Handbook 1959/60. International Amateur Athletic Federation. by The Marshal

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INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION

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HANDBOOK

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INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION OFFICIAL HANDBOOK

1959/60 ENGLISH EDITION

3 INDEX Page 10

Committees Cornpetition Rules Constitution Council Foreword History ... lvIembers of Committees lVIembers of Council ... lVIembers of the I .A .A .F. Officers:

9 27 6 10 9 15 9

Present

Officials and their d!tties Records:

129 138 144 132

Events for which World Records are recognised European Olympic Games World

Rules: Cons titutionAlterations to rules Championships-World, Area, European, etc. Composition Congress Meetings Council ... Games-Olympic, Continental, Area, Regional, etc. International CompetitionsDefinition Languages---official Membership Objects Officers Qualifications of Competitors Subscription fees Suspensions Title

Rules relating to eligibility of A thletes to compete under I.A .A .F. Rules Rules-Organisation and Technical-for International Competitions SECTION I-Officials and their dutiesAnnouncer Clerks of the Assistants) Doctors

Course

(Starter's

Rule 11

11)

37 28

34 29 32

3 7 2 5 9 7 (4)

8 1

1-5

31 34 34 34 28

39-42

11 1

4 Judges Jury of Appeal Lap Scorers Manager Marshal Officials Recorder Referees Secretary Starter Stewards Surveyor Technical Manager Timekeepers ... Umpires SECTION II-Competition : Trials in matches Clothing Numbers Lanes ... Obstruction Running in Lanes Leaving track Time announcing Assistance Order of competing Competing in other events Competitor delaying trials ... Use of adhesive substance on hands Change of place for events ... Doping... Entries... Measurements and Weights Official Athletic Implements Protests Rounds, Heats and Qualifying Trials Ties World Records SECTION Ill-Running Events : Cross Country Finish ... Hurdles Lanes ... Marathon Relay ... Start Steeplechase Track Team ...

Rule 7 5 12 2 14 1 13 6 3 10 1 16 4 9 8

Page 47 45 51 45 52 43 51 46 45 50 44 52 45 48 48

18(2) 54 18(3, 4) 54 18(5) 55 18(6) 55 18(7) 55 55 18(8) 18(9) 56 56 18(10) 56 18(11) 18(12,13) 56 56 18(13) 56 18(14) 56 18(15) 56 18(16) 59 20 17 53 21 59 66 25 62 23 57-59 19 60 22 63 24

33 27 28 26 30 31 27 29 26 32

79 69 72 67 75 76 69 73 67 78

SECTION IV-Jumping Events:General Hop, Step and Jump Pole Vault Running High Jump ... Running Long Jump Standing High Jump Standing Long Jump

Page Rule 34 39 36 35 37 38 38

79 85 82 82 83 84 84

42 40 44 41 43

89 85 89 87 89

46 46

93 93

55 51 62 53 54 59 50 47 60 57 58 52 61 56 49 48

108 102 112 104 105 110 100 95 112 109 110 103 112 109 98 98

1-14

121 127

1-11

113

SECTION V -Throwing Events : Discus ... General Hammer Javelin Shot SECTION VI-Walking Events SECTION VII-Combined Events : Pentathlon Decathlon SECTION VIII-Specifications for official Implements and Apparatus:Circles Discus ... Finish Posts ... Hammer Hammer and/or Discus Cage Hurdles Javelin Jumping and Vaulting Standards Relay Baton Sectors Sector Flag Shot Starting Blocks Stop Board Take-off Board Vaulting Pole

Rules for European Charnpionships ... Rules for European Records Rules for Olympic Games Veterans of the I.A .A .F. Walking J udges-International Panel World Championships Results

13 131 147 and 148

HISTORY On the 17th July, 1912, representatives from the athletic associations of Australasia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Norway, Russia and United States of America met in Stockholm to discuss the possibility of forming an International Amateur Athletic Federation, the need for which had become apparent owing to the development in international contests and the Olympic Games. A universal code of rules and regulations and a common amateur definition acceptable throughout the world had become essential. It was also desired to establish an authentic register of World and Olympic records. Under the patronage of H.R.H. The Crown Prince of Sweden a provisional committee was formed comprising }lessrs. J. Sigfrid Edstrom (Sweden) as President, Kristian Hellstrom (Sweden) as Honorary Secretary, Carl Diem (Germany), P. L. Fisher (Gt. Britain), Pierre Roy (France), S. Stankovits (Hungary) and James E. Sullivan (United States of America), and following their deliberations the inaugural meeting of the LA.A.F. took place in the Preussiches Abgeordnetenhaus, Berlin, 20th-23rd August, 1913, when the following countries were represented: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and United States of America. The first officers and members of the council to be elected were: President, Mr. J. Sigfrid Edstrom; Hon. Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. Kristian Hellstrom; Members of Council, Messrs. C. Diem (Germany), P. L. Fisher (United Kingdom), F. Reichel (France), S. Stankovits {Hungary), J. E. Sullivan (U.S.A.).

Since those early days much has been accomplished' The steady growth of the Federation in the two decades prior to 1939 accelerated during the post-war years and at the Twenty-first Congress in Stockholm in 1958 the countries in affiliation with the Federation numbered 101. In many of the countries recently affiliated the sport is still in its early stages of development and every effort is being made by the Federation to promote its growth. A notable development in international athletics has been the growth of continental and regional games in recent years, and these are of inestimable value in the development of athletics in those countries where the sport is still young. The LA.A.F. has been able to give considerable assistance to the organisers of these games. \Vithout question, the control exercised by the Federation during its forty-six years of existence has been of much benefit to the sport and there is ample evidence of even greater advance in the future. With ever increasing activity throughout the world the need for decentralisation has become evident. A move towards this was made when the European Committee was formed, with a primary function of organising and carrying through the European Championships every four years. While the concern of the European Committee is the organising of championships confined to track and field athletics, in other continents a full programme of regional games is carried out and here the Federation is able to give considerable assistance and technical advice through its observers. The growth of women's athletics during the post-war years has been most marked and a great deal of study, in those countries where it is practised, has been devoted to the physiological aspect of the sport as it concerns women athletes. The administrative activities of the LA.A.F. are naturally increasing proportionately with the wide-spread

INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION

interest in athletics throughout the \-vodd. A major problem with which the Council is contending is the most urgent need in the countries where the sport is young for the provision of first-class coaches to ensure development on the right lines. This brings with it the attendant problem of inadequate finances and in an endeavour to place these on a sound footing and make possible the necessary expansion negotiations are taking place with the International Olympic Committee to ensure to the LA.A.F. an adequate recompense for the staging of the Federation's World Championships as part of the Olympic Games to be collected by a small surcharge on the tickets sold to spectators at the Games attending the athletic sessions, and it is hoped that these negotiations will be finalised in the very near future.

FOUNDED in 1912 Postal address: 4 Great \'/inchester Street, London, E.C.2, England. Telegraphic address: Telephone number:

"Marathon, " London. LONdon "Vall 2291.

President: THE MOST HON. THE MARQUESS OF EXETER, K.C.M.G. Honorary Life President: J. SIGFRID EDSTROM Honorary Life V ice- Presidents: BO EKELUND J. H. HaLT, C.M.G., C.B.E. Honorary Secretary-Treasurer: D. T. P. PAIN

"::/

Council The Most Hon. The Marquess of Exeter, K.C.M.G., President, 4 Great \Vinchester Street, London. E.C.2, England. D. T. P. Pain, Honorary Secretary-Treasurer, 4 Great Winchester Street, London, E.C.2, England. J. C. da Costa, Rua Miguel Couto 51, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. M. Danz, Kassel, Teichstr. 35, Germany. T. Ericson, Stadion, Stockholm 0, Sweden. D. J. Ferris, Amateur Athletic Union of United States of America, 233 Broadway, New York 7, U.S.A. N. Kalinin, All Union Section of Light Athletics, 4 Skatertnyi pereulok, Moscow 69, U.S.S.R.

K. Knenicky, Czechoslovak Athletic Section of the State Committee for Physical Culture and Sport, Na Porici 12, Prague Il, Czechoslovakia. P. Mericamp, 4 Boulevard Soult, Paris France. L. Miettinen, Strengsbergs Tobaks Fabnk, Jakobstad, Finland. A. Paulen, Akerstraat 7a, Treebeek (L) Netherlands. B. Zauli, Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera, Foro Italico, Rome, Italy.

COMMITTEES Technical Committee B. Lindman, Chairman, Strandvagen 7a, Stockholm, SWEDEN. D. T. P. Pain, Hon. Secretary, -t Great Winchester Street, London, E.C.2, Gt. BRITAIN & NORTHERN T'{ELAND. H . Abrahams, "Orchard Lea," Hailey Lane, Hertford, ';t. BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND. Asano, Japan Amateur Athletic Federation, 4-6 Surugadai, Kanda, Tokyo, JAPAN. . . n. Berliner, 10 Crown Terrace, San FrancIsco, Cahfornia, U.S.A. E. Clemme, Ligue Royale BeIge d'Athletisme, 61 Rue du Marche aux Herbes, Brussels, BELGIUM. J. W. Davies, 3515 Minto Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA. C. Forys, Warsaw, u.i. Polna 3a, M.30, POLAND. V. Kanturek, Praha XVI, Lidicka ul C.l. Smichov, CZECHOSLOVAKIA. N. Ozolin, All Union Section of Light Athletics, Moscow 69, Skatertnyi pereulok 4, U.S.S.R. J. D. Pardivala, Cabinet Cottage, Tardeo, Bombay, INDIA. A. Paulen, Akerstraat 7a, Tree"b::ek (L), NETHERLANDS. c'

R. Piirto, Suomen Urheilpliitto ry. Box 358, Helsinki, FINLAND. W. Pollmans, Diisseldorf, Mintropstr 7, GERMANY. E. Savescu, Comitetul Pentru Cultura Fizica si Sport, Str. Vasle, Conta 16, Bucarest, ROUMANIA. P. Tonelli, 10 Rue Perronet, Paris 7, FRANCE. T. Ungur, Hungarian Athletic Association, Budapest V. Hold-u 1, HUNGARY.

European Committee P. Mericamp, President, -t Boulevard Soult, Paris 12e, FRANCE. J. R. Seurin, Hon. Secretary, 32, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris 1Xe, FRANCE. E. Hermes, 61 Rue du Marche aux Herbes, Brussels, BELGIUM. . E. Bosak Czechoslovak Athletic Section of the State Committee for Physical Culture and Sport, Na Porici 12, Prague 11 , CZECHOSLOVAKIA. . GERMANY. J. C. G. Crump, 166 Stoneleigh Park Road, Ewell, Surrey, Gt. BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND. A. Paulen, Akerstraat 7a, Treebeek (L), NETHERLANDS. G. Guabello, Via Euclide Turba, 18, Rome, ITALY. B. Benterud, Akersborg Terrasse 30, Oslo, NORWAY. T. Ericson, Stadion, Stockholm 0, SWEDEN. Z. Khomenkov, All Union Section of Light Athletics, 4 Skatertnyi pereulok, Moscow 69, U.S.S.R. A. Takac, Federation Yugoslave d' Athletisme, Belgrade, Terazge 35, Box -t75, YUGOSLAVIA.

Walking Commission G. Oberweger, President, Foro Italico, .Rome, ITALY. D. T. P. Pain, Hon. Secretary, 4 Great Wmchester Street, London, E.C.2, Gt. BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND.

H. Sulak, U. Rajske zahrady 6, Praha II-Zizkov, CZECHOSLOVAKIA. F. Guilleux, 7 Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris, FRANCE. H. H. Whitlock, 126 Chinnor Crescent, Greenford, Middlesex, Gt. BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND. B. Fehervari, Hungarian Athletic Association, Budapest. V. Hold u.i. HUNGARY. A. M. Hagen, Norges Gangforbund, Torggta 2., Oslo, NORWAY. 1. Ionescu, Str. Vasile Conta nr. 16, Bucarest, ROUMANIA. E. Linde, Sareksvagen 7, Bromma, SWEDEN. A. Libotte, Malzgasse 28, Basle, SWITZERLAND. N. Kalinin, Moscow 69, Skatertnyi pereulok 4, U.S.S.R.

Women's Commission Mme. Z. Romanova, President, All Union Section of Light Athletics, Moscow 69, Skatertnyi pereulok 4, U.S.S.R. Mme. Z. Zarubina, Hon. Secretary, All Union Section of Light Athletics, Moscow 69, Skatertnyi pereulok 4, U.S.S.R. Mrs. D. 1. Magee, 26 French Street, Marouba, N.S.W., AUSTRALIA. Mme. D. Zatopkova, U. pujcovny 8, Praha 3, Nave Mesto, CZECHOSLOVAKIA. H. Delias, 45 Rue Ste. Catherine, Bordeaux (Gironde), FRANCE. H. Birkemeyer, Berlin-Hohenschonhausen Ohrdrnfer Str. 46, GERMANY. Mrs. M. E. Amies, Toft Lodge, St. Catharine's Road, Broxbourne, Herts., Gt. BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND. B. Zauli, Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera, Foro Italico, Rome, ITALY.

J. H. Moerman, Brinkstraat 53 by. Amsterdam 0, NETHERLANDS. Mme. M. Kwasniewska-Maleszewska, Podkowa, Lesna K.jWarszawy, uI. 1. Maja 4a, POLAND. N. Carlius, Halsingborg, SWEDEN. Mrs. F. Kaszubski, 2323 Lakeside, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.

Modern Pentathlon Committee B. Lindman, Strandvagen 7a, Stockholm, SWEDEN. Lt.-Col. O. G. W. White, Sundial Cottage, Coombe Bissett, SalisburY, Wilts., Gt. BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND. VETERANS OF THE I.A.A.F. H .M. The King of Sweden. The Most Hon. The Marquess of Exeter, K.C.M.G. (Gt. Britain and Northern Ireland). Harold M. Abrahams, C.B.E., J.P. (Gt. Britain and Northern Ireland). Kinichi Asano (Japan). Avery Brundage (U .S .A.) . Friedrich Burger (Germany) . Emile Clemme (Belgium). Jack c. G. Crump, O.B.E., J.P. (Gt. Britain and Northern Ireland). Charles J. Dieges (U.S.A.). Carl Diem (Germany). J. Sigfrid Edstrom (Sweden) . Bo Ekelund (Sweden). Tage Ericson (Sweden). Dan J. Ferris (U.S.A.). Edouard Hermes (Belgium). Ernest J. H. Holt, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Gt. Britain and Northern Ireland) . Nicolai Kalinin (U.S.S.R.). U. Kekkonen (Finland). Bo Lindman (Sweden). Lauri Miettinen (Finland).

-------------

14 Paul Mericamp (France). Justus W. Meyerhof (Germany). Frederick A. Moran (Eire). Dino Nai (Italy). Naili Moran (Turkey). Mogens Oppegaard (Norway). Donald T. P. Pain (Gt. Britain & Northern Ireland). Adrian Paulen (Netherlands). Lauri Pihkala (Finland). Oscar Rosenvinge-Kolderup (Norway). Jean R. Seurin (France). G. D. Sondhi (India) . Olav Tendeland (Norway). Pierre Tonelli (France). Hugh Weir, C.B.E. (Australia). Bruno Zauli (Italy). Deceased Sir Harry J. Barclay (Gt. Britain & Northern Ireland). William M. Barnard (Gt. Britain & Northern Ireland). J. E. Chryssafis (Greece). Leopold Englund (Sweden). J. Genet (France). Kristian Hellstrom (Sweden). Murray Hulbert (D.S.A.). E. A. Hunter (South Africa). G. Jurgenson (France). Hilding Kjellman (Sweden). Gustavus T. Kirby (D.S.A.). S. Kishi (Japan). Joe B. MacCabe (D.S.A.). E. S. Marks (Australia). J. G. Merrick (Canada) . Franz Reichel (France). F. W. Rubien (D.S.A.). Johannes Runge (Germany). G. V. A. Schofield (Gt. Britain & Northern Ireland). Szilard Stankovits (Hungary). Robert M. Thompson (D .S.A.). Hermann Wraschtil (Austria).

LIST OF MEMBERS The letters in brackets denote the grouping of the member country (Rule 7) AFGHANISTAN (C) Olympic Association of Afghanistan, clo Prime Minister's Office, Kabul, Afghanistan. Founded 1930. Cables: "Olympic". ALBANIA (D) Komiteti I Keshillit Te Pergjitheshem Te BFSSH, Tirane, Albania. Cables: BFSSH, T:-ana, Albania. Founded 1930. ARGENTINE (B) Federacion Atletica Argentina, Viamonte 1366, piso 6, Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic. Cables: "Cadcao". Founded 1919. AUSTRALIA (B) Amateur Athletic Union of Australia, 41 CarlingfordRoad, Epping, N.S.W., Australia. Cables: "Amathunion, Sydney". Founded 1897. AUSTRIA (C) Osterreichischer Leichtathletik-Verband, Lowengasse 47, (Hochparterre), Vienna IH, Austria. Cables: "OLV Wien" . Founded 1900. BAHAMAS (D) The Bahamas Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box 452, Nassau, Bahamas. Founded 1952. BELGIUM (B) Ligue Royale BeIge d' Athletisme, 61-63 Rue du Marche-aux-Herbes, Bruxelles, Belgium. Cables: "Belgathletic". Founded 1889. BERMUDA (D) Bermuda Amateur Athletic Association, P .0. Box 533, Hamilton, Bermuda. Founded 1946.

16 BOLIVIA (D) Federacion Athletica de Bolivia, Casilla 754, La Paz, Bolivia. Cables: "Fedatletica". Founded 1929. BRAZIL (B) Confederacao Brasileira de Desportos, Caixa Postal 1078, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cables: "Desportos" . Founded 1914. BRITISH GUIANA (D) A.A.A. & C.U. of British Guiana, P.O. Box 473, Georgetown, Demerara, British Guiana. Founded 1948. Cables: "Athlete," Demerara. BRUNEI (D) Brunei Amateur Athletic Association, c/o Brunei Shell Petroleum Co. Ltd., Seria, State of Brunei. Cables: BAAA clo Brunshell, Seria. Founded 1953. BULGARIA (C) Section Republicaine d' Athletisme, aupres du Comite Supreme de Culture Physique et des Sports, Boris 1,135, Sofia Bulgaria. Cables: "Vekafese-Sofia". Founded 1949. BURMA (D) Burma National A.A. Federation, c/o Burma Olympic Association, Aungsan Memorial Stadium, Rangoon, Burma. Founded 1947. CAMBODIA (D) Federation Cambodgienne des Sports, 26-28 Rue Capitaine Desmoulins, Phnom-Penh, Cambodia Cables: "Fedathletisme." Founded 1936. CANADA (A) Amateur Athletic Union of Canada, 621 StrathconaStreet, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Cables: "Amateur". Founded 1888.

CEYLON Ceylon A.A.A., Police Dept., Bambalapitiya, Ceylon.Â· CHILE Federacion Atletica de Chile, Casilla 820, Santiago de Chile. Cables: "Fedachi".

(C)

Founded 1922. (C)

Founded 1947. (C) Associacion Colombiana de Atletismo Amateur, Calle 26, No. 36-51, Apartado Aero No. 6024, Bogota, Colombia. Cables: "Ascodatle". Founded 1937. CUBA (C) Union Atletica de Amateurs de Cuba, Edif La Metropolitana, 810-811, Habana, Cuba. Founded 1922. Cables: "Fenaliso, Habana". CURACAO (D) Curacaosche Athletiek Bond c/o. S.E.L. :Y.Iaduro & Sons, Inc., Willemstad, Curacao, N.A. Cables: "Curacaosche, Athletiek Bond." Founded 1934. CZECHOSLOVAKIA (A) Czechoslovak Athletic Section of the State Committee for Physical Culture and Sport, Na Porici 12, Prague H, Czechoslovakia. Founded 1897. Cables: "Statsport Praha". DENMARK (B) Dansk-Athletik Forbund, H. C. 0rsteds vej 38, Copenhagen V., Founded 1907. Denmark (D) DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Federacion Dominicana de _-1.tletisme, Estadio Truj illo, Ciudad Trujillo, Dominican Republic. Founded 1953. Cables: Olimpidom.

18 ECUADOR (D) Federacion Deportiva Nacional del Ecuador, Palacio Municipal, Casilla Postal 3409, Guayaquil, Ecuador. Founded 1925. Cables: "Fedenador". EGYPT (C) Egyptian Amateur Athletic Federation, 13 Kasr el Nil, Cairo, Egypt. Founded 1910. Cables: "Olympiade-Caire". EIRE (B) Amateur Athletic Union, Eire, 13 Raglan Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin, Eire. Founded 1937. ETHIOPIA (D) Na:.tional Ethiopian Sports Confederation, P.O. Box 453, Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia. Founded 1948. FIJI (D) Fiji Amateur Athletic Association, clo Suva Boys' Grammar School, Suva, Fij i. Founded 1949. FINLAND (A) Suomen Urheiluliitto ry, Box 358, Helsinki, Finland. Cables: "Urheiluliitto, Helsinki." Founded 1906. FRANCE (A) Federation Francaise d' Athletisme, 32 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris 9, France. Cables: "Fedathleti". Founded 1920. (A) GERMANY West Deutscher Leichtathletik-Verbund, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 137. Founded 1898. Kassel, West Germany. Reformed 1949. Cables: "Leichtathletik Kassel." East Deutscher Verband fur Leichtathletik, Bruderstrasse 5-6, Berlin, C.2., East Germany. Founded 1950.

19 GHANA (D) Ghana Amateur Athletic Association, The Secretary's Office, clo Police Headquarters, The Ghana Police, Founded 1944. P.O. Box 116, Accra, Ghana. GREAT BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND (A) British Amateur Athletic Board, 54 Torrington Place, London, W.C.1., England. Cables: "Athlete Westcent, London." Founded 1932. GIBRALTAR (D) Gibraltar Amateur Athletic Association, Founded 1954 P.O. Box No. 1, Gibraltar. GREECE (B) Hellenic Amateur Athletic Association, 4 Kapsali Street, Athens, Greece. Cables: "Segas-Athens". Founded 1897. GUATEMALA (D) Federacion de Atletismo de Guatemala, 6 Avenida Sur, No. 17, Guatemala City, Central America. Cables: "Atletismo". Founded 1945. HAITI (D) La Commissioner Nationale Haitienne d' Athletisme Amateur. Bureau de Sports, Cite de l'Exposition Avenue, Marie Jeanne, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. HONG KONG (D) The Hong Kong Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box, 280, Hong Kong. Founded 1951. HUNGARY (A) Magyar Athletikai Szovetseg, V. Hold-u. 1. Budapest, VI, Hungary. Founded 1897.

