IAAF HandBook 1979-1980 by The Marshal

I.A.A.F. PUBLICATIONS I.A.A.F. Handbook 1979/80 (English)

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lA.A.F. Handbook 1979/80 (French)

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I.A.A.F. Bulletin (4 copies per year in English and French) Subscription £2.00 I.A.A.F. Directory--1979 Edition

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I.A.A.F. Scoring Tables for

and Field Events. Price £1.00

tA.A.F, Scoring Tables for Women's Track and Field Events. Price 80p

I.A.A.F. Progressive World Record Lists-1913-1979 Price £1.50 Guidance for Walking Judges Metric Conversion Tables Standard Edition Pocket Edition

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Designs for 400 m. Track and Field Terrain (4 designs) 1 2 3 4

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Copies of the above publications can be obtained from the INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION 162 UPPER RICHMOND ROAD, PUTNEY, LONDON, SWJ5 2SL

This Handbook is copyright and no part may be reproduced without the permission of the Council of the International Amateur Athletic Federation

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INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION FOUNDED in /9/2

OFFICIAL HANl)BOOK 1979/80

President:

A. PAULEN

Honorar.v Life President:

THE MARQUESS OF EXETER

Honorary Life VicePresidents: .

BO EKÂ£LUND D. T. P. PAIN

Vice- Presidents:

L. KHOMENKOV

J. C. DA COSTA

M.DANZ L. DIACK Honorar.v Treasurer:

F. W. HOLDER

General Secretary:

J. B. HOLT

Bureau Address:

162, Upper Richm<\>nd Road, Putney, London, SW15 2SL. "Marathon," London, S.W.15. 01 (London) 789 3853 8813555 IAAF HQ.

CabLes: Telephone: Telex:

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t CONTENTS

FOREWORD Rules

DIVISION

I (The Federation)

Foreword

The Federation Historv _ Council __ Committees __ __ Panel of International Walking Judges Veterans of the 1.A.A.F. List of Member Countries DIVISION

13 14 19

1-17 51-54

33 53

III (Technical Rules)

General Section I Il III IV V

VII DIVISION

5 9

Il (Constitution)

Constitution of the l.A.A.F. Eligibility and Amateur Status _ DIVISION

Page

_ 101 Officials 111-127 Competition Rules (General)141-150 Running Events _ 161-168 Jumping Events _ 171-174 Throwing Events__ 181-186 Walking Events _ 191-192 195 Pentathlon-Decathlon

56 56 66 84 106

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Three factors are of vital importance to the growth of track and field athletics-coaching, competition and judging. Coaching educates young people and brings them to a greater love of their chosen sport. In turn, coaching must be linked to a programme of athletics competition, aiming to bring out the best in each athlete under the stimulus of friendly yet serious rivalry. Finally the helping and controlling influence of welltrained judges is essential, to ensure fairness all round and to instil confidence in. the participants.

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148 150

IV (Statistics)

World Record Events 381 World Record Application Forms _ List of World Records (Men & Women) Olympic Games Records _ _ Medal Winners - World Championships __ (Olympic Games) Montreal _

With an expanded Bureau staff in London of five full-time and two part-time members, working in conjunction with the President, Council and Committees, the LA.A.F. looks forward with confidence to tackling a full programme in 1979/1980. In all our activities, there is evidence of expansion and of improvement. Our Membership, which now comprises 160 athletics national governing bodies and the high number of new World Records-28 ratified in 1978-is tangible proof of this.

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153 157

160 162

164

In I?revious editions, general competition rules were grouped in one sectIOn, rules for individual events in another and specifications for implements and apparatus in a third. The opportunity has now been taken to re-arrange these Technical Rules in a way that competitors and officials will find all the rules for any particular event (conduct of competition, implements, apparatus) grouped logically together under one Rule.

The activity of the Federation over the past two years has had these three factors very much in mind. Our Development Programme represents an expanding area of the LA.A.F.'s work with exciting potential, and, in the period under review, ten coaching courses alone have been organised involving over 500 coaches from 60 Member countries. We have had the advantage of working side-by-side with Olympic Solidarity in several projects, and already a well-balanced programme is established for 1979. It is interesting to note here that we also aim to stage courses for judges before major Games or Championships. Turning to the competition programme, the current year will be highlighted by the 2nd WorId Cup competition, to be held in Montreal (24th-26th August). This new concept, which was so successfully initiated in DUsseldorf in 1977, has, as was hoped, generated considerable enthusiasm in the Continents and stimulated a greater competitive unification within the Group Associations. It is gratifying to hear that plans are already well advanced for the 1st African Athletic Championships, in Dakar in August, and Asia also plans a major regional meeting in Tokyo at the end of May, both meetings planned 3

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with Cl:n eye to WorId Cup selection. Similarly Europe and the Amencas have established competitions which will be the qualifying meetings for selection of their teams. The LA.A.F. is aware that athletics in the stadium is only part, albeit the major one, of the wide spectrum of the sport and to this end the annual World Cross Country Championships (Limerick, March 1979 and Paris, March 1980) and the biennial Race Walking World Cup for the Lugano Trophy (Eschborn, Federal Republic of Germany, September 1979) are permanent fixtures in the calendar with entries which grow in number every year. It must not be forgotten that two new World Championship events for women will be staged in 1980 after the Olympic Games-the 3000 metres and 400 metres Hurdles-neither as yet in the Olympic programme. These brmg to mmd the first I.A.A.F. World Championships, which Congress has decided shall be staged in 1983, to include both of the events above. . The LA.A. F. is deeply concerned about the use of drugs in sport, and equally of its potential danger to the future health of the world's athletes. Our Medical Committee will continue its work to increase the number of accredited Doping Control Centres and the testing of athletes at national as well as international level. Amateurism and the influence of politics in our sport are two further problems which have to be dealt with. In both cases, we aim to find a way to act which is based on reality and yet which does not violate our principles. Whilst the technical rules were not substantially altered at the Puerto Rico Congress (October 1978) nevertheless there were changes, and these are marked for easy reference in the of this Handbook. In particular, measures to mcrease the safety element in stadia were taken by the Technical Committee and I would urge all athletic organisations to continue to exercise vigilance whilst the long throws are taking place at their meetings. Looking forward to 1980, we shall soon be celebrating the Olympic Games in the U.S.S.R., and we have full confidence in our Moscow hosts, as we know v"'ith certainty that the basis for an excellent athletics programme has already been set up. The next LA.A.F. Congress will be held before the Olympic athletic events on the 21st, 22nd and 23rd July 1980. 4

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Within the last three months, two new members have joined the staff of the Bureau in London-Jon Wigley, Information Officer, and Brenda Bedford, Bureau Secretary, both of whom have distinguished athletics careers. I wish them every success in their work with the LA.A.F. Together with the Council and General Secretary, John Holt, I look forward to continuing to serve you in the period ahead and to meeting as many athletics friends throughout the World as possible. London, January 1979.

ADRIAAN PAULEN, President.

HISTORY Over 66 years ago, on July 7th, 1912, three days after the last athletics event of the Olympic Games, a Congress was held in Stockholm for the formation of an International Federation for Amateur Athletics. The following 17 Countries were represented at this historic meeting:- Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Norway, Russia, Sweden, United Kingdom and the United States. There was an urgent need for an international governing body for Athletics owing to the development of international contests and the Olympic Games. A universal code of rules and regulations and a common amateur definition acceptable throughout the world had become essential, as well as an authentic register of WorId and Olympic Records. Though this meeting in Stockholm was, strictly speaking, an exploratory one, records of the LA.A.F. regard it as the first Congress and subsequent Congresses up till the 31st in Puerto Rico in 1978 have been designated accordingly. One year later in Berlin, Congress accepted the first Constitution and 34 Nations figured in the first Membership list. J. Sigfrid Edstrom (Sweden) was elected President and Kristian Hellstrom Honorary Secretary. The first Technical Rules for international competitions were presented in 1914 at the third Congress in Lyons, France, by the new Honorary Secretary, Hilding Kjellman (Sweden), and Members were urged to adopt similar rules for their domestic competitions. In the inaugural list of World Records published in 1914, there were 53 Men's records for Running, Hurdling and Relay Racing, 30 for Walking and 12 for Field events, induding the

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Decathlon. No records for Women existed at that time. From time to time, the list has been considerably altered and at the in Montreal a fundamental change was XXXth made. SInce 1st January 1977, the only Imperial distance accepted is the 1 Mile (Men and Women). There are now 23 records for Running, Hurdling and Relays, plus 4 WalkIng events and 9 Field events, including the Decathlon. World Record List comprises 13 for Running, The Hurdling and Relays and 6 for Field events, including the Pentathlon. As early as 1921. the LA.A.F. was in close contact with the LO.C., and the fourth Congress that year was held in Geneva immediately before the LO.C. Congress at the same venue. By .IY24, a separate Federation governIng Women's AthletICS had been founded, the F.S.F.L At the Paris Congress the LA.A.F. supported the F.S.F.1. request for the mcluslon of five Women's events in the Amsterdam Olympic Games-lOOm, 8oom, 4 x lOOm, High Jump and Discus. Since these early days, Women's athletics has continued to produce ever-improving performances in ever greater depth. The 3000m and 400m Hurdles are the latest World Record and World events, the latter replacing the 200m Hurdles whIch dId not prove popular. The points table in use for the Women's Pentathlon and other events was reviewed in 1970 with new tables for the 400m and 1500m being provided well as existing tables being revalued. ' In 1926, the K.N.A.U. (Netherlands) presented the first :'slow-motion" apparatus for photo-finish judging, to elimmate the hyman factor from finish judging and timing. This was used m 1928 at the Amsterdam Games and in 1930 for World electrically timed performances were purposes. Since January 1977, for records up to and mc1udIng 400 metres, only performances timed by fully automatic electrical timing have been accepted. The award of the Veteran Pin was instituted in 1928 with 12 recipients. At the Amsterdam Congress also, 'the first Dopmg .Rule was approved and incorporated in the Handthe present definition for Walking- "Walking IS progressIOn by steps so taken that unbroken contact with the ground is maintained"-was accepted by the 1928 Congress. 6

In 1930, Bo Ekelund (Sweden) became the third Honorary Secretary-Treasurer-a post he held until 1946. A prominent member of the Rules and Records Committee at that time was Avery Brundage. This was the body then responsible for keeping World Records, and this task fell principally to Szilard Stankovits (Hungary) who was also largely responsible for the decision to stage the first European Championships (1934, Turin). In 1946, the LA.A.F. Headquarters moved from Stockholm to London when Lord Burghley (now the Marquess of Exeter) took over from J. Sigfrid Edstrom as President. E. J. H. "Billy" Holt was Honorary Secretary-Treasurer until after the 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games, when Donald Pain took over this responsibility, a position he held for 17 years. The steady growth of the Federation in the years up to 1950 accelerated in the next two decades and by the end of 1978, Member countries in affilation numbered 160. Continental and Regional Games and Championships, which help in assessing overall progress and provide an incentive to all countries within the group, continued to develop. From their foundation in 1934, the European Championships were under the control of the European Committee of the I.A.A.F. At the 1968 Congress, however, the Constitution was amended to provide for the setting up of Continental Area Associations within the LA.A.F., and the European Athletic Association (E.A.A.) was formed soon afterwards, its Constitution being ratified at the 1970 LA.A.F. Congress. The expanded European athletic programme now includes Indoor and Junior Championships, the European Cup and Combined Events Cup. The Statutes of the Oceania Regional Group were approved at the Munich Congress (1972) and those of the African Amateur Athletic Confederation (A.A.A.C.) and the Asian Amateur Athletic Association (A.A.A.A.) were ,approved by the Rome Congress (1974).

A further major change in the Constitution in 1968 was to include in the Council a representative of each of the six Continental Areas, elected by the Members in those Area Groups. This ensures truly worldwide representation in the Council, the size of which was increased in Montreal to 19, with the addition of four Vice-Presidents. Adriaan Paulen succeeded Lord Exeter as President, to become only the third President in 64 years, Frederick Holder was re-elected Honorary Treasurer and the new Council appointed John Holt as General Secretary. Co-operation with the LO.C. and Olympic Games Organising Committee to ensure the successful staging of athletics events at the Olympic Games has always been a feature of the LA.A.F. 's activity. A new dimension to our links with other sporting bodies was added in 1978 when the LA.A.F. became a member of the General Assembly of International Sports Federations (G.A.LS.F.) to join there all but one of the other Olympic Sports Federations. The Amateur Status Rules have come under close scrutiny in recent years, and Rules 14 to 17 in the present Handbook are the result of considerable amendments approved by the Montreal Congress. Technical aid activities continue, and a widespread development programme will be undertaken in 1979 and 1980. In 1979, in addition to the annual LA.A.F. Cross County Team Championships and the bi-annual Walking World Cup for the Lugano Trophy, the second athletics World Cup in which all the continents are represented will be staged in Montreal in August. This new competition, linked with the ever increasing athletic activity organised in all continents by LA.A.F. Members, underlines the constant aim ofthe LA.A.F. to establish closer links between itself and National Governing bodies, and to increase the liaison between leaders in all parts of the world for the bp.nefit of the Sport.

THE I.A.A.F. MEN'S WORLD CUP

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*H. Agabani, P.O. Box 1525, Khartoum, Sudan. O. C. Cassell, clo The A.A.V. of the U.S.A., 3400 West 86th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, V.S.A. P. Dasriaux, 22 rue Eugene Jumin, 75018 Paris, France. *A. I. D. Francis, Box 8134 Santurce, Puerto Rico 00910, P.R. *P. C. Galvez, Calle 22 No. 160, Urb Corpac, Lima, 27, Peru. *c. H. Lee, 37-26 Sungbuk-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, Korea . A. Ljungqvist, Lillhagsvagen 4, S-18010 Enebyberg, Sweden. *A. L. Morrison, 15 Heath Street, Sandringham, Vie. 3191, Australia. C. Mukora, P.O. Box 30134 Nairobi, Kenya. P. Nebiolo, Largo Re Urnberto 102, Torino, Italy. J. Sir, Kekgolyo u. 4., 1123 Budapest XII, Hungary. *A. Takac clo Mediterranean Games 1979 Organising Committee, Town Hall, Split, Yugoslavia, G. Wieczisk, clo Deutscher Verband fUr Leichtathletik der DDR, 1055 Berlin, Storkower Strasse 118, G.D.R.

*Area Group Representative

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TECHNICAL COMMITTEE E. Rose, Chairman. c/o Dansk Idraets-Forbund, Idraettens Hus, Brondby Stadion 20 DK 2600 Glostrup, Denmark. L. Barra, Via Bagnoregio 3,00100 Rome, Italy. L. Betancourt, c/o Federacion Cubana de Atletismo, 13y C, Vedado 601, Zona Postal 4, Habana, Cuba. E. Bremicker, c/o DLV, 6100 Darmstadt, Rheinstrasse 20a, Germany. N. Dahlman, Alandsv. 39, SF 22100 Mariehamn, Finland. P. Dasriaux, c/o E.A.A. 10 rue du Faubourg Poissonniere, 75480 Paris Cedex 10, France. L. Eldridge, 726 Chemin du Lac, Lery, Quebec, Canada. R. Giegengack, 402A Yale Station, New Haven, Conn. 06520, D.S.A. J. Jackowski, Poznan, UI. Promienista 16A in. 6, Poland. I. F. Kiplagat, P.O. Box 30556, Nairobi, Kenya. M. Oda, 26-12 Kamiyama-cho, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan. J. D. Pardivala, 22 Tardeo Apartments, 245 Tardeo Road, Bombay, India. V. Rodichenko, c/o The Light Athletic Federation of the U.S.S.R., Skatertny per. 4, Moscow G-69, U.S.S.R. E. Sch6ber, c/o Deutscher Verband fUr Leichtathletik der DDR, 1055 Berlin, Storkower Strasse 118, G.D.R. E. Wante, Ankerstr. 79,2700 Sint-Niklaas, Belgium.

