\I.

1 2

2 3

Krivonosov,

DECATHLON M. Campbell, U.S.A., (10.85.,7.33 m., H.7li Ill., \.89 m., 48.8 s., 14.0 s., 44.98 m., 3.40 m., 57.08 m., 4 m. SOli s.), 7,937 points. 2 R. Johnson, U.S.A., (10.9 5'7 7.34 m., 14.48 m., \.83 m., 49.3 s., 15.1 s., 42.17 m., 3.90 m., 60.27 m., 4 m. 54.2 '5.), 7,587 points. 3 V. Kuznetsov, U.S.S. R., (11.2 s., 7.04 m., 14.49 m., 1.75 m., 50.2 5., 14.9 s., 44.33 m., 3.95 m., li5.1S m., 4 m. 538 s.), 7,465 points.

WOMEN 100 METRES 1 *B. Cuthbert, Australia, 1\.5 s. 2 C. Stubnick, Germany, I\.7 s. 3 M. Mathews, Australia, 11.7 s. *B. Cuthbert ran 11.4 s. in heat. 200 METRES 1 B. Cuthbert, Australia, 23.4 s. 2 C. Stubnick, Germany, 23.7 s. 3 M. Mathews, Australia, 23.8 s. 80 METRES HURDLES S. Strickland de la Hunty, Australia, 10.7 s. 2 G. Kohler, Germany, 10.9 s. 3 N. Thrower, Australia, 11.0 s. 4;< 100 METRES RELAY Australia (5. Strickland de la Hunty, N. Croker, F. Mellor, B. Cuthbert), 44.5 s. 2 Gt. Britain & N. Ireland (A. Pashley, ]. Scrivens, ]. Paul, H. Arrnitage), 44.7 s. 3 U.S.A. (1. Daniels, ?vI. Faggs. W Rudolf, M. Mathews), 44.9 s. HIGH JUMP M. McDaniel, U.S.A., 1.76 m. (5 ft. 9i ins.) 2 T. Hopkins ") G.B. & N.L, \.67 m. (5 it. 51 ins.) M. Pi',sareva J U.S.S.R., 1.67 m. (5 ft. 5} ins.)

LONG JUMP E. Krzeskinska, Poland, 6.35 Ill. (20 it. 10 ins.) 2 W. White, U.S.A., 6.09 Ill. (19 it. 1 J'l ins.) 3 N. Dvalichvili, U.S.S.R., 6.07 m. (19 ft. 1 I ins.)

DISCUS O. Fikotova, Czechoslovakia, 53.69 mj (176 it. I} ins.

1. Begliakova, U.S.S.R., 52.54 ffi. (172 it. 4} ins.) 3 N. Ponomareva, U.S.S.R., 52.02 m (170 it. 8 ins.)

SHOT 1 T. Tychkevitch, U.S.S.R., 1G.59 m. (54 it. 5 ins.) 2 G. Zybina, U.S.S.R., 16.53 rn. (54 ft. 2} ins.) 3 M. Werner, Germany, 15.61 m. (51 ft. 2t ins.) 1.

JAVELIN Jaounseme, U.S.S. R., (176

53.86

it.

2 M. Ahrens, Chile, 50.38 m. (165

3 N.

Konjaeva,

Th .. Holmesdale p,,Â·ss, Ltd., Redkill, Surrey.

U.S.S.R., (164

ins.)

it. 31 ins.) 50.28

it 11 1ins.)