(C) ICELAND Icelandic Athletic Union, P.O. Box 1099, Reykjavik, Iceland. Cables: "Idrottasamband". Founded 1912. INDIA (B) Amateur Athletic Federation of India, Founded 1946. INDONESIA (D) Persatuan At1etik Seluruh Indonesia, Pengangsaan Timur 40 pav., Djakarta, Indonesia. Founded 1950. IRAN (C) Iranian A.A. Federation, C/o. Iranian Olympic Committee, 52 Shaikh Hadi Avenue, Teheran, Iran. Cables: "Olympique, Teheran." Founded 1936 IRAQ The Iraq A.A.A.., clo Ministry of Education, Physical Education Dept., Baghdad, Iraq. ISRAEL Sports Federation of Israel, P.O. Box 4575 Tel-Aviv, Israel. Cables: " Sportisfed" .

(D)

Founded 1948.

ITALY (A) Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera, Foro Italico, Rome, Italy. Cables: "Fidal Roma" : Founded 1898. JAPAN (A) Nippon Rikujo-Kyogi Remmei, 4-6 Surugadai, Kanda, Tokyo, Japan. Cables: "Zennihon, Tokyo". Founded 1925.

(D) KENYA Kenya Amateur Athletic Association, Private Bag, Nairobi, Kenya Colony'. Founded 1951. (D) KOREA Korean Amateur Athletic Association, Founded 19-15. Seoul, Korea. LEBANON (D) Federation Libanaise d' Athletisme et de Cyclisme, Imm. Esseyli, Place Assour, . Beyrouth, Lebanon. Founded 19-15. LIBERIA (D) Liberian Olympic Games Association, P.O. Box 286, Monrovia, Liberia, VV. Africa. Cables: "Loga, Monrovia, Liberia." Founded 1955. LIECHTENSTEIN (D) Landes-Sportverband fur das Furstentum Liechtenstein, Balzers, Furstenturn, Liechtenstein. Cables: "Landessportverband Schaan, F.L." Founded 1936. (C) LUXEMBURG Federation Luxembourgeoise d' Athletisme, . Case Postale 175 Lu.xembourg. Founded 1928. Cables: "Athletic, Luxembourg" . (D) MALAYA Federation of Malaya A.A. Union, clo Dept. of Information, Founded 1906 Kuala Lumpur, Malaya. (D) MALTA Malta A.A.A., 57 Fleet Street, Gzira, Malta, G.c. Founded 1928. Cables: "Athlete." (D) l\IAURITIUS Mauritius Sports Association, George Vth Stadium, Founded 1952. Curepipe, Mauritius.

22 MEXICO (B) Confederacion Deportiva Mexicana, Plaza Buenavista 2, Mexico, D.F. Cables: " Depormex" . Founded 1933. :MOROCCO (D) Federation Royale Marocaine d' Athletisme ' 4, Rue Charles -Tissot, Rabat, Morocco. Founded 1957. NEPAL (D) Amateur Athletic Association of Nepal, Nara Dera, Jwala Khel, Kathmandu, Nepal. Founded 19S1. NETHERLANDS (B) Koninklijke Nederlandse Athletiek Unie, Brinkstraat 53 bv. Amsterdam-Oost, Netherlands. Founded 1901. NEW ZEALAND (B) New Zealand Amateur Athletic Association G.P.O. Box 741, Wellington, C.1., New Zealand. Cables: " Amathletic" . Founded 1887. NIGERIA (D) Amateur Athletic Association of Nigeria, P.O. Box 211, Lagos Nigeria, B.W.A. Cables: "Athletics" . Founded 1944. NORTH BORNEO (D) Amateur Athletic Association of North Borneo P.O.BoxNo. 35, Jesselton, N. Borneo. Founded 1950. NORWAY .. (B) Norges Fn-ldrettsforbund, Torggata 2, Oslo, Norway. Founded 1896. Cables: "Fri-idrettsforbundet". PAKISTAN Pakistan Olympic Association, clo District Board, Montgomery, Pakistan.

(B) Founded 1947.

PANAMA (C) Comision Nacional de Atletismo de Panama, P.O. Box 3503 Ciudad de Panama, Panama City, Republic de Panama .. Cables: "Atletismo Educfisca" . Founded 1945. PERU Federacion Peruana de Atletismo, Estadio Nacional, Lima, Peru. Cables: "Atleperu".

(C)

Founded 1927.

PHILIPPINES (C) Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation, Rizal Memorial Coliseum, Vito Cruz, Manila, Philippines. Cables: "Paafmanila". Founded 1911. POLAND (B) Polski Zwiazek Lekkiej Atletyki, \Varszawa 10, Wilcza Slm.10, Poland. Founded 1920 Cables: Pezla, \Varsaw. PORTUGAL (C) Federacao Portuguesa de Atletismo, Praca de Alegria 65, Lisbon, Portugal. Founded 1921. PUERTO-RICO (C) Puerto Rico Athletic Federation, clo Mr. Julio E. Monagas, Chairman Recreation and Parks Commission, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Founded 1947. RHODESIA & (D) Rhodesia & Nvasaland Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box 15i5 Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia. Founded 1958. ROUMANIA (B) Comitetul Pentru Cultura Fizica si Sport, Str. Vasle, Conta 16, Bucarest. Cables: "Comfiscult". Founded 1912.

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EL SALVADOR Comite Nacional Olimpico, San Salvador, El Sah"ador, C.A.

(Di Founded 1943.

SARAvVAK (D) Sarawak Amateur Athletic Association p.a. Box 14, Founded 1953. Kuching, Sarawak via. Singapore SIERRE LEONE (D) Sierre Leone Amateur Athletic Association. cio. British Council, P.O. Box 124, Freetown, Sierre Leone. Cables: "Athletics, British Council, Freetown." Founded 1951. SINGAPORE (D) Singapore Amateur Athletic Association, "B" Connaught Drive, Singapore. Founded 1934. SOUTH AFRICA (B) The South African Amateur Athletic p.a. Box 1756, Pretoria, South Africa. . Founded 1895. Cables: "Athlete Pretoria." SPAIN (B) Real Federacion Espanola de Atletismo, La Calle de Ferraz Ko. 16, Founded 1918. Madrid, Spain. SWEDEN (A) Svenska Fri-Idrottsforbundet, Stromsborg, Stockholm c., Svveden. Founded 1895. Cables: "Friidrott". SWITZERLAND (B) Federation Suisse d' Athletisme Amateur, Malzgasse 28, Basle, Switzerland. Founded 1905. Cables: "Athletisme Basle".

SYRIA Syrian A.A. Federation, Ministry of Education, Physical Education Dept., Damascus, Syria. TAIWAN China National A.A. Federation, p.a. Box 2051, Taipei, Taiwan. Cables: "Cnaaf, Taipei."

(D)

Founded 1949.

(D)

Founded 1914.

(D) TANGANYIKA Tanganyika A.A.A., p.a. Box 20113, Dar Es Salaam, Tanganyika. Founded 1954. Cables: "Athlete". (D) THAILAND Amateur Athletic Association of Thailand, 58 Rong Muang Road, Bangkok, Thailand. Founded 1948. (D) TUNISIA Federation Tunisienne d'Athletisme, 38 Rue de Colmar, Tunis. Founded 1957. Cables: "Athletisme, Tunis." (B) TURKEY B.T.G.M. Atletizm Federasyonu, Ankara, Turkey. Cables: "Atletlzm Spor Ankara". Founded 1922. UGANDA (D) Uganda A.A.A., p.a. Box 2163, Kampala, Uganda. Cables: "Municipal, Kampala." Founded 1925. UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (A) All Union Section of Light Athletics, 4 Skatertnyi pereulok 69, Moscow, U.S.S.R. Cables: "Vsecomfiscult, MoscovÂ·".". Founded 1924.

27 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (A) Amateur Athletic Union of United States of America, 233 Broadway, New York 7, New York, USA. Cables: "Amathletic". Founded 1888. URUGUAY Federacion Atletica del Uruguay, Canelones 982, Montevideo, Uruguay. Cables: "Atletica"

(C)

Founded 1918.

VENEZUELA (D) Federacion Venezolana de Atletismo Velodromo Teo Capriles, La Vega, ' Caracas, Venezuela. Cables: "Colimpico". Founded 1948. VIET-NAM (D) Federation d'Athletisme du Viet-Nam clo M. Nguyen Van Doan, ' Nha Tong Giam Doc Thanh Nien, 648 duong Nguyen-Trai, Cholon, Saigon, Viet-Nam. Cables: "FAVN, Saigon." Founded 1951. WEST INDIES (B) West Indies Amateur Athletic Federation George VI Memorial Park, ' Founded 1958. Kingston, Jamaica, B.\V.L YUGOSLAVIA (B) Federation Yougoslave d' Athletisme, Belgrade Terazge 35, Box 475, Yugoslavia. Cables: "Asaj". Founded 1948.

FOREWORD Once more it is my pleasant task to present to you the official Handbook of the International Amateur Athletic Federation for 1959/60. You will note that there are a number of amendments and modifications. These have been provided by the various Committees of the Federation and agreed by the Congress. On your behalf I would like to thank the several Committees who have put in so much time and hard work on this task. May I also on your behalf say a word of very real appreciation to Monsieur Emile Clemme for the devoted work which he has given to the Federation in translating the English text in this Handbook into French. The activities and numbers of our member associations continue to expand and there are now nearly 100 countries affiliated to the LA.A.F. This expansion has led to much additional work at the Federation office, and I cannot pay too high tribute to our Honorary Secretary-Mr. D. T. P. Pain-for the efficiency with which he carries out the work and for the very long hours that he puts in on our behalf. Our Council members are now fairly well spread around the world, and should any difficulty arise, I hope members will not hesitate to contact the nearest Council member for assistance. EXETER, President 21st January, 1959. 4 Great Winchester Street, London, E.C.2.

CONSTITUTION of the INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION NOTE

:-Words in these rules and all other matter importing the masculine gender shall include the feminine and the words of the singular person shall include the plural. The undermentioned words or letters shall bear the meaning set opposite to them:Athletics: Track and field athletics, cross country running and walking. I.A.A.F. : International Amateur Athletic Federation. Member of the Federation: National Governing Association or Federation. I.O.C. : International Olympic Committee. Amendments to Rules approved by Congress, 1958, are indicated by a vertical line in the margm.

RULE 1 Title and Composition I.-The title shall be the International Amateur Athletic Federation. It shall comprise duly elected national governing associations or federations of countries, in control of amateur track and field athletics, cross country running and walking, which agree to abide by the rules and regulations of the LA.A.F. Only one member for each country can be affiliated. 2.-The jurisdiction of members of the Federation shall be limited to the political boundaries of the country they represent.

RULE 2 Objects of the Federation The objects of the Federation shall be:I.-To establish friendly and loyal co-operation between all members for the benefit .of amateur athletics throughout the world. 2.-To compile rules and regulations governing inter. national competitions for men and women in amateur athletics. 3.-To ensure that all contests between members of the Federation, including continental championships, regional championships and all other international competitions shall be held under the laws and the rules for competition of the Federation. 4.-To affiliate national governing associations and federations. 5.-To decide any dispute that may arise between members if called upon to do so. 6.-To co-operate with the Organising Committees of the Olympic Games in carrying through the organisation of the athletic competitions and as delegated by the I.O.C. to supervise and control all the technical arrangements. 7.-To frame regulations for the establishment of World, Olympic and Continental amateur records 111 athletics. RULE 3 Official Languages At all Congress Meetings each member may speak in his own language, translations being made only into French and English as required. The Constitution and the Rules and Regulations, Minutes, Reports and other communications shall be in such languages as the Council shall decide. In all cases of any difference in the interpretation of the text the English version shall be accepted.

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30 RULE 4 Congresses

I.-The Congress of the I.A.A.F. shall consist of the President, two Vice-Presidents elected for the meeting only, the Honorary Secretary, Members of the Council and not more than five representatives delegated by each affiliated Member. 2.-A member of the Federation shall be represented only by its delegates. Notice of the appointment of delegates, certified in writing by the Member they represent, must be lodged with the Honorary Secretary prior to the commencement of the Congress meeting. Delegates shall be citizens of the country they represent and shall not have coached or competed as a professional. In cases where a Member sends only one delegate he shall be entitled to use the full number of votes. A delegate shall represent only one Member of the Federation. 3.-The Members of the Federation included in group HA" shall be entitled to seven votes each; those in group "B" to five votes each; those in group "C" to three votes each, and those in group "D" to one vote each. (Also see Rule 7.) 4.-The Congress shall be convened biennially and the venue shall be fixed at the preceding meeting. 5.-The President of the Federation shall preside at all Congress meetings. In his absence the meeting shall appoint one of the elected Vice-Presidents. 6.-The Congress only shall have power to approve or alter any constitutional rule. All additions, amendments or alterations to the Constitutional Rules must obtain two-thirds of the voting power of those present and such two-thirds must also represent at least 331% of the total voting power of the I.A.A.F. 7.-A special Congress may be called, provided not less than fifteen Members of the Federation give notice in

writing to the Honorary Secretary stating they desire such a meeting and the reasons relating thereto. Upon receipt of any such notice, the Honorary Secretary shall summon a meeting of the Congress within three months. 8.-In recognition of valued services given to the cause of international athletics, Congress shall be entitled to elect an Honorary Life President and not more than three Honorary Life Vice-Presidents, without voting power. RULE 5 Officers The President and the Honorary Secretary shall be elected by the Congress, each for a term of four years. They shall reside in the same country. The officers shall be exofjicio members of all committees and commissions. RULE 6

Council I.-The Council shall be elected by Congress, for a term of four years, with powers and duties as set out hereafter. The Council shall consist of the President and the Honorary Secretary of the Federation and ten additional representatives from different countries other than that of the President and Honorary Secretary. 2.-The officers and members of the Council shall serve until their successors are appointed and take office. 3.-In the absence of the President, the Honorary Secretary shall preside. 4.-The President and the Honorary Secretary shall each have a vote. The President in the case of a tie in the voting, shall have a second or casting vote.

32 5.-When during the time between the Congress meetings any vacancy arises in the membership of the Council, the vacant place shall be filled by the Council by accepting the nominee of the member association represented by the retiring member of the Council. 6.-The Council shall meet at least once;). year and its duties shall include:(a) The examination of all proposals to be placed before Congress and the submission of a report thereon. (b) The administration of the affairs of the Federation. (c) The provisional affiliation of National Governing bodies for athletics. (Also see Rule 7.) (d) Notification to members of the imposition of any penalties by either Congress or the Council. (e) The maintenance of a register of 'World, Olympic and Continental amateur records. (f) Deciding any dispute that may arise between members of the Federation which may be referred to it by either of the interested members. (g) Framing rules and regulations for, and controling and supervising the athletic technical organisation at the Olympic Games. (h) The submission to Congress of a report, an audited statement of accounts and balance sheet on the proceedings and finances of the Federation, together with a budget for the succeeding two years. (i) In cases of great importance requiring an immediate decision it shall have power to summon an Extraordinary Congress of the Federation. RULE 7 Membership I.-The National Governing Body for amateur athletics in any country shall be eligible for membership of the Federation. 2 .-Application for membership together with a copy

of the .Const.itution and rules shall be submitted to the whI::h shal.l have power .to elect to membership provl.slOnally, pendmg confirmatIOn at the next Congress meetmg. 3.-Membershil? shall be divided into four groups and any member admItted to the Federation after the 23rd 1950 be placed in such group as the Congress may decIde. The following grouping with from the 1st January 1959 was agreed at the Congress m 1958 and sh2.11 remain as such untIl altered by a subsequent Congress :_ GROUP HA" New Zealand Canada. Norway Czecho-Slovaloa Pakistan Finland Poland France Roumania Germany South Africa Gt. Britain Spain & Northern Ireland Switzerland Hungary Turkey I taly West Indies Japan Yugo-slavia Sweden U.S.A. U.S.S.R. GROUP HC" Afghanistan Austria GROUP HB" Bulgaria Argentine Ceylon Australia Chile Belgium Colombia Brazil Cuba Denmark Egypt Eire Iceland Greece Israel India Iran Mexico Luxemburg Netherlands Panama

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34 Peru GROUP "D" Philippines All Portugal the Puerto Rico other Uruguay Members. 4 .-The annual fees from each member affiliated to the LA.A.F. shall be paid in advance on 1st January in accordance ,vith the following groups : Each Member in Group "A" shall pay £50 " "E n " £30 "e" £15 ,}"

('D"

))

£5

Any member whose subscription is unpaid on the 31sT DECEMBER shall be liable to be struck off the list of members of the Federation or suspended at the discretion of the Council. No representative can be authorised to take part in any meeting of the Congress or Committees if the subscription of the member he represents is more than twelve months in arrears. (Also see Rule 4 para. 3.) RULE S

Suspensions The Council of the Federation shall have the power to suspend any athlete from international competition until the next meeting of the Congress, and the Congress shall likewise have the power to suspend any athlete from international competition for so long as shall be stated in its decision. RULE 9 International Athletic Competitions and Qualifications of Competitors I.-An international athletic meeting is defined as follows :(a) A meeting arranged between two or more members of the Federation; or .

(b) A meeting organised by the Federation or a member of the Federation or by a club affiliated to and having the sanction of a member, provided other members of the Federation or their clubs take part in the meeting. 2.-Neither a national championship open to all amateur athletes, nor a competition in which a touring team of athletes takes part as individuals shall be considered an international meeting. 3.-At all international meetings the rules and regulations of the Federation shall apply. 4.-All international meetings must be sanctioned by the I .A.A.F. or by a member of the Federation. National governing bodies in authorising international meetings under their jurisdiction shall insist that all prizes are in the nature of souvenirs commemorating the success of the athlete and shall not exceed the value of £12 sterling (or its equivalent in other currencies as at 27th August 1950). Any promoter infringing this rule should not be given permission thereafter to promote an international meeting. Note: Where it is decided to honour an athlete for an outstanding performance the sp'l'rit of this rule should be observed and the intrinsic value of the award sho'uld not exceed the sttm mentioned in the rule. No international meeting may be sanctioned by any member of the Federation for the period beginning two months immediately before and during the Olympic Games without first obtaining permission from the Council of the I.A.A.F. 5.-No athlete or club may take part in an athletic meeting in a foreign country without the written approval of his governing body, and no member of the Federation shall allow any foreign athlete to enter any competition without such penuit certifying that he is an amateur and permitted to compete in the country concerned.

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11'

h 11

Ii I1 I1

36 An invitation to an athlete to compete in a meeting in a country other than his own shall not be extended directly or indirectly by an individual, a club, college, university or other athletic organisation, but only by the governing body of the inviting country through the governing body of the country such athlete represents. All negotiations for the participation of an athlete in contests in another country shall be carried on by the governing body of the countries concerned. The only exception to the foregoing shall be where a Federation shall authorise one of its member clubs to communicate with the club of another country concerning the participation of one or more of its athletes, and such authorisation shall be granted on the express condition that the Federations concerned are kept informed as to the context of the communications. 6.-Any athlete competing in any foreign country (other than in international meetings as above defined) shall, in respect to that competition, be subject to the athletic laws of that country. 7.-In international competitions, members of this Federation shall be represented only by native born or naturalised subjects of the country which the affiliated member represents, except in the case of citizens of a colony, when they shall be eligible to represent the mother country if such colony is not represented by membership of the I.A.A.F. Having once represented any member of the Federation in international competition, no contestant may thereafter represent any other member except in case of:(a) Incorporation of one country in another, (b) Creation of a new country ratified by treaty, or (c) Where membership of the LA.A.F. is acquired by the governing body of any colony where such membership did not previously exist.

'.:

II"

RULE 10

i! il

I, I! i

Championshipsof the World and Area Championships I.-The LA.A.F. alone shall have the right to organise or sanction World's, European, Far East, Latin American and other area championships for field and track events.

!' i:

:i'

I: I'I!

2.-The Olympic Games shall be regarded as World Championships in track and field athletics.

3.-Sanction of the LA.A.F. is required for all area championships. A fee of ÂŁ25 sterling (or its equivalent in other currencies) which fee shall accompany the application for sanction, shall be paid to the LA.A.F. by the body for such sanction, except for the OlympIC Games and European Championships.

1\ 'I

4.-The LA.A.F. shall designate a representative to attend each area games or championships at the expense of the organisers, to ensure that the rules and regulations of the LA.A.F. are complied with. The trayelling and accommodation expenses of this representatIve shall be paid to him by the organisers not later than the final day of the championships or athletic section of the games. Such representative shall render his report to the LA.A.F. within thirty days thereafter. NOTE.-For the purpose of this rule, world, group or sectional games and championships are defined as area championships. RULE 11 Alterations to Rules

1.--Constitution Laws .-Proposals for alteration or additions to the constitution rules of the Federation shall be made only by a member ofthe Federation and must reach the Honorary Secretary of the I.A.A.F. at least five calendar months prior to the Congress at which they

I:1:

I I: i

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are to be considered. The proposals shall be communicated to affiliated countries at least four calendar months before such Congress. 0 proposals shall be considered by Congress without the notice specified herein. 2.--Technical Rules .-Proposals to amend the technical rules shall be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the LA.A.F. for submission to the Technical Committee prior to presentation to the Congress. If approved the Technical Committee sha.ll make recommenda.tions to the Council which has full authority to decide thereon. 3.-No alterations or additions to the technical rules passed during the twelve months preceding any Olympic Games shall be effective until after the Games.