WOMEN'S COMMITTEE Miss M. Hartman, Chairman. c/o Women's A.A.A., 70 Brompton Road, London SW3 lEE, England. Mrs. I. Bechthold, Cretzschmarstr, 15, 6 Frankfurt/M, Germany. N. Carlius, ST. Pedersgatan 11,25237 Helsingborg, Sweden. Mrs. E. Gorchakova, c/o The Light Athletic Federation of the U.S.S.R., Skatertny per. 4, Moscow 0-69, V.S.S.R. I. Hume, R.R.l, Melbourne, Quebec, Canada. F. Jutte, Thorbeckelaan 611, Den Haag, The Netherlands. 10

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Mrs. D. I. Magee, 26 French Street, Maroubra, N.S.W. 2035, Australia. Mrs. M. Maleszewska, c/o Polski Zwiazek Lekkiej Atletyki, 00-372 Warszawa, ul. Foksal 19, Poland. Mrs. L. Manoliu, c/o Federatia Romana de Atletism, Strada Vasile Conta, N r. 16, Bucuresti, Romania. Mrs. P. Rico, c/o The A.A.U.. of the U.S.A., 3400 West 86th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, U.S.A. Mrs. E. Strasser, Lessingstrasse 31, Donau, Austria. CROSS COUNTRY COMMITTEE E. Dec1erck, Chairman, Residentie F1oralia, Kortrijksesteenweg 263, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. R. Dalgleish, 48 Gartons Road, Glasgow G21 3HY, Scotland. O. Klappert, c/o DLV, 6100 Darmstadt, Rheinstrasse 20a, Germany. V. Maltopol, cjorederatia Romina de Atletism, Str. Vasile Conta No: 16, Bucuresti, Romania. G. Mastropasqua, P 2a Baracca 1, Milano, Italy. A. O. Melville, 8 Burn Street, Wellington, New Zealand. R. Puignau, Zabaleta 54-7 San Sebastian, Spain. Aldo Scandurra, 22 Monett Place, Greenlawn, New York, N.Y. 11740, U.S.A. E. Spillane, 178 Chemin d'Aire, 1219 Le Lignon, Geneva, Switzerland. M. Wawrzykowski, Karlewicza 1/7 m.6, 02--501 Warszawa, Poland. 0

WALKING COMMITTEE P. Lassen Chairman. Biilowsvej 46, 3 DK-1870, Copenhagen V, Denmark. G. Frister, c/o Deutscher Verband fUr Leichtathletik der DDR, 1055 Berlin, Storkower Strasse 118, G.D.R. A. Fruktov, cjo The Light Athletic Federation of the U.S.S.R. Skatertnyi per. 4, Moscow G-69, U.S.S.R. F. Jenevein, Hotel Wilson, 10 Rue du Chateau, 92600 Asnieres, France. 11

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W, Kirkor, ul. Zamenhofa 1/9, 81-869 Sopot, Poland. J..Kraemer, Zeisigweg 5, D-4005, Meerbusch 3, Germany. P. Marlow, 8 Courtenay Road, London SE20, England. N. Marrone, 5205 Robert Boul. St. Leonard, Montreal NI R 1P8, Canada. V. B. Sharp, 17 Telethon Avenue, Athelstone 5076, Australia. J. Tigerman, 6823 North Hamilton, Chicago, Illinois 60645, USA. G. Tosi, Via Guelfa 44, Firenze, Italy. MEDICAL COMMITTEE Dr. Max Danz, Chairman, Ochsenallee 1, 3500 Kassel, Germany. Dr. R. Andrivet, l.N.S., 11 Ave du Tremblay, Paris 75012, France. Prof. Dr. Waldemar Areno, Av, Copacabana 1434/501, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Prof. A. H. Beckett, clo Chelsea Coilege, University of London, Dept. of Pharmacy, Manresa Road, London SW3 6LX, England. Dr. Anthony Daly, c/o A.A.U. of D.S.A., 3400 West 86th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, U.S.A. Dr. Manfred Donike, 516 Diiren in der Miihlenau, 24 Koln, Germany. Dr. Mohamed Gheita, 61 King Seoud Street, Manial El Rodah, Cairo, Egypt. Dr. M. Hoppner, c/o Deutscher Verband fUr Leichtathletik der DDR, 1055 Berlin, Storkower Strasse 118, G.D.R. Prof. Dr. Arne Ljungqvist, Lillhagsvagen 4, S-180 10 Enebyberg, Sweden. Dr. Virginia Mikhaylova, Bulgarian Athletic Federation, Sofia, boul. Tolboukhin 18, Bulgaria. Dr. Pekka Peltokallio, c/o Suomen Urheiluliitto ry, Box 25202, 00250 Helsinki, Finland. Or. J. Sowinski, cia Polski Zwiazek Lekkiej Atletyki, 00-372 Warszawa, UI. Foksal 19, Poland. Dr. G. Worobiew, c/o The Light Athletic Federation of the U.S.S.R. Skatertny per. 4, Moscow 0-69, U.S.S.R. 12

PANEL OF INTERNATIONAL WALKING JUDGES Australia D. M. Keane J. A. Larkin P. S. McCavanagh J. S. MacDougall V. B. Sharp R. C. Smith E. F. Wilson Belgium N.Opsomer Bulgaria D. Marinov V. Vladimirov B. J. Yanev Canada L. Giordano A. Keay A. Marrone (Mrs) N. Marrone K. Merschenz D. Walker Cuba J. L. Garcia A. M. Martinez J. D. Rodriguez Czechoslovakia F. Horsky V. Klempir B. Klir F. Mikes J.Svoboda Z. Trefny F. Voboril Denmark P. Lassen Egypt W. S. A. Rahman Finland K. Heinamaa V. Kangaspunta P. Tarkkanen

France D. D'Ascola J. Chartier L. Favati R. Gamier C. Gherzi L. Ghesquiere (Mrs l G. Tosi " F Herbet . W. Zanelhm Japan . . F. Jenevem K N 't G.D.R. . an a G. Frister N. Tsuda J. Kriiger Luxemburg H. Dahm D. Lehmann (Mrs) C. Sowa G. Rosenov Mexico M. Weber E. C. Aleman Germany P. C. Martinez H. Berndt A. M. de la Mora J. Kraemer G. Roldan R. Kruger Netherlands D. Pawlak A. F. C. Toscani A. A. Schnabel New Zealand G.B. & N.I. D. B. Chadderton W. F. Amer C. E. J. Cook W. Batson L. F. Gerrie G. Harvie W. Bell F. Clay R. Pilkington Norway J. Hackwood P. Baarnass W. J. Harris F. Jarvis A. Fuglum S. Pryor 1. Guttulsrod E. Staker H. N ymark H. H. Whitlock H. Persson Hungary B. Tindlund P. Bacsalmasi Panama B. Fehervari F. Alderete Poland S. Lazlo L. Majzik W. Kirkor F. Simek J. Leleno L. Vaczi A. Markowski India R. Markowski L. R Khanna M. Rduch (Mrs) J. Zerko Italy V. Carbone Rumania P. Castiglione I. Paraschivescu

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Singapore D. de Sousa Spain D. C. Husillos E.G. Marro Sweden S. Bj6rklund R. Carlson H. Ekenmyr F. Eriksson R. Johansson J. Nilsson B. Ohren A. Thureson

Switzerland R. Crausaz V. Daguet A. Libotte L. Marquis Trinidad & Tobago H. R. Lee E. A. Pierre U.S.S.R. A. Fruktov A.Issurin N. Kalinin A. Kharbarov V. Lakhov

A. Mark A. Mikhailov F. Rennel P. Stepanenko M. Tomilin U.S.A. R. Bowman W. H. Chisholm H. H. Laskau B. Macdona1d M. B. Rosenstein M. Rudow C. R. Silcock J. B. Tigerman

VETERANS OF THE I.A.A.F. The Marquess of Exeter, (G.B. & N.!.). Hassan Agabani (Sudan). Hanji Aoki (Japan). Kinichi Asano (Japan). Robert Atlasz (Israel). Harold I. Austad (New Zealand). Karl Beuermann (Germany). Emanuel Bosak (Czechoslovakia). Nils Carlius (Sweden). Raphael Cavero (Spain). Emi1e C1emme (Belgium). Joao C. da Costa (Brazil). Max Danz (Germany). Pierre Dasriaux (France). Emie1 Declerck (Belgium). Lamine Diack (Senegal). Roger Dubief (France). Rudolf Dusek (Czechoslovakia). Bo Ekelund (Sweden). E. Figuerola (Cuba). Amadeo Francis (Puerto Rico). Jean Frauenlob Pedro Ga1vez (Peru). Arthur Gold (G.B. & N.!.). Abraham Green (Israel). 14

Elected 1950 1972 1968 1958 1966 1964 1970 1970 1976 1976 1952 1960 1962 1970 1974 1976 1968 1978 1946 1974 1978 1978 1970 1970 1976

Giovanni Guabello (Italy). Miss Marea Hartman (G.B. & NJ.). Arthur J. Hodsdon (Australia). Frederick W. Holder (G.B. & N.!.). Hans Jaeger (Germany). Axel J6rbeck (Sweden). Frans Jutte (Netherlands). Nicolai Kalinin (U.S.S.R.). Vi1em Kanturek (Czechoslovakia). Uhro Kekkonen (Finland). Leonid Khomenkov (U.S.S.R.). August Kirsch (Germany). Gurbaksh Singh Kler (Malaysia). Karel Knenicky (Czechoslovakia). Palle Lassen (Denmark). Stan. G. Leeder (New Zealand). Jukka Lehtinen (Finland). Armando Libotte (Switzerland). Jacob Lindahl (Sweden). Bo Lindman (Sweden). Mrs. Doris Magee (Australia). Henri Meley (France). Joe Moerman (Netherlands). Cesar Moreno (Mexico). Charles Mukora (Kenya). Dino Nai (Italy). Primo Nebiolo (Italy). Dimiter Nikolov (Bulgaria). George Oberweger (Italy). Mikio Oda (Japan). Abraham Ordia (Nigeria). Donald T. P. Pain (G.B. & N.!.). Ja1 Pardivala (India). Adrian Paulen (Netherlands). Lauri Pihkala (Finland). Erich Pultar (Austria).. Mme. Z. Romanova (U.S.S.R.). Emanuel Rose (Denmark). Erhard Schoeber (G.D.R.). Jean R. Seurin (France). S. Umrao Singh (India). Jozsef Sir (Hungary). 15

Elected 1962 1972 1966 1972 1976 1968 1976 1956 1972 1952 1964 1978 1978 1960 1976 1962 1972 1968 1966 1950 1972 1976 1974 1974 1976 1952 1974 1976 1960 1976 1974 1956 1962 1950 1928 1978 1960 1972 1970 1950 1976 1962

Pincus Sober (U.S.A.). Kee Chung Sohn (Korea). Hans Stahl (Germany). Peter Stepanenko (U.S.S.R.). Artur Takac (Yugoslavia). Olav Tendeland (Norway). Todor Todorov (Bulgaria). T. Tulikoura (Finland). Jukka Uunila Finland) Armas Valste (Finland). Peter Vukovic (Yugaslavia) Hugh Weir (Australia). Harold H. Whitlock (G.B. & N.!.). Georg Wieczisk (G.D.R.). Deceased H.M. King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden. Harold M. Abrahams, (G.B. 8i N.I.). Sir Harry J. Barclay (G.B. & N.!.). William M. Barnard (G.B. & N.I.). Harold Berliner (U.S.A.). Avery Brundage (D.S.A.). Friedrich Burger (Germany). J. E. Chryssafis (Greece). Ernest H. L. Clynes (G.B. & N.!.). Jack C. G. Crump (G.B. & N.!.). Jack W. Davies (Canada). Charles J. Dieges (U.S.A.). Carl Diem (Germany). J. Sigfrid Edstrom (Sweden). Leopold Englund (Sweden). Tage Ericson (Sweden). John Falchenberg (Norway). Daniel J. Ferris (U.S.A.). C. Forys (Poland). J. Genet (France). Francis Guilleux (France). Kristian HelIstrom (Sweden). Edouard Hermes (Belgium). Ernest J. H. Holt (G.B. & N.1.). Murray Hulbert (D.S.A.). Evan A. Hunter (South Africa).

Elected 1966 1968 1976 1968 1962 1946 1974 1966 1978 1976 1978 1956 1966 1972 1934 1948 1928 1928 1962 1946 1930 1930 1964 1958 1964 1932 1930 1928 1928 1952 1946 1952 1964 1928 1964 1930 1948 1946 1932 1946

Ludwig JaB (Germany). G. Jurgenson (France). Hiromu Kasuga (Japan). Gustavus T. Kirby (D.S.A.). S. Kishi (Japan). Hilding Kjellman (Sweden). Joe B. MacCabe (D.S.A.). E. S. Marks (Australia). Paul Mericamp (France). J. G. Merrick (Canada). Justus W. Meyerhof (Germany). Laun Miettinen (Finland). F. A. Moran (Eire). Naili Moran (Turkey). Mogens Oppegaard (Norway). Franz Reiche1 (France). Karl Ritter von Halt (Germany). Oscar Rosenvinge-Kolderup (Norway). F. W. Rubien (D.S.A.). Johannes Runge (Germany). G. V. A. Schofield (G.B. & N.!.). G. D. Sondi (India). Szilard Stankovits (Hungary). Pasquale Stassano (Italy). Hans Sulak (Czechoslovakia). Robert M. Thompson (U.S.A.J. Pierre Tonelli (France). Hermann Wraschtil (Austria). Bruno Zauli (Italy).

1972 1948 1966 1928 1932 1928 1928 1932 1932 1930 1930 1946 1948 1958 1950 1928 1960 1930 1932 1930 1930 1948 1928 1970 1976

192a

1958 1928 1954

I.A.A.F. CONTINENTAL ASSOCIATIONS AFRICA African Amateur Athletic Confederation President: L. Diack, P.O. Box 88, Dakar, Senegal. Hon. Secretary: Papa Gallo Thiam, as above. ASIA Asian Amateur Athletic Association (A.A.A.A.). President: C. H. Lee, 37-26 Sungbuk-Dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, Korea. Hon. Secretary/ M. Nicholas, 26 Windsor Park Road, Treasurer: Rep. of Singapore, District No.: 20. 17

EUROPE European Athletic Association (E.A.A.). President: A. A. Gold, 49 Friern Mount Drive, Whetstone, London N20 9DJ, England. Hon. Secretary: P. Dasriaux, E.A.A., 10 rue du Faubourg Poissonniere, 75480 Paris Cedex 10, France. Hon. Treasurer: J. Frauenlob, 110 chemin de la Montagne, 1224 Chene-Bougeries, Geneva, Switzerland. NORTH AMERICA Representative on I.A.A.F. Council A. I. D. Francis, Box 8134, Santuree, Puerto Rico 00910, P.R. OCEANIA Oceania Regional Group. Chairman: A. Lee Morrison, 15 Heath Street, Sandringham, Vie. 3191, Australia. Hon. Secretary/ A. R. Eustace, Massey University, Treasurer: Palmerston, North Island, New Zealand. SOUTH AMERICA Confederacion Sudamerieana de AtJetismo. President: Vice Admiral P. J. Galvez, Calle 22 No. 160, Urb Corpae, Lima, 27, Peru.

LIST OF MEMBERS The letters in parenthesis denote the grouping of the Member country (Rule 4), and the date, the year of foundation. AFG HANISTAN (C) (1930) ALBANIA (D) (1930) ALGERIA (B) (1963) .ANGUILLA (D) (1977) ANTIGUA (D) . (1960) ARGENTINA (A) (1954) AUSTRALIA (AA) (1897)

Only the Members' names and addresses are given in the Handbook. The I.A.A.F. Directory appears in January every year and provides fuller up-to-date information of telephone numbers, cable addresses, telex numbers and names ofofficers of all I.A.A.F. Member Federations, Committees and Area Group Associations. In addition the Directory provides many other useful addresses and is obtainable (pric.e ÂŁ1.00) from the I.A.A.F. Bureau.

AUSTRIA (A) (1902) BAHAMAS (C) (1952) BAHRAIN (D) (1974) BANGLADESH (D) (1973)

Republic of Afghanistan National Olympic Committee, Kabul, Afghanistan. Federation Albanaise d'Athletisme, Rruga Kongresi i Permetit, nr 41, Tirana, Albania. Federation Algerienne d'Athletisme, 18 rue Abde1aziz Mouzaoui,Alger, B.P. - 573 Alger-Gare, Algeria. Anguilla Amateur Athletic Association, The Valley, AngUllla, Wo!. Antigua Amateur Athletic & Cycling Association, P.O. Box 747, St. John's, Antigua. Confederaci6n Argentina de Atletismo, Casilla de Correo 13Sucursal2, Calle Curapaligue 1126, 1406 Buenos Aires, Argentina. The Amateur Athletic Union of Australia, 377 Little Collins Street, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia. Osterreichischer LeichtathletikVerband, Vienne 1040, Prinz Eugenstrasse 12, Austria. Bahamas Amateur Athletic Association, p.a. Box E.S. 5517, Nassau, Bahamas. Bahrain Amateur Athletic Association, Manama P.O. Box 5163, State of Bahraino Bangladesh Amateur Athletic Federation, 19-20, National Stadium, Dacca-2, Bangladesh. 19 0

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_._---- - - - -

BARBADOS (C) (1947)

BELGIUM (A) (1889)

BELIZE (D) (1956)

BENIN (D) (1960)

BERMUDA (D) (1946)

BOLIVIA (C) (1929)

BOTSWANA (D) (1972)

BRAZIL (A) (1914)

BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS (D) (1972)

BRUNEI (D) (1953)

BULGARIA (AA) (1924)

BURMA (C) (1947)

BURUNDI (D) (1960)

--------

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Amateur Athletic Association of Barbados, P.O. Box 46, Bridgetown, Barbados, W.!. Ligue Royale BeIge d'Athletisme, Rue Montagne-aux-Herbes Potageres 65, Bte 16, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium. Belize Amateur Athletic Association. P.O. Box 937, Belize City, Belize, Central America. Federation d'Athletisme de Benin, RP. 65, Porto-Novo, Bermuda Track & Field Association, P.O. Box 397 Devonshire 4, Bermuda. Federacion Atletica de Bolivia, Casilla 7864, La Paz, Bolivia. Botswana Amateur Athletic Association, Private Bag 0045, Gaborone, Botswana. Confedera93.0 Brasileira de Atletismo, (CBAT), Rua da Alfandega 70, Caixa Postal 1078, 20.000 Rio de Janeiro, R.J. - Brazil. British Virgin Islands Amateur Athletic Association, p.a. Box 223, Road Town, Tortola, RV.I. Brunei Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box 1330, Bandar Seri, Bagawan, Brunei. Federation Bulgare d'Athletisme, 18 Tolboukhine Bd, Sofia, Bulgaria. Burma Track & Field Federation, Aungsan Memorial Stadium, . Rangoon, Burma. Federation d'Athletisme du Burundi, clo le Departement des Sports, RP. 1095, Bujumbura, Burundi. 20

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CAMEROONS (D)

Federation Camerounaise d'Athletisme, RP. 353 Yaounde, Republique Unie du Cameroun. CANADA (AA) Canadian Track and Field (1889) . Association, 355 River Road, Tower "B", Vanier City, Ottawa, Onta.rio KlL 8Cl, Canada. CENTRAL AFRICAN Federation Centrafricaine EMPIRE d'Athletisme, RP. 573, Bangui, (1962) E.C.A. CHILE (B) Federaci6n Atletica de Chile, Calle (1917) Santo Toribio 660, Casilla 820, Santiago de Chile, Chile. PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC Athletic Association of the People's OF CHINA (B) Republic of China, 9, Tiyukuan (1924) Road, Peking, China. reformed 1949 COLOMBIA (B) Federaci6n Colombiana de Atletismo Amateur, Calle 15, (1937) No: 13-82 Oficina 401, Apt. Aereo No: 6024, Bogota, Colombia. CONGO (D) Federation Congolaise (1962) d'AthU:tisme, RP. 2158, Brazzaville, Republique Populaire du Congo. COOK ISLANDS (D) Cook Islands Sports Association, (1962) p.a. Box 440, Rarotonga, Cook Islands. COST A RICA (D) Federaci6n Costarricense de (1960) Atletismo, Apartado 5009, San Jose, Costa Rica, C.A. CUBA (AA) Federaci6n Cubana de Atletismo, Calle No: 13 Esquina Calle Vedado, (1922) Zona Postal 4, Habana, Cuba. ( 1959)

CZECHOSLOVAKIA Ceskoslovensky atleticky svaz, Na (AA) POflci 12, 115 30 Praha, (1897) Czechoslovakia. DENMARK (AA) Dansk Athletik F orbund, Idraettens (1907) Hus, Brondby Stadion 20, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark. 21

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (D) (1953) ECUADOR (D) (1925) EGYPT (A) (1910) . EIRE (A) (1937) ETHIOPIA (B) (1961) FIJI (D) (1949) FINLAND (AA) (1906) FRANCE (AA) (1920) GABON (D) (1961) THE GAMBIA (D) (1960) GAZA(D) (1964)

GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC (AA) (1950)

Federaci6n Dominicana de Atletismo Aficionado, FontBemard No: 6, Los Prados 1, Santo Domingo, D.N. Republique Dominicaine. Asociaci6n Ecuatoriana de Atletismo, p.a. Box No: 204, Guayaquil, Ecuador. Egyptian Amateur Athletic Federation, 13 Kasr El Nil Str., Cairo, Egypt. Bor'd Luthchleas Na h'Eireann, 69 lones Road, Dublin 3, Eire. National Ethiopian Athletic Federation, Addis Ababa Stadium, P.O. Box 3241, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Fiji Amateur Athletic Federation, G.P.O. Box 1175, Suva, Fiji. Suomen U rheilulitto ry, Box 25202, 00250 Helsinki 25, Finland. Federation d'Athletisme, 10 Faubourg Poissonniere, 75480 Paris Cedex 10, France. Federation Gabonaise d'AthU:tisme Amateur, RP. 2266 Libreville, Republique Gabonaise. The Gambia Amateur Athletic Association c/o. P.O. Box 369, Banjul, The Gambia, West Africa. Gaza Amateur Athletic Federation, clo Kuwait Athletic Federation, P.O. Box 5499, Khaled Ben AlWalid St., Shaker AI-Kazemi Bldg. No: 9, Kuwait. Deutscher Verband fUr Leichtathletik der DDR, 1005 Berlin, Storkower Strasse 118, G.D.R.

FEDERAL REPUBLIC Deutscher Leichtathletik Verband, OF GERMANY (AA) 6100 Darmstadt, Rheinstrasse 20a, (1898) Federal Republic of Germany. GHANA (B) Ghana Amateur Athletic (1944) Association, Sports Council of Ghana, P.O. Box 1272, Accra, Ghana. GIBRALTAR (D) Gibr'altar Amateur Athletic Association, p.a. Box 284, (1954) Gibraltar. G.B. & N.!. (AA) British Amateur Athletic Board, 70 Brompton Road, London SW3 (1880) lEE, England. GREECE (AA) Association Hellenique d'Athletisme Amateur (SEGAS), 3 Genadiou St., (1897) Athens (142), Greece. GRENADA (D) Grenada Athletic & Cycling Association, p.a. Box 419, (1924) St. George's, Grenada, W.!. GUATEMALA (b) Federaci6n Nacional de Atletismo, Palacio de los Deportes, Guatemala (1945) City Rep. de Guatemala, C.A. GUINEA (D) Federation Guineenne d'Athletisme Amateur, Ministere de la Jeunesse, (1959) des Arts et des Sports, B.P. 262, Conakry, Republique de Guinee. GUYANA (C) Amateur Athletic Association of (1948) Guyana, 51 New Garden Street, Queenstown, Georgetown, Guyana. HAITI (D) Commission Nationale (1969) d'Athletisme, Bureau des Sports, 27-Cite de l'Exposition, Port-auPrince, Haiti. HONDURAS (D) Federaci6n Nacional Deportiva (1951) Extraescolar de Honduras, Apartado Postal 331, Tegucigalpa, D.e., Honduras, C.A. ' HONG KONG (D) Hong Kong Amateur Athletic (1951) Association, G.P.O. Box 280, Hong Kong.

HUNGARY (AA) (1877) ICELAND (B) (1947) INDIA (AA) (1946) INDONESIA (C) (1950) IRAN (B) (1936) IRAQ (D) (1957) ISRAEL (B) (1931) ITALY (AA) (1906) IVORY COAST (C) (1960) JAMAICA (A) (1932) JAPAN (AA) (1925) JORDAN (D) (1961) .

Magyar Atletikai Szovetseg, 1143 Budapest, D6zsa Gyorgy utca 1-3, Hungary. Frja1siprottasamband Islands, P.O. Box 1099, Iprottamidstodinni Laugardal, Reykjavik, Iceland. Amateur Athletic Federation of India, 24-Akbar Road, New Delhi, 11001, India. Persatuan Atletik Seluruh Indonesia (PASI), Flat Perwira A.L. No. 14, j1. Danau Poso, Pejompongan, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia. Amateur Athletic Federation of Iran (AAFI), Sports Federations Joint Bureau, p.a. Box 11-1642, Tehran, Iran. Iraq Amateur Athletic Federation. clo Iraqi National Olympic Committee, p.a. Box 441, Baghdad, Iraq. Sports Federation of Israel (S.F.I.), p.a. Box 4575, 4 Marmorek St., Tel-Aviv, Israel. Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera, viale Tiziano 70, 00100 Roma, Italy. Federation Iviorienne d'Athletisme, Boulevard Lagunaire, B.P. 2844, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Jamaica Amateur Athletic Association. P.O. Box 272, Kingston 5, Jamaica, W.!. Nippon Rikujo-Kyogi Renmei, 1-11, Jinnan, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo, 150, Japan. The Jordanian Amateur Athletic Federation, p.a. Box 413, Amman, Jordan. 24

KENYA (AA) (1951 ) KHMERE(D) (1936) KOREA (A) (1945) D.P.R. KOREA (C) (1955)

KUWAIT (B) (1957) LAOS (D) (1958) LEBANON (C) (1945) LESOTHO (D) (1931 ) LIBERIA (C) (1955) LIBYA CC) (1962)

Kenya Amateur Athletic Association, Gill House, Government Road, p.a. Box 46722, Nairobi, Kenya. Federation Khmere d'AthIetisme Amateur, Complexe Sportif National, Phnom-Penh, Republique Khmere. Korean Amateur Athletic Federation, 19 Mookyo-Dong, Choong-Ku, Seoul, P.O. Box 566, K.W.M. Seoul, Korea. Amateur Athletic Association of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Moonsin-Dong 2, Dongdaiwon Dist. Pyongyang, DPR Korea. Kuwait Athletic Federation, P.O. Box 5499, Khaled Ben AI-Walid St. Shaker AI-Kazemi Bldg., No: 9, Kuwait. Federation d'Athletisme du Laos, clo Direction Generale de la Jeunesse et des Sports, RP. 268, Vientiane, Laos. Federation Libanaise d'Athletisme, P.O. Box 5601, Beyrouth, Liban. Lesotho Sports Council, P.O. Box 138, Maseru, Lesotho. Liberia Track & Field Federation, Broad Street, p.a. Box 2273, Monrovia, Liberia.

Libyan Amateur Athletic Federation, P.O. Box 879, Tripoli, Libya. . LIECHTENSTEIN (D) Liechtensteiner Turn und (1936) Leichtathletikverband L.T.L.V., FL-9495 Triesen, Langgasse 194, Liechtenstein. 25

.F'7f" -,

LUXEMBOURG (B) (1928) MADAGASCAR (C) (1962) MALAWI (D) (1967) MALAYSIA (B) (1906) Reformed 1963 MALI (C) (1960) MALTA (D) (1928) MAURITANIA (D) (1962) MAURITIUS (D) (1952) MEXICO (A) (1933) MONGOLIA (D) (1960) MONTSERRAT (D) (1971) MOROCCO (B) (1957) MOZAMBIQUE (D) (1978)

Federation Luxembourgeoise d'Athletisme, RP. 21, Esch-surAlzette, Luxembourg. Federation Malgache d'Athletisme, RP. 717, Tananarive, Madagascar. Amateur Athletic Association of Malawi, P.O. Box 1079, Blantyre, Malawi. Malaysia Amateur Athletic Union, Stadium Merdeka, P.O. Box 957, Kuala Lumpur 05-06, Malaysia. Federation Malienne d'Athletisme, RP. 595, CCP. 1216 Bamako, Rep. du Mali. Malta Amateur Athletic Association. 152/3 Old Mint Street, Valleta, Malta G.C. Federation d'Athletisme de la Republique Islamique de Mauritanie, RP. 374, Nouakchott, RI.M.. Mauritius Sports Association, 8 Felicien MallefilIe St, Port Louis, Mauritius. Federaci6n Mexicana de Atletismo, Avenida del Conscripto y Anillo Periferico, Lomas de Sotelo, Mexico 1O,D.F. The Athletic Federation of the Mongolian People's Republic, M.A.F., Baga toirog 55, UlanBator, Mongolia. Montserrat Amateur Athletic Association, clo P.O. Box 247, Plymouth, Montserrat, W.!. Federation Royale Marocaine d'Athletisme, 6 rue Guebbas, Rabat, Morocco. de Atletismo, Maputo, CP. 1467, Mozambique 26

NAURU (D) (1967) NEPAL (D) (1948) NETHERLANDS (A) (1901) NETHERLANDS ANTILLES (D) (1934) Reformed 1962 NEW HEBRIDES (A) (1965)

Nauru Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box 196, Nauru Island, Central Pacific. Amateur Athletic Association of Nepal, National Sports Council, Dashrath Rangashala, Trip.ureshwar, Kathmando, Nepal. Koninklijke Nederlandse AtletiekUnie (KNAU) Nachtegaalstraat, P.O. Box 14444, Utrecht, 3508 SM, Netherlands. Nederlands Antilliaanse Athletiek Unie, clo H. Prince, Santa Rosaweg 22, Willemstad, Curacao, N.A.

New Hebrides Amateur Athletic Association, Malapoa College, P.O. Box 188, Vila, New Hebrides. NEW ZEALAND (AA) New Zealand Amateur Athletic (1887) Association (Inc.), P.O. Box 741, Wellington, New Zealand. NICARAGUA (D) Federaci6n Nicaraguense de Atletismo, Apartado No: 1954 (1964) Managua, Nicaragua, CA. Federation Nigerienne NIGER (D) d'Athletisme, B.P. 215, Niamey, (1961) Niger. NIGERIA (A) Amateur Athletic Association of Nigeria, P.O. Box 211, Lagos, (1944) Nigeria, W.A. NORWAY (AA) Norges Fri-Idrettsforbund, Hauger (1896) Skolevei 1, 1351 Rud, Norway. Pakistan Amateur Athletic PAKISTAN (A) Federation (PAAF) clo K.M. (1947) Aslam, Railway Stadiur:n, Garhi Shahu, Lahore, Pakistan. PANAMA (B) Federaci6n Panamena de Atletismo, (1945) Box 6137, Panama Zone 2, Republic of Panama. 27

'f' PAPUANEW GUINEA (C) (1961) PARAGUAY (D) (1947) PERU (B) (1918) PHILIPPINES (B) (1961) POLAND (AA) (1919) PORTUGAL (B) (1921) PUERTO RICO (B) (1947) QATAR(D) (1963) RHODESIA (C) (1901) RUMANIA (AA) (1912) RWANDA(D) (1973) SAINT KITT'S (D) (1961) SAINT LUCIA (D) (1978)

Papua New Guinea Amateur Athletic Union, P.O. Box 380, Mt Hagen, W.H.P.P., Papua New Guinea. Federaci6n Paraguaya de Atletismo, Palma 591, Asunci6n, Paraguay. Federaci6n Peruana de AtIetismo, Stadium Nacional, Puerto 4, 20 Piso, Lima 1, Peru. Philippines Amateur Track & Field Association, Rizal Memorial Complex, M. Adriatico St., Metro Manila, Philippines. Polski Zwiazek Lekkiej AtIetyki, 00-372 Warszawa, Ul. Foksal 19, Poland. Federa<;ao Portuguesa de Atletismo, Av. Infante Santo, 68-7°, F-Lisboa-3, Portugal. Federaci6n de Atletismo Aficionada de Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 800, San Juan, P.R. 00936. Qatar Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box 2511, Doha, Qatar. Rhodesia Amateur Athletic Union. P.O. Box 8316, Causeway, Salisbury, Rhodesia. Federation Romana de AtIetism, Str. Vasile Conta 16, 70139 Bucuresti, Rumania. Federation Rwandaise des Sports, B.P. 1044, Kigali, Rwanda. St. Kitt's Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box 122, Basseterre, St. Kitt's, W.I. St. Lucia Amateur Athletic and Cycling Association, 20 Chisel Street, Castries, S1. Lucia, W.!. 28

SAINT VINCENT (D) St. Vincent Amateur Athletic Association, p.a. Box 474, (1955) Kingstown, St. Vincent, W.!. Federaci6n Salvadorena de EL SALVADOR CD) Atletismo, Gimnasio Nacional y (1943) Edificio San Carlos 6° - Piso, Apartado Postal No: 759, San Salvador, El Salvador, c.A. SAN MARINO (D) Federazione Sammarinese di Atletica Leggera Palazzo del (1969) Turismo, 47031 - Repubblica di San Marino. SAUDI ARABIA (C) Saudi Arabia Amateur Athletic Association p.a. Box 5802, Riyadh, (1963) Saudi Arabia. SENEGAL (D) Federation Senegalaise d' Athletisme, RP. 1737, Dakar, (1960) Republique du Senegal. SEYCHELLES (D) Seychelles Amateur Athletic (1977) Association, P.O. Box 654, Victoria Mahe, Rep. of Seychelles. SIERRA LEONE (D) Sierra Leone Amateur Athletic (1951) Association, clo National Sports Council of Sierra Leone, P.O. Box 1181, Tower Hill, Freetown, Sierra Leone. SINGAPORE (D) Singapore Amateur Athletic (1934) Association, Newtown, P.O. Box 33, Singapore 11. SOMALIA CD) Somalia Amateur Athletic (1959) Association, p.a. Box 523, Magadiscio, Somalia. SPAIN (A) Real Federaci6n Espanola de (1918) Atletismo, Calle Miguel Angel 16, Madrid (10), Spain. SRI LANKA (C) Amateur Athletic Association of Sri (1922) Lanka, 368, Galle Road; Colombo 3, Sri Lanka. SUDAN (C) Sudan Amateur Athletic (1959) . Association, p.a. Box 2655, Khartoum, Sudan. 29