RULES RELATING TO ELIGIBILITY OF ATHLETES TO COMPETE UNDER INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION RULES I.-An amateur is one who competes for the love of sport and as a means of recreation, without any motive of securing any material gain from such competition. 2.-Competition under International Amateur Athletic Federation rules is restricted to amateur athletes who are eligible to compete under the nlles as laid down bv the International Amateur Athletic Federation. 3.-The following persons are ineligible to take part in competitions under International Amateur Athletic Federation rules. Any person who since reaching the age of 16:(i) has competed in any sport for any pecumary reward; (ii) has taken part in any track or field event in which any of the competitors were, to his knowledge ineligible to compete under International Amateur Athletic Federation rules; (iii) has ever received any pecuniary consideration for teaching, training or coaching in any sport; NOTE.-Physical education teachers whose work is solely educational and who are not paid directl)' or indIrectly for the coacMng of athletes for competitions are eligible to compete as amateurs. (iv) has at any time been financially interested in any track or field event in which he was entered; (v) "vrites, lectures or broadcasts for payment upon any track or field event or competition without the prior permission of his national governing body; (vi) sells or pavms any of his prizes;

40 (vii) receives anv compensation for using the goods or apparatus of any firm, manufacturer or agent, or allows his name or his static or moving picture to be used as a means of advertising or recommending the goods of any firm, manufacturer or agent; NOTE .--When and where it is proved that the name or the picture of the athlete was used for the purpose of this paragraph without his knowledge the indemnity to be collected from the person or persons responsible for the injury, privately agreed or stipulated by the Courts, will revert to the Federation to u'hich the athlete belongs. (viii) while a member of any club or other body under the jurisdiction of a national body affiliated to the International Amateur Athletic Federation competes in any foreign country at any meeting not recognised by the governing body of such country; (ix) accepts directly or indirectly any money or other consideration for expenses or loss of earnings, other than what is permitted as follows :(a) The travelling and accommodation expenses of athletes competing in competitions under International Amateur Athletic Federation rules which are limited to the actual outla"! for travelling, meals and lodging. In cases where an athlete is permitted to participate in competitions held in a country other than his own, such expenses must not in any circumstances whatever be paid direct to -the athlete himself, nor to any person on his behalf, but must be paid through the national governing bodies of the countries concerned. National governing bodies must strictly control all financial transactions and in so far as any advance

payment is necessary to enable an athlete to obtain refreshment en route, or expend money on travelling or accommodation which cannot be provided by supplying tickets or vouchers, this must be advanced to the athlete by his own governing body who will obtain reimbursement from the governing bod.y where the competition takes place. The athlete's own national governing body may, however, in exceptional circumstances authorise the national governing body under whose jurisdiction he is for the time being competing, to refund to the athlete actual essential expenses for travelling, meals and lodging, and at the conclusion of the competition such national body shall forward to the LA.A.F. and to the athlete's national body a detailed statement of all such payments. The daily allowance for the out-of-pocket expenses to athletes during their stay in a foreign country must not exceed $2 (14 shillings and 6 pence sterling) or the equivalent value in other currencies. This sum should be allocated from the date of arrival in the host country until the date of departure, and paid through the team manager. (b) The period of time in anyone calendar year for which an. athlete shall receive expense money is limited to 28 days exclusive of the time taken in travelling. Accumulation of these days in two consecutive years is not allowed. An extension may be given by the national association to which the athlete belongs, to cover competition in Olympic Games, Continental Championships, or when representing a

4 ') '"'

43 country in g-cnuine matches against other countnes. The Council of the International Amateur Athletic Federation only is empowered to grant extensions in other cases. OTE .-...1 genuine match is one where with the authority of the governing bodies concerned the competition is announced as between teams representing teW or more countries. Each team should be selected by the governing body concerned. A "touring" team consisting of a nu.mber of athletes, is not recognised as an team for the purposes of this defznltwn.

. 4 ..----:-An}' person who is, and for so long as he remains, comI?ete in under the juriscl1ctlOn of IllS natIonal governmg body, is ineligible to compete under the rules of the International Amateur Athletic Federation. S.-In any competition under International Amateur Federation rules the eligibility of any athlete competmg shall be guaranteed by the governing body of .the. cou?try to which the athlete belongs. If any IS taken to the status of any athlete, such be referred to the jury or if no jury has objectIon been appomted to the referee. If the matter cannot be settled satisfactorily prior to the meeting the athlete shall be allowed to compete "under protest" and the matter be referred to the Council of the International Amateur Athletic Federation.

ATHLETIC RULES for MEN'S AND WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONS All international competitions shall be held under the rules of the International Amateur Athletic Federation and this shall be stated in all announcements, advertisements, programmes and printed matter. The rules as laid down shall be applicable to men's and women's competitions. The standard of conversion from metres to yards feet and inches used in the technical rules is 1 metre= 1.093614 yards (3.280842 feet or 39.370 inches) and for weights 1 kilogramme=2.204622 lbs. to rul.es appr?ved by Congress 1958 are mdlcated by a vertIcal lme m the margin. N aTE .-1 t is recommended that "National Associations should adopt the rules of the I.A ..:1.F. for the conduct Qf their own athletic meetings. SECTION I

Officials of the Meeting RULE 1

The list laid down in this rule comprises those officials considered to be necessary for principal international meetings. The organisers are at liberty to vary this where local circumstances require. MANAGEMENT OFFICIALS

One Manager One Secretary One Technical Manager

45 RULE 2

JURY OF ApPEAL COMPETITION

OFFICIALS

One Referee for Track Events One (or more) Referees for Field Events One Referee for Walking Events Four (or more) Judges for Track Events Four (or more) Judges for Field Events Four (or more) Judges for\Valking Events Four (or more) Umpires for Track Events Three (or more) Timekeepers One (or more) Starters One (or more) Clerks of the Course (Starter's Assistants) One (or more) Lap Scorers One Recorder One Marshal ADDITIONAL

OFFICIALS

One (or more) Announcers One Official Surveyor One (or more) Doctors Stewards for Competitors, Officials and Press \Nhere women's events are held there shall be appointed as many women officials as may be appropriate, including a woman doctor when possible. If deemed necessary, assistants may be appointed, but care should be taken to keep the arena as free from officials as possible.

For the duties of officials see following rules.

The Manager The Manager shall have charge of the Meeting and be responsible for the proper carrying out of the programme. He shall see that all officials have reported for duty and when necessary shall appoint substitutes, and in cooperation with the appointed Marshal arrange that only authorised persons are allowed in the centre of the arena. RULE 3

The Secretary The Secretary shall be responsible for the calling of the meetings of the executive and other committees, and shall prepare all Minutes relating thereto. He shall be in charge of all administrative arrangements, and shall receive and conduct all principal correspondence relating to the Meeting. RULE 4

The Technical Manager The Technical Manager shall act directly under the Manager of the Meeting and be responsible for seeing that the track, runways, circles, arcs, sectors and pits for field events are properly laid out, also that all equipment is according to specification and readily available for approval by the appointed Referee, and that scoring, results and time record ing cards are prepared. (Also see rule 6 para. 2 page 46 and n:le 16 page 52.) RULE 5

Jury of Appeal A Jury of Appeal shall be appointed, to whom all protests under rule 23 (page 62) shall be referred. Their decision shall be final.

47 RULE 6

Referees I.-Separate Referees may be appointed as required. for track, field and walking events, 2.-It shall be the responsibility of a Referee to see that the rules are observed (also see rule 4) and decide any technical points which arise during Meeting, and for which provision has not been made these rules. The Referee shall have jurisdiction to decIde any placings in a race, only, when the J .udges of the place or places are unable to arnve at a Unal1lIDOUS or majority decision. (Also see rule 7 para. 2 page 47, and rule 22, para. 1 page 60.) 3.-Referees shall allocate Judges to particular events if this has not been previously arranged, specifying the duty each should carry out (e.g. circle, take-off board, the cometc.) ; announce to the Judges and ensure petitors are informed of of to ?e allowed under the rules even If thIS has been prmted ll1 the programme; supervise the measurements ,of performances; check the final results and deal wIth any disputed points. (Also see rule 7 para. 1 page 47.) 4.-The appropriate Referee shall have the power to exclude any competitor for improper and he shall decide on the ground, any protest or obJection as to the conduct of a competitor. (Also see rule 8 page 48; rule 12 page 51 and rule 23 page 62.) 5 .-If in the opinion of the Referee circumstances arise at any Meeting so that justice demands that any event should be contested again, he shall have power. to declare the event void and such event shall be held agam, either on the same day or on some future occasion, as he shall in his absolute discretion decide. (Also see rule 18 para. 7 page 55.) 6.-The Referee shall have power to change the place of the competition in any field event, if in his opinion the

conditions justify a change. Such a change shall be made only after a rounel is completed. 7.-Upon completion of each event the result card shall be immediately filled in, signed by the Referee and handed to the Recorder. (Also see rule 13 page 51.) N aTE .-Reference should be made when necessar)' to the special rules for the Ol.vmpic Games and European Championships, see pages II] and I2I respectively.

RULE 7

Judges General I.-Subject to the rules laid down by the National Association and except in the case of the Olympic Games and European Championships, the organisers of the meeting shall appoint the Judges for the various events. The Referee shall allocate the duties among the Judges. (Also see rule 6 para. 3 page 46.) Racing Events 2.-The Judges, who must all operate from the same side of the track and preferably from the inside, shall decide the order in which the competitors finish, and in any case where they cannot arrive at an unanimous or majority decision shall refer the matter to the Referee, who shall decide. (Also see rule 6 para. 2 page 46.) N aTE .-1 t is recommended that wherever practicable one Judge selects the first man to finish, one the first and second, one the second and third, and so on. The Judges sholl,ld be placed at least five metres (or 16ft. 6in.) from and in line with the jÂŁnish and in order that they may have a good view of the finish line, an elevated stand should be provided. A Photo-finish apparatus should be ava-ilable for use whene7'er possible as an aid to the Referee and Judges.

48 FÂŁeld Events 3.-The Judges shall judge, measure and record each valid trial of the competitors in all events in which the result is determined by height or distance. In the high jump and pole vault, precise measurements should be made when the bar is raised, particularly if records are being attempted. At least two Judges should keep a record of all trials, checking their recordings at the end of each round. Walking Events 4.-The Judges at the finish shall be responsible only for deciding the order in which the competitors finish. Other Judges must be appointed to determine the fairness of walking in accordance with the rules for Walking, and the conduct of any competitor during the competition. (Also see rule 45, page 92.) RULE 8 Umpires (Track Events) I.-Umpires are assistants to the Referee, without power to give any decisions. 2.-1t shall be the duty of an Umpire to stand at such point as the Referee may determine to watch the competition closely, and in case of a foul or violation of the rules by a competitor or other person, to make an immediate report of the incident to the Referee. 3.-Umpires should also be appointed to undertake the duties of supervision in relay races at the take-over points. RULE 9 Timekeepers I.-There should be three official Timekeepers (one of whom should be the Chief Timekeeper) and one or two alternate Timekeepers who should time every event. The times recorded by the alternate Timekeepers' watches shall not be considered unless one or more of the official Timekeepers' watches fails properly to record the time,

49 in case, the alternate Timekeepers shall be called upon, m such order as has been previously decided so that in all races, three watche.s should have recorded'the official time. In the two ?f three official watches agreeing and the thIrd the time shown by the two shall.be the officIal tIme. If all three watches disagree, the tIme shown by the watch recording the middle time shall be the official.time: hand of the watch stops between the two lInes mdicatmg the time the nearest longer time shall be accepted. (Also see rule 46 page 93 for Pentathlon and Decathlon events.) 2 .-If for any reason only two watches record the time of an event, and they fail to agree, the longer time of the two shall be accepted as the official time. 3.-The time shall be taken from the flash of the pistol t? the at which any part of the body of the competItor torso as distinguished from the head, arms, legs or feet) reaches the nearest edge of the finish line. NOTE.-The torso includes the neck. 4.-.For .races to. and including one mile or its metnc eqUIvalent mcludmg relay races, the timing shall be to one-tenth second. For longer races the timing shall be to one-fifth second, but shall be recorded by conversion into tenths of a second (e.g., two-tenths four-tenths six-tenths, eight-tenths). ' , 5Âˇ.-An electrical time keeping device approved by the Association of the country where the competition is held, may be used. 6.-Upon c?mpletion of each event the time recording card shall be Immediately filled in, signed by the Chief Timekeeper and handed to the Recorder. (Also see rule 13 page 51.) NOTE.-For World Records refer to Rule 24 page 63 and Rule 27 pages 69 to 7I.

RULE 10

The Starter I.-All questions concerning the start shall be decided by the Starter. 2.-The Starter shall have entire control of the competitors on their marks, and shall be the sole judge of any fact connected with the start of the race. 3.-In races where the competitors are not placed behind the same starting line (e.g., 200-400 metres or 220-440 yards races on circular trc:cks), the .Starter use a microphone connected WIth amplIfiers the starting line in each lane. Where such a deVIce IS not used the Starter shall so place himself that the distance between him and each of the competitors is approximately the same. Where, however, the Starter cannot place himself in such a position, the pistol should be placed there and discharged by electric contact. (Also see Rule 27 for regulations relating to the start, page 69.) RULE 11

Clerks of the Course (Starter's Assistants) I.-The Clerks of the Course shall check that the competitors are competing in the correct heat or race and that their numbers are worn properly, one on the breast and one on the back. They shall assist the Starter in any draw for stations. Stations in events at all distances shall be numbered from left to right, facing the direction of running (also see rule 19 para. 5 page 57). 2.-They must place each competitor in his correct lane or station, assembling the competitors on the starting line or in races up to and including 1500 metres (or 1 mile) on an assembly line 3 metres (or 10 fee.t) behind the starting line (in the case of races started III echelon, similarly behind each starting line) and when

so placed they shall signal to the Starter that all is ready. When a fresh start is ordered the Clerks of the Course shall assemble the c?mpetitors again. 3.-The Clerks of the Course shall be responsible for the readiness of batons for the first runners in a relay race. 4.-When the Starter has ordered the competitors to their marks, the Clerks of the Course must see that no competitor places either fingers, hands or feet on the starting line or in front of it. If any difficulty arises they must signal immediately to the Starter. (Also see rule 27 page 69.) RULE 12

Lap Scorers I.-A Lap Scorer shall keep a record of the laps covered by each competitor in races from 1500 metres to 3 miles. For races exceeding 3 miles a number of lap scorers under the direction of the Referee shall be appointed and provided with lap scoring cards on which they shall record the times over each lap (as announced to them by the Chief Timekeeper) of the competitors for which they are responsible. No Lap Scorer should record for more than four competitors. 2.-A Lap Scorer shall be appointed to notify to each competitor the number of laps which he still has to complete. He shall notify the final lap by the ringing of a bell or otherwise. RULE 13

The Recorder The Recorder shall collect the result of each event together with the times or heights or distances which shall be furnished to him by the Referee and Chief Timekeeper. He shall as soon as possible communicate the information to the Announcer, and after recording

the placings, times, heights or distances, he shall hand the official result together with all cards to the Manager of the meeting. (Also see rule 6 para. 7 page 47; rule 9 para. 6 page 49 and rule 15 page 52.) RULE 14

The Marshal The Marshal shall have full charge of the enclosure and shall not allow any persons other than the officials, competitors assembled to compete, to enter and remam therein. He shall control his assistants and assign to them their duties. He shall arrange for an enclosure to be provided for officials when not on duty. RULE 15

The Announcer The Announcer shall give out to the public, the names and numbers of the competitors taking part in each event and all relevant information such as the composition of the heats, lanes or stations drawn, and intermediate times. The result (placings, times, heights and distances) of each event should be announced at the earliest possible moment after receipt of the information from the Recorder. (Also see rule 13 page 51.) RULE 16

The Official Surveyor The Official Surveyor shall immediately prior to the Meeting, survey the track and runways, and all the distances which are to be contested, also the CIrcles, arcs, sectors and other measurements relating to the field events. He shall furnish to the Technical Manager and the Referee, before the Meeting, certificates as to correctness. (Also see rule 21 para. 4 page 60.)

SECTION 11 RULES FOR COMPETITION

RULE 17 Entries I.-Competitions under I.A.A.F. rules are restricted to amateurs in accordance with the I.A.A.F. rules relating to the eligibility of athletes to compete. (Refer to pages 39-42.) 2 .-N0 competitor shall be allowed to compete outside his own country unless his amateur status is guaranteed in writing by the recognised governing Athletic Association of his country, and he has permission from such body to compete. In all international competitions such guarantee of the amateur status of an athlete shall be accepted as conclusive for the time being, of the athlete's eligibility to compete; any objection as to his status shall be referred to the I.A.A.F. (Refer to Constitutional Rule 9 page 34.) 3.-All women's entries must be accompanied by a certificate as to sex, issued by a qualified medical doctor recognised by the National Association.

Medical Certificate for Female Participants in Athletics (Rule 17 of the Regulations of the International Amateur Athletic Federation) women's entries must be accompanied by a certificate as to sex, issued by a qualified medical doctor, recognised by the National Association" . . I HEREBY CERTIFY that... of .......................................................................................................................................... is qualified in accordance with the above-mentioned rule of the I.A.A.F. to compete in women's events. Signature of Medical Practitioner... . Address . . Date . . Signature of National Governing Body Address . Date .

RULE 18

The Competition I.-No performance accomplished by an athlete will be valid unless it has been accomplished in good faith during an official competition using only equipment authorised by the rules of the LA.A.F. 2.-In matches arranged between members of the LA.A.F. the number of trials in the jumping and throwing events may be reduced as desired; any such arrangement should be made previous to the meeting. (Also see rule 34 para. 13 page 81 and rule 40 para. 2 page 86.) 3.-In all events competitors must wear clothing which, is clean and so designed and worn as not to be objection- I able. The clothing must be made of a material which is non-transparent even if wet. 4.-Competitors may compete in bare feet or with footwear on one or both feet. The purpose of shoes for competition is to give protection and stability to the feet and a firm grip of the ground; such shoes, however, must not be constructed so as to give the competitor any additional assistance. Competitors are not permitted to wear shoes which incorporate any spring or device of any kind or of which the sole, including grooves or ridges has a total thickness exceeding 13 millimetres (t inch). The thickness of the heel must not exceed that of the sole by more than 6 millimetres (1 inch) except in walking events where shoes may be worn of which the thickness of the heel exceeds that of the sole bynot more than 13 millimetres (t inch). The sole and the heel may have grooves, ridges and/or spikes. The number of spikes is limited to a maximum of 6 in the sole proper and two in the heel. The part of each spike which projects from the sole or the heel must not exc;eed 25 millimetres (1 inch) in length or 4 millimetres (1/6th inch) in diameter. A shoe strap over the instep is permitted.

Competitors may not use any appliance either inside I or outside the shoe which will have the effect of increasing the thickness of the sole above the permitted maximum of 13 millimetres (t inch) or' which can give the wearer any advantage which he would not obtain from the type of shoe described in the previous paragraph.

5.-Every competitor must be provided with two numbers to be worn visibly on the breast and back. I The numbers must correspond with the number in the I programme: If track suits are worn in the competition numbers must be worn on the track suit in a similar manner. In the pole vault the competitors may wear the number on the back only. No competitor shall be allowed to start without the appropriate number or; numbers. 6.-1n races run in lanes, each competitor shall keep to his own lane throughout the race. This shall apply also to relay races as regards the first lap only or to any portion of any race run in lanes. (Also see rule 31 page 76.) 7.-Any competitor wilfully jostling, running across or obstructing another competitor so as to impede his progress, shall be disqualified. If in any race a competitor is disqualified for any of these reasons, the Referee shall have power to order the race to be re-run or, in the case of a heat to permit any competitors affected by the act resulting in disqualification, to compete in a subsequent round of the race. If for any reason a competitor is hampered in a trial in a field event, the Referee shall have power to award him a substitute trial. (Also see rule 6 para. 5 page 46.) 'I

B.-If, during the progress of a race run in lanes, a competitor runs on or inside the inner border of his lane, he shall be liable to disqualification. It shall be for the Referee to decide when any ,report is made whether the competitor received such :material advantage as to have affected the result of the race or substantially

reduced the distance measured, and, if so, he shall disqualify the competitor. 9.-A competitor after voluntarily leaving the track or course shall not be allowed to continue in the race. 10.-No official or any other person within the arena except an appointed official shall indicate any intermediate times to competitors. ll.-Except as provided in rules 30 and 45 (pages 75 and 92) during the progress of an event, no competitor shall receive any assistance whatsoever from any person. I2.-Subject to the provisions of paragraph 13, if a competitor misses his turn in a field event, he shall not be permitted to take the trial so missed. l3.-If a competitor is entered in both a track event and field event, or in more than one field event taking place simultaneously, the judges may allow the competitor to take his trials in an order different from that decided upon prior to the start of the competition, but the competitor cannot demand to take all his trials in succession or to take any trials of the rounds in which he has failed to appear. l4.-A competitor in a field event who unreasonably delays making a trial renders himself liable to disqualification. IS.-In order to obtain a better grip competitors in the pole vault and throwing events are permitted to use an adhesive substance such as resin or a similar substance on their hands only. l6.-The Referee shall have the power to change the place of the competition in any field event, if in his opinion the conditions justify it. Such a change shall made only after a round has been completed.

RULE 19

Rounds, Heats and Qualifying Trials Track Events I.-Preliminary rounds (heats) shall be held in track events in which the number of competitors is too large to allow the competition to be conducted satisfactorily in a single round (final). 2.-The heats and qualifying conditions shall be arranged by the Committee conducting the meeting except in the Olympic Games when the Council of the I .A.A.F. will act, and in the European Championships when the European Committee will act. The representatives of each nation shall be placed as far as possible in different heats, which shall be so arranged that not less than six competitors shall qualify for the final. NOTE.-It is recommended when heats are being arranged, that the latest standard performances by the competitors be taken into consideration and the heats so arranged that normally the best performers should reach the final. 3.-In any track competition where there are more competitors than can be placed in the first row, the draw for stations shall be by nations, when one competitor from each nation shall be placed in the order of the draw. Additional starters from any nation shall then be placed behind, in the same order. 4 .-A competitor shall not be allowed to compete in a heat other than the one in which his name appears, except in circumstances which in the opinion of the Referee justify an alteration. 5 .-At Olympic Games, European Championships and similar meetings the authorities conducting the meeting may arrange for the drawing of stations on the day immediately preceding the race. The competitors shall be notified as to the time and place for the drawing and

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58 they shall have the right to be present in person or to send a representative. When such a draw has not taken place the competitors shall draw for their respective stations immediately before the start. (Also see mle 11 para. 1 page 50.) '6.-In all preliminary rounds, at least the first and second in each heat shall qualify for the next round. 7.-The following minimum times must be allowed when practicable, between the last heat of any round and the first heat of a subsequent round or final : Up to and including 220 yards .. 45 minutes Over 220 yards and up to and including 1000 metres 90 minutes Over 1000 metres 3 hours

Field Events 8.-In any field event, a qualifying trial may be held if necessary, to decide who shall compete in the competition proper. The qualifying conditions shall be arranged by the Committee conducting the meeting except in the Olympic Games when the Council of the I.A.A.F. will act, and in the European Championships when the European Committee will act. The competitors shall compete in the order drawn by lot and where possible their names shall be placed in the programme in the order dra'VIl. (Also see mles 34 para. 1 page 79 and 40 para. 1 page 85.) Combined Events- Pentathlon and Decathlon 9.-The order of competing shall be drawn before each separate event. 10.-Three trials only are allowed in the throwing, putting and jumping events. . It.-In 100 metres, 200 metres, 400 metres, 80 metres hurdles and 110 metres hurdles events the competitors shall be drawn by lot in groups by the Referee, so that where possible three or four competitors start in each

----

59 group, and in 1500 metres, five or six competitors. The Referee shouldso arrange the groups that never less than two competitors start in any OI)e test. He shall have the power to re-arrange the groups if in his opinion it is desirable. (Also see mle 46 page 93.) RULE 20 Doping I.-Doping is the employment of dmgs with the intention of increasing athletic efficiency by their stimulating action upon muscles or nerves, - or by paralysing the sense of fatigue. Their use is strongly deprecated not only on moral grounds but because of their danger to health. 2.-Any competitor who uses dmgs as defined above shall be suspended from active participation in amateur athletics for such period as the Council of the I.A.A.F. shall prescribe, and any person aiding or abetting in the use of drugs, shall be permanently excluded from any ground where the mles of the I.A.A.F. are in force. RULE 21 Measurements and Weights I.-All measurements must be made with a certified steel tape or bar graduated in centimetres and/or quarter-inches, and all implements must be weighed on a governmentally approved balance. 2.-In measuring the distances of throwing, putting and jumping events, that part of the steel tape recording the distance achieved must be held by an official at the take-off point, the circle or scratch line. Distances if measured in metres, shall always be recorded to the nearest centimetre below the distance covered, i.e., fractions less than one centimetre must be ignored . Distances if measured in feet, under 100 feet shall be recorded to the nearest quarter-inch and if over 100 feet shall be recorded to the nearest half-inch below the

distance covered, i.e., fractions less than quarter-inch or half-inch respectively, must be ignored. In jumping for height, all measurements shall be made perpendicularly from the ground with a certified steel tape or bar to the lowest part of the upper side of the bar. 3.-A scientific measuring apparatus, such as a datum line measurer, the accuracy of which is approved by the Governmental Weights and Measures department of the member where the events are held, may be used when approved by the I.A.A.F. 4.-Measurements for long distance events over roads must be carried out by a professional surveyor wh? shall furnish two certificates as to correctness: alternatIvely a wheel certified as to correctness may be used. (Also see rule 16 page 52.) RULE 22 Ties Ties shall be decided as follows:Track Events I.-In the event of a tie in any heat which affects the qualification of competitors to compete in the next round or final, where practicable, the tying competitors. shall both qualify, failing which t?-ey shall compete agam. I? case of a tie for first place III any final, the Referee IS empowered to decide whether it is practicable to arrange for the competitors so tying to compete again. If he decides it is not, the result shall stand. Ties in other placings shall remain. Field Events 2.-In jumping or vaulting for height:(a) The competitor with the lowest number of jumps at the height at which the tie occurs shall be awarded the higher place. (b) If the tie still remains, the competitor with the lowest total of failures throughout the competition up to and including the height last cleared shall be awarded the higher place.