---

'ir", SURINAME (D) (1955) SWAZILAND (D) (1969) SWEDEN (AA) (1895) SWITZERLAND (A) (1905) SYRIA (C) (1952) TANZANIA (B) (1954) TCHAD (D) (1963) THAILAND (C) (1948) TOGO(D) (1963) TONGA(D) (1962) TRINIDAD & TOBAGO (B) (1945) Reformed 1970 TUNISIA (B) (1957)

De Surinaamsche Atletiek Bond,

p.a. Box 1758, Paramaribo,

Suriname, (South Ar.1erica). Swaziland Amateur Athletics Association, P.O. Box 838, Mbabane, Swaziland, Southern Africa. Svenska Fri-Idrottsforbundet, Sofiatornet, Stadion S 11433, Stockholm, Sweden. Schweizerischer Leichtathletikverband, Case Postale 2233, CH 3001, Berne, Switzerland. Syrian Arab Amateur Athletic Federation, Box 421, Damascus, Syria. Tanzania Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box 2172, Dar-esSalaam, Tanzania. Federation Tchadienne d'Athletisme, B.P. 187, N'Djamena, Tchad. A.A.A. of Thailand, clo Lt. Col. M. Bumroongpruek, 226 Ban Ampawan Sriayudhaya Road, Bangkok, Thailand. Federation Togolaise d'Athletisme, RP. 2299, Lome, Togo. Tonga Amateur Sports Association, clo P.O. Box 80, Nuku'alofa, Tonga, South Pacific. National Amateur Athletic Association of Trinidad & Tobago, 16 St. Vincent Street, Port of Spain, Trinidad, W.I. Federation Tunisienne d'Athletisme, 13 rue de Cologne, Tunis, Tunisia. 30

TURKEY (A) (1922)

Tiirkiye Amator Atletizm Federasyonu, Ulus Is Hani A Blok Kat: 5, Ankara, Turkey. TURKS & CAICOS (D) Turks & Caicos Amateur Athletic (1977) Association, Grand Turk, Turks & Caicos Islands, W.!. UGANDA (B) Uganda Amateur Athletic (1925) Association, P.O. Box 20077, Lugogo-Kampala, Uganda. U.S.S.R. (AA) . Light Athletic Federation of the (1945) U.S.S.R. Skatertnyi per 4, Moscow G. 69, U.S.S.R. UNITED ARAB U.A.E. Athletic Association, Abu EMIRATES (D) Dhabi, Sports Association, P.O. (1976) Box 847, U.A.E. D.S.A. (AA) A.A.U. of the U.S.A. (Inc.), AA.U. (1888) House, 3400 West 86th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, U.S.A. UPPER VOLTA (b) Federation Voltaique d'Athletisme, (1961) RP. 772, Ouagadougou, Republique du Haute Volta. URUGUAY (B) Confederaci6n Atletica del (1918) Uruguay, Casa de 10s Deportes, Canelones 982, Montevideo, Uruguay. VENEZUELA (A) Federaci6n Venezolana de (1948) Atletismo, p.a. Box 29059, Caracas 102, Venezuela. VIETNAM (D) Association d'Athletisme Amateur (1951 ) de la Rep. Socialiste du Vietnam, No. 36, Boulevard Tran Phu, Hanoi, R.S. du Vietnam. VIRGIN ISLANDS (D) Virgin Islands Track & Field (1963) Federation, St. Thomas, Dronningens Gade No. 16, Virgin Islands 00801. WESTERN SAMOA Western Samoa Amateur Sports (D) Federation (Inc.), P.O. Box 1176, (1962) Apia, Western Samoa. 31

YUGOSLAVIA (AA) (1921) ZAIRE (D) (1949) Reformed 1963 ZAMBIA (C) (1949) Reformed 1964

DIVISION II

Federation Yougoslave d'Athletisme, Stahinica Bana 73a, 11000 Beograd, Yugoslovia. Federation Zairoise d'Athletisme, RP. 1527 Kinshasa 1, Rep. du Zaire. Zambia Amateur Athletic Association p.a. Box 200, Luanshya, Zambia.

I.A.A.F. CONSTITUTION

RULE I Definitions

Athletics: Track and field athletics, road runnmg, walking and cross country running. I.A.A.F.: International Amateur Athletic Federation. Member: Any National Governing Body for amateur athletics affiliated to the LA.A.F. I.O.e.:

International Olympic Committee. International Athletic Meetings: (a) Olympic Games and World Championships. (b) Continental, Regional or Area Championships or Games, (open to all LA.A.F. Members in the Area or Region). (c) Group Games or Championships (i.e. other Championships or Games open to all athletes belonging to a defined group). (d) Matches between two or more Members, or combination of Members. (e) Other meetings specifically sanctioned by a Member so that foreign athletes may take part.

NOTE.- Where appropriate the masculine gender shall include the feminine, and the singular shall include the plural. 33

RULE 2 The International Amateur Athletic Federation The LA.A.F. shall comprise duly elected national governing bodies for amateur athletics which agree to abide by the rules and regulations of the LA.A.F. A Bureau shall be established in London to carry out the administration of the LA.A.F. in accordance with the decisions of Congress and Council. The location may be changed only with the approval of Congress. RULE 3 Objects The objects of the Federation shall be: I.-To establish friendly and loyal co-operation between all Members for the benefit of amateur athletics throughout the world. 2.-To strive to ensure that no racial, religious, political or other kind ofdiscrimination be allowed in atWetics, and to take all necessary measures to stop such discrimination. 3.-To strive to secure that there shall be no hindrance to the participation of any country or individual in international athletic competitions on racial, religious or political grounds. 4.-To compile rules and regulations governing international competitions for men and women in amateur athletics. 5.-To ensure that all contests between Members including Area and Group Championships or Games shall be held under the laws and rules of the LA.A.F. rl 6.-To affiliate national governing bodies who shall then be Ithe only National governing body for athletics which may be [,recognised by the National Olympic Committee, I.where such a Committee eXists. 7.-To decide any dispute that may arise between Members, if called upon to do so. 8.-To co-operate with the Organising Committees of the Olympic Games in carrying through the organisation of the athletic competitions, and, as delegated by the LO.C., to supervise and control all the technical arrangements. 9.-To frame regulations for the establishment of World and Olympic records, and such other amateur athletic records as Congress agrees may be recognised. RULES 2-3 34

RULE 4 Membership I.-The National Governing Body for amateur athletics in any country or territory shall be eligible for membership. Only one Member for each country or territory may be affiliated, and such Member shall be recognised by the LA.A.F. as the only national governing body for all amateur athletics in such country or territory. The jurisdiction of Members shall be limited to the political boundaries of the country or territory they represent. 2.-Application for membership together with a copy of the Constitution and rules of the national governing body shall be submitted to the Council, which shall have power to elect to membership provisionally, pending confirmation at the next Congress meeting. 3.-Membership shall be divided into five groups and any new Member admitted to the LA.A.F. shall be placed in such group as the Congress may decide. The following grouping shall remain until altered by a subsequent Congress:GROUP "AA" (8 Votes) Australia Federal Republic Bulgaria of Germany Canada Gt. Britain & Cuba N. Ireland Czechoslovakia Greece Finland Hungary France India German Democratic Italy Republic Japan

Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark Egypt

GROUP "A" (6 Votes) Eire Jamaica Korea Mexico Netherlands Nigeria 35

Kenya New Zealand Norway Poland Rumania Sweden U.S.S.R. U.S.A. Yugoslavia

Pakistan Spain Switzerland Turkey Venezuela RULE 4

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GROUP "B" (4 Votes) Iran Algeria Israel Chile Kuwait People's Republic Luxembourg of China Malaysia Colombia Morocco Ethiopia Panama Ghana Peru Iceland Afghanistan Bahamas Barbados Bolivia Burma Guyana Indonesia Ivory Coast

GROUP "C" (2 Votes) D.P.R. Korea Lebanon Liberia Libya Madagascar Mali Papua New Guinea

GROUP "D" (l Vote) Gabon Albania Gambia Anguilla Gaza Antigua Gibraltar Bahrain Grenada Bangladesh Guatemala Belize Guinea Benin Haiti Bermuda Honduras Botswana British Virgin Islands Hong Kong Iraq Brunei Jordan Burundi Khmer Cameroons Laos Central African Lesotho Empire Liechtenstein Congo Malawi Cook Islands Malta Costa Rica Dominican Republic Mauritania Mauritius Ecuador Mongolia Fiji 36

Philippines Portugal Puerto Rico Tanzania Trinidad & Tobago Tunisia Uganda Uruguay Rhodesia Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Sudan Syria Thailand Zambia Montserrat Mozambique Nauru Nepal Netherlands Antilles New Hebrides Nicaragua Niger Paraguay Qatar Rwanda St. Kitts St. Lucia St. Vincent El Salvador San Marino Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore

Tonga Turks & Caicos Islands United Arab Emirates Upper Volta

Somalia Surinam Swaziland Tchad Togo

Viet-Nam Virgin Islands Western Samoa ZaIre

4. The annual fees from each Member affiliated to the LA.A.F. shall be paid, in advance, by 1st January in accordance with the following scale:Group "AA" £100 Group "A" £60 Group "B"

£30

Group "C"

£10

Group "D"

£5

Any Member whose subscription for the current year is unpaid on the 31st DECEMBER of that year shall be liable to be suspended at the discretion of the Council. No representative can be authorised to. take part in any meeting of the Congress or Committees if the subscription of the Member he represents or belongs to is more than twelve months in arrears. Members shall not be permitted to organise or to take part in Area or Group Championships or Games if their subscriptions are in arrears. 5.-For the purpose of electing the LA.A.F. Council in accordance with Rule 6 (1), or any area Committee, Members are divided into the following Continental Areas:-

Algeria Benin Botswana Burundi Cameroons Central African Empire Congo Egypt Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea

. AFRICA (43) Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Niger Nigeria Rhodesia 37

Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Tchad Togo . Tunisia Uganda Upper Volta Zambia ZaIre

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Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Brunei Burma People's Republic of China Gaza Hong Koag India Indonesia Iran Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Eire Finland France German Democratic Republic

ASIA (34) Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Khmer Korea D.P.R. Korea Kuwait Laos Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia EUROPE (32) Federal Republic of Germany Gibraltar Great Britain & N. Ireland Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta OCEANIA (9) Nauru New Hebrides New Zealand

Nepal Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Thailand United Arab Emirates Viet-Nam Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Rumania San Marino Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey U$.S.R. Yugoslavia

Papua New Guinea Australia Tonga Cook Islands Western Somoa Fiji NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA (29) Anguilla Dominican Republic Puerto Rico Antigua Grenada S1. Kitt.s Bahamas Guatemala S1. LUCIa Barbados Haiti St. Vincent Belize Honduras El Bermuda Jamaica TrImdad & !obago British Virgin Islands Mexico Turks & CaICOS Canada Montserrat Islands Costa Rica Netherlands Antilles D.S.A. Cuba Nicaragua Virgin Islands 38

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia

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SOUTH AMERICA (13) Ecuador Guyana Panama Paraguay

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Peru Surinam Uruguay Venezuela

RULES Council I.-The Council shall consist of 19 members as under:(a) President (b) 4 Vice-Presidents (c) Honorary Treasurer (d} One Representative from each of the following six Area Groups:Africa North and Central America Asia Oceania Europe South America (e) Seven members elected as individuals. Not more than one member of the Council may come from any one country. nominations for the Council shall be sent to the General Secretary of the LA.A.F. not later than 3 calendar months prior to the date of the Congress at which elections will take place. Nominations can be made only by Members, and, in the case of an Area Group Representative, only by Members in that respective Group. If, at the time of an election, there are fewer candidates than there are vacancies, the President of the meeting may invite Members present to submit additional nominations. 3.-{a) All elections for the Council shall take place at Congress by means of secret ballots. Elections shall require an absolute majority of the votes cast on the first round and a simple majority on the second round. (Absolute majority equals half the votes cast plus one). (b) Any unsuccessful candidate for any position may, if also so nominated, be included in a subsequent ballot for any other position. RULE 5 39

4.-The elections shall be held in the following order:(i) President: (ii) Four Vice-Presidents: All ballot papers to be valid must register votes for four candidates, no more and no less. If there are 3 or 4 successful candidates from the same Area Group, then only the 2 with the most votes shall be declared elected, and in the next ballot, only candidates from the other Area Groups may participate. At its first meeting, the Council shall nominate one of the as Yice-President for the purpose of presldmg over the CounCil III the absence of the President. (fii) Honorary Treasurer: (iv) Area Group Representatives: A separate ballot shall be held for each Area Group and only those Members included in the Group under Rule 4 shall be eligible to vote. (v) Individual Members: All ballot papers to be valid must register votes for seven candidates, no more and no less. 4.-The term of office of the Council shall be four years with the powers and duties ,as set out hereafter. 5.-The President and all other members of the Council shall serve until their successors are elected and take office. The Council which is elected at a Congress coinciding with the Olympic Games will not take office until after the Games. 6.-If, during the first two years of the term of office, a vacancy arises in the Council, for an individual member a substitute shall be elected at the next Congress for the period. If, at any time, a position as Area Group Representative becomes vacant, through resignation or otherwise, the Bureau shall, after consultation with the Area Association concerned, arrange for a ballot to be held within 3 months to elect a Representative to hold office until the next Congress. 7.-In the absence' of the President, the Senior VicePresident shall preside over meetings of the Council. , 8.-The President and each other member of the Council shall have a vote. The President, in the case of a tie in the voting, shall have a second or casting vote. 9.-The Council shall meet at least once a year. Its powers and duties shall include the following:(a) To administer the affairs of the LA.A.F. 40

(b) To submit to each biennial Congress a report, together

(c)

(d)

(e)

(j) (g) (h)

(i)

(j) (k) (I)

(m)

with audited statements of accounts and balance sheets for the preceding period, and a budget for the succeeding two years. To examine any proposals from members or Comwhich are to be discussed at Congress, and to submit such reports then::on as they think fit. To submit to Congress any other proposals they may deem desirable. To make decisions in urgent matters relating to all rules. Any such decisions must be reported to the next Congress. To summon Special to deal with any special case of great Importance requmng an urgent decision. To .decide any dispute that may arise between Members which may be referred to it by any of such Members. To grant provisional affiliation to new Members. To exercise the powers of Suspension and Reinstatement as set out in Rule 11. notify Members of the imposition of any penalties by either Congress or Council. To maintain a register of World, Olympic ;md such.Dther amateur records as Congress may decide to recognise. To control and supervise the athletic technical organisation at the Olympic Games. To appoint Technical Delegates for the Olympic Games, World and World Cup Competitions, and the offiCial LA.A.F. representative at Area or Group Games or Championships, or Inter-Continental Matches. This representative shall, if possible, be from the Council and shall ensure that LA.A.F. Rules are observed. To appoint the General Secretary, who should attend all meetings of the Council and of LA.A.F. Committees. The General Secretary shall be remunerated and shall not be entitled to vote. The General Secretary shall be responsible for the engagement of staff for the Bureau. with the approval of the President and Honorary Treasurer. The Council may also appoint such honorary assistants as it may deem necessary for the purpose of administering the affairs of the LA.A.F. 41

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(n) To promote a Development programme for

of Members requiring assistance in the trammg of coaches, judges etc. (0) To nominate one or more Vice-Presidents or members of the Council to undertake special responsibility for the supervision of the P.rogramme, or to perform any other special duties subject to the overall control of the Council. (P) To appoint members of Committee, on the recommendation of the eXIstmg members of the Committee. (q) To appoint representatives to Federation Internationale de Medecme SportIve, Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne and other bodIes of a similar nature.

RULE 6 President, Vice-Presidents and Honorary Treasurer I.-The President shall preside at all of Congress and Council and shall be an ex-officIO member of all Committees. 2.-ln the administration of the affairs ofthe Federation, the and.Honorary Council may delegate to the power to act in a case of urgency ID fin3;ncIal matters,. provIded that the Council is advised at the earlIest opportumty of any action so taken. The President and Honorary Treasurer be entitled to indemnify themselves out of the funds ot the Federation in respect of any loss so incurred. 3.-The Vice-Presidents shall occupy honorary p<?sitions, and have equal rights with other (other than the President) except that the Semor Vice-PreSIdent shall preside over meetings of the Council-in the absence of the President. RULE 7 Congresses I.-The Congress of the LA.A.F. shall consist. of .the Council, the Honorary Life-President, the Honorary Life VIcePresidents and not more than three delegates from each Member. RULES 6-7 42

2.-A Member shall be represented only by its delegates. Notice of the appointment of delegates, certified in writing by the Member they represent, must be lodged with the General Secretary prior to the commencement of the Congress Meeting. A delegate shall be a citizen of the country he represents and shall not have competed as a professional; nor shall he have acted as a professional coach, unless his coaching activities have ceased for at least one year. A delegate shall represent only one Member. Council members do not have the right to represent their own country during the Congress. -3.-Members Included in Group "AA" shall be entitled to eight votes each; those in Group HA" to six votes each; those in Group "B" to four votes each; those in Group "C" to two votes each, and those in Group "D" to one vote each (See Rule 4 (3)for Groups of Membership). Only delegates of Members shall have power to vote and votes shall be recorded by one delegate only from each Member. NOTE.-Each delegation shall be provided with an official voting card, bearing (he number of votes to which that delegation is entitled. Unless a ballot is calledfor, voting shall be conducted by show of voting cards. 4.-Members shall be entitled to register votes as soon as their affiliation has been ratified by Congress. 5.-The Congress shall be convened biennially and the venue shall be fixed at the preceding meeting. 6.-A Special Congress may be by the Council, a.nd shall be called if not less than one-thud of the Members give notice in writing to the General Secretary stating they desire such a meeting and the reasons relating thereto. Upon receipt of any such notice, the General Secretary shall summon a meeting of the Congress within three months. 7.-The President shall preside at all Congress In his absence the Senior Vice-President shall preside. Scrutineers for ballots shall be appointed from the delegates to Congress. 8.-0nly the Congress shall have power to approve or alter any constitutional rule. All additions, amendments or alterations to the Constitution Rules must obtain two-thirds of the votes cast and such two-thirds must also represent at least one half of the total voting power of the LA.A.F. 43

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9.-The Congress shall elect by secret ballot, for a period of four years unless otherwise decided by Congress, the following Committees: Technical Committee, Women's Committee, Walking Committee, Cross Country Committee. Other Committees may be appointed by Congress as necessary. The number of members of such committees and the functions, powers and duties of these bodies shall be in accordance with Rule 8. All nominations for these committees shall be sent to the General Secretary of the LA.A.F. not later than three calendar months prior to the date of Congress at which such elections will be made. 10.-Continental, Area or Group Associations, Confederations or Committees may be formed for each of the six Groups listed under Rule 4 (5). In the case of Committees, these shall be elected by Regional Congresses and the result of all elections notified to the General Secretary. Each of such Associations, Confederations or Committees shall draw up its own rules relating to its constitution and powers (which shall in all cases be limited to operation within its own area and in no sense conflict with any l.A.A.F. rule). These rules must be submitted to the Council for approval and referred to the next Congress for amendment or ratification. Regional Associations, Confederations or Committees shall render reports of their activities to Congress every two years. 1I.-In recognition of valued services given to the LA.A.F., Congress shall be entitled to elect an Honorary Life-President and not more than three Honorary Life Vice-Presidents, without voting power. RULE 8 Committees All Committees shall meet when summoned by the General Secretary and their recommendations shall be reported to Congress. Individual members must come from different countries. (a) Technical Committee. -The Technical Committee, to whom all questions concerning competition rules shall be referred, shall consist of a Chairman and 15 individuals. (b) Women's Committee. -The Women's Committee, to whom all questions concerning women's athletics shall be RULES M

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referred, shall consist of a Chairman and 10 individuals. Cc) Walking Committee. -The Walking Committee, to whom all questions concerning Walking shall be referred, shall consist of a Chairman and 10 individuals. (d) Cross Country Committee. -The Cross Country Committee, to whom all questions concerning cross country shall be referred, shall consist of a Chairman and 10 individuals from various countries. (e) Medical Committee.-The Medical Committee, to whom all questions of a medical nature concerning athletics shall be referred, shall consist of a Chairman and up to 12 individuals, to include as far as possible at least one representative from every Continent.

RULE 9 Languages At all Congress Meetings each Member may speak in his own language. Simultaneous translations must be made in Arabic, German, Russian and Spanish, in addition to Englishl!. and French. Simultaneous translation may be made from and into any additional language required, if possible, and if the cost of this can be met by or on behalf of the Member requesting the additional language. The Constitution and the Rules and Regulations, Minutes, Reports and other communications shall be in such languages as the Council shall decide. In all cases of any difference in the interpretation of any text the English version shall be accepted. RULE 10 Alterations to Rules I.-Constitutional Rules. Proposals for alterations or additions to the constitutional rules of the LA.A.F. may be made only by a Member or by the Council and must reach the General Secretary of the LA.A.F. at least six calendar months prior to the Congress at which they are to be considered. The proposals shall be sent to Members at least four calendar months before such Congress. No proposals shall be considered by Congress without the notice specified herein. 45 RULES 9-10

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2.-Technical rules. Proposals to amend the technical rules may be made only by a Member, by the Council, by members of the Council or by members of permanent committees, and must be sent to the General Secretary of the LA.A.F. so as to reach him at least six months prior to the Congress at which they are to be considered. He shall submit them to the appropriate committee for advice and recommendations. 3.-:--Alterations to the technical rules will normally only be conSidered by Congress every four years, at the time of the Olympic Games, and will not become effective until after the Games. Urgent proposals for alterations to the technical rules may, however, be made at any time and they must be discussed at the next Congress, even if they reach the General Secretary later than 6 months prior to Congress. A report containing the recommendations of the Technical Committee will be circulated to all Members at least three months before each Congress; 4.-When alterations to technical rules are adopted by Congress or decided iupon by Council as an urgent matter under Rule 5, paragraph 9 (d), a fixed date for the operation of the said amendments must be stated, such date to allow adequate time for all member countries to put them into operation simultaneously.

RULE II Suspensions and Reinstatement I.-The Council shall have the power to suspend any Member, or athlete from international competition, until the next meeting of the Congress, and the Congress shall likewise have the power to suspend any Member, or athlete from international competition, for so long as shall be stated in its decision. Before exercising its powers under this rule the Council or Congress must notify the Member or athlete (through the Member) of any alleged infringement of the Rules and afford an opportunity to the Member or athlete of being heard. 2.-0n the application of any Member, the Council may reinstate any athlete who by reason of any infringement of the LA.A.F. Rules has become ineligible to take part in competition under LA.A.F. Rules. Any application for reinstatement must be forwarded to the General Secretary of the

RULE 11

I.A.A.F. by the Member responsible for the athlete concerned. Such shall give in detail the circumstances leading to the melIgIbIlIty and the reasons advanced for reinstatement. RULE 12 International Meetings-ÂˇCompetitors Competing Abroad-Qualifications of Competitors I.-At the following International Meetings the rules and regulations of the LA.A.F. must apply:' (a) Olympic Games and World Championships. (b) Continental, Regional or Area Championships or Games, open to all LA.A.F. Members in the Area or Region. (c) Games or Championships (i.e. other ChampionShIpS or Games open to all athletes belonging to a defined group). " (d) Matches between two or more Members, or combination of Members. (e) Other meetings specifically sanctioned by a Member so that foreign athletes may take part. 2.-.All International Meetings or any meetings in which any foreIgn athlete takes part must be sanctioned by the LA.A.F. or by a Member. Before sanctioning any International Meetings under I (e) must obtain from the promoter an undertakmgmwntmg:(a) that all LA.A.F. Rules and Regulations will be observed' (b) that in particular, the Rules relating to expenses will strictly followed; (c) that all prizes will be of a lasting nature intended for the athlete himself, and shall not exceed the value of V.S. . $250 (or its equivalent in other currencies): 11 (d) that an acc<;>Ut;lt of all such expenses paid will be forwarded WIthm 30 days to the Member sanctioning such a meeting, if requested by that Member. . 3.--No .athlete or club ,may take part in an athletic meeting ill a f?relgn country Without the written approval of his shall allow any foreign governmg body, and no Without such permit certifying athlete enter any that he IS an amateur and permItted to compete in the country concerned. . 47

RULE 12

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4.-1n approving the participation of an athlete at an athletic meeting in a foreign country, the Member, should specify the number of days for which the athlete and any accompanying manager or coach is permitted to receive expenses and the daily allowance as detailed in Rule 14 "Expenses", paragraphs 1 and 2. After the meeting, the Member may request an account of expenses paid.

represents, or by athletes otherwise acquiring citizenship by the procedure legally recognised in that country, except in the case of citizens of a colony, when they shall be eligible to represent the mother country in any such meeting, if such colony is not represented by membership of the I.A.A.F. Having once represented any Member in a meeting which comes within the categories in lea) and 1(b), no contestant may thereafter represent any other Member in such a meeting except in the following circumstances:(a) The incorporation of one country in another. (b) The creation of a new country ratified by treaty. (c) The election to membership of the LA.A.F. of the national governing body of a colony not previously directly represented by a Member. (d) A change of citizenship of a woman by marriage. (e) Residence in a country for at least three years since the date when the athlete last represented another Member, and, if there are legal provisions for acquiring citizenship of that country, compliance with such provisions. The pfresidence may be reduced to one year, if the two concerned agree, and if the Council of the LA.A.F. approves.

5.-Any athlete competing in any foreign country (other than in international meetings as above defined) shall, in respect to that competition, be subject to the athletic laws of that country. 6.-All negotiations for the participation of an athlete in another country shall be carried on through the Members concerned and in no circumstances shall any invitation be extended directly or indirectly to an athlete by any individual, club, college, university or other organisation. The only exception to the foregoing shall be where a Member shall authorise one of its member clubs to communicate with the club of another country concerning the participation of one or more of its athletes, and such authorisation shall be granted on the express condition that the Member concerned is kept informed as to the context of the cOl1lmunications. 7.-Where an athlete of any member country receives a scholarship from an institution in another country, then as a condition to and before the athlete's governing body shall grant the permission to compete referred to in Rule 12 (3), the President of the institution granting the scholarship shall first submit to the Member, in whose country the educational institution is located, full and detailed information of the nature and extent of the scholarship aid furnished to the athlete, for transmission to the Member for the athlete's home country.

:1 â&#x20AC;˘

8.-In Olympic Games and World Championships and in Continental, Regional or Area Championships or Games (i.e. categories lea) and l(b) of Rule 12) Members shall be represented only by citizens by birth or naturalisation or registration of the country which the affiliated Member 48

i :i :1

9.-Athletes from a National Federation or some other Athletics Organisation which is not an affiliated Member of the LA.A.F. may compete in any competition except for meetings listed under paragraph 1 (a) and (b) of Rule 12 against athletes under the jurisdiction of a Member, provided:(a) that the Federation or Organisation concerned is not at that time suspended by the LA.A.F. or excluded from particular categories of competition; (b) that the athletes concerned are amateurs; (c) that the prior permission of the Council is given upon the application of the Member in the country or territory where the competition is to take place, or of the Member wishing to send athletes to compete in a no rt- Member country or territory; (d) that where the competition is held in a non-Member country or territory, the Member must obtain an undertaking from the organising body that in all other respects, the rules of the LA.A.F. will be observed. 49

RULE 13

representative shall be paid to him by the Organisers not later than fourteen days prior to his departure to the venue. The ch9ice of airline shall be left to the discretion of the representative and in cases involving flights over one thousand five hundred miles, first class return air travel shall be provided. Accommodation expenses shall also be paid by the Organisers not !ater than the final day of the championships or the athletic sectIOn of the games. Such representative shall render his report to the LA.A.F. rithin thirty days thereafter.

World, Area and Group Championships 1.---:-The LA.A.F. alone shall have the right to organise or sanctIOn World, Area or Group Championships for Athletics.

2.-The athletic events of the 1980 Olympic Games shall be regarded as World Championships. 3.-Sanction of the LA.A.F. is required, unless the LA.A.F. or Group ChampionShIpS or Games, for Inter-Continental matches and for any other athletic meetings in which teams from five or )nore countries participate except where otherwise provided by the Rules. The application for a permit must be made to the LA..A.F., a fee of ÂŁ25 sterling (or its eqUIvalent III other currencIes) by the sponsoring Member for such sanction except for the Olympic Games. All application forms must be completed in detail and lodged at the headquarters ofthe LA.A.F. not later than twelve prior to. date of. the Championships or Games in questIon. Orgamsmg CommIttees must ensure that countries to whom invitations are sent are in membership of the LA.A.F. and any other country to participate must apply to the for WhICh must have been granted prior to t.helr entry bemg accepted. Such applications must be receIved at least three months before the date of the opening of the promotion concerned. The l.A.A.F. shall not sanction any Area or Group Championships or Games without first having obtained an unqualified undertaking that the necessary permission for visiting athletes and officials to enter the country where the competition is to be held will be forthcoming sufficiently far ahead to enable them to travel and compete at the Championships or Games. Should it subsequently transpire that these undertakings cannot be fulfilled, the Competition shall be transferred to another country which can fulfil the guarantee.

1\ C<?uncil decides otherwise, for all

4.-The LA.A.F. shall designate a representative to attend 1 every meeting where a Permit is required at the expense of the organisers to ensure that the rules and regulations of the \ LA.A.F. are complied with. The travelling expenses of this

RULE 13

RULE 14 Expenses 1.--The following rules shall apply to expenses allowed to athletes competing in International Meetings under Rule 12

(1):-

These shall be limited to the daily allowance and to the outlay for transport, travel, insurance, meals, lodging and 1.0 case of hardship a subvention for loss of earnings during the time of the competition. (a) Expenses payable in respect of Meetings under Rule 12 (I) (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) shall be a matter for decision by the Member or Members concerned. 2.-The daily allowance for the out-of-pocket expenses toll athletes must not exceed U.S. $10 or its equivalent in other, currencies, payable for the minimum time they are required to be absent from home. /

3.-(a) National governing bodies must strictly control all financial transactions. (b) The athlete's own national governing body may authorise the national governing body under whose jurisdiction he is for the time being competing to refund to the athlete travelling expenses as defined in paragraph 1.

4.-Payment of travelling expenses in respect of competition 11 under Rule 12, paragraph I (e) is limited to a total of60 days in each calendar year. 51 RULE 14

RULE 15 Provision of Equipment and Services Athletes may accept assistance in the form of equipment and services required for training and competition, subject to the control of the national governing body. Such assistance is limited to the following items:(a) Sports equipment and clothing; When manufacturers are prepared to provide free issues of implements or personal equipment, distribution shall ,be controlled through the national, governing body. (b) Insurance cover for accidents, illness, disability and personal property; (c) Cost of medical treatment and physiotherapy; (d) Coaches and trainers authorised by the national governing body. If an athlete is authorised to avail himself of the services of a doctor for medical treatment or a masseur or coach, accounts should be submitted and payments made direct to the doctor, JUasseur or coach and not through the athlete.

not permitted. Manufacturers' labels or trade marks on equipment used within the competition arena must be limited to one mark on each piece of equipment and the height of the characters must not exceed 25 mm. At meetings within the above categories, however, where manufacturers have supplied electronic equipment for measuring or timekeeping, or for conveying information to the public, at the discretion of the Organising Committee, the manufacturer's name may appear in the arena on signs which do not exceed 200 cm x 40 cm. There is no objection to advertising material outside the stadium, or inside the stadium but outside the competition area. Advertisements may also appear in programmes and on notices or posters of the meeting. Meeting organisers may also acknowledge the sponsors of meetings by offical, announcements made at the commencement of the meeting and immediately after the last event.

RULE 16 Subventions to Assist Athletes I.-Where a National Governing Body, after full investigation, considers it appropriate, it may provide, or arrange for the provision of a subvention to an athlete to assist him in the expenses incurred in training for or participation in any I/competition under Rule 12 (1), paragraphs (a) to (e). 2.-'An athlete must not accept any subvention without the prior permission in writing of his National Governing Body. 3.-The Council of the LA.A.F. may request information from Members concerning the payments of any such subventions.

RULE 51 Definition of Amateur An amateur is one who competes for the love of sport and as a means of recreation, without any motive of securing any material gain from such competition.