(c) If the tie still remains, the competitor with the lowest total number of jumps (whether successful or not) throughout the competition up to and including the height last' cleared shall be awarded the higher place.

Example-

High Jump 1.82

Metres 1.88 1.85

1.90

1.92

1.94

6'0'

G/r'

6'3"

6'4"

6'5"

Xv Xv XXv v Xv xxv v v vx x xxv xxv v v xxvV xxv Xv v = Did not jump.

xxx xxx xxx xxx

1.78 5'10" A

B C D

6'2""

V = Cleared. X = Failed.

Total Total failures Jumps 4 4 5

8 9

Pos. 2 3 4

A, E, C and D all cleared 1.92 metres (6ft. 4in.) and failed at 1.94 metres (6ft. Sin.). The rule regarding ties comes into operation, and as "D" cleared 1.92 metres (6ft. 4in.) at his second attempt, the others taking three, he is declared the winner. The other three will tie and the Judges add up the total number of failures, up to and including the height last cleared, i.e., 1.92 metres (6ft. 4in.) "C" has more failures than "A" or "E", and is therefore awarded fourth place. "A" and "E" still tie and the Judges add up the total number of jumps up to and including the height last cleared, i.e., 1.92 metres (6ft. 4in.), "A" being awarded second place. (d) If the tie still remains:(i) If it concerns the first place, the competitors tying shall have one more jump at the height at which they failed, and if no decision is reached, the bar shall be lowered or raised

to the heights which shall be announced before the commencement of the competition; with one jump at each height until the tie is decided. Competitors so tying must jump on each occasion when deciding the tie. (Also see rule 34 para. 9 page 8 I .) (ii) If it concerns any other place, the competitors shall be awarded the same place in the competition. 3.-In those field events where the result is determined by distance, the second best performance of the competitors tying shall decide the tie. If the tie still remains the third best and so on. (Also see rule 24 para. S page 66.) RULE 23 Protests I.-Protests concerning the status of an athlete to participate in a meeting must be made prior to the commencement of such meeting, to the Jury of Appeal, who if unable to give a decision shall refer the protest to the LA.A.F. 2.-Protests relating to matters which develop during the carrying through of the programme should be made at once and not later than within two hours after the meeting has terminated, or within fifteen minutes of the occurrence in a preliminary round. 3.-Any such protests must be made in writing by a responsible official to the Referee (who in case of ?ecessity shall refer to the Jury of Appeal) accompamed by the deposit of one pound o.r its equiva.lent action is taken. The depOSIt WIll be forfeIted If the protest is considered to be frivolous. (Also see rule S page 45.) (Reference should be made when necessary to .the rules for Olympic Games and European ChampIOnshIps, see pages 113 and 121 respectively.)

RULE 24 World Records I.-When a World Record is to be claimed, the LA .A.F. member in the country where the record performance was made shall proceed to establish the Record without delay. 2.-The official application form of the LA.A.F. shall be filled in and forwarded to the I.A.A.F. office within six months. If the application concerns a foreign athlete a duplicate of the form shall be sent to the National Association of the athlete in question. 3.-A World Record shall be accepted if the application form is submitted by the member where the Record was made and is certified by the Referee, Judges and Recorder of the Meeting as to :-place time of day state of weather condition of track or field force and direction of wind level or gradient of ground correctness as to the distance covered bv the competitor in a race â&#x20AC;˘ correctness of announced time, distance or height weight, measurement and material of implement and that the athletic rules of the I.A.A.F. have been strictly followed. 4 .-The following conditions shall apply to all World Records:(a) the Record has been approved by the National Association of the country where the Record was made. â&#x20AC;˘ (b) The Record must be made out of doors. (c) Running and walking records may be made only on a track which is not banked, and timed by

65 official Timekeepers, as provided in Rule 9 (accepted by the National Association as such), whose watches must have been exhibited to the Chief Timekeeper for confirmation of the time recorded. For walking records the track must be an oval from 350 metres (minimum) to 500 metres (maximum) with two curves and two straights from 80 metres (minimum) to 120 metres maximum. The track shall be composed of a substance on which normal running spikes could be used. (d) Records in field events must be measured by three Field Judges with a certified steel tape, graduated in centimetres or quarter-inches, or by a scientific apparatus approved by the Governmental Weights and Measures department of the member where the games are held, and approved by the I.A.A.F. (e) The Record must be made in a bona fide scratch competition which has been duly fixed and advertised before the day and is included in the printed programme of the meeting together with the names of the entrants for the event. A race must be stated over one distance only. It is, therefore, not considered a bona fide scratch competition if any of the runners compete at a shorter distance than others in the same race. It is permissible for the same atWete to accomplish in the same race any number of records but it is not permissible for an atWete to be credited with a record at a shorter distance if he did not finish the race over the full distance for which the race had been fixed. In field events a handicap may be combined with the scratch competition. (f) The Organisers of the competition shall refrain from stating or including in any advertisement,

or written matter of any kind, any suggestIOn that any event will be an attempt upon :ecord. The :record must be made in a bona f1,de included in the programme of the meetmg at which it was held. deciding whether the competition was a bona f1,de on.e International Amateur Athletic "."111 consider whether the claimant was assIsted towards the time accomplished by.pacmg fro!? another competitor apparently deSIgned to asSISt him to achieve a record. (g) If the Record is for a race on a straight course or for the Long Jump, or for the Hop, Step and the athlete must not have obtai.ned assistance from a blowing at back. component of the wmd measured m the dIrectIon of running exceeds 2m: (6ft. 6in.) per second, it is considered to be of aSSIstance to the competitor. Records for 200 metres or 220 yards on a straight course and on a course bends will be considered separately. To qualIfy for a record considered run round a curve the race must be run on a track not more than 440 yards in circumference and. on some part of the circumference. For _00 metres or 220 yards events run on a straight course the wind velocity must be measured for the whole .course. In running events up to 100 metres the wmd shaJI be. measured for a period of 10 In Jumpmg events it shall be measured for 5 In each case the average wind speed dunng the prescribed period will be calculated. (h) The Record must be better than or equal the result III latest World Record list, in the event in questIon. If a Record at a longer distance is than the existing Record for a shorter dIstance, a claim may be submitted for Records at both distances.

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(i) In the case of women's Records all applications must be accompanied by a medical certificate as to sex, drawn up by a qualified medical doctor recognised by the National Association of the athlete claiming the Record. 5.-Records made in heats or qualifying trials, in deciding ties, and Pentathlon and Decathlon events will be accepted. 6.-The President and Honorary Secretary of the I.A.A.F. together are authorised to recognise World Records. If in their opinion there is any doubt as to the information concerning any record, the application shall be referred to the Council for decision. The LA.A.F. will inform the member applying for a World Record of the acceptance of the Record or will state the reason why the record was not accepted. 7.-The LA.A.F. office shall keep lists of the World, Olympic and European Records. These lists shall be revised once a year and a copy forwarded to each member of the I .A.A.F. S.-Members of the I.A.A.F. shall keep a list of the National Records in their own countries. Copies of these lists shall be forwarded to the I .A.A.F. office in January each year. NOTE.-The official World Record plaques as designed by the I.A.A.F. for presentation to World Record holders, will be supplied by the I.A.A.F. provided National Associations remit the cost. Refer to appendix as to the events for which World Records are approved (pages 129 and 130).

RULE 25 Official Athletic Implements I.-In all international competitions the implements used must comply with the specifications for official

implements adopted by the LA.A.F. set out in Rules 47 to 62 (pages 95 to 112). 2.-.All such implements shall be provided by the orgamsers of the meeting. No competitor is allowed to use any other implements, with the exception of vaulting poles and starting blocks, in which case they may use their own, provided these comply with the conditions laid down in the rules. (Also see Rules 36 and 61, pages S2 and 112.)

SECTION III RUNNING EVENTS

RULE 26 Track and Lanes (See diagram below)

I.-The running track should be not less than 7 .32 metres (24 feet) in width and be bordered on the inside with cement, wood or other suitable material,S centimetres (2 inches) in height, and not more than 5 centimetres (2 inches) in width. 2.-The measurement shall be taken 30 centimetres (1 foot) outward from the inner border of the track.

3.-In all races up to and including 440 yards, each competitor shall have a separate lane of at least 1.22 metres (four feet) in width, to be marked by lines of chalk or similar substance, 5 centimetres (two inches) in width. The inner lane shall be measured as stated in paragraph 2 above, but the remaining lanes shall be measured 20 centimetres (8 inches) from the outer edges of the chalk lines. NOTE.-The chalk line on the right hand only oj each lane, shall be included in the measurement oj the width oj each lane: (see diagram on page 67). 4.-The direction of running shall be left hand inside. 5.-In international meetings the track should allow for at least six lanes. 6.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of tracks shall not exceed 1:100 and in the running direction 1 :1000. NOTE.-(a) It is recommended that where possible the length of the track should be not less than 400 metres or 440 'Yards and the width should allow jor seven lanes, particularly in maior events, such as the Olympic Games and Continental Championships. (b) Where it is not possible jor the inner edge oj the running track to have a raised border, the inner edge shall be marked with lines of chalk 5 centimetres (2 inches) in width; it shall also be jlagged at intervals oj 5 metres (or 5 yards). Flags must be so placed on the chalk line as to prevent any competitor running on the chalk line and they shall be placed at an angle oj 60 degrees with the ground away jrom the track. Flags approximately 25 centimetres (10 inches) by 20 centimetres J

(8 inches) in size mounted on a staff 45 centimetres (18 inches) long are the most suitable for .the purpose. World Records will be accepted under these conditions, subject to the further requirements contained in Rule 24 page 63.

RULE 27 The Start and Finish 1.. -The and finish of a race shall be denoted by a lme m chalk 5 cm. (2 in.) in width at right angles to the mner edge of the track. The distance of the race shall be measured from the edge of the starting line further from the finish, to the edge of the finish line nearer the start. Two white posts shall denote the extremIties of the finish line, and shall be placed at least 30 centimetres (1 foot) from the edge of the (!.'or see rule 62 page 112.) When the startmg lme IS on a curve, it shall be so laid out that all competitors shall cover approximately the same distance (see diagram). p

4v.?';z',0.7. ,

')."ft

I'.,.,.;!

0 ..

1'.., '?

........... ,

. . â&#x20AC;˘.0,

". 0)/

L--r--,o'--":.y

A 55 E M H Y

LI N E

70 2 .-All races shall be started by the actual report of a pistol or any similar apparatus fired upwards into the air, but not before all the competitors are quite still on their marks. 3.-At all international meetings the words of the Starter in his own mother tongue, shall be "On your marks", "Set", and when all competitors are "Set", the pistol shall be fired. 4 .-If for any reason the Starter has to speak to any competitor either before or after the word "Set", he shall order all competitors to stand up and the Clerks of the Course shall place them on the assembly line again. 5.-If a competitor leaves his mark with hand or foot after the word "Set" but before the shot is fired, it shall be considered a false start. 6 .-Any competitor making a false start must be warned. If a competitor is responsible for two false starts he shall be disqualified. (Also see rule 46 para. 4(c) page 94 for Pentathlon and Decathlon.) 7.-If in the opinion of the Starter, the start was not fair, he must recall the competitors with a second shot. If the unfair start was due to one or more competitors "beating the pistol", it shall be considered a false start and the Starter must warn the offender or offenders, who shall be disqualified if they continue to offend after one such warning. NOTE.-In practice when one or more competitors "beat the pistol" others are inclined to follow and strictly speaking, any competitor who does so follow, has beaten the pistol. The Starter should warn only such competitor or competitors who in his opinion were responsible for beating the pistol. This may result in more than one competitor being warned. If the unfair start is not due to any competitor no warning shall be g'tVen. S.-Starting blocks or foot supports may be used. If starting blocks or foot supports are used both feet

must be in contact with the track while starting. Competitors may use their own starting blocks or foot supports. 9.-Unless in the opinion of the referee it is undesirable because of the direction and the velocity of the wind, worsted shall be stretched across the track between the finish posts 1.22 metres (4 feet) above the ground and fastened to the posts for the purpose of assisting the referee and judges in placing the competitors. It shall be immediately above the edge of the finish line which is nearer to the start. 10.-The competitors shall be placed in the order in which any part of their bodies (i.e. "torso", as distinguished from the head, arms, legs, hands or feet) reach the nearer edge of the finish line as defined above. 11.-In a race for one or two hours running or walking the Starter shall fire the pistol exactly one minute before the end of the race to warn the competitors and judges that the race is nearing its end. At exactly one hour or two hours after the start, whichever is appropriate, the Starter shall signal the end of the race by again firing the pistol. All the timekeepers will immediately stop their watches. The Starter shall be directed by the Chief Timekeeper. At the moment the pistol is fired to signal the expiration of the time the judges appointed for that purpose shall mark the exact spot where each competitor touched the track for the last time before or simultaneously with the firing of the pistol. The distance achieved shall be measured to the rear edge of the last footprint of the competitor. One judge at least must be assigned to each competitor before the start of the race for the purpose of marking the distance achieved.

NOTE.-A "PHOTO-FINISH" camera should be used whenever possible to assist the Referee and the Judges. (Also refer to rules 10, 11 and 61, pages 50, 50 and 112.)

RULE 28 Hurdle Races I.-The following are the standard distances : MEN VVOMEN In yards 120, 220, 440 In yards 87t In metres 110, 200, 400 In metres 80 2 .-MEN .-There shall be ten flights of hurdles in each lane, set out in accordance with the following table :Distance of race

*Height of Hurdle

Distance from scratch line to first hurdle

Minimum Maximum Metres Cm. Cm. 107.0 110 106.4 76.5 200 75.9 91.7 400 91.1 Yards Ft. In. Ft. In. 120 3 Si 3 6k 220 2 5i 2 6t Ok 440 2 l1i 3

Metres 13.72 18.29 45. Yards 15 20 49!

Distance between hurdles

Distance from last hurdle to finish line

Metres 9.14 18.29 35. Yards 10 20 38!

Metres 14.02 17.10 40. Yards 15 20 46t

WOMEN . -There shall be eight flights of hurdles in each lane, set out as follows:Distance of race

*Height of Hurdle

Distance from scratch line to first hurdle

Distance between hurdles

Distance from last hurdle to finish line

Minimum Maximum Metres Cm. Cm. Metres Metres Metres 76.5 12 8 12 80 75.9 Yards Ft. In. Ft. In. Yards Yards Yards 87! 2 Si 2 6i 13! 8i 13! *Refer to Rule 59 (page 110) for construction and standard heights of hurdles. NOTE .-The tolerance allowance of 3 millimetres (i-i,1tch) above and below the standard heights is to allow for variation in the manufactztre of the hurdles.

3 .-All races shall be run in lanes and each competitor shall keep to his own lane throughout. 4.-A competitor who trails his foot or leg alongside any hurdle or jumps any hurdle not in his own lane or deliberately knocks down any hurdle by hand shall be disqualified. 5.-Except as provided in para. 4 of this rule the knocking down of hurdles shall not disqualify nor prevent a record being made. 6.-In establishing a World Record a complete set of hurdles of the international type must be used. RULE 29 Steeplechase 1 . -The standard distances shall be : In metres-3000 (1 mile 1520 yards 2ft. 8in.). In miles-2 miles (3218.65 metres) 2 .-There shall be 28 hurdle jumps and 7 water jumps included in the 3000 metres event, and 32 hurdle jumps and 8 water jumps in the 2 miles event. 3.-The water jump shall be the fourth jump in each lap. If necessary the finish line shall be moved to another part of the track. NOTE .-Owi'ng to the water jump having to be constructed on the arena inside or outside the track, thereby lessening or lengthening the normal distance of the laps, it is not possible to lay down any rule specifying the exact length of the laps or to state precisely the position of the water jump. It should be borne in mind that there must be enough distance from the starting line to the first hurdle to prevent the competitors from overcrowding, and there should be approximately 68 metres or 76 yards from the last hurdle to the line. EXAMPLE: The following are gwen as a guide and any adjustments necessary should be made

by lengthening or shortening the distance at the starting point oj the race. It is assumed that a lap oj 400 metres or 440 yards has been shortened by 10 metres or 10 yards by constructing the water jump inside the track. Lap of 390 metres Distance from starting point to commencement of 1st lap, to be run without jumps ... Distance from commencement of 1st lap to 1st hurdle From 1st to 2nd hurdle From 2nd to 3rd hurdle From 3rd hurdle to water jump From water jump to 4th hurdle From 4th hurdle to finishing line ...

80 yds. 10 86 86 86 86

m. m.

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68 m.

76 yds. Slaps--7 laps of 390 m.=2730 m. of 430 yds.==3440 yds. 3000 m.

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270 metres 10 78 78 78 78

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3520 yds. ==(2 miles)

4.-The distance from the starting point to the commencement of the first lap shall not include any jumps, the hurdles being removed until the competitors have entered the first lap. 5.-The hurdles shall be not less than 91.1 centimetres (2ft. 11 %in.) nor more than 91 .7 centimetres (3ft. i in.) high and shall be at least 3.66 metres (12 feet) in width. The section of the top bar of the hurdles and the hurdle at the water jump, shall be 127 millimetres (5 inches) square. They should be made of heavy timber so that they may not be overturned easily. 6.-The water jump shall be 3.66 metres (12 feet) in length and width. The water shall be 76 cm. (2 feet 6in.) in depth immediately in front of the hurdle and slope to the level of the ground at the further end. The hurdle at the water jump shall be firmly fixed in front of the water and be of the same height as the others in the competition.

7.-Each competitor must go over or through the water, and anyone who steps to the one side or the other of the jump or trails his foot or leg alongside any hurdle shall be disqualified. He may jump or vault over each hurdle, or place a foot on each hurdle and on the hurdle at the water jump.

RULE 30

Marathon Race (42,195 metres-26 miles 385 yards). I.-The Marathon race shall be run on main roads; when traffic or similar circumstances make it unsuitable, the course, duly marked, may be on a bicycle path or footpath alongside the road, but not on soft ground such as grass verges or the like. The start and finish may be

within an athletic arena. The course should be so designed that as little as possible is traversed in more than one direction. NOTE.-It is recommended in measuring the course that it should be measured one metre from the verge of the road and in the running direction. 2.-Each competitor must send with his entry a medical certificate from a qualified doctor certifying his fitness to take part in a race of this kind, and shall be required to take a physical examination before the race by a qualified doctor who shall be appointed by the organisers. If the doctor considers it dangerous or inadvisable, the competitor shall not be allowed to start or to continue with the race. 3.-A competitor must retire at once from the race if ordered to do so by a member of the medical staff, officially appointed. 4.-The distance in kilometres and miles on the route shall be displayed to all competitors. 5.-Refreshments shall be provided by the organisers of the race at 15 kilometres or 10 miles, and thereafter at every 5 kilometres or 3 miles. No refreshment may be carried or taken by a competitor other than that provided by the organisers, but the athlete may specify the type of refreshment desired. (Also see rule 18 para. 11 page 56.) RULE 31

Relay Races I.-Chalk lines shall be drawn across the track to mark the distances of the stages and to denote the scratch line .. 2.-Chalk lines also shall be drawn 10 metres (11 yards) before and after the scratch line to denote the takeover zone and no member of a team shall take up a position or move outside this zone prior to taking over

the baton. These lines are to be included in the zonal measurements. 3.-The position of the teams at the start of the race shall be drawn, and shall be retained at each take-over zone, except that waiting runners can move to the inside position on the track as incoming team-mates arrive, provided this can be done without fouling. 4.-In events where the first lap only is run in lanes, competitors after leaving the take-over zone are free to take up any position on the track. 5.-The baton must be carried in the hand throughout the race provided that if dropped, it must be recovered by the athlete who dropped it. The baton must be passed only within the take-over zone. 6.-Competitors after handing over the baton should remain in their lanes or zones until the course is clear, to avoid obstruction to other competitors. Should any competitor wilfully impede a member of another team by running out of position or lane at the finish of the stage he is liable to cause the disqualification of his own team. 7 .-Assistance by pushing-off or by any other method will cause disqualification. 8.-0nce a team has competed in the preliminary rounds of an event the composition of the team must not be altered for any subsequent round or final, except in the case of injury or illness certified by the official medical officer appointed for the meeting to be such as to make it unwise for the competitor to run, when with the approval of the referee it may be permitted. It is permissible for the order of running to be changed as between heats and succeeding rounds or final. No competitor may run two sections for a team. (Also see rule 18 pages 54 to 56.)