RULE 17 Advertising within the Arena At International meetings within Categories lea), (b) and (c) of Rule 12, advertising within the arena enclosed by the running track or elsewhere where competition is taking place is RULES 15-17 52

ELIGIBILITY AND AMATEUR STATUS

RULE 52 Restriction of Competition to Amateurs Competition under LA.A.F. rules is restricted to amateur athletes who are under the jurisdiction of a Member, and who are eligible to compete under LA.A.F. rules. RULE 53 Ineligibility for Intemational Competition The following persons are ineligible to take part in competitions under LA.A.F. rules. Any person who:(i) has taken part in any athletic meeting in which any of 53/\

RULES 51-53

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the competitors in any of the events, were, to his knowledge, ineligible to compete under I.A.A.F. This does not apply to any athletic meeting which IS restricted to the Veteran age groups (40 years and over for men and 35 years and over for Women). (ii) takes part in any athletic meeting which is not sanctioned, recognised or certified by the Member in the country in which the event is held; (iii) is, and for so long as he remains, ineligible to compete in competitions under the jurisdiction of his national governing body; " , ' (iv) uses drugs as defined in Rule 144 ("Doping"); (v) has competed in any sport or has taught, trained or coached in any sport for any pecuniary reward; The Council is empowered, however, to declare eligible any person who has received pecuniary rewards in a sport other than athletics, if it is satisfied that the practice of that sport is not ofdirect help for any athletic event. NOTE.-Physical education teachers whose work is solely educational and who are not paid directly or indirectly for the coaching of athletes for competitions are eligible to compete as amateurs. (vi) has at any time been financially interested in any athletic meeting in which he was entered; (vii) writes, lectures or broadcasts for payment upon any track or field event or competition without the prior permission in writing of his national governing body. This permission must be given only in the case of a person who is genuinely making a career in that particular activity; to .be (viii) allows his name, picture or athletic used for advertising, except when thIS IS connected wIth a contract for sponsorship or equipment entered into by his national governing body, and any resulting payment or benefit goes to the national governing body and not the individual; (ix) while competing displays on his person any material other than the accepted name of his club or organisation, or takes on to any arena or course any form of advertising material. This rule shall apply to the 54

elothing and travelling bags, but does not apply to articles not clearly visible, nor to competitors number cards provided that rule 142 para 5, is complied with. Where Members authorise contracts with commercial I sponsors for the addition of lettering on number cards, I Members are recommended not to permit this lettering to exceed 150 mm x 25 m 111 and to ensure that the same style or number is issued to all competitors. (See also Rule 142 para 5). I (x) accepts directly or indirectly any money or other consideration for expenses or loss of earnings, other than what is permitted under Rules 14, 15 and 16. (xi) enters into a contract or agreement to compete as a professional athlete. NOTE.-Suspensions and Reinstatement-see Rule 11.

I I' I

RULE 54 Guarante,e by National Governing Body

In any competition under LA.A.F. Rules, the eligibility of an athlete competing shall be guaranteed by the governing body of the country to which the athlete belongs.

RULE 54

Four (or more) Judges for Track Events Four (or more) Judges for Field Events Four (or more) Judges for Walking Events Four (or more) Umpires for Track Events Three (or more) Timekeepers One (or more) Starters One (or more) Recall Starters One (or more) Starter's ÂˇAssistants or Marksmen One (or more) Lap Scorers One Recorder One Mar"shal One or more Wind Gauge Operators

DIVISION III ATHLETIC RULES for MEN'S AND WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONS NOTE.-Alterations to Competition rules approved by Congress in 1976 are indicated by vertical lines in the page margins. All such changes come into force on 1st May, 1977. RULE 101 All international competitions, as defin:ed in Rule 12 para 1, shall be held under the rules of the International Amateur Athletic Federation and this shall be stated in all announcements, advertisements, programmes and printed matter. The rules as laid down shall be applicable to men's and women's competitions. NOTE.-It is recommended that National Associations should adopt the rules of the I.A.A.F. for the conduct of their own athletic meetings.

ADDITIONAL OFFICIALS

One (or more) Announcers One Official Surveyor One (or more) Doctors Stewards for Competitors, Officials and Press. . and Chief Judges should be indicated by a dIstmctIve armband or badge. If deemed necessary, assistants may be appointed. Care should be taken to keep the arena as free from officials as pOSSIble. Where women's events are held, there be appointed a woman doctor when possible.

SECTION I OFFICIALS AND THEIR DUTIES RULE 111 Officials of the Meeting The list laid down in this rule comprises those officials considered to be necessary for principal international meetings. The organisers are at liberty to vary this where local circumstances require. /

MANAGEMENT OFFICIALS

One Manager One Secretary One Technical Manager (Clerk of the Course) JURY OF ApPEAL. COMPETITION OFFICIALS

One Referee for Track Events One (or more) Referees for Field Events One Referee for Walking Events RULES 101, 111

RULE 112 The Manager The shall have charge of the Meeting and be responsIble for the proper carrying out of the programme. He ha-ye reported for duty and when shall see that all necessary: shall appomt SubstItutes, and in co-operation with Marshal, arrange that only authorised persons the are allowed m the centre of the arena. RULE 113 The Secretary Secretary. shall responsible for the calling of the meetmgs of the executive and other committees and shall all I?inutes relating thereto. He shall be in dharge of all arrangements, and shall receive and conduct all pnncIpal correspondence relating to the Meeting.

RULES 112-113

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RULE 114 The Technical Manager (Clerk of the Course) The Technical Manager shall act directly under the Manager of the Meeting and be responsible for seeing that the track, areas.for field runways, circles, arcs, sectors and are properly laid out, that eqUIpment is accordmg to specification and readily for by appointed Referee, and that sconng, result and time recordmg cards are prepared. See also Rule 126. RULE 115 Jury of Appeal In Area or Group Games or Championships, a Jury of Appeal which should normally consist of not less than three nor more than five persons shall be appointed. . .all The primary function of the Jury shall be to deal with. any other matters ansmg protests under Rule 147, during the course of the meetmg whIch are referred to them for decision. Their decision shall be final. in c.0';1rse While in general thb Jury should not ofa meeting, if they observe any matter which, m their 0I?mlOn, requires correction, they should discuss such matter with the as to what should be done. responsible official and Decisions involving pomts which are not covered by the Rules shall be reported subsequently by the President of the Jury to the General Secretary of the LA.A.F. See a/so Rule 147 "Protests". RULE 116 Referees I.-A separate Referee shall be appointed for track events, for field events and for events outside the stadium. 2.-It shall be the responsibility of a Referee to see that the rules are observed and decide any technical points which arise during the Meeting, and for which provision has not apparently been made in these. rule.s. The Referee shall have Judges jurisdiction to decide any placmgs In a race, only of the disputed place or places are unable to arnve at a decision. See a/so Rule 117, (2) and Rule 146, (1). 3.-Referees shall allocate Judges to particular events if this has not been previously arranged, specifying the duty each

RULES 114-116

should carry out (e.g. circle, take-off board etc.); announce to the Judges and ensure that the competitors are informed of the number of trials to be allowed under the rules even if this has been printed in the programme; supervise the measurements of performances; check the final results and deal with any disputed points. See also Rule 117, (1). 4.-The appropriate Referee shall have the power to exclude any competitor for improper conduct and he shall decide on the ground any protest or as to the conduct of a competitor. See 0;/.'10 Rule 118, Rule 122 and Rule 147. 5.-If in the opinion of the Referee circumstances arise at any meeting so that justice demands that any event should be contested again, he shall have power to declare the event void and such event shall be held again, either on the same day or on some future occasion, as he shall in his absolute discretion decide. See also Rule] 42. (6). , 6.-The Referee shall have power to change the place' of the competition in any field event, if in his opinion the conditions justify a change. Such a change shall be made only after a round is completed. 7.-Upon completion of each event the result card shall be immediately filled in, signed by the Referee and handed to the Recorder. See a/so Rule 123. RULE 117 Judges General I.-Subject to the rules laid down by the National Association and except in the case of the Olympic Games and World Championships, the organisers of the meeting shall appoint the Judges for the various events. The Referee shall allocate the duties among the Judges. Track Events, and Road Eventsfinishing on the Track. 2.-The Judges, who must all operate from the same side of the track, shall decide the order in which the competitors finish, and in any case where they cannot arrive at a decision shall refer the matter to the Referee, who shall decide. NOTE.-The Judges should be placed at least five metres from and in line with the finish, and in order that they may have a good view of the finish line, an elevated stand should be provided. A photo-finish apparatus should be available for use whenever possible as an aid to the Referee and Judges. (See Note to Rule 162, para. 12). 59 RULE 117 <'

3.-The Judges shall judge, measure and record each valid trial of the competitors in all events in which the result is determined by height or distance. In the high jump and pole vault, precise measurements should be made when the bar is raised, particularly if records are being attempted. At least two Judges should keep a record of all trials, checking their recordings at the end of each round. RULE 118 Umpires (Track Events) I.-Umpires are assistants to the Referee, without power to give any decisions. 2.-It shall be the duty of an Umpire to stand at such point as the Referee may determine to watch the competition closely and, in case of a foul or violation of the rules by a competitor or other person, to make an immediate report of the incident to the Referee. 3.-Any such breach of the rules should be indicated by the raising of a flag. . 4.-Umpires also be appointed to undertake the duties of supervision in relay races at the take-over points. NOTE.-When an umpire observes that a runner has run in a different lane from his own, he should immediately mark where the runner ran outside his lane. RULE 119 Timekeepers I.-Two methods of timekeeping shall be recognised as official, hand timing and fully automatic electrical timing. Hand timing: 2.-(a) Hand times shall be taken by timekeepers using either stopwatches or manually operated electronic timers with digital readouts, All such timing devices are included in the word "watches" throughout this rule. (b) Three official timekeepers (one of whom shall be the Chief Timekeeper) and one or two additional timekeepers shall time the winner of every event. The times recorded by the additional Timekeeper's watches shall not be considered unless 1 one or more of the official Timekeepers' watches fails to record the time properly, in which case the additional Timekeepers 1 I shall be called upon, in such order as has been decided RULES 118-119 60

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previously, so that in all races three watches should have recorded the official winning time. Whenever possible, times for all finishers, lap times in races of 800 m and over, and times at every 1000 m in races of 3000 m and over, shall be .recorded, by additional Timekeepers or by first place .TImekeepers usmg watches capable of taking more than one tIme. (c) . Timekeeper shall act independently and without showmg his to, or his time with, any other person, hIS the :rnnted form, and after signing the form, hand It the ChIef TImekeeper, who may examine the watches to venfy the reported times. (d) The Chief Timekeeper shall then decide what is the time for, each applying, as necessary, the prOVISIOns of thIS rule and pri)vIde the result for publication. (e) In eve.nt of of the. three official watches agreeing and the dIsagreemg, the time shown by the two shall be the offiCial tt.me. If all three watches disagree, the middle time be offiCIal. Should only two times be available, and if they dIsagree, the longer time shall be official. (j) For all hand-timed races up to and including 20 km, the I times shall be returned to nth second. The times for distances greater than 20 km shall be converted to the next longer full second, i.e. 2h.09:44.3 shall pe returned I as 2h.09:45. If the hand of the watch stops between two lines indicating the time, the longer time shall be accepted. If a 1 Aoth second watch, or an electronic manually operated digital timer, is used, all times not ending in zero in the second decimal shall be roun4ed to the next 10ngerDJ-th second, i.e. 10.11 shall be read I as 10.2. (g) The shall be taken from the flash of the pistol or approved startmg to. the moment at which--any part of the body of the competitor (l.e. torso, as distinguished from' the neck, arms, legs, hands or feet) reaches the perpendIcular plane of the nearer edge of the finish line. (h) The Timekeepers shall be in line with the finish and outside the track. Wherever possible, they should be placed least five metres from the outside lane ofthe track. In order that they may all have a good view of the finish line an elevated stand should be provided. ' 61

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Fully Automatic Electrical Timing: 3.-(a) Fully automatic electrical timing must utilise equipment which is started automatically and which records the finish time automatically. All other timing devices and procedures shall either be considered hand times or shall be unacceptable. Fully automatic electric timing equipment must be approved by the National Association of the country where the competition is held. It must be started by a contact on the Starter's pistol or any similar apparatus at the instant of the flash from the charge. The finish times and the finishing places of the competitors shall be read from a moving film or from a [photofinish picture taken from a moving film, or may be 'obtained from any other device which starts and records the finish automatically and which has been approved by the LA.A.F. (e.g. a Video Tape System with 100 pictures per second). (b) The Chief Timekeeper shall be responsible for the functioning of the timing device and for recording times produced by it. (c) If possible, there should be at least two photofinish cameras in action, one from each side. (NOTE: Where any possibility exists of failure of the timing device, hand times should be taken by back-up Timekeepers.) (d) Fully automatic electric times shall be regarded as official unless for any reason the Chief Timekeeper decides that they obviously must be inaccurate. If such is the case, the times of Ithe back-up shall j (e) Fully automatIc tlmekeepmg eqUIpment shall be used in the <?lympic Games, World Championships, and, wherever I possIble, in all Area and Group Championships. if) For all races up to and including 400 m, the time shall be read from the photofinish picture in Thth second and shall be recorded in T-b-oth second. For all longer than 400 m and up to and 20 km, the time shall be read in T!oth second and shall be . converted to the next longer -loth second and recorded in i.e. 1:45.21 shall be recorded as 1:45.3. F or all races longer than 20 km, the time shall be read in Thth second and shall be converted to the next longer whole second, i.e. 2h.09:44.32 shall be recorded as 2h.09:45. . 4.-A timing device which operates automatically at either 62 i

the finish, .but not at both, shall be considered to I' the start produce neIther hand times nor fully automatic times and shall not therefore be used to obtain official times. 5.-See also Rule 148 for World Records and Rule 195'.1\ paragraph 6 (b), for Pentathlon and Decathlon events. . RULE 120 The Starter and Recallers Starter shall have entire control of the competitors on theIr and shall be the sole judge of any fact connected WIth the start of the race, except as provided in (3) below. The Starter shall ascertain that the Timekeepers and Judges are ready. .2.-In all races started in lanes, the Starter should use a to relay his commands to loudspeakers for the runner m each lane. Where such a device is not used. the Starter shall so place himself that the distance between him and each of the competitors is approximately the same. Where, however, the Starter cannot place himself in such a position, the pistol or apparatusshould be placed there and discharged by electrIC contact. See also Rule 162 "The Start and the Finish". 3.-The Starter or any Recall Starter shall recall the by. the of a pistol or approved apparatus in any race If m hIS opmIOn the start was not a fair one. RULE 121 Starter's Assistants . I.-The Assistants shall check that the competitors are competmg In the correct heat or race and that their numbers are worn properly, one on the breast and one on the back. Stations in events at all distances shall be numbered from left to right, facing the direction of running. 2.-They must place each competitor in his correct lane or station, assembling the competitors on an assembly line three metres behind the starting line (in the case of races started in echelon, similarly behind each starting line), and when so placed they shall signal to the Starter that all is ready. When a fresh start is ordered the Starter's Assistants shall assemble the competitors again. 3.-The Starter's Assistants shall be responsible for the readiness of batons for the first runners in a relay race. 4.-When the Starter has ordered the competitors to their marks. the Starter's Assistants must see that no competitor

RULES 120-121

places either fingers, hands or feet on the starting line or in front of it. If any difficulty arises they must signal immediately to the Starter. See also Rule 162 "The Start and the Finish". RULE 122 Lap Scorers

I.-A Lap Scorer shall keep a record of the laps covered by each competitor in races from 1500 metres to 5000 metres. For races exceeding 5000 metres and for Walking events a number of lap scorers under the direction of the Referee shall be appointed and provided with lap scoring cards on which they shall record the times over each lap (as given to them by an official Timekeeper) of the competitors for whom they are responsible. No Lap Scorer should record for more than four competitors. (6 in the case of Walking events). 2.-A special Lap Scorer shall be appointed to notify to each competitor the number of laps which he still has to complete. He shall notify the final lap by the ringing ofa bell or otherwise. RULE 123 The Recorder

The Recorder shall collect the result of each event, together with the times or heights or distances, which shall be furnished to him by the Referee and the Chief Timekeeper as well as the information provided by the Wind Gauge operator. He shall as soon as possible communicate the information to the Announcer and, after recording the placings, times, heights or distances, he shall hand the official result together with all-cards to the Manager of the meeting. See Rule 116, (7) and Rule 125. RULE 124

announced at the earliest possible moment after receipt of the information from the Recorder. See also Rule 123. RULE 126 The Official Surveyor Track and distances whi<;.h are to be contested, as well as

CIrcles, arcs, sectors and other measurements relating to the FIeld events, shall have been measured in advance by an official surveyor.. .. He shall furnish to the Technical Manager and the Referee before the Meeting, certificates as to correctness. See Rule 145: RULE 127 The Wind Gauge Operator

The gauge shall ensure that the gauge is erected In accordance WIth Rule 149. He shall ascertain the velocity of the wind in the running direction in appropriate events and shall then record and sign the results obtained and communicate them to the Recorder.

The lVlarshal

The Marshal shall have full charge ofthe arena and shall not allow any persons other than the officials, and competitors assembled to compete, to enter and remain therein. He shall control his assistants and assign to them their duties. He shall arrange for an enclosure to be provided for officials when not on duty. . RULE 125 The Announcer

The Announcer shall give out to the public the names and numbers of the competitors taking part in each event, and all relevant such as the composition of the heats, lanes or stations drawn, and intermediate times. The result (placings, times, heights and distances) of each event should be RULFS 122-125 64

RULES 126-127

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SECTION JJ

RULES FOR COMPETITION RULE 141 Entries I.-Competitions undt::r LA.A.F. Rules are to amateurs in accordance wIth the LA.A.F. Rules re1atmg to the eligibility of athletes to compete. See Rules 51-54. 2.-No competitor shall be allowed.to compete .his own country unless his amateur status IS guaranteed m wrItmg by the National Federation of his country, .and he. has permission from such body to compete. In all mternatIOnal competitions, such guarantee of the amateur status of an athlete shall be accepted as conclusive, for the time being, of the athlete's eligibility to compete; any objection as to his status shall be referred to the LA.A.F. Women's Events 3.-For Olympic Games and Area or Group or Championships, the Organising Committee shall appomt ,a panel of three medical doctors. Every entry for Women s events must be accompanied by a certificate issued under the provisions of Rule 141 (4) or by a photostat copy or the competitor will be required to appear before the MedIcal Panel appointed to act at the meeting concerned. 4.-When an athlete has appeared before such a Medical Panel and been declared eligible to compete in Women's events , the Panel shall forward to the LA.A.F. the name of this . athlete for inclusion on a Central RegIster. Upon request from the National Federation, the LA.A.F. will issue a certificate in respect of any athlete whose name appears on the Register. Failure to participate 5.-At Olympic Games and Area or Group Championships or Games it is recommended that a competitor be excluded from participation in further events, including relays, in cases where: (1) a final confirmation was given the start in an event but then he or she faIled to partICIpate WIthout RULE 141 66

giving a valid reason, so that it was not practicable to delete the name officially from the list of starters for that event; (2) he or she qualified in preliminaries or heats for further participation in an event but then did not compete further without giving a valid reason. NOTE.-A fixed time Jor the final confirmarion of starters should be published in advance. RULE 142 The Competition I.-No performance accomplished by an athlete will be valid unless it has been accomplished during an official competition, the athletes using only equipment authorised by the rules of the LA.A.F. - 2.-ln matches arranged between Members, the number of trials in the jumping and throwing events may be reduced as desired; any such arrangement should be made previous to the meeting. Clothing 3.-ln all events competitors must wear clothing which is clean and so designed and worn as not to be objectionable. The clothing must be made of a material which is non-transparent even if wet. In Olympic Games or any Area Games or Championships competitors shall participate in the uniform clothing officially approved by their National Federation. Shoes and Spikes 4.-Competitors may compete in bare feet or with footwear on one or both feet. The purpose of shoes for competition is to give protection and stability to the feet and a firm grip on the ground. Such shoes, however, must not be constructed so as to give the competitor any additional assistance, and no spring or device of any kind may be incorporated in the shoes. A shoe over the instep is permitted. Number of Spikes The sole and the heel of the shoes may have spikes. The .number of spikes is limited to a maximum of six in the sole

RULE 142

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, proper and two in the heel, with the exception of the High Jump and the Javelin Throw, where a maximum of four spikes in the I heel is permitted.

NOTE.-Provisions may be made on the sole and the heels for changing the position of the spikes, always provided that the maximum number is not exceeded. Length ofspikes The part of each spike which projects from the sole or the heel must not exceed 25 millimetres in length or 4 millimetres in diameter. When a competition is conducted on an synthetic track, the part of each spike which projects from the sole or the heel must not exceed 9 millimetres with the exception of the High Jump and the Javelin Throw, where the part of each spike which projects from the sole or the heel must not exceed 12 millimetres.

The Sole and the Heel The Sole and/or the heel may also have grooves, ridges, indentations or protuberances, provided that any ridges or protuberances are constructed of the same or similar material to the basic sole itself. Such ridges or protuberances are to be regarded as part of the sole, the total thickness of which must not exceed 13 millimetres. The thickness of the heel, including any ridges or protuberances, must not exceed that of the sole by more than 6 millimetres except in walking events, where shoes may be 1\ worn of which the thickness of the heel exceeds that of the sole 1I by not more than 13 heel from 1 jar of impact in long Ju.mpmg and tnple .the competI1 tor may increase the thIckness of heel Itself, or Include pad inside the shoe so that the total thIckness of heel and pad In an \ uncompressed state, does not exceed 2.5 . Competitors may not use any applIance, or outside the shoe, which will have the effect of Increasmg the thickness of the shoe above the permitted maximum of 13 [ millimetres (0.5 inches) or which can give the wearer any 1 advantage which he would not obtain from the type of shoe \ described in the previous paragraphs. I

Numbers 5.-Every competitor must be provided with two numbers to be worn visibly on the breast and back. The numbers must

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correspond with the number in the programme. If track suits are worn in the competition, numbers must be worn on the track suit a similar manner. In the pole vault and high jump, the competItors may wear the number on the back or front only.. Where .photo-finish equipment is in operation. the meetmg orgamsers may require competitors to wear additional of an adhesive type on the side of their shorts. No shall be allowed to take part in any competition wIthout the appropriate number or numbers. The name of a sponsor may appear on a competitor's 'I number .car.d only When. authorise? by the Member organising I, or sanctIOnIng the meetIng. The SIze shall not exceed approxi- I mately 1.50 mm x 25 mm and the same style of number card shall be Issued to all competitors taking part. 6.-Any competitor across or obstructing so.as to Impede hIS progress shall be liable to dIsqualIficatlon. If m any race a competitor is disqualified for any of these reasons, the Referee shall have power to order race to be re-run excluding the disqualified competitor or, m the of to I?ermi.t any competitors affected by the act resultIng m dIsquahficatIOn (other than the disqualified competitor) to compete in a subsequent round of the race. If for any reason a competitor is hampered in a trial in a field event, the Referee shall have power to award him a substitute trial. See also Rule 116, (5). 7.-ln all races run in lanes each competitor shall keep his allotted lane from start to finish. This shall also apply to any portion of a race run in lanes. 8.-.If the is satisfied, on the report of a Judge or UmI;>Ire otherwIse, that a competitor has deliberately run hIS lane, he shall disqualify him; but if the Referee th.at action was unintentional, he may at his dIscretIOn dIsqualIfy, if he is of the opinion that a material advantage was gained thereby. See table on page 70. 9.-A competitor after voluntarily leaving the track or course sha:Il not be allowed to continue in the race. In road races a competitor may leave the road with the and under the control of a judge, provided that by gomg off course he does not lessen the distance to be covered. In field events and Decathlon and Pentathlon events with the of and accompanied by a judge, a competitor may leave the.lJ:nmediate area of the track during the progress of the competItIon. /1

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Track 400 metres Stride 2.30 m Number of Strides I 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10

Advantage Gained by Encroaching t cm on Inside of Lane t

50 mm mm 4 7 11 14 18 22 25 29 33 36

lOO mm t mm 7 14 22 2936 44 51 58 65 72

ISO mm t mm 11 22 33 44 54 65 76 87 98 109

300 mm mm 22 44 66 88 109131 153 175 197 219-

This table shows, mathematically, the theoretical advantage gained by taking from 1 to 10 strides inside the inner border of a lane. The distances are shown in millimetres. e.g. four strides ISO mm inside gives an advantage of 44 mm.

10.- Except with the prior approval of the Referee, no official nor any other person within the arena shall indicate any intermediate times to 'competitors. ll.--Except as provided in Rules 165 arid 191 (Marathon races and long distance walking races), during the progress of an event no competitor shall receive any assistance whatsoever from any person. "Assistance" includes conveying advice or information to an athlete by any means. ' Any athlete receiving advice or information must be cautioned by the referee and warned that for any repetition, he will be debarred from further participation in the competition. Any performance accomplished up to that time will stand. 12.-lf a competitor is entered in both a track event and field event, or in more than one field event taking place simultaneously, the judges may allow the competitor to take his from'that decided upon prior to the trials in an order start of the competition. D.-In a Field event, no competitor is allowed to have more than one trial recorded in anyone round of the competition. 14.-A competitor in a field event who unreasonably delays making a trial renders himself liable to have that trial disallowed and recorded as a fault. It is a matter for the Referee to decide, having regard to all the circumstances, what is an unreasonable delay. 70

official indicate to the competitor that IS ready for the tnal to begIn, and the period allowed for this tnal shall commence from that moment. The following times, which must not be regarded as imperative, should not normally be exceeded: ,,(a) In the of the High Jump, Long Jump, Triple Jump, Shot, D,SCUS, Hammer and Javelin, It minutes; and (b) In t.he case of the Pole Vault 2 minutes. The time shall beg.m the uprights have been adjusted to the satlsfactlOn of the competitor. For a second delay at any. time during the competition, he shall be debarred fn;>m takIng any further trials, but any pertormance accomplIshed up to that time shall stand. 15.-The shall have the power to change the place of the any field event, if in his opinion the condItIOns JustIfy It. Such a change shall be made only after a round has been completed. -16.-Except in the case of relay races run in lanes. See Rule 16? (2), may not. make check-marks or place objects on or alongsIde the runnIng track for their assistance. 17.-.Scoring: In matches where the result of a match is to be determIned by, the scoring of points, the method of scoring will, unless ot.herwIse agreed by all the competing countries before the meetIng, be as follows: (a) Where there are two teams with two competitors in each event: 5. 3. 2. 1. (b) Where there are three with two competitors in each or two WIth three competitors in each event. or SIX teams WIth one competitor in each eventÂˇ. 7, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. (c) In relay races with two teams:

5. 2. In relay races with three teams: 7, 4, 2. In relay races with six teams: 7, 5, 4. 3, 2, 1. NOTE.-The scoring system set out above is based on the number ofathletes (?r teams in relay races) entitled to compete in each and wzll not be changed if the number actually competmg m any event is smaller. RULE 143 ' Rounds, Heats and Qualifying Competitions Track Events . 1.-.Preliminary rounds (heats) shall be held in track events In whIch the number of competitors is too large to allow the

competition to be conducted satisfactorily in a single round (final). 2.-The heats and qualifying competitions shall. be arranged by the Committee conducting the.Meeting, except m.the World Championships, when the CouncIl of the LA.A.F. wIll act. ,!he nation shall be placed as far as possIble representatives of in different heats, WhICh shall be so arranged that not less than six competitors shall qualify for the finaL NOTE.-When heats are being arranged, it is recommended that as much information as possible about the performances of all competitors should be considered, and the so drawn that normall.v the best performers will reach thejinal. 3.--ln any competition where there are more ?ompetitors than can be placed in the first the draw for shall be by nations, when one competitor fr<?f!l each natIOn shall be starters from any placed in the order of the nation shall then be placed behmd, III the same order. 4.-A competitor shall not be allowed to compete in a other than the one in which his name appears, III circumstances which jn the opinion of the Referee Justify an alteration. 5.-In all preliminary rounds,at leastthefirst in each heat shall qualify for the next round, and It IS recommended that where possible at least three in each heat should qualify. Any other competitors to qualify for the next decided either according to their placings or accordmg to theIr times. . Where any competitors are to by times, the order III which the heats are run shall be deCIded by draw after these roundS have been made up. 6.-The following minimum times must be allowed when practicable, between the last heat of any round and the first heat of a subsequent round or final: 45 minutes Up to 200 metres .. . ... 90 minutes Over 200 metres to 1000 metres 180 minutes Over 1000 metres

part of the competition proper. The qualifying conditions shall be arranged by the Committee conducting the Meeting except in the World Championships when the Council of the LA.A.F. will act. The competitors shall compete in the order drawn by lot and, where possible, their names shall be placed in the programme in the order drawn. In a qualifying competition, apart from the High Jump and Pole Vault, each competitor shall be allowed three trials. A competitor once having achieved the qualifying standard shall npt be allowed to continue in the qualifying competition. At the end of the qualifying competition the order for competing in the competition proper shall be determined by a fresh drawing by lot. NOTE.-In major competitions where there are enough competitors to warrant it, it is recommended that the qualiJ.ving competition be divided into two or more groups. Unless there are jacilities jor the two groups to compete at the same time and under similar conditions, the second group should start the competition immediately the first group has finished.

Field Events 7. -In any field event, a qualifying comIX:tition may be if necessary, to decide who shall compete III the proper. Performances accomplished shall not be conSIdered 72

RULE 144 Doping

I.-Doping is strictly forbidden. 2.-Doping is the use by or distribution to an athlete of certain substances which could have the effect of improvirrg artificially the athlete's physical and/or mental condition and so augmenting his athletic performance. 3.-Doping substances, for the purpose of this rule, comprise the following groups:(a) Psychomotor stimulant drugs, e.g. Amphetamine, benzphetamine, cocaine, diethylpropion, dimethylamphetamine, ethylamphetamine, fencamfamin, fenproporex, methylamphetamine, methylphenidate, norpseudo ephedrine, pemoline, phendimetrazine, phenmetrazine, phentermine, pipradol, prolintane, and chemically or pharmacologically related compounds. (h) Sympathomimetic amines: e.g. ephedrine, methoxyphenamine, methylephedrine, and chemically or pharmacologically related compounds. 73 RULE 144

(c) Miscellaneous central nervous system stimulants: e.g. amiphenasole, bemigride, leptazol, nikethamide, strychnine, and chemically or pharmacologically related compounds. (d) Narcotic Analgesics, e.g. morphine, heroin, methadone, pethidine, dextromoramide, dipipanone, and chemically or pharmacologically related compounds. NOTE - Codeine is permitted for therapeutic uses. (e) Anabolic steroids, e.g. methandienone, nandrolone decanoate, oxymetholone, nandrolone phenylpropionate, stanozolol, testosterone and its esters, and chemically or pharmacologically related compounds. The above list is not necessarily comprehensive. Cases of doubt as to other substances which may be regarded as doping substances shall be referred to the Medical Committee for decision. Before any penalties are imposed under this rule, the actual doping substance must be identified. 4.-Doping controls shall take place at LA.A.F. Meetings under Rule 12, paragraph I (a) and I (b) and, wherever possible I (c). In addition doping controls shall be held, if ordered by the LA.A.F. or by the Area or national governing body . responsi,ble for organising or sanctioning the They shall be carried out under the superviSIOn of a DopIng Committee for the meeting. This Doping Committee shall include, wherever possible: (1) The LA.A.F. Medical (Chairman), (2) a member or representative of the MedIcal Committee of the lA.A.F., (3) a qualified medical officer oUhe organising country, (4) a legal representative. The method of selection of the athletes to be controlled shall be decided before the event by the Doping Committee and . should include a random element. The total number of athletes tested may depend on the capacity of the Laboratory. Additional controls or tests may be ordered after the event at the discretion of the Doping Committee. 5.-An athlete who takes part in a competition must, if so requested in writing by the responsible official, submit to a doping control. Refusal to do so will result in disqualification and the athlete shall be reported to his national governing . . body, who shall inform the LA.A.F. 6.-To facilitate the analysis, any form of medIcatIOn adof the ministered by any route within two days of the competition or event, must be declared to the Dopmg Committee by means of the official form.