78 RULE 32

Team Races I.-In team races the maximum number of starters comprising a team and the number of competitors whose positions are to count shall be stated in the programme. 2.-If necessary, preliminary rounds may be held. 3.-Stations shall be drawn and the members of each team shall be lined up behind each other at the start of the race. 4.-The composition of a team must not be changed after a heat has been run and only competitors finishing the full distance are eligible to compete in the final. 5.-The method of scoring shall be optional and may be anyone of the following : (a) By scoring the least number of points, according to the positions in which the scoring members of a team finish. The finishing positions of the nonscoring members of a team shall be scored in computing the scores of other teams, but when a team fails to finish the requisite number to score, it shall be eliminated; or (b) By scoring the least number of points, according to the scoring positions in which the scoring members of a team finish. The positions of the non-scoring members of a team whether it finishes all its members or not shall be scored in computing the scores of other teams; or (c) By scoring the least number of points according to the positions in which the scoring members of a team finish. The finishing positions of the nonscoring members of a team and the members of a team which fails to finish the requisite number to score, shall be eliminated; or (d) By scoring the lowest aggregate of the times recorded by the scoring members.

6.-If two or more competitors tie for any place the points for the places concerned shall be aggregated and divided equally among the so tying. 7.-In case of a tie on points, the team whose last scoring member finished nearest to first place shall be the winning team. RULE 33 Cross -Country Races I.-The race shall be run on a bona fide cross-country course properly marked. 2.-The course must be marked preferably with red flags on the left and white flags on the right which must be visible from a distance of 125 metres (140 yards). In all other respects the rules governing track competitions shall prevail. 3.-ÂˇWhen laying out the course very high obstacles should be avoided, so should deep ditches, and dangerous ascents or descents, thick undergrowth and in general any obstacle which would constitute a difficulty beyond the aim of the competition. WOMEN

4 .-The distance shall be not greater than 3 kilometres (or 2 miles).

SECTION IV JUMPING EVENTS RUNNING AND STANDING HIGH JUMPS; RUNNING AND STANDING LONG JUMPS; Hop, STEP AND JUMP; POLE VAULT RULE

General Rules General I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. (Also see rule 19 para. 8 page 58.)

80 2.-In all jumping events the length of the runway is unlimited. The minimum length provided for the runway in each case shall be as follows:Running High Jump Running Long Jump Hop, Step and Jump Pole Vault

15 metres or 50 feet 40 metres or 130 feet

Where conditions permit the runways should not be shorter than the following : NOTE:

Running High Jump

I8 metres (57 feet 3 inches).

Running Long Jump . ."1 (f Running Hop, Step and Jump 45 metres I47 Jeet J 6 inches). Pole Vault.. 3.-In all jumping events each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his jumps subject to conditions relating to ties. (Also see rule 22, page 60.) 4 .-The employment of weights or grips of any kind is forbidden. 5.-The take-off ground about the jump must be level. 6 .-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of the runways for jumping events shall not exceed 1 :100 and in the running direction 1 :1000. 7 .-A competitor may place marks to assist him in his run-up and take-off and a handkerchief on the cross-bar for sighting purposes. No marks shall be placed in any jumping pit but the Organising Committee may place marks outside.

Jumping for Height and Pole Vaulting: 8.-The uprights or posts shall be not less than 3.66 metres (12 feet) and not more than 4.02 metres (13ft. 0 1 ' ) apart . . ....;rlD. 9.-Before the commencement of competitions in jumping for height, the judges shall announce to the competitors the commencing height and the different heights to which the bar will be raised at the end of each round. The amount the bar will be raised or lowered in jumping off a tie for first place should also be announced. (Rule 22 para. 2 sub-section d(i), page 61.) 10.-A competitor may commence jumping at any height. the minimum height and may jump at his own dIscretIon at any subsequent height. Three consecutive failures, regardless of the height at which any of such failures occur disqualify from further jumping. NOTE.-The effect of this rule is that a competitor may forego his second or third jumps or vaults at a particular height (after failing first time) and still jump at a subsequent height. It.-Even after all the other competitors have failed, a competitor is entitled to continue jumping until he has forfeited his right to compete further. 12 .-Any measurement of a new height should be made before competitors attempt such height. In all cases of records the judges must check the measurements after the height has been cleared. NOTE .-Judges should ensure, before commencing the competition that the underside and front of the cross-bar are distinguishable and that the bar is always replaced with the same surface uppermost and the same surface to the front. (Also see rule 19, pages 57 to 59.)

Jumping for distance: 13.-Each competitor shall be allowed three trials and the six best and any athletes tying for the sixth

82 place shall be allowed three additional trials. No competitor shall be allowed the additional trials unless one of his three trials was a fair jump. (Also refer to rule 18 para. 2 page 54.) RULE 35

Running High Jump I.-The competitor must take-off from one foot. 2.-Knocking the bar off the supports or touching the ground beyond the plane of the uprights with any part of the body shall count as a failure. 3.-The uprights or posts shall not be moved during the competition unless the Referee considers the take-off or landing ground has become unsuitable. In such a case the change shall be made only after a round has been completed. (For apparatus refer to Rule 47 page 95.)

RULE 36

Pole Vault I.-Any competitor may have the uprights moved in either direction but they may not be moved more than 60 centimetres (two feet) from the prolongation of the inside edge of the top of the stopboard. If the uprights are moved, the Judges should make a re-measurement to ensure that there is no variation in the height. (Also refer to rule 21 pages 59 and 60.) 2.-The take-off for the pole vault shall be from a wooden box which shall be sunk level with the ground. 3.-In addition to the failures mentioned in rule 34paragraph 10 (page 81) a competitor fails if he:(a) Knocks the bar off the supports; or

(b) leaves the ground for the purpose of making a vault and fails to clear the bar; or (c) after leaving the ground places his lower hand above the upper One or moves the upper hand higher on the pole; or (d) touches with any part of his body or with the pole, the ground beyond the plane of the stopboard of the wooden box. (e) clears the bar but having relinquished his hold on the pole the latter passes underneath the bar. 4.-If in making an attempt the competitor's pole is broken it shall not be counted as a failure. . 5.-.No one shall be allowed to touch the pole unless it IS fallmg away from the bar or uprights; if it is so touched the vault shall be recorded as a failure. 6.-Competitors may use their own poles. No competitor shall be allowed to use any of the private poles except with the consent of the owner. (For apparatus see rules 47 and 48 pages 95 and 93.) RULE 37 Running Long Jump I.-The take-off shall be marked by a board sunk level with the runway and the surface of the pit, the edge of which nearer to the pit shall be called the take-off line. a competitor takes off before reaching the board, It shall not for that reason be counted as a failure. Immediately beyond the take-off line there shall be placed a board of plasticine or similar substance for recording the athlete's footprint when he has footfaulted. If it. is not possible to instal the above apparatus the followmg method should be adopted: immediately in front of the take-off line and across all the length of it over a width of 10 centimetres (4 inches) the ground shall

84 be sprinkled with soft earth or sand to make it 13 millimetres (one half-inch) higher than the take-off board. From the take-off board the earth shall be raised at an angle of 30Â° to the height of 13 millimetres (one half-inch) . 2.-If any competitor touches the ground beyond the take-off line, or take-off line extended, with any part of the body, whether running up without jumping or in the act of jumping, it shall be counted as a failure. 3.-All jumps should be measured from the nearest break in the pit made by any part of the body or limbs to the take-off line and at right angles to such line. If in the course of landing the competitor touches the ground outside the pit nearer to the take-off than the nearest break in the pit made by the jump, such jump shall not be measured but shall count as a failure. 4.-The jumping pit shall have a minimum width of 2 metres 75 centimetres (9 feet) . 5.-The distance between the take-off and the end of the pit shall be at least 9 metres (29t feet) . 6.-The take-off board shall be not less than one metre (3ft. 3in.) from the edge of the pit. (Also see rule 34, pages 80 to 82.) (For apparatus refer to rule 49 page 98.)

RULE 38

Standing High Jump Standing Long Jump l.-Thefeet of the competitor may be placed in any position, but shall leave the ground only once in making an attempt to jump. When the feet are lifted from the ground twice, or two springs are made in making an attempt, it shall count as a failure. A competitor may rock forward and backward, lifting heels and toes

85 alternately from the ground, but he may not lift either f?ot clear from the ground or slide it along in any direction on the ground. . .2.-With these exceptions, the rules for the Running HIgh jump and Long Jump respectively shall apply. RULE 39 Hop, Step and Jump I.-The take-off shall be marked by a board sunk level with the runway and the surface of the pit, and at least 11 metres (36 feet) from the pit, the edge of which nearer to the pit shall be called the take-off line. (For apparatus see Rule 49 page 98.) If a competitor takes off before reaching the board, it shall not for that reason be counted as a failure. 2 .-The hop shall be made so that the competitor shall first land upon the same foot with which he shall have taken off, in the step he shall land on the other foot from ' which consequently the jump is performed. 3.--If the competitor while jumping touches the ground with the "sleeping" leg it shall be considered as a failure. 4 .-In all other respects the rules for the Running Long jump shall apply. (Also see rule 37 pages 83 and 84.)

SECTION V THROWING EVENTS HAMMER, SHOT, DISCUS AND JAVELIN

RULE 40 General Rules I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. (Also see rule 19 para. 8 page 58.)

86 2.-Each competitor shall be allowed three trials and the six best and any athletes tying for sixth place shall be allowed three additional trials. No competitor shall be allowed the additional trials unless one of his three trials was a fair throw. Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his throws. (Also see rule 18 para. 2 page 54.) 3.-In all throwing events from a circle a competitor is allowed to touch the inside of the iron band or stop board. I t shall be a foul throw and not allowed to count, if the competitor after he has stepped into the circle and commenced to make a throw, touches with any part of his body, the top of the stop-board or circle or the ground outside, or improperly releases the shot, discus or hammer in making any attempt. (Also see rule SS, page 108.) 4.-The competitor must not leave the circle until the implement has touched the ground, and he shall then from a standing position, leave the circle from the rear half, which shall be indicated by a chalk line drawn through the centre and extended outside the circle, not less than 75 centimetres (30 inches) on each side. In throwing the javelin, a foul throw or improperly releasing the implement in making an attempt shall be recorded as a throw, but shall not count. 5.-Except in putting the shot, all throws from a circle, to be valid, must fall within the inner edges of lines marking a sector of 60Â° set out on the ground so that the radii lines cross at the centre of the circle. In putting the shot, all puts, to be valid, must fall within the inner edges of lines marking a sector of approximately 65Â° set out on the ground so that the radii lines touch with their inner edges the extremities of the stop board and cross at the centre of the circle (refer to nlle 56 page 109). The ends of the lines marking all sectors should be marked with sector flags (also refer to rule 57 page 109).

87 6.-The measurement of each throw shall be made from the nearest mark made by the fall of the discus, shot, or head of the hammer, to the inside of the circumference of the circle along a line from the mark made by the implement to the centre of the circle. 7 .-A distinctive flag or disc shall be provided to mark .world record and when appropriate the eXIstmg nabonal record in each throwing event. Ir: .javelin, discus and hammer competitions a dIstmcbve flag shall be provided also to mark the throws of each competitor. 8.-0nly throwing implements provided by the organisers of the meeting may be used. harness, instrument or device of any kind whIch can be used as a support when making a throw shall be allowed. 1O.-In all throwing events implements must be carried back to the starting line or circle and never thrown back. 11.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of the runways for throwing events shall be 1 :100 and in the running direction 1 :1000, and that of the throwing field 1 :1000. (Also refer to rule 18 pages 54 to 56.) RULE 41 Javelin Throwing I.-The length of the runway shall be not more than 3?5 metres (120 feet) but not less than 30 metres (98ft. 6m.) and shall be marked by two parallel lines 5 centimetres (2 inches) in width and 4 metres (13ft. Itin.) apart. The throw shall be made from behind an arc of a circle drawn with a radius of 8 metres (26ft. 3in.); such arc shall consist of a strip made of wood or metal 7 centimetres (21 inches) in width, painted white and sunk flush with the ground. Lines shall be drawn from tJ"le of the arc at right angles to the parallel lmes markmg the runway. These lines shall be 1.50

- - - - - - - -

----------

- - - -

- - -

metres (5ft.) in length and 7 centimetres (21 inches) in width. N aTE: It is recommended that the runway should be not less than 33.5 metres (110 feet). 2 .-The javelin must be held at the grip. 3.-No throw shall be valid in which the point of the javelin does not strike the ground before any part of the shaft, or when the competitor touches with any part of his body or limbs, the strip or the lines drawn from the extremities thereof at right angles to the parallel lines or the ground beyond those lines or the strip. The competitor may cross either of the parallel lines. At no time after preparing to throw until the javelin has been discharged into the air, may the competitor turn completely round, so that his back is towards the throwing arc. The javelin shall be thrown over the shoulder or upper part of the throwing arm and must not be slung or hurled. NOTE: Non-orthodox siyles are not permitted. 4.-All throws to be valid must fall within the inner edge of lines marking the sector set out on the ground by extending for a distance of 90 metres, the lines from the centre (A) of the circle, of which the arc is a part, through the points (B) and (C) at which the arc joins the lines marking the runway. The ends of the radii lines should be marked with sector flags. (See page 91.) 5 .-If the javelin breaks, while in the air, it shall not count as a trial provided the throw was made in accordance with the rules. 6.-The measurement of each throw shall be made from the nearest point of the fall of the javelin to the inside edge of the arc along a line from the point of the fall to the centre of the circle, of which the arc is a part. (For implement refer to rule 50, page 100.)

RULE 42

Throwing the Discus I.-The discus shall be thrown from a circle 2.50 metres (8ft. 2tin.) in diameter. (For implement and apparatus refer to rule 51 pages 102 and 103 and rule 54 pages 105 to 107.) RULE 43

Putting the Shot I.-The put shall be made from a circle 2.135 metres (7 feet) in diameter. At the middle of the circumference in the front half of the circle a stop board shall be placed firmly fastened to the ground. 2.-The shot shall be put from the shoulder with one hand only. At the time the competitor takes a stance in the ring to commence a put the shot shall touch or be in close proximity to the chin and the arm shall not be dropped below this position during the action of putting. The shot must not be brought behind the line of the shoulders. 3.-All measurements shall be made immediately after each throw. (For implement and apparatus refer to rule 52 page 103 and rules 56. 57 and 58 pages 109 and 110.) RULE 44

Throwing the Hammer I.-All throws shall be made from a circle 2.135 metres (7 feet) in diameter. 2.-When throwing the hammer, ordinary gloves for the protection of the hands are permitted.

91 LANDI NO rOINT

3.-If the hammer breaks during a throw or while in the air, it shall not count as a throw provided it was made in accordance with the rules. If the competitor thereby loses his equilibrium and commits a foul, it shall not count against him. 4.-It shall not be considered a foul throw if the head of the hammer touches the ground when the competitor makes the preliminary swings or turns; but if, after having so touched the ground, he stops throwing so as to begin the throw again, this shall count as a trial throw. (For implement and apparatus refer to rules 53 and 54 pages 104 and 105.)

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SECTION VI RULE 45 Walking I.-Definition. Walking is progression by steps so taken that unbroken contact with the ground is maintained. 2 .-Judging . Judges of walking must be careful to observe that the advancing foot of the walker makes contact with the ground before the rear foot leaves the ground, and in particular, that during the period of each step, in which a foot is on the ground, the leg shall be straightened (i.e., not bent at the knee) at least for one moment. 3 .-Judging and Disqualifications. The appointed Judges of Walking shall elect a Chief Judge. All the Judges shall act in an individual capacity. When, in the opinion of:(a) two of the Judges, one being the Chief Judge or (b) three Judges other than the Chief Judge a competitor's mode of progression fails to comply with the definition during any part of the competition, he shall be disqualified and informed of his disqualification by the Chief Judge. In a competition either directly controlled by the LA.A.F. or taking place under permit in no circumstances shall two Judges of the same nationality have the power to disqualify. 4.-Effect may be given to any such disqualification immediately after the conclusion of the competition, if circumstances render impracticable an earlier notice to the competitor of his disqualification. 5.-A competitor may be cautioned when by his mode of progression he is in danger of ceasing to comply with the definition of contact; but he is not entitled to a second caution. The decision to caution a competitor shall be made under the same procedure as for disqualification set out in para. 3.

6.-In track races a competitor who is disqualified must immediately leave the track, and in road races the disqualified competitor must, immediately after his disqualification, remove the distinguishing number or numbers which he is wearing. NOTE .-1t is recommended that a system of signalling "caution" by white flag and "disqualification" by red flag be used as far as possible during a walking race for the information of the officials, competitors and spectators. 7.-In all international races of 50 kilometres (or 30 miles) and over, refreshments shall be provided by the organisers, and refreshment stations shall be arranged at 10 kilometres or 6 miles, and thereafter at every 5 kilometres or 3 miles. No refreshment may be carried or taken by any competitor other than that provided by the organisers, but the athlete may specify the type of refreshment desired. (Also see rule 18 para. 11 page 56.) If a race of 50 kilometres or 30 miles takes place on a track, a competitor may receive refreshment after hour from the start of the race, the refreshment statIon being arranged at a position near the finish. S.-Each competitor must send with his entry for a race of 50 kilometres or 30 miles or over a medical certificate from a qualified doctor certifying his fitness to ta.1{e part in the race. Each competitor shall be required to take a physical examination before the race by a qualified doctor who shall be appointed by the organisers. If the doctor considers it dangerous or inadvisable the competitor shall not be allowed to start or continue in the race. SECTION VII COMBINED COMPETITIONS

RULE 46

Pentathlon and Decathlon MEN I.-The Pentathlon consists of five events which shall

94 be held in the following order: Long Jump; Throwing the Javelin; 200 metres; Throwing the Discus; and 1500 metres. 2.-The Decathlon consists of ten events which shall be held on two consecutive days in the following order: First day -100 Metres; Running Long Jump; Putting the Shot; Running High Jump; and 400 Metres. Second day-110 Metres Hurdles; Throwing the Discus; Pole Vault; Throwing the Javelin; and 1500 Metres.

95 6.-The winner shall be the competitor who has obtained the highest number of points in the five or ten events as the case may be, awarded on the basis of the LA.A.F. Scoring Table.7.-Any athlete failing to start or make a trial in one of the 5 events of the Pentathlon or in one of the 10 events of the .Decathlon shall not be allowed to take part in the followmg event but shall be considered to have abandoned the competition. He shall not therefore figure in the final classification.

SECTION VIII WOMEN. 3 .-The Penthathlon for women consists of five events which shall be held on two consecutive days in tlie following order:First day -Putting the Shot; Running High Jump; and 200 Metres. Secondday-SO Metres Hurdles; and Running Long Jump. GENERAL 4 .-The I .A.A.F. rules for each event constituting the competition will apply with the following exceptions:(a) In each of the jumping and throwing events, each competitor shall be allowed three trials only. (b) The time of each competitor shall be taken independently by at least two time-keepers, and if their times differ, the slower time shall be recorded. (c) In the running trials and the hurdles a competitor shall be disqualified in any event in which he has made three false starts. 5.-The scores separately and combined should be announced to the competitors after the completion of each event. (Refer to rule 19 paras. 9-11 page 58.)

SPECIFICATIONS FOR OFFICIAL IMPLEMENTS AND ApPARATUS

RULE 47 Jumping and Vaulting Standards 1 :-Uprights .-Any style or kind of uprights or posts may be used provided they are rigid. 2 .-Cross-bar.-The Cross-bar shall be of wood or metal, triangular or circular in section, each side or diameter of which shall measure 30 millimetres (If\inch). The ends of the circular bar sball be constructed in such a way that a fiat surface of 30x 150 millimetres (1y\ X 6 inches) is obtained for the purpose of placing the bar on its supports on the uprights. Optionally the cross-bar may be split in the middle and joined with a metal clip about 300 millimetres (1 foot) long. 3.-The cross-bar shall be between 3.64 metres (11 feet lIt inches) and 4 metres (13 feet It inches) in length and the distance between the uprights shall not be less than 3.66 metres (12 feet) or more than 4.02 metres (13 feet 2t inches). The maximum weight of the cross-bar shall be 2 kilogrammes (4 lbs. 6t ozs.). 4.-Supports for cross-bar in the High Jump .-The supports for the cross-bar shall be flat and rectangular,

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40 millimetres (1 t inches) wide and 60 millimetres (2J inches) long. They shall each face the opposite upright and the ends of the cross-bar shall rest on them in such a manner that if it is touched by a competitor it will easily fall to the ground, either forwards or backwards.

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5.-There shall be a space of at least 10 millimetres (J inch) between the ends of the cross-bar and the uprights.

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111

7 .-Supports for the cross-bar -in the Pole Vault .-Pegs shall be used to support the cross-bar and shall be without notches or indentations of any kind, of uniform thickness throughout and not more than 13 millimetres (i inch) diameter. They must not extend more than 75 millimetres (3 inches) from the uprights, and the cross-bar shall rest on them so that if it is touched by a competitor or his pole it will fall easily to the ground in the direction of the pit. S.-Box for the Pole V ault.-This shall be constructed either of wood or metal and shall measure 1 metre (3 feet 4 inches) in length, 60 centimetres (2 feet) in width at the front end, and tapering to 15 centimetres (6 inches) in width at the stop-board, where it shall be 20 centimetres (8 inches) in depth. If the box is constructed of wood the bottom shall be lined with 2.5 millimetres (1/10th inch) sheet iron or metal for a distance of 800 millimetres (2ft. 8in.) from the front of the box, as shown on diagram on page 98. NOTE.-The landing pit should measure not less than 4 metres (13ft. liin.) long by4 metres (13ft.1iin.) wide for the High Iump, and for the Pole Vault 4 metres (13ft. Itin.) long (i.e. at the take-off side) by 5 metres 4in.) wide.

TIES

millimetres (4 inches) wide, immediately beyond the take-off board on which to place a board 25 millimetres (1 inch) thick as required; ,with a layer of plasticine or similar substance 13 millimetres (t inch) thick, the edge of which next to the take-off board must be at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. The layer of plasticine can be smoothed off by means of a roller or suitably shaped scraper for the purpose of removing the footprints of the competitors. (Also see rule 37 para. 1 page 83.)

"UN

RULE 48 Vaulting Pole The pole may be of any material and of any length or diameter, but the basic surface of the metal, where metal is used, must be smooth. The pole may have a binding only of not more than two layers of adhesive tape of uniform thickness. RULE 49 Take -off Board LONG JUMP AND Hop, STEP AND JUMP l.-Construction.-The take-off board shall be made of wood and shall measure 1.22 metres (4 feet) long, 200 millimetres (8 inches) wide and 100 millimetres (4 inches) deep. On the side nearer to the pit should be fixed a horizontal shelf 1.22 metres (4 feet) long; 140 millimetres (5i inches) wide; the top of which should be 25 millimetres (1 inch) below the surface of the take-off board. This shelf should have a ledge, of the following approximate measurements, along the edge next to the pit. 38 millimetres (It inches) high and 25 millimetres (1 inch) wide, thus forming a recess 38 millimetres Pt inches) deep, 1.22 metres (4 feet) long, and 100

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2 .-The take-off board shall be painted white. NOTE .-1 t will be found very helpful to have a spare plasticine board available, so that wh£le the footprint is being eUminated the competitors are not delayed.

Until the above-mentioned construction can be brought into use, it is recommended that the old type of take-off board be used where in front of the take-off line and across all the length of it over a width of 100 millimetres (4 inches) the ground shall be sprinkled with sand or soft earth to make it 13 millimetres (t inch) higher than the take-off board. From the take-off board the earth shall be raised at an angle of 30° to the height of 13 millimetres (t inch).

100

101 RULE 50

Width of cord grip: Maximum

Javelin

I.-Construction .-The javelin shall be made of metal or wood with a sharp metal point, 2.-It shall conform to the following specifications:-

Men Weight inclusive of cord grip: Minimum 800 grammes (Ilb. I2iozs.) Length: Minimum 260 centimetres (8ft. 6iin.) Maximum

270 centimetres (8ft. lOiin.)

Length of metal point minimum: Minimum 15 centimetres (6 inches)

Women 600 grammes (lIb. Si ozs.) 220 centimetres (7ft. 2iin.) 230 centimetres (7ft. 6tin.)

15 centimetres (6 inches)

Distance from tip of metal point to centre of gravity: Minimum 90 centimetres 80 centimetres (2ft. (2ft,7!in.) Maximum 110 centimetres 95 centimetres (3ft. 7iin.) (3ft. Ilin.)

Minimum

3.-The cord grip shall be about the centre of gravity without thongs, notches or indentations of any kind on the shaft, and shall not exceed the circumference of the shaft by more than 25 millimetres (1 inch). 4.-The cross section shall be regularly circular throughout and the maximum diameter thereof shall be under the grip, From the grip the javelin shall taper gradually to the metal point and to the rear tip. The line from the end of the grip to the metal point may be straight or slightly curved but the curve must be gradual and there must be no abrupt alteration in the diameter of the section throughout the length of the javelin, s.-The javelin shall have no mobile parts or other apparatus which during the throw could change its centre of gravity or throwing characteristics.

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Diameter at thickest point: Minimum 25 millimetres (1 inch) Maximum 35 millimetres (1 lin.)

15 centimetres (5! in.) 14 centimetres (stin.)

16 centimetres (6t'1l in .) . 15 centimetres (6in.)

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103

102 RULE 51

Discus 1.-Canstr-uctÂŁon.-The discus shall consist of a wooden body, with metal plates set flush into the sides of the latter and shall have, in the exact centre of the circle framed by the metal rim, a means of securing the correct weight.

3 .-Each side of the discus shall be identical and shall be made without indentations, proj ecting or sharp The sides shall taper in a straight line from the begmn ing of the curve of the rim to a circle a of 25 millimetres (1 inch) from the centre of the dISCUS. The thickness at 25 millimetres (1 inch) from the centre of the discus shall be exactly the same as at the centre.

2.-It shall conform to the following specifications : -

Men Weight: Minimum

2 kilogrammes (4 lbs. 6i ozs.) Outer diameter of metal rim: Minimum 219 millimetres (8t in .) Maximum 221 millimetres (8tMn.) Diameter of metal plates: Minimum 50 millimetres (li-!in .) Maximum 57 millimetres (2-i2 in .) Thickness at centre: Minimum 44 millimetres (l!in.) Maximum 46 millimetres (1 tiin.) Thickness of the rim at a distance (i inch) from the edge: Minimum 12 millimetres (! inch)

Women 1 kilogramme (2 lbs. 3i ozs.)

180 millimetres (7l2 in.) 182 millimetres (73 52 in.)

50 millimetres ' \ 31 In (1 32 'J 57 millimetres

(2-i2 in .) 37 millimetres (lHÂˇin.) 39 millimetres (l-iiin.) of 6 millimetres 12 millimetres (! inch)

The edge of the metal rim shall be rounded in a true circle. A metal discus complying with the official measurements, weight and conditions may be used

RULE 52 Shot 1.-Construction.-The shot shall be of solid iron, brass or any metal not softer than brass, or a shell of such metal filled with lead or other material. It must be spherical in shape. 2 .-It shall conform to the following specifications : Men Women Weight: 4 kilogrammes 7.257 kilogrammes Minimum (8 pounds 13 (16 pounds) ozs.) Diameter: 95 millimetres 110 millimetres Minimum (3t in .) (4-i-!in. ) 110 millimetres 130 millimetres Maximum (4ti in .) (Siin .)

105

104 RULE 53

Hammer Construction: 1.-Head.-The head shall be of solid iron, brass or any metal not softer than brass or a shell of such metal filled with lead or other material. It must be spherical in shape. 2.-Handle.-The handle shall be of single unbroken and straight length of spring steel wire not less than 3 millimetres (-! inch) in diameter, and shall be such that it cannot stretch appreciably while the hammer is being thrown. The handle may be looped at one or both ends as a means of attachment.

Length of hammer complete as thrown : Minimum

118 centimetres (3ft. 10iin.)

Maximum

122 cent"imetres (4ft.)

Diameter of head: Minimum

102 millimetres (4 s\in.)

Maximum

120 millimetres (4BÂˇin.)

II I

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3 .-Grip .-The grip may be either of single or double loop construction, but must be rigid and without hingeing joints of any kind, and so made that it cannot stretch appreciably while being thrown. It must be attached to the handle in such a manner that it cannot be turned within the loop of the handle to increase the overall length of the hammer. 4 .-Connection .-The handle shall be connected to the head by means of a swivel which may be either plain or ball bearing. The grip shall be connected to the handle by means of a loop. A swivel may not be used.

EXAMPLE OF ApPROVED HAMMER HANDLE.

5.-The hammer shall conform to the following specifications : -

RULE 54

Weight of hammer complete as thrown: Minimum

7.257 kilogrammes (16 pounds)

Weight of head: Minimum

6.80 kilogrammes (15 pounds)

Hammer and/or Discus Throwing Cage I.-It is strongly recommended that all hammer and/or discus throws be made from an enclosure or cage to ensure the safety of spectators, officials and competitors.

-------=

107

106 2.-The cage should be C-shaped in plan, the diameter being 7.6 metres (25 feet) with the opening through which the throw is made 6 metres (20 feet) wide. The height should not be less than 2.74 metres (9 feet). 3.-A cage made to the following specification suggested.

SUGGESTED CONSTRUCTION FOR HAMMER AND/OR DISCUS CAGE.

Framework.-A wire cable, or a senes of metal struts, is suspended at a height of not less than 2.74 metres (9 feet) above the ground in the shape of a letter C. The radius of the C is 3.8 metres (12 feet 6 inches) with the open end 6 metres (20 feet) wide. The cable or series of struts, is supported in a horizontal plane by 8 metal supports made in the shape of gallows, so that the C shape is formed by 7 straight panels, each 2.74 metres (9 feet) wide. Netting .-A net 19.2 metres (63 feet) long by 3.05 metres (10 feet) wide made of cord 12.5 millimetres (! inch) in circumference with 50 millimetre (2 inch) meshes, is suspended from the wire cable or series of metal struts. The lower edge of the net resting on the ground turns inwards towards the centre of the C, and to it are attached at regular intervals sandbags each weighing approximately 13.5 kilogrammes (30 pounds). Erection.-The 8 metal supports are set into the ground either with spikes or permanent sockets. The sockets should be sunk to a depth of approximately 30 centimetres (1 foot) and provided with covers for use when the supports are removed. The supports and suspended net are kept in position by wire ropes attached to ground spikes.

109

108

RULE 55 Circles l.-Construction.-Circles shall be made of band iron or steel, the top of which shall be flush with the ground outside. The earth or clay in the circles shall be packed hard, firm and level and 2 centimetres (!in.) (tolerance 6 millimetres (!in.) plus or minus) lower than the outside of the circle. The interior of the circles for Shot Putting, Discus Throwing and Hammer Throwing may be constructed of concrete or a similar material. 2 .-Measurements .-The circle shall measure:Discus throwing 2.50 metres (8ft. 2!in.) inside diameter. Hammer Throwing and Shot Putting 2.135 metres (7 feet) inside diameter. The metal circle shall be 6 millimetres (t inch) in thickness and 76 millimetres (3 inches) in height sunk flush with the ground outside. 3.-The circle shall be painted white.

RULE 56 Stop Board (Putting the Shot) l.-ConstructÂŁon.-The board shall be made of wood in the shape of an arc so that the inner edge with the inner edge of the circle, also so made that It can be firmly fixed to the ground. 2 .-Measurements . -The board shall measure 1.22 metres (4 feet) long on the inside, 114 (4t inches) wide and 100 millimetres (4 inches) hIgh. 3.-Finish.-The board shall be painted white. AI'PII..OX

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RULE 57 Sectors for throws from circles and arcs The sector within which all throws must fall, shall be clearly marked on the ground with li?es 5 centimetres (2 inches) wide, the inner edges of whIch shall form the sector lines, the radii lines crossing at the centre of the circles. The outer ends of the radii lines should be marked with sector flags.

-----

- -

111

110

RULE 58

Sector Flag I.-Construction .-The Sector flag should be entirely of metal. 2 .-Measurements .-The flag should be rectangular in shape measuring about 10 X 18 centimetres (4 X 7 inches) with the standard 8 millimetres (5/16 inch) in diameter and not less than 60 centimetres (or 2 feet) in length, above the ground. RULE 59

(2ft. 3iin.) . The total weight of the hurdles shall be not less than 10 kilogrammes (22 lbs. 2t ozs.) . NOTE.- In each case there shall be a tolerance allow'ance of 3 millimetres (l inch) above and below the standard heights, to allow for variation.. in the manu.. facture. (Also see rule 28 pages 72 and 73.) 3.-The width of the top bar shall be 70 millimetres (21 inches). 4.-Finish.-The top bar shall be striped in black and white. The hurdles shall be so placed on the track that the feet of the hurdles shall be on the side of the approach by the competitor. .

Hurdles I.-Construction .-The hurdles shall be made of metal or wood and shall consist of two bases and two uprights supporting a rectangular frame reinforced by one or more cross-bars, the uprights to be fixed at the extreme end of a each base. The hurdles shall be of such a design force of at least 3.6 kilogrammes (8 lbs.) applied to the centre of the top edge of the cross-bar is required to overturn it. The hurdle may be adjustable in height for each event. The counterweights must be adjustable so that at each height a force of at least 3.6 kilogrammes (8lbs.) and not more than 4 kilogrammes (8lbs. 130zs.) is required to overturn it. 2 .-Measurements .-The standard heights of the hurdles shall be:TVomen 80 metres 87 t yards 76.2 centimetres (2ft. 6in.). Men 110 metres 120 yards 1.067 metres (3ft. 6in.). 200 metres 220' yards 76.2 centimetres (2ft. 6in.). 400 metres 440 yards 91.4 centimetres (3ft. Oin.). The extreme width shall be 1.20 metres (3ft. 1lin.). The extreme length of the base shall be 70 centimetres

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5 .-Testing .-To check theresisting force of hurdles a simple spring-balance should be used by the application of a pulling force to the centre of the cross-bar. Alternatively use a cord with a hook, applied to the centre of the cross-bar, take the cord along over a pulley fixed conveniently and load the other end of the cord with weights.

113

112 RULE 60

Relay Baton Construction.-The baton shall be a smooth hollow wooden or metal tube circular in section in one piece, the length of which shall be not more than 30 centimetres (1 foot) and not less than 28 centimetres (11 inches). The circumference shall be 120 millimetres (41 inches) and it shall not weigh less than SO grammes (11 ounces).

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Starting Blocks

I.-The purpose of starting blocks is to expedite the carrying through of programmes and to protect the tracks. 2.-They must be constructed entirely of rigid materials.

GENERAL RULES FOR OLYMPIC EVENTS

3.-They may be adjustable, but must be made without springs or other devices whereby the athlete can obtain any artificial assistance.

RULE 1

4 .-They should be so made as to be easily and quickly placed into position and removed without damage to the track.

RULE 62

Finish Posts The finish posts shall be of rigid construction of about 1.37metres (4ft. 6in.) in height, 8 centimetres (3in.) in width and 2 centimetres (lin.) in thickness.

The Jury I.-The Jury shall consist of from five to eight members appointed by the Council of the LA.A.F. and shall be the highest authority on the track. 2.-All financial and technical arrangements of the Olympic Games shall be in the hands of the National Olympic Committee organising the Games, but the Jury mentioned above shall supervise the technical arrangements, appoint judges, etc., as stated hereafter. The organising Committee shall appoint one of its members as liaison officer to the Jury; such liaison officer shall take care of and be responsible for good communication between the Jury and the organising Committee.

115

11-1:

RULE 2 VVork of the Jury t.-The Jury shall be the highest authority on the track, and receive and decide any protests. (See rule 23 page 62 of the Athletic Rules for International Competitions .) 2.-The Jury shall not overrule the decisions of the Referees or Judges unless it shall find that a distinct mistake has been made. 3.-The Jury shall decide all questions relating to the actual conduct of the Meeting, the final settlement of which is not otherwise covered by the rules. 4.-(i) The Council of the LA.A.F. shall appoint two members of the Jury to carry out the following duties:(a) Consider the lay-out of the track and field and report final approval before the beginning of the Games. (b) Meet at the place where competitions are to be held not less than five days before the beginning of the events. They shall see that field and track are in good order, courses properly laid out and measured to confonn to all the requirements as laid down bv the Athletic Rules for International Competition-s and that all implements and equipment necessar:y for satisfactory competition are provided. (c) Consider final entries, accept or reject such entries, arrange the series and heats, and return the result to the organising Committee, which shall publish the entries with the competitors' numbers in sufficient time before the opening of the Games. (ii) The duties of the delegates as members of the Jury will last throughout the Games. In cases of differences of opinion they shall refer back to the full Jury who shall make a final decision.

5.-(i) The organising Committee shall have ready for inspection the track, field and all implements at least five days before the open,ing of the Games. Should the technical delegates not find the implements in accordance with specifications, new implements shall be obtained as directed by the delegates. (ii) The organising Committee shall publish the results of the arrangements of heats received from the technical delegates in sufficient time before the event is scheduled. 6.-In the event of the track and field upon which the Olympic Games are to be held not being available for practice, the organising Committee shall provide a suitable place for this purpose.

RULE 3 The AtWetic Ground l.-The length of each lap should be 400 metres. 2.-All tracks for running, jumping and throwing events must be of cinder or similar material. Grass is not permitted. 3 .-On the field there shall be arranged two platforms. One of these shall be near the tunnel through which the competitors enter the field, and from which the field and track events shall be managed, and which shall have telephone communication with the dressing rooms of the athletes, the Press Stand, the Band Stand, the loud speaker, the flag posts, etc., and from which bells may be operated in all dressing rooms, to call the competitors to the start. 4.-The other platform shall serve as an office for the Jury in charge of the field and track events. 5.-The loud speaker shall be governed by the Manager of the Games, and the speaker into the microphone placed near the Manager.

117

116

RULE 4

Officials 1.-Besides the Jury there shall be the following officials: One Manager, 3 or 4 Assistant Managers, One Keeper of the Implements, 2 or more Announcers. 2.-0ne Referee for track events, 3 Starters, 7 Judges at the finish, 6 or more Umpires, 9 Timekeepers. 3.-0ne Referee for throwing events, 6 or more Judges for throwing events. 4.-0ne Referee for jumping events, 6 or more Judges for jumping events. 5.-0ne One One One

or more Press Stewards, Official Surveyor, Marshal, or more Doctors.

6.-Necessary number of Clerks and Scorers, including Lap-Scorers, Necessary number of Assistants. 7 .-For the running events in Decathlon, as well as in the Marathon race and the 50,000 metres Walking Race the number of officials must be considerably increased.

RULE 5

The Manager The Manager shall have charge of the field and track events and be responsible for the proper carrying out of the Games. Ten minutes before the time of an event, he shall sound the bells in the dressing rooms, and Announcers shall announce on the field, to the competitors, the judges and the public, the start of the event. The Manager of the Games shall not leave his stand during the time a competition is going on. After the finish of an event he shall, through his assistant receive the results from the scorer of such event. All announcements to the public, press, etc., shall be given by the Manager of the Games through the Announcers, Press Stewards, loud speakers, etc. RULE 6 The Assistant Manager I.-The Manager shall have three or four Assistant Managers, one for running events, one for jumping events and one for throwing events, etc. The Assistant Managers shall see that starts are carried out and shall follow the particular competitions. Fifteen minutes before the finish of any competition they shall notify the Manager thereof, in order that he may be prepared for the start of the next event. 2.-The Assistant Managers shall at the end of each event collect and hand to the Manager the results given by the scorers. RULE 7 The Keeper of the Implements This official shall keep all implements under lock and key and shall be responsible for the implements being at hand in proper time for each event. The keeper of the implements acts directly under the Manager of the Games.

119

118

RULE 8

The Referees I.-The Referees are responsible for the proper conduct of each event under their control and assign to the Judges their particular duties. In the case of a difference between the Judges, they shall decide and, if necessary, refer to the Jury. 2.-vVhen, in any but the final of a race, a claim for a foul or interference is made, the Referee shall have the power to disqualify the competitor who was at fault, if he considers the foul intentional or due to culpable carelessness, and shall also have the power to allow the hindered competitor to start in the next round of heats, just as if he had been placed in his trial. 3.-When, in a final, a claim for a foul or interference is made, he shall have the power to disqualify the competitor who was at fault, if he considers the foul intentional or due to culpable carelessness, and he shall also have the power to order a new race between such of the competitors as he thinks entitled thereto. RULE 9

Timekeepers I.-Timekeepers shall use only watches tested and certified at an astronomical or physical institute during the same year in which the Games take place, and the rules and conditions of the test shall be similar to those adopted by the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England. (The said Rules are published in the 1931 edition of the Athletic Rules.) 2.-The use of watches of the Splitsecond Type (Rattrapante) is strongly recommended, also that all watches to be used by the official timekeepers at the

Games, shall be provided by the Organising Committee of the Games. 3 .-One of the timekeepers acts by appointment of the Jury as head timekeeper and regulates the daily division and work of the other timekeepers. 4 .-The timekeepers shall act independently from one enter. their times without discussing times and Without showmg their watches to each other on the form specially made for this purpose, after the form, hand it to the head timekeeper who is entitled to control the reported times on the watches. 5.-.The head timekeeper enters the reported time on a speCial blank schedule, fixes the official time results according to Rule 9 page 48 and provides for publication. 6.-The head timekeeper may entrust one of the timekeepers taking times and may design.ate for takmg the hme of the winner a fourth (reserve) timekeeper, the time taken by whom shall only be taken into account in case and for whatever reason only two watches have been acting . . 7.-:-The tin:-ekeepers should take their place by gradatIOn m extenSIOn to the finish line on the other side of the track from the judges and at least three metres from the nearer finishing post. 8.-In all races up to 200 metres the times of at least the three, and in all other running and walking races the times of at least the first six, shall be officially taken and published. 9.-0ut of the timekeepers 4 take the time of the first, 3 " " " second, 3 ,, ,, , , third. One of the four designated for the first place acts as a reserve timekeeper (see under para. 6 above.)

121

120 10.-In races of 400 metres or more those timekeepers who take the time of the first place take also the time of the fourth place, those who take the time of the second place, take also the time of the fifth place, and those who take the time of the third place take also the time of the sixth place. RULE 10 Other Officials Regarding other officials, their duties are specified in the Athletic Rules for International Competitions, which apply for all other questions regarding the Olympic Games. (Refer to pages 43 to 520)

RULE 11 Qualification Trials 1.-vVhere in any of the throwing or jumping events the number of entries exceeds 18, a qualifying round shall be held prior to the competition proper. 2.-No athlete shall participate in the competition proper unless he has reached the prescribed standard in the qualifying round; but if in any event less than 12 competitors reach the qualifying standard, then the first 12 athletes and any athlete tying for the 12th place shall take part in the competition proper. 3.-In each qualifying round, each competitor shall be allowed three trials, but the performances accomplished shall not be considered part of the competition proper. Once a competitor has reached the qualifying standard he shall not make any more trials.

RULES FOR THE EUROPEAN COMMITTEE AND EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIPS RULE 1 The International Amateur Athletic Federation has decided to promote EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIPS in every fourth year, two years after the Olympic Games. RULE 2 The Council of the I.A.A of. shall exercise the following powers:(a) It shall have supreme control of the Championships; (b) It shall decide upon all fundamental principles; (c) It shall appoint the appropriate European member of the LA.A of. to organise the Championships, upon the recommendation of the European Committee; (d) It shall decide upon the venue for the Championship on the recommendation of the European Committee. RULE 3 The European Committee shall be appointed for a period of four years and shall consist of a President, Honorary Secretary and ten other members all to be elected by Congress from different European countries in affiliation with the LA.A.F. together with the President and the Honorary Secretary of the I.A oA.F. who shall be ex officio members of the Committee and be entitled to vote. The President and Honorary Secretary of the com-II mittee shall each have a vote. The President of the Committee, in the case of a tie in the voting, shall have a second or casting vote. The Committee shall serve until a new Committee is appointed and inducted to office.

--------

123

122 RULE 4 The European Committee shall have the following powers:(a) it shall follow the directions given by the Council of the LA.A.F. and report to that body on European matters; (b) it shall consider applications to hold the European Championships and to make recommendations thereon to the Council; (c) it shall determine, in co-operation with the Organising Member the venue and the date on which the Championships shall be held; (d) it shall have charge of the supervision, preparations and conduct of the Championships and arrange that they are carried through in conformity with the technical rules of the LA.A.F. (e) it shall furnish to the Organising Member, the list of the countries to be invited to compete; (f) it shall appoint a Jury of five persons and the principal officials. (NOTE.-For the duties of the I technical delegates see General Rules for Olympic I E'oents.) (g) it shall accept or reject entries, arrange heats and qualifying trials, as well as the programme and timetable of events; (h) it shall arrange annually a meeting of representatives of European countries for the purpose only of co-ordinating European Fixtures for the following year. RULE 5 The Championships shall comprise the following events: FOR MEN: Running: 1,500 Metres 100 Metres 5,000 ,. 200 " 10,000 " 400 " :Marathon (42 km. 195 m.) 800

Hl-trdles: 110 Metres Steeplechase: 3,000 Metres Relays: 4 X 100 Metres Walking: 20,000 Metres (Road)

400 Metres

4 X 400 Metres 50,000 Metres (Road)

Jumping: High; Pole; Long; Hop, Step and Jump Throwing: Discus; Javelin; Hammer Putting: Shot Decathlon FOR 'WOMEN:

Running: 100 Metres 200 " Hurdles: 80 Metres Relay: 4 X 100 Metres Jumping: High; Long Throwing: Discus; Javelin Putting: Shot Pentathlon

400 Metres 800 "

RULE 6 The maximum period for the Championships shall not exceed six days.