. 7.. -. competitor fo.und to a doping substance present m hIS at an athletIcs meetmg shall be disqualified from the cOmpetItIOn and reported to his national governing body. See Rule 53, (iv). any person assisting or inciting others to use dopmg shall be considered as having committed an offence agaInst LA.A.F. Rules, and thus exposes himself to disciplinary action. . Any offences under this rule shall be reported by the national governing body to the LA.A.F. . 8.-.The detailed procedure for the conduct of tests, the collection of urine samples, the method of analySIS and the use of accredited laboratories shall be determined by the Medical Committee of the LA.A'.F. Copies of the current approved procedure shall be supplied on request .by the to responsible organising bodies for the mformatIOn and guidance of the Doping Committees athletes and officials. ' RULE 145 Measurements and I.-All must be made with a certified steel or metnc tape or bar, and all implements must be weIghed on a governmentally approved balance. 2.--ln measuring the track, two independent measurements must be made, which may not differ from each other by more than x L + 0.01 metres, where "L" is the length of the track In metres. NOTE.-This formula gives a highest permitted difference between two measurings for: lOOm

0.04m

400m

O.13m

. 3.-.In measuring the distances of throwing, putting and jum.pmg events, that part of the tape recording the distance held .bv an official at the take-off Doin1. the a.chleved must CIrcle or scratch hne. DIstances shall always be recorded to the nearest O.Olm below distance covered, i.e., fractions less O.OIm must Ign?red, except that in the case of the hammer JavelIn throws, distances shall be recorded O.02m l:lmts .(e.g. 62.44m, 62.46m, etc.) to the nearest m umt below. In.Jumpmg for height, all measurements shall be made from the ground to the lowest part of the upper SIde of the bar. NOTE.-For measurements for World Records jor all field events, see Rule 148 para. 9 (a). 75

RULE 145

4.-A scientific measuring apparatus, the accuracy of which is approved by the Governmental Weights and Measures department of the country where the events are held, may also be used. 5.-In events over roads, the course shall be measured one metre from the verge of the road and in the direction of the race. A certificate of correctness shall be furnished by the official surveyor-see Rule 126. It is recommended that a wheel of exact circumf6rence which will record on a counter the number of revolutions be used. The speed of operation of the wheel should not exceed 5000 metres per hour and the counter must be checked against a stretch of road-not running track-not less than one kilometre in length accurately measured by a surveyor's chain, steel tape or fibre-glass tape. See also Rules 165 (Marathon) and 191 (Walking) NOTE.-lnstructions setting out the recommended method of measuring road courses may be obtained on application to the I.A.A.F. Bureau. RULE 146 Ties Ties shall be decided as follows: Track Events I.-In the event of a tie in any heat which affects the qualification of competitors to in next round or final, where practicable, the tymg compe!Itors shall. bot.h qualify, failing which they shall agam. In case of a .tIe for first place in any final, the Referee IS to whether it is practicable to .for the so tymg to compete again. If he deCIdes It IS not, the result wIll stand. Ties in other placings shall remain. Field Events 2.-In jumping or vaulting for height: (a) The competitor with the lowest number of jumps at the height at which the tie occurs shall be awarded the higher place. (b) Ifthe tie still remains, the competitor with the lowest total of failures throughout the competition up to and including the height last cleared shall be awarded the higher place. (c) If the tie still remains, the competitor with the lowest total number of jumps (whether successful or not) throughout RULE 146

the competition up to and including the height last cleared shall be awarded the higher place. Example-High Jump 1.78m

1.82m

1.85m

1.88m

l.90m

1.92m

1.94m 0'"

I-u..

-E 0-

C D

0 0

0= Cleared,

0 0

= Failed,

xo xxxo

xo xxo xxo

xxo xxo xxo xo

XXX XXX XXX

xxx

4 4 5

8 9

2 3 4 I

= Did nol jump,

A, B, C and D all cleared 1路92 metres and failed at 1路94 metres. The rule regarding ties comes into operation, and as "D" cleared 1:92 metres at his second attempt, the others taking three, he IS declared the winner. The other. three will tie and the Judges add up the total !lumber of faIlures, up to and including the height last cleared, I.e., 1路92 metres. "C" has more failures than "A" or "B", and is therefore awarded fourth place. and "B" still tie and the Judges add up the total.number of Jumps up to and including the height last cleared, I.e., 1路92 metres. "A" being awarded second place. (d) If the tie still remains:

(i) If it concerns the place, the tying sh.all have one more Jump at the heIght at which they faIled, and if no decision is reached the bar shall be lowered or raised to the heights' which shall be they the!l attempt one jump at each untIl the tIe IS Competitors so tying must Jump on each occaSIOn when deciding the tie. (ii) If it concerns any other place, the competitors shall be, awarded the same place in the competition. .3.-In those field events where the result is determined by dIstance,. the best of the competitors tying shall decIde the tIe. If the tIe stIll remains, the third best, and so on. NOTE.-It is recommended that in international matches where two or more competitors tie, the rules for deciding tie; should not apply, the points for the places concerned being shared.

RULE 147 Protests

I.-Protests concerning the status of an athlete to particommencement cipate in a meeting must be made, prior to of such meeting, to the Jury of Appeal, or, If no Jury has been the matter cannot be settled appointed, to the Referee. satisfactorily prior to the meetmg, the athlete shall be allowed to compete "under protest" and the matter be referred to the Council of the LA.A.F. 2.-Protests relating to matters which develop during the carrying through of the programme should be made at once, and not later than within thirty minutes after the result has been officially announced. The Organisers of the meeting shall be responsible for ensuring that the time of the announcement of all results is recorded. 3.-Any protest shall in the first instance be orally t.o the Referee by the athlete himself or by someone actmg oD: his behalf. To arrive at a fair decision, the Referee should any available evidence which he necessary, includmg a film or picture producfd by an official video tape recorder. The to Referee may decide on the protest or may refer the the Jury. If the Referee makes a decision, there shall be a nght of appeal to the Jury. 4.-An application to the Jury of Appeal must be in writing behalf of and signed by a responsible official must be accompanied by a deposIt of.$IO:oo or Its before the appeal is heard. The wdl be f?rfelted If protest is considered to be fnvolous. To amve at fair avadable decision, the Jury of Appeal shall consult all evidence and interview all those whom they consider necessary. RULE 148 World Records

I.-When a Wodd Record is set up by an athlete or by a team, the LA.A.F. Member in the country where the record shall collect without delay, all performance was the information requlfed for the ratIfication of the record by the LA.A.F. . The Member should immediately inform the LA.A.F. of Its intention to submit the performance. 2.-The official application form of the I.A.A.F. shall be

RULES 147-148

filled in and forwarded to the LA.A.F. Bureau within three months. If the application concerns a foreign athlete or a foreign team, a duplicate of the form shall be sent within the same period to the National Association of the athlete or of the team in question. Application maybe made only on behalf of an athlete or athletes who are under the jurisdiction of a Member of the LA.A.F. 3.-The National Association of the country where the record was set .up shall send, with the official application form:(0) The printed programme of the meeting; (b) The complete results of the event in question.. Including . in the case of a field event, the complete result sheet. (c) The photofinish photograph in the case of a track record where fully automatic electrical timekeeping was in operation; 4.-However, for the competitions referred to in Rule 12, paragraph I (a) the above formalities need not be carried out. 5.-The following conditions shall apply to all World Records:(a) The record must be made out of doors and must not have been made on a wooden surface. (b) The record must be made in a bona fide competition which has been duly fixed, advertised and authorised before the day by the LA.A.F. Member of the country where the event takes place. This competition with the name of the competitors taking part must have been mentioned in the printed programme of the meeting. (c) The Organisers of the competition shall refrain from stating or including in any advertisement, programme or document of any kind the suggestion that any event will be an attempt upon a record. (cl) The record must be better than or equal to the result in the latest world record list in the event in question. (e) Records made in Heats or Qualifying Competitions, in deciding ties and in individual events in the Pentathlon and Decathlon Competitions may be submitted for ratification. 79

--6.-ln the case of Women's records, unless the athlete's name appears on the LA.A.F. register (see Rule 141 ,paragraph 4), an application must be accompanied by a medical certificate as to sex, drawn up by a qualified medical doctor recognised by the National Association of the athlete (athletes) for whom the record is claimed. No performance set up by an athlete will be recognised if it has been accomplished during a mixed competition. 7.-( a) Running and Walking records may be made only on a track which is not banked and will be recognised only if the track has a raised border as specified in Rule 161 (1) or, in the case of a grass track, only if it is marked and flagged in accordance with the above Rule. (b) A race must be stated to be over one distance only and all competitors shall compete at that distance. It is therefore not considered a bona fide competition if any of the athletes compete at a shorter distance than others in the same race. However a race based on the distance covered over a given time (see 162, paragraph 13) may be combined with a race over a fixed distance (for example, 1 Hour and 20 Km). It is permissible for the same athlete to accomplish in the same race any number of records. It is permitted for several athletes to accomplish different records in the same race. However, it is not permissible for an athlete to be credited with a record at a shorter distance if he did not finish the full distance for which the race had been fixed. ( c) Running and Walking records must be timed by official timekeepers as provided in Rule 119 (and accepted by the National Association as such), or by an approved fully automatic electrical timekeeping device (see Rule 119). For races up to and including 400 metres, only performances timed by an approved fully automatic electrical timing device shall be accepted. (d) For any record at any distance greater than 200 metres to be recognised, the track on which it was made must not exceed 400 metres and the race must have started on some part of the perimeter. This limitation does not apply to Steeplechase events where the Water Jump is placed outside a normal 400 metres track. 80

----

(e) On any track with more than 8 lanes, records made in any lane beyond the 8th shall not be accepted. (I) For all records up to and including 200 metres, information concerning wind speed, measured as indicated in Rule 149, must be submitted. If the component of the wind measured in the direction of running behind the competitor averages more than 2 metres per second, the record will not be accepted. (g) In a race run in lanes, no record will be accepted where the runner has run on or inside the inner curved border of his lane. . (h) A relay record may be made only by a team all of whose members are citizens of a single Member country. Citizenship may be obtained in any of the ways referred to in Rule 12, paragraph 8. A colony which is not in separate Membership of the LA.A.F. shall be deemed, for the purpose of this Rule, to be part of its Mother Country. (i) The time set up by the first runner in a relay team may not be submitted as a record.

8.-For Walking records, the track must be an oval from 350 metres minimum to 500 metres maximum, with 2 curves and 2 straights from 60 metres minimum to 120 metres maximum. 9.-( a) Records in field events must be measured by 3 Field Judges with a certified steel tape, graduated in centimetres, or by a scientific apparatus approved by the governmental Weights and Measures Department of the country where the event is held. Measurements for world records in field events must be made and submitted in metres to the nearest 0.01 metre below, except that in the case of the Discus, Javelin and Hammer throws, the distances shall be recorded in even 0.02 metre units to the nearest unit below (e.g. 62.44m, 62.46m etc.). (b) In field events, a performance may be submitted for ratification if it took place during an event where a handicap was combined with the scratch competition. (c) In the Long Jump and Triple Jump, information concerning wind speed, measured as indicated in Rule 149, must be submitted. If the component of the wind measured in the direction of jumping behind the competitor averages more than 2 metres per second, the record will not be accepted. 81

10.-When a record is claimed for the Pentathlon or Decathlon, the conditions imposed for recognising records in individual events must have been complied with in the 5 or 10 events. However, a record will be recognised even though the wind speed exceeded 2 metres per second (see paragraphs 7 (J) and 9 (c)) provided it was not more than 4 metres per second. ll.-The President and the General Secretary of the LA.A.F. together are authorised to recognise world records. If they are in any doubt whether or not the record should be accepted, the case shall be referred to the Council for decision. The I.A.A.F. will inform the Member applying for a World Record as well as the athlete's National Association, where these are not the same, that the record has been ratified. If the record is not ratified, the reasons why the record was not accepted will be supplied. 12.-The LA.A.F. Bureau shall keep lists of World Records and Olympic Records. These lists shall be revised once a year and 3. copy forwarded to each Member of the LA.A.F. 13.-Members of the LA.A.F. shall keep a list of the National Records oftheir own country. Copies ofthis list shall be forwarded to the LA.A.F. Bureau in January each year. NOTES:I.-The official World Record Plaques as designed by the 1.A.A.F. jor presentation to World Record holders will be supplied by the 1.A.A.F., provided National Associations remit the cost. 2.-Rejer to Rule 381 as to events jor which World Records are recognised. 3.-Continental Associations must apply all the conditions laid down in this rule for the ratification oj their own Continental Records. 4.-/t is recommended that National Federations adopt similar rules to the above jor the recognition oj their own National records.

RULE 149 Wind Measurement The periods for which the wind velocity shall be measured are as follows, from the flash of the pistol or approved apparatus:100 metres... 100 metres Hurdles 110 metres Hurdles

Seconds 10 13 13

In 200 metres run on a curve, the wind velocity shall be measured for a period of 10 seconds, commencing as the runners enter the straight.

1!1 the Long Jump and Triple Jump, it shall be measured for a penod of 5 seconds from the time a competitor passes a mark p1aced alongside the runway, in the case of the Long Jump-40 metres, and in the case of the Triple Jump-35 metres from the take-off board; or if a competitor runs less than 40 metres or 35 metres as the case may be, from the time he commences his run. When the wind speed is taken into consideration, the wind measuring instrument shall be set up half-way down the straight and for the jumps, 20 metres from the take-off board. The instrument shall be not more than 2 metres away from the track or runway and shall be approximately 1Âˇ22 metres high.

RULE 150 Official Implements I.-In all international competitions the implements used must comply with the specifications for official implements set out in Rules 161-185. 2.-All such implements shall be provided by the organisers of the meeting. No competitor is allowed to use any other implements, with the exception of vaulting poles and starting blocks, in which case they may use their own, provided these comply with the conditions laid down in the rules. See also Rule 162 (Starting Blocks) and Rule 172 (Vaulting Pole). 83 RULES 149-150

SECTION III RUNNING EVENTS RULE 161 Track and Lanes I.-The length of the running track should be not less than 400 metres. The track should be not less than 7.32 metres in , width and if possible be bordered on the inside with concrete or other suitable material, approximately 50mm in height, minimum 50mm in width. NOTE.-The curb may be raised to permit surface water to drain away, in which case a maximum height of65mm must not be exceeded. Where it is not possible for the inner edge of the running track to have a raised border, the inner edge shall be marked with lines 50mm in width. Where it is a grass track it shall also be flagged at intervals of 5 metres. Flags must be so placed on the line as to prevent any competitor running on the line, and they shall be placed at an angle of 60 degrees with the ground away from the track. Flags approximately 0.25 metres by 0.20 metres in size mounted on a staff of 0.45 metres long are the most suitable for the purpose. 2.-The measurement shall be taken 0.30m outward from the inner border of the track or, where no border exists, 0.20m from the line marking the inside of the track. I I

<: (

(

all lines white 50 mm wide --of race

. L

'-."

.. '., .....:.... ..

SETTING OUT STARTS FOR 800 METRES WHERE THE FIRST CURVE IS RUN IN LANES

0.20m

O.30m

A FINISH LINE

- -- "'-r--

inner edge kerb 50 mm wide 1 -

800 metres (880 yards) event 7.-ln Olympic Games, the World Cup and all Area or Group Games or Championships, the 800 metres event shall be run in lanes as far as the end of the first bend, the maximum number of available lanes 1:?eing used. The starts shall be so staggered that the distance from start to_finish shall be the same for each competitor. NOTE.-In international matches, countries may reach agreement not to use lanes.

measurement line for all other lanes

...:- L_

- .. --.........

4.-The direction of running shall be left-hand inside. 5.-ln international meetings the track should allow for at least six lanes, and where possible should allow for eight lanes, particularly for major international events. 6.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of tracks shall not exceed 1: 100 and the inclination in the running direction shall not exceed 1:1000. NOTE.-The lateral inclination of the track should wherever 11 possible be towards the inside lane.

0.30m

A' ,A',A',A',A",A", STARTS IN RESPECTIVE LANES C POINT AT WHICH TANGENT FROM Y MEETS 0,30 METRE LINE IN INSIDE LANE 8' ,8',8'.8',85,8", POINTS OF DENOUEMENT FROM LANES

i measurement line

for inner lane

3.-ln all races up to and including 400m; each competitor shall have a separate lane, with a minimum width of 1.22 metres and a maximum width of 1.25 metres to be marked by lines 50mm in width. The inner lane shall be measured as stated in paragraph 2 above, but the remaining lanes shall be measured 0.20m from the outer edges of the lines. NOTES.-The line on the right hand only of each lane shall be included in the measurement of the width ofeach lane. See Rule 142, paragraph 7 and 8-"Athletes keeping to allotted lanes". RULE 161 84

NOT TO SCALE

- - - - - - -

As the runners are permitted to leave their respective lanes on entering the back straight, the starting positions must care for two factors. First, the normal echelon allowance which would be applicable were the race to be of 200m starting at the same point on the track; secondly, an adjustment to the starting point in each lane to compensate for the runners in the outside lane having farther to go to reach the inside position on the track at the end of the back straight than those in the inside lanes. The following method of arriving at the starting position in each lane is recommended.

SETTING OUT STARTS AND CHANGE OVER AREAS FOR 4 x 200 METRES AND 4 x 400 METRES RELAY. WHERE ONE LAP PLUS ONE COMPLETE CURVE IS RUN IN LANES

(a) Mark B I in the inside lane at the point of entry into the back straight 0.30m from the inside kerb. (b) Fix point Y, which is the point in the outer lane in

prolongation of the line A B I 0.20m from the inner line of the lane. (c) Fix point C, which is the point on the path of the runner, namely 0.30m from the inside kerb at which the back straight ends and the bend begins. (d) With radius C describe an arc across the track BI X. This line must be flagged at each end with a flag set on a post at least 1.50m high on each side of the track and with a line 0.05m wide across the track. This indicates to the runners that they may leave their lanes