124 RULE 7 The order of the events and the complete daily programme shall be determined by the European Committee by the end of December previous to the Championships. RULE 8 Each LA.A.F. Member in Europe may be represented by not more than two athletes (in women's events: three) in each individual event and one team in each relay event. Competitors must comply with the following qualifications : That:(a) they were born in the country they represent; or (b) they are citizens of the country they represent and have lived there continuously for a period of not less than five years; or (c) they have become naturalised in the country they represent and have permanent residence there; or (d) they are of European parents fulfilling the above conditions and have not become naturalised as subjects of a country outside Europe. (e) for the purpose of this Rule, Algeria is considered to be a part of France and athletes from all parts of Turkey can also qualify. With the exception of the terms of clause (e) athletes born outside Europe cannot be qualified unless they meet the conditions stated in (b) or (d). RULE 9 The closing date for entries, which must be submitted by the National associations or federations shall be not later than fourteen days prior to the first day of the Championships. A country may nominate not more than two competitors and one reserve (women: three and one reserve) for each individual event and eight competitors in each relay event. The final nominations of the

125 athletes (see Rule 8) to represent a country shall be lodged with the Organising Member not later than three full days for individual t::vents and for relay events not later than 6 0' clock on the evening of the day preceding the event. RULE 10 In each event the winner shall be awarded a silver gilt medal, the second a silver medal, and the third a bronze medal. RULE 11 A commemorative medal shall be distributed to all officials and competitors. RULE 12 The Championships are allocated to a European Member of the I .A.A.F. who shall be wholly responsible for all the costs and expenses involved in the promotion of the Championships as well as for the following obligations imposed by the I.A.A.F. : (a) The Member will immediately appoint an Organising Committee; (b) First class travelling expenses or tourist aircraft (including meals en route) together with board and lodging for a maximum period of not more than 3 days longer than the championships, shall be paid to the fourteen members of the European Committee (rule 3); (c) First class travelling expenses or tourist aircraft (including meals en route) together with board and lodging of not more than two technical delegates (who should be Members of the European Committee) for a period of not more than five days prior to the Opening of the Championships. These expenses, except for travelling, are supplementary to those which may be claimed under para. (b);

126 (d) First class travelling expenses or tourist aircraft (including meals en route) of not more than two delegates for the general supervision of the Championships, at such periods as may be thought appropriate, which shall be supplementary to (b) and (c). (e) First class rail travelling expenses (including meals en route) together with board and lodging for five walking judges appointed by the vValking Commission of the I.A.A.F. for a period commencing one day before the first walking event and terminating one day after the last walking event. RULE 13 The Organising Committee shall pay to the I.A.A.F. 4% of the total of the gate money (with a minimum payment of the equivalent of U.S.A. Dollars, three thousand) taken at the Championships. The minimum payment shall be paid not later than fourteen days after the Championships and the remainder within three months after the Championships. RULE 14 The Organising Committee shall pay the travelling and living expenses (first class return rail ticket, board and lodgiI!g) for a period of 3 days longer than the championships (including the time taken in travelling) for not less than 100 men and 50 women athletes of the various participating countries. These expenses shall be calculated from the capital city of the participating country. The 100 and 50 places respectively shall be distributed among the various countries in accordance with the general athletic results of the preceding year. The Organising Committee shall draw up a formula on these lines, from which the quota for each country can. be calculated, to reach the Honorary Secretary of the European Committee not later than 15th January in the

127

year of the Championships, who shall submit the proposals to the European Committee for approval and of the places .not later than 15th March followmg. The places shall be so allotted that each participating country shall obtain at least one place each for men and women. The decision of the European Committee shall be final. Other of athletes and participating in the ChampIOnshIps shall not be paId. As far as possible the Organising Committee shall endeavour o?tam reduced charges for travelling and accommodation for athletes and officials.

RULES FOR EUROPEAN RECORDS I.-European Records shall be established for the same events as those which are accepted for World Records. 2.-The eligibility athletes claiming European Records must conform WIth the following qualifications that:u ' (a) they are subjects by birth of the country they represent; or (b) they are of the country they represent and have lIved there continuously for a period of not less than five years; or (c) they have become naturalised in the country they represent and have permanent residence there; or (d) they of European parents fulfilling the above condItlons and have not become naturalised as subjects of a country outside Europe. (e) For the purposes of this rule, Algeria is considered to be a part of France and athletes from all parts of Turkey can also qualify.

128

129

With the exception of the terms of clause (e) athletes born outside Europe cannot be qualified unless they meet the conditions stated in (b) or (d).

EVENTS FOR WHICH WORLD RECORDS ARE

3.-The non-European performances of athletes who are admitted according to the above rules as European athletes may be also recognised as European Records, if these performances are obtained at Olympic Games or they have been accepted by their respective national associations as national records.

MEN

4.-At the first registration of European Records all world's records recognised by the I.A.A.F. and complying with the above rules are entered in the list without control. Furthermore, all performances already recognised by the competent national association as national records will also be accepted as European Records without proofs if their essential data (name of athlete, performance, time, place, etc.) are certified and presented in writing by the respective national association.

RECOGNISED

100 yards 220 " 440 " 880 " 1 mile

2 miles 3" 6" 10" 15

Running 100 metres 2,000 metres 200" 3,000 " 5,000 " 400 " 800" 10,000 " 1,000" 20,000 " 1,500 " 25,000 " 30,000 1 hour

Steeplechase 3,000 metres

5.-For all future performances the same rules and procedure will be in force as the world's records. Application for the registration of records must be submitted in writing, the application to be accompanied by the proofs prescribed in Rule 24 and sent to the Honorary Secretary, European Committee of the LA.A.F., c/o Federation Francaise d' Athletisme, 32 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France.

Hurdles 120 yards 110 metres 220" 200" 440" 400" Relays 4 x 110 yards 4 X 100 metres 4 X 220" 4 X 200 " 4 X 440" 4 X 400 " 4x880" 4x 800 " 4x 1 mile 4x 1500 "

6.-All European Records shall be verified and sanctioned by the European Committee.

20 miles 30 "

Walking 20,000 metres 30,000 " 50,000 "

2 hours

131

130

High jump Long jump

Jumping Hop, step and jump Pole vault

Shot put Javelin throwing

Throwing Discus throwing Hammer throwing Decathlon

PANEL OF INTERNATIONAL WALKING JUDGES (A pproved by C01zgress-Stockholm I9S 8 )

Australia J. J. Cummins J. A. Larker P. S. McCavanagh M. J. Moroney V. B. Sharp Belgium M. Gobron

Running 60 metres 100 " 200 " 400 "

100 yards 220 " 440 "

880

800

Hurdles 80 metres (8 hurdles)

4x 110 yards 4 X 220 " 3 X 880

High jump

Relays 4 x 100 metres " 4 x 200 3 X 800 " Jumping Long jump Throwing Javelin throwing Discus throwing Shot put Pentathlon

Czechoslovakia O. Louda F. Mikes H. Sulak J. Svoboda Z. Trefny F. Voboulor Denmark K. Hartvig P. Lassen

Gt. Britain & N. Ireland \V. F. Amer H. S. Bassett W. Batson D. E. Brown T. V. Clarke A. A. Cooper N. W. Easlea J. Hackwood E. Kennell A. Scorer H. H. Whitlock Htmgary P. Bacsalmasi L. Balazs B. Fehervari F. Simek

Italy Finland A. Calligaris M. VI. Hyytianen G.Oberweger F. Porto France H. Clermont Norway F. Guilleux W. Bengtson K. Frodahl Germany A. M Hagen H. Stahl R. Reinertsen

Roumartia 1. Ionescu

F. T. Vasile

S'weden R. Anderson S. Anderson J. Barnstedt R. Ericson E. Fristedt C. Grandin A. Kallenheim E. Lindhe B.Ohren C. Widen Switzerland W. Furrer A. Libotte F. Schwab A. Wydler U.S.S.R. A. Fruktov A.Issurin N. Kalinin P. Kozlovski - . Starikov - . Tomalin U.S.A. P. J achelski R. Rappaport

OFFICIAL

LIST

OF WORLD

TRACK

AND

FIELD

RECORDS

(Recognised by the I.A.A.F. as at the 31st December, 1958) Time Height or Distance

Event

Place

Date

Country

Holder

------- --------- ------------MEN RUNNING 100 Yards

.. , 9.35

20 s 45.75.

Yards 440 880

Ill.

4G.8 s. ..

3 m. 54.5 s 8 m. 32 s 13 m. 10.8 s. 27 m. 43.8 s. 48 rn. 12 s.

I mile .. 2 miles

6 10

. M. E. Patton H. D. Hogan J. Golliday 1.. King D.sime D. Sime D.sime B. Morrow R. Norton D.Sime .. Davis G. .. .. T. \\T. Courtnev .. H. J. Elliott .. A. G. Thomas A. G. Thomas S. Iharos E. Zatopek

I h. 14 m. 01 s.......

E. Zatopek

100 metres

10.1 s

W. J. WilIiallls 1. J. Murchison 1.. King L. King D.sime

...

200

20 s

. U.S.A .. Australia . tT.S.A .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . Hu;';gary .. Czechoslovakia .. Czechoslovakia . U.S.A .. . .. ..

. ..

5.48 3.54 5.55 5.5(i 5.5H H.5H 5.57 H.57 4.58 6.5G 6.58 5.57 8.58 8.58 7.58 lS. 7.56

Fresno . U.S ..\.. Sydney .. Australia Evanston .. tT.S.A. Fresno .. Raleigh Sanger . Raleigh Austin, Texas . San Jose .. Sanger .. Berkelev .. Los Angeles .. Dublin .

29. 9.51

Stara Bolesla\' ..

29.10.55 3. 8.5G 4. 8.5(i 20.10.56 27.10.5l:; 9. 6.56

Celakovice Berlin

\ 15. 13. 14. 12. 19. 9. 18. 14. 12. 9. 14. 24. 6. 7. 9.

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia .. Gernlany

IT.S'.\. Santa Ana Sanger

- - - - - - - -------_.----

Time Height or Distance

Event

____

400 metres ... 45.2 s 800 Im. 45.7 s. 1,000 2m. 18.1 s. 1,500 3 m. 38.1 s. 2,000 3,000

5,000 10,000 20,000

" "

25,000 30,000 I hour

3,000 metres Steeplechase...

HOld-=-

L. J. JOl1es R. Moens D. Waern S. Jl1ngwirth

5 m. 02.2 s.

7 Ill. 52.8 s. 13m.35s. 28 Ill. 30.4 s. 59 Ill. 51.6 s.

1. Rozsavolgyi D. A. G. Pirie V. Kuc V. Kuc E. Zatopek

1 h. Hi

36.-! s. ...

E. Za topek

I h. 35 m. 01 s .. 20,052 m. 40 Clll . (12 mls. 810 yds.)

A.lvanov E. Zatopek

8 m. 32 s.

111.

Chromik

I__c_o_u_ntr y 1 1

LT.S.A Belgium Sweden

vakia Hungary G.B. (\: N.!.... U.S.S.R. vakia Czechoslovakia LT.S.S.R. ...... Czechoslovakia Poland

Date

30:

Place

3. 8.55 19. 9.58

Oslo Turku

12. 7.57 2.10.55 4. 9.5H 13.10.57 11. 9.56

Stara Boleslav Budapest Mallllo Rome Moscow

29. 9.51

Stara Boleslav ...

29.10.55 H. 6.57

Celakovice...... l\Ioscow

29. 9.51

Stara Boleslav ...

Finland Czechoslovakia Hungary Sweden Italy U.S.S.R. Czechoslovalda Czechoslovakia U.S.S.R. Czechoslovakia

2. 8.58

Warsaw...... ......

Poland

.........

U.s ..-\.

RELAYS 4 x 110 yards 4;< 220 4 xHO

4 x 880 4 x I mile

39.7 s.

... 1

Abilene Christian College (W. Griggs, \\T. \\Toodhouse, J. Segrest, B. Morrow) U.S ..-\ .. 1 m. 22.7 s. University of Texas Team (W. Wilson, E. Southern, H. Gainey, B. Whilden) 3 m. 07.3 s. U.S.A. National Team (C. J enkins, L. Spurrier, T. Courtney, L. Jones) 7 Ill. 22.8 s. accidental College (T. S. ........ Âˇ1 White, D. A. Reisbord, L. G. Wray, T. L. Hadley) ... 16 m. 30.6 s. .. .... English National Team (M. T. Blagrove, P. R. Clark, G.D. Ibbotson, B. S. Hewson) G.B. & N.r. ...

31. 5.58

l\Iodesto

5. 4.57

Austin, Texas ... 1

1.l1.56

Los Angeles ...... 1

24. 5.57

Los Angeles ......

27. 9.58

London

England

Time Height or Distance

Event

4x100metres ... 39.5s. 4 x 100

39.5 s.

4 x 200

I m. 22.7 s.

4 X 400

3 m. 03.9 s.

4.-<800

7 m. 15.8 s

4 x 1500 metres

15 m. 11.4 s.

Holder

Date

Country

V.S.A. National Team (I. Murchison, L. King, W. T. Baker, B. Morrow) V.S.A German National Team (M. Steinbach, M. Lauer, H. Futterer, M. Germar) ...... Germany Vniversity of Texas Team (W. Wilson, E. Southern, H. Gainey, B. Whilden)... V.S.A Jamaican National Team (A. S. Wint, L. A. Laing, H. H. McKenley, V. G. Rhoden) Jamaica .. Belgian National Team (A. Ballieux, A. Langenus, E. Leva, R. Moens) ......... Belgium D.D. R. East German Team (5. Hermann, K. Richtzenhain, H. Reinagel, S. Valentin) Germany

1.12.56

Melbourne

Australia

Cologne

Germany

Austin, Texas...

U.S.A.

27. 7.52

Helsinki

Finland

8. 8.56

Brusseb

Belgium

9. 8.58

Poznall

Poland

29. 8.58 5. 4.57

Place

HURDLES 120 yards

J. W. Davis M. G. Campbell E. Gilbert G. Potgieter J. W. Davis E. Gilbert G. Davis

13.4 s

220 440 " 110 metres 200 400

22.1 s. 49.7 s. 13.4 s. 22.1 s. 49.2 s.

V.S.A ..

. .

" S. Africa U.S.A.

22. 31. 17. 22. 22. 17.

Bakersfield .. U.S.A. Compton .. Raleigh Cardiff . Bakersfield . U.S.A. Raleigh " Budapest ......... Hungary

14. 5.54

Stara Boleslav

6.56 5.57 5.58 7.58 6.56 5.58 6. 8.58

.. .

WALKING 20 miles

2 h. 33 m. 09.4 s. ...

...

..................... Czechoslovakia .........

]. Dolezal

Czechoslovakia

====;=------

___E_v_e_n__t _ 30 miles

H_e_ig._h_t_o_r Distance

H_o_l_d_e_r

4 h. 12 m. 03.4 s.

20,000 metres ...

ao,ooo "

50,000

I h. 27 m. 38.6 s 2 h. 20 m. 40.2 s 4 h. 21 m. 07 s

L. Mor

. G. Panichkin

.. A. Vedjakov

(IG lIlIs. 40:3 yds.)

.. .

. L. Moc

26,117 metres ......

2 hours

y .. _ '_OU_l_lt_r_

E. J. Allsop

Czechoslovakia U.S.S.R

Dat_e_

Place Czechoslovakia U.S.S.R.

.. ..

2 I. G.56 9. 5.58 7.10.55

Prague Stalinabad Moseow

vakia Australia ......

21. 6.56 22. fl.5G

Prague Melhourne

vakia Australia

JUMPING High Jump Long Jump Hop, Step and Jump Pole Vault:

7 ft. I in. (2.16 Ill.) 2li ft. 8t in. (8.13 m.) 54 ft. 5 in. (16.59 m.) 15 ft. 8t in. (-1.78 m.)

Y. Stepanov J. c. Owens

.................. U.S.S.R.

...

..................

V.S.A. . ........

13. 7.57 25. 5.35

Leningrad Ann Arbor

U.S.S.R. V.S.A.

...............

V.S.S.H. . .....

28. 7.58

Moscow

U.S.S.R.

R. A. Gutowsld ...............

V.S ..-\. .. .......

27.

Palo Alto

V.5 ..-\.

O. Rjakhovsky

THROWING Shot Discus ... Javelin Hammer

63 ft. 2 in. (19.25 m.) 194 ft. 6 in. (59.28 m.) 281 ft. 2 in. (85.71 m.) 225 ft. 4 in. (G8.liS m.)

W. P. O'Brien

U.S.A. .

F. E. Gordien

Los Angeles

1.11.5G

22. 8.53

Pasadena

V.5 ..-\. ..

E. Danielsen.....................

Norway

2G.l J.5G

Melbourne

Australia

H. V. Connolly..................

U.S.A. .........

20. 6.58

Bakersfield

U.S.A.

l\foscow

U.S.S.R.

DECATHLON Decathlon

... 8302 points

R. ]ohnson

U.S.A

27/28.7.58

Time Height or Distance

Event

Holder

Country

Date

Place

- - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - WOMEN

RUNNING 1'vI. Mathews .................. 111. Mathews .....................

10.3 s. ............... 23.4 s. ............... 55.6 s. ............... 2 m. 06.G s. ......... 7.3 s. .................. 11.3 s. ............... 23.2 s. ............... 53.6 s. ............... 2m. 05 s. ............

100 yards 220 440 880 60 100 200 400 800

Australia ......

G.B: & N.!.

M. Hiscox ..................... N. Otkalenko .................. U.S.S.R. S. Walasiewicz .. ............. Poland S. B. de la Hunty ............ Australia B. Cuthbert ..................... M. Itkina ........................ U.S.'S.R . N.Otkalenko ..................

...

20. 3.58

Sydney . ........... Australia

2. 10. 24. 4. 16. 6. 24.

England U.S.S.R. Moscow Lemberg Poland \Varsaw ............ Sydney . ........... U.S.S.R. Moscow Zagreb ............ Yugoslavia

22. 3.58

8.58 ".5l' 9.33 8.55 9.5" 7.57 9.55

HURDLES 80 metres

10.6 s.

...

Z. Gastl

Germany

29. 7.56

Frechen... ... ... ... Germany

G.B. & N.!. ...

26. 7.58

Cardiff ............

RELAYS 4;< 110 yards

45.3 s.

220

1 m. 36.3 s

>, 880

6 nl. 36.2 s.

4 X 100 metres...

44.5 s.

. English National Team (H. Young, ]. Paul, D. Hyman, M. Weston) . .. Australian National Team (M. J. Mathews, N. W. Croker, F. N. Mellor, B. Cuthbert) '" '" Hungarian National Team (A. Bacskai, A. Oros, A. Kazi) . . Australian National Team (5. B. de la Hunty, N. Croker, F. Mellor, B. Cuthbert) ..

Time Height or Distance

Event

- - - - - - I- - - - - - - -

200 metres...

3 x800

I m. 36.3 s

Ill.

27.6 s

Holder

Australia

5.12.56

Hungary

21. 7.54

Australia ......

1.12.56

Country

Date

Wales

Sydney ............ Australia Tnta

Melbourne

Hungary

...... Australia

Place

- - - - - - - - - - - - ----------1--Âˇ------

. Australian National Team (M. J. Mathews, N. 'IV. Cro1,er, F. N. Melior, B. Cuthbert) . Australia '" U.S.S.R. National Team (N. Otkalenko, L. Lisenko, A. Lapshina) . U.S.S.R.

Sydney............

Australia

I!. 9.55

Moscow

U.S.S.R.

Roumania ..... Poland

18.10.58 20. 8.56

Bucarest ......... BUdapest

Houmania Huugary

Poland

27.11.56

Melbourne

.-\:ustralia

U.S.S.R.

5.12.56

JUMPING 6 it. (1.83 m.) ...... 1. Balas ........................ 20 ft. lOin. E. Dunska- Krzesinska (1.35 m.) 20 It. 10 in. E. Dunska-Krzesinska (6.35 Ill.)

High Jump Long Jump

THROWING 541t. 11! in. (16.7lim.) 187 ft. It in. (57.04 m.) 188 ft. 4 in. (57.40 Ill.)

Shot Discus '" Javelin

G. Zybilla

U.S.S.R.

13.11I.56

Tashkent

N. Dumbadze ..................

U.S.S.R.

18.10.52

Tbilisi

A. Pazera '" .....................

Australia

24. 7.58

Cardiff

Wales

U.S.S.R.

15}16.10.57

Odessa . ...........

U.S.S.R.

.............

PENTATHLON Pentathlon

4846 points .........

G. P. Bystrova ..................

OFFICIA,L

LIST

EUROPEAN

TRACK

AND

FIELD

RECORDS

(Recognised by the I.A.A.F. as at 31st December. 1958) =====.

t;ci=m=e=====路.-------------.-. _._-----_. _._-----_ ..._-

Event

Height or Distance

Holder

Country

Date

Place

MEN RUNNING 100 yards

9.5 s

220 440

20.8 s.

.. 46.8 s. .. I m. 47.8 s 3 lll. 57.2 s 8 m. 33.4 s 13m.14.2s. 27 m. 43.8 s. 48 lll. 12 s.

I h. 14 m. 01 s.......

88U " I mile ... 2 llliles

3 11

100 metres ...

10.2 s.

200

20.4 s. 46 s

400 800

1,000

1,500

I m. 45.7 s. 2 m. 18.1 s. 3 m. 38.1 s.

2,000 3,000

5 m. 02.2 s. 7 m. 52.8:s.

.. .. .. .. .

M. Germar A. Hary 1\1. Gerlllar E. J. Sampson B. Hewson G. D. Ibbotson S. Iharos S. Iharos S. Iharos E. latopek E. latopek

E. MeD. Bailey H. Futterer M. Germar . M. Germar . R. Harbig A. Ignatyev R. Moens D. Waern S. JlIngwirth

1. Rozsavolgyi D. A. G. Pirie

-路-=='==-Time Event Height or Distance

Holder

20,000

13 m. 35 s. 28 m. 30.4 s. 59 m. 51.6 s.

25,000

I h. 16 m. 36.4 s....

E. Zatopek

5,000 metres ... 10,000

E. latopek

I h. 35 m. 01 s .. A.lvanov 20,052 m. 40 cm . E. Zatopek (12 mls. 810 yds.)

30,OUO " I hour ...

3,000 metres SteepleI'hase

J. Chromik

8 m. 32 s.

. Gernlany . . . . G.B: & N.!. .. .. .. .. .. .. vakia .. Czechoslo路 vakia . G.B. & N.!. ... . Germany .. .. .. . U.S':S.R. .. Belgium .. Sweden .. Czechoslovakia .. Hungary .. G.B. & N.!. ...

Country

U.S.S.R Czechoslovalda

22. 7.58

14. 6.58 19. 7.57 30. 5.55 23.10.55 15. 7.56

Coblenz Gladbeck Cologne Cardiff Wolverhampton London

29. 9.51

Stara Bolesla\'

29.10.55 25. 8.51 31.10.54 31. 7.57 7.57 12. 8.39 25. 6.55 3. 8.55 19. 9.58

Celakovice ...... Belgrade Yokohama ...... Cologne

12. 7.57

2.10.55 4. 9.56

Poland

13.10.57 11. fl.51; 29. 9.51 29.10.55 (i. ('.57 29. 9.51 8.58

Gernlany

England HlI;;gary vakia Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Japan Germany

Moscow Oslo Turku

. U.s':S.R. .. Norway . Finland CzechosloStara Boleslav ... vakia Budapest Hungary 1\1almo .. Swedell

Place

Date

.. U.S.S.R. ...... .. . val路da . Czechoslovalda

10. 8.57 25. 9.58 2.10.57

Italy U.S.S.R. Czechoslovakia Stara Bolesla v ... Czechosloval{ia Celakoviee ...... U.S.S.R Moscow Czechoslovakia Stara Boleslav ... Rome Moscow

\'Varsaw ............

Poland

Cardiff

\I.'ales

London

England

RELAYS 4 X 110 yards...

4 X 440

40.7 s.

... 3 m. 09.6 s

440

3 m. 09.6 s.

4 X 880

7 Ill. 30.6 s.

-I

4x 1 mile

4 x 100 metres

...

16 m. 30.6 s.

39.5 s.

English National Team (P. F. Radford, E. R. Sandstrom, D. H. Segal, A. Breacker) . G.B. & N.!. ... .. English National Team (E . J. Sampson, D. Johnson, J. D. Wrighton, J. E. Salisbury) .. G.B. & N.r. National Team (J. Wrighton,.T. Salisbury, E. J. Sampson,]. McIsaac) G.B. & N.I. National Team (G. W. Nankeville, A. Webster, F. Evans, H. J. Parlett) .. Enp,-lish National Teaul (M. T. Blagrove, P. R. Clark, G. D. Ibbotson, B. S. Hewson) .. .. German National Team (M. Steinbach, M. Lauer, H. Fu tterer, IVI. Germar) ...... Germany ..

::!(,. 7.58

7.58 8.58

26. 9.51

27. fl.58 29. 8.58

.... Cologne

......... 1 Germany

(,:)

..... o 4:< 200 metres...

1 m. 36 s.

4 x -lOO

3 m. OH.6 s.

4 x 800

4 i< 1,500 metres

15 m. 11.4 s.

Ill.

A.I.K. Stockholm (A. Ljung, 1. Pettersson, M. Almqvist, H. Hakansson) ...... German National Team (G. Steines, H. Geister, H. Ulzheimer, Ko F. Haas) ...... Belgian National Team (A. Ballieux, A. Langenus, E. Leva, R. Moens) D. D.R. East German Team (5. Hermann, K. Richtzenhain, H. Reillagel, S. Valentin) ..

15.8 s.

120 yards

13.7 s.

2:W 4-10 " 110 metres

23.1 s. 51.3 s. 13.7 s.

200 400

22.9 s. 5U.4 s.

M. M. 11'1. Y. 111.

HURDLES

13. 9.08

Stockholm

Sweden

Germany

'1.7. 7.52

Helsinld

Finland

Belgium

8. 8.5H

Brussels

Belgium

G'ernlCtny

9. 8.58

Poznan

Poland

Germany

31. 7.57 24. 8.58 2.10.57 13.10.54 31. 7.57 2-1. 8.58 2.10.57 20. 9.53

Stockholm Cologne BUdapest

1-1. 5.5-1

Stara Bulesla v

21. (;.51; 9. 5.58 7.lU.55

Prague Stalinabad Moscow

21. 6.56 7.10.55

Prague lIIoscow

. .. .. .. . .. . .

V.S'.'S.R. Germany

L. Moc

.. .. .. ..

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia U.S.S.R. ......

Lauer Lauer Laner N. Lituyev Lauer

Sweden

M. Laner Y. N. Lituyev

U.S'.'S.R.

Cologne Stockholm Cologne London

Germany Sweden Germany England Germany ...... Sweden Germany Hungary ......

WALKING 20 miles

2 h. 33

Ill.

-I h. 12

m. 03.4 s....

20,000 me tres ... 30,000 " 50,(lOO

I h. 27 m. 38.6 s. 2 h. 20 n1. -10.2 s.... 4 h. 21 m. 07 s.......

G. Panichkin A. Vedjakov L. Moc

:2 hours

25,865 n1. ... ......... (16 mls. 126 yds.)

A. Vedjakov

09.4 s. ...

J. Dolczal

Time Height or Distance

Event

vakia U.S.S.IL ......

Holder

Country

Date

------ - - - - - - - ------------- ----1----JUMPING 7 ft. 1 in. (2. j(J Ill) Y. Stepanov 26 ft. If in . H. Visser (7.98 m.) Hop, Step and 54ft. 5 in . O. Rjakhovsky Jump .. (IH.59 m.) Pole Vault . 15 ft. 1 in. G. Roubanis (-1.60 m.)

High Jump Long Jump

. .....

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia U.S.S.R . vakia U.S.S.R.

-------r----Place

. V.S.S.R ....... .. Netherlands

13. 7.57 17. 9.56

Leningrad Bucarest

U.S.S.R. Roumania

V.S.S.R .......

28. 7.58

Moscow

U.S.S.R.

Greece .........

I')

7.58

Munich

Germany

Czechoslovakia Italy

24. 8.57 11. 1 '1..55

THROWING Shot

59 ft. 1 in.

Discus ...

( 18. () 1 Ill.) 186 ft. I J in. (513.98 m.)

Javelin

281 ft. 2 in (85.71 m.) 220 ft. 10 in. (67.32 m.)

Hammer

Skobla

A. COllsolini

. E. Danielsen

. Norway

111. Krivonosov

.. ..

Praglle Bel(nzone ._,

Czechoslovakia

. Switzerland

26.11.56

Melbourne

Australia

V.S.5.I<..

22.10.51)

Ta5hkent

V.S.S.R.

V.S.S.f{

17/18.5.58

Krasnodar

V.S.S.R.

Cardiff . ........... Kiev London Moscow Lemberg Bologna

\-Vales U.S.S.R. England U.S.S.H. Poland Italy

DECATHLON Decathlon

...

801-1 points

V. Kuznecov

WOMEN

RUNNING 100 yards 220 440 880 60 100

10.li s.

............... H. Young

............... 55.li s. ............... 2 m. 06.6 s. ......... 7.3 s. .................. 11.4 s. ............... 23.6 s.

G.B. S: N.r. ' " 22. 7.58 22. 7.5B U.S.S.H. G.B. -": N.r. ... 2. 8.58 V.S.S.R. . ..... 10. 6.5li 24. 9.33 Poland G. Leone ...... .. . .. . ... . . ... . . . . Italy . .. ......... 21.10.56 .....................

M. Itkina . .................... M. Hiscox ..... . .. . ... ... ... . . . N.Otkalenko .................. S. Walasiewicz ...............

__ Event __ 200 metres 400 800

I_.__

Time ._.__H_O_l_d._e_r.

.:.:.:1 23.4 s 1

53.6 s. .. 2 m. 05 s.

_....

M. Itkina M. Itkina _.................... N.Otkalenko

c__·o_'_lll__ti_· V.S.S.R.

I __D_a_te I

14.10.56 6. 7.57 24. 9.55

Tashkent Moscow Zagreb

Germany ......

29. 7.56

Frechen

G.B. &: N.r. ...

26. 7.58

Cardiff ............ Wales

Germany

29. 7.56

Rostock

Germany

Hungary

21. 7.54

Tata

Hungary

V.S.S.H. " Yugoslavia

HURDLES 10.6 s.

80 metres

Z. Gastl

Germany

RELAYS 4 Y 110 yards

45.3 s.

4 x 220

3>, 880

Gm. 3G.2 s.

100 metres...

36.4 s.

44.7 s.

1 m. 36.4 s

4 x 200

3:< 800

Ill.

...

6 m. 27.6 s

.. English National Team (H. Young, J. Paul, D. Hymall, lVI. Weston) ..................... D.D.R. East German Team (G. Henning, C. Stubnick, (G. Kohler, B. Mayer) ...... Hungarian National Team (A. Bacskai, A. Oros, A. Kazi) ........................... .. G.B. & N.r. National Team (A. Pashley, J. C. Scrivens, J. F. Paul, H. J. Armitage) . V.S.S.R. National Team (F. Calajnicova, V. !{azen· teva, Z. Safronova, N. Dvalijvili·Hnikina) D.D.R. East German Team (G. Henning, C. StuLnick, G. Kohler, B. Mayer) .. V.S.S.R. National Team (N. Otkalenko, L. Lisenko, A. Lapshina) ...............

Time Height or Distance

Event

Holder

G.B. & N.r. ...

1.12.56

V.S.S.R.

9. 8 ..53

Australia

Budapest

Hungary

Germany

29. 7.56

Rostock

Germany

IT.S.S.R.

I!. 9.55

Moscow

V.S.S.R.

Country

Place

Date

JUMPING High Jump Long Jump

6ft. (1.83 m.) 20 ft. lOin. (6.35 m.) 20 ft. 10 in. (6.35 m.)

I. Balas ........................ Roumania ...... E. Dunska-Krzesinska Poland

18.10.58 20. 8.56

Bucarest . ........ Budapest

Roumania Hungary

E. Dunska·Krzesinska

27.11.56

Melbourne

Australia

13.1O.5l)

Tashkent

V.S.S.R.

18.10.52

Tbilisi ............

V.S.S.R.

J9. 8.58

Stockholm

THROWING Shot

54 ft. lit in. (16.76 m.) 187 ft. It in. (57.04 Ill.) 183 ft. 9J.. in. (5G.02

Discus ... Javelin

G. Zybina

..................... V.S.S.R.

N. Dumbadze ..................

V.S.S.R.

D. Zatopkova .................. Czechoslovakia .........

...... Sweden

PENTATHLON Pentathlon

...

4846 points .........

G. P. Bystrova ..................

V.S.S.R. ...... 15/IG.IO.57 Odessa .. ..........

V.S.S.R.

OFFICIAL

LIST

OLYMPIC

GAMES

RECORDS

(Recognised by the I.A.A.F as at the 31 st December. 1956) Time Height or Distance

Event

100 metres ...

10.3 s.

200 400

MEN

E. Tolan

.T. c. Owens

20.6 s. 45.9 s.

800 1,500 5,000 10,000 " 110 m. Hurdles

I m. 47.7 s 3m. 4I.2s 13 m. 39.6 s. 28 m. 45.6 s. 13.5 s. ..

400 m. Hurdles

50.1 s.

3,000 m. S teeplechase 10,000 m. Walk 4 x 100 metres

8 m. 4I.2 s 45 m. 2.8 s 39.5 s. ..

4 x 400

3 m. 3.9 s.

I__

______H_:_e_r

H. Dillard oB. Morrow *1. Murchison *B. Morrow B. Morrow V. G. Roden H. H. McKenley . T. Courtney .. R. Delany V. Kuts V. Kuts .. L. Calhoun J. Davis OK Southern G. Davis

c_o_u_n_t_ry_ _ I__D_,_lt_e_+

. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .

V.S.A.

...... V.S'.'A Eire V.S.S.R.

. ..

V.S'.'A.

. C. Brasher

G.B. & N.l. Sweden V.S.A. (1. Murchison, L. King, W. Baker, B. Morrow) ...... V.S..-\. Jamaica (A. S. Wint, L. A. Laing, H. H. JllIcKenley, V. G. Rhoden) Jamaica ..

.. J. F. Mikaelsson ..

1932 1936 1948 1956 1956 1956 1956 1952 1952 1956 1956 1956 1956 1956 1956 1956 1956

p_1= Los Angeles Berlin London Melbourne

.. IT.S.A. . Germany England Australia

Hels;;"ki Melbourne

Au;tralia

1956

Melbourne

Australia

1952

Helsinki

J956 1952

. .. .. .. ..

Finland

*Preliminary rounds.

Time - - - - - Height or Distance

Event -H-ib-Th-J-u-n-lp--

Holder

2:12 m.

...... ......... C. Dumas ...... ...... ...... ...... ft. III ins.) Long Jump a.06 Ill J.Owens (26 ft. 5j ins.) A. F. da Silva ......... ......... Hop, Step and 16.35 m. Jump . ins.) (53 ft. Pole Vault 4.56 Ill. Ho Richards (14 ft. J J! ins.) Discus 5G.36 Ill. A. Oerter . (I84 ft. IOk ins.) Hammer 63.19 m. H. Connolly .. (207 ft. 3t ins.) Javelin 85.71 m. E. Danielsen (28 I ft. 2 ins.) Shot............... 18.57 m. W. P. O'Brien (60 ft. I I illS.) Decathlon 7937 points 1\1. Campbell ..

Country

Date

V.SA--- -195l1

Place

--------I Melbourne I Au,;tralia

V.S.A.

1936

Berlin

Brazil

1956

Melbourne

V.S.A.

1956 195G

Germany Australia

...... I

1956 Norway

1956

::::::\1

V.S.A.

1956

......

1956

Best performances in events where world records are not recognised :-20,000 m. Road Walk ... (12 m. 752 yds.) 50,000 metres Road Walk (3 I Ill. 120 yds.) Marathon 42, I 95 llqetres (26 m. 385 yds.)

I h. 31 m. 27.4 s.

L. Spirin

IT.S.S.R.

J956

I\lelbourne

Austra!ia

4 h. 28 m. 7.8 s.

G. Dordoni

Italy .........

1952

Helsinki

Finland

2 h. 23.03.2 s. '"

E. Zatopek

Czechoslovakia

1952

Helsinki

...... ...

Finland

*'CJI"

146

147 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS held in conjunction with the Olympic Games, Melbourne, Australia, 1956 MEN

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110 METRES HURDLES 1 L. Calhoun, V.S.A., 13.5 s. 2 ]. Davis, D.S.A., 13.5 s. 3 ]. Shankle, U.S.A., 14.1 s.

200 METRES 1 B. Morrow, V.S.A., 20.6 s. 2 A. Stanfield, V.S.A., 20.7 s. 3 W. Baker, U.S.A., 20.9 s.

400 METRES HURDLES G. Davis, U.S.A., 50.1 s. 2 S. Southern, LT .S.A., 50.8 s. 3 ]. Culbreath, U.S.A., 51.6 s.

400 METRES 1 C. ]enkins, V.S.A., 46.7 s. 2 K. Haas, Germany, 46.8 s. 3 A. Ignatiev, V.S.S.R., 47.0 s. V. Hellsten, Finland, 47.0 s. 800 METRES T. Courtney, V.S.A., 1 m. 47.4 s. 2 D. ]ohnson, G.B. & N.!., 1 m. 47.8 s. 3 A. Boysen, Norway, 1 m. 48.1 s.

20,000 METRES ROAD WALK I L. Spirin, U.S.S.R., 1 h 31 m. 27.4 s. 2 A. Mikenas, V.S.S.R., 1 h. 32 m. 03.0 s. 3 B. Junk, V.S.S.R., I h. 32 m. 12.0 s.

1,500 METRES 1 R. Delany, Eire, 3 m. 41.2 s. 2 K. Richtzenhain, Germany, 3 m. 42.0 s. 3 ]. Landy, Australia, 3 m. 42.0 s. 5,000 METRES 1 V. Kuts, V.S.S.R., 13 m. 39.6 s. 2 G. Pirie, G.B. & N.L, 13 m. 50.6 s. 3 G. Ibbotson, G.B. & N.!., 13 m. 54.4 s. 10,000 METRES 1 V. Kuts, U.S.S.R., 28 m. 45.6 s. 2 ]. Kovacs, Hungary, 28 m. 52.4 s.

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100 METRES 1 B. Morrow, V.S.A., lOoS" s. 2. W. Baker, V.S.A., 10.5 s. 3 H. Hogan, Australia, 10.6 s.

3 A. Lawrence, Australia, 28 m. 53.6 s.

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MARATHON A. Mimoun, France, 2 h. 25 m. 00.0 s. 2 F. Mihalic, Yugoslavia, 2 h. 26 rn. 32 s. 3 V. Karvonen, Finland, 2 h. 27 m. 47 s. 3,000 METRES STEEPLECHASE 1 C. Brasher, G.B. & N.!., 8 m. 41.2 s. 2 S. Rozsnyoi, Hungary, 8 m. 43.6 s. 3 E. Larsen, Norway, 8 m. 44.0 s.

2 3

4 x 100 METRES RELAY U.S.A. (1. Murchison, L. King, W. Baker, B. Morrow), 39.5 s. U.S.S.R. (B. Tokariev, V. Soukhariev, L. Barteniev, I. Konovalov), 39.8 s. Germany (L. Knorzer, L. Pohl, H. Futterer, M. Germar), 40.3 s. 4 x 400 METRES RELAY U.S.A. (L. ]ones, ]. Mashburn, C. ]enkins, T. Courtney), 3 m. 04.8 s. Australia (L. Gregory, D. Lean, G. Gipson, R. Gosper), 3 m. 06.2 s. Gt. Britain & N. Ireland (J. Salisbury, M. Wheeler, F. Higgins, D. ]ohnson), 3 m. 07.2 s.

50,000 METRES ROAD WALK N. Read, New Zealand, 4 h. 30 m. 42.8 s. 2 E. Maskinskov, U.S.S.R., 4 h. 32 m. 57.0 s. 3 ]. Ljunggren, Sweden, 4 h. 35 m. 02.0 s. HIGH JUMP 1 C. Dumas, V.S.A., 2.12 m. (6 ft. III in.) 2 C. Porter, Australia, 2.10 m. (6 ft. 10! ins.) 3 1. Kachkarov, V.S.S.R., 2.08 m. (6 ft. 91 ins.) LONG JUMP 1 G. Bell, U.S.A., 7.83 m. (25 ft. 8i ins.) 2 ]. Bennett, V.S.A., 7.68 m. (25 ft. 21 ins.) 3]. Valkama, Finland. 8.48 m. (24 ft. 6l ins.) HOP, STEP AND JUMP I A. da Silva, Brazil, 16.35 m.

(53 ft. 7t ins.) 2 V. Eirnarsson, Iceland, 16.26 m. (53 ft. 4 ins.) 3 V. Kreer, U.S.S.R., 16.02 m. (52 ft. 6t ins.)

POLE VAULT R. Richards, V.S.A., 4.56 m. (14 ft. tlt ins.) 2 R. Gutowski, U.S.A., 4.53 m. (14 ft. 101 ins.) 3 G. Roubanis, Greece, 4.50 m. (14 ft. 9 ins.) DISCUS Oerter, V.S.A., 56.36 m. (184 ft. 10! ins.) 2 F. Gordien, V.S.A. 54.81 m. (179 ft. 9t ins.) 3 D. Koch, V.S.A., 54.40 m. (178 ft. 5l ins.) A.

---

-------

148

WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS heid in conjunction with the Olympic Games, Melbourne, Australia, 1956 (continued) HAMMER H. Connolly, U.S.A., 63.19 m.

(207 ft. 3} ins.) U.S.S. R., (,3.03 m. (206 it. 9} ins.) A. Samotsvetov, U.S.S. R., 62.56 III (205 ft. 3 ins.) JAVELIN E. Danielsen, Norway, 85.71 m. (281 ft. 2 ins.) J. Sidlo, Poland, 79.98 ffi. (262 ft. 4} ins.) V. Tsibulenko, U.S.S.R., 79.50 m. (260 it. 9} ins.) SHOT W. O'Brien, U.S.A., 18.57 m. (60 it. 11 ins.) W. Neider, U.S.A., 18.18 m. (59 it. 7} ins.) ]. Skobla, Czechoslovakia, 17.65 Ill. (57 it. 10l ins.)

2 l\I.

1 2

2 3

Krivonosov,

DECATHLON M. Campbell, U.S.A., (10.85.,7.33 m., H.7li Ill., \.89 m., 48.8 s., 14.0 s., 44.98 m., 3.40 m., 57.08 m., 4 m. SOli s.), 7,937 points. 2 R. Johnson, U.S.A., (10.9 5'7 7.34 m., 14.48 m., \.83 m., 49.3 s., 15.1 s., 42.17 m., 3.90 m., 60.27 m., 4 m. 54.2 '5.), 7,587 points. 3 V. Kuznetsov, U.S.S. R., (11.2 s., 7.04 m., 14.49 m., 1.75 m., 50.2 5., 14.9 s., 44.33 m., 3.95 m., li5.1S m., 4 m. 538 s.), 7,465 points.

WOMEN 100 METRES 1 *B. Cuthbert, Australia, 1\.5 s. 2 C. Stubnick, Germany, I\.7 s. 3 M. Mathews, Australia, 11.7 s. *B. Cuthbert ran 11.4 s. in heat. 200 METRES 1 B. Cuthbert, Australia, 23.4 s. 2 C. Stubnick, Germany, 23.7 s. 3 M. Mathews, Australia, 23.8 s. 80 METRES HURDLES S. Strickland de la Hunty, Australia, 10.7 s. 2 G. Kohler, Germany, 10.9 s. 3 N. Thrower, Australia, 11.0 s. 4;< 100 METRES RELAY Australia (5. Strickland de la Hunty, N. Croker, F. Mellor, B. Cuthbert), 44.5 s. 2 Gt. Britain & N. Ireland (A. Pashley, ]. Scrivens, ]. Paul, H. Arrnitage), 44.7 s. 3 U.S.A. (1. Daniels, ?vI. Faggs. W Rudolf, M. Mathews), 44.9 s. HIGH JUMP M. McDaniel, U.S.A., 1.76 m. (5 ft. 9i ins.) 2 T. Hopkins ") G.B. & N.L, \.67 m. (5 it. 51 ins.) M. Pi',sareva J U.S.S.R., 1.67 m. (5 ft. 5} ins.)

LONG JUMP E. Krzeskinska, Poland, 6.35 Ill. (20 it. 10 ins.) 2 W. White, U.S.A., 6.09 Ill. (19 it. 1 J'l ins.) 3 N. Dvalichvili, U.S.S.R., 6.07 m. (19 ft. 1 I ins.)

DISCUS O. Fikotova, Czechoslovakia, 53.69 mj (176 it. I} ins.

1. Begliakova, U.S.S.R., 52.54 ffi. (172 it. 4} ins.) 3 N. Ponomareva, U.S.S.R., 52.02 m (170 it. 8 ins.)

SHOT 1 T. Tychkevitch, U.S.S.R., 1G.59 m. (54 it. 5 ins.) 2 G. Zybina, U.S.S.R., 16.53 rn. (54 ft. 2} ins.) 3 M. Werner, Germany, 15.61 m. (51 ft. 2t ins.) 1.

JAVELIN Jaounseme, U.S.S. R., (176

53.86

it.

2 M. Ahrens, Chile, 50.38 m. (165

3 N.

Konjaeva,

Th .. Holmesdale p,,Â·ss, Ltd., Redkill, Surrey.

U.S.S.R., (164

ins.)

it. 31 ins.) 50.28

it 11 1ins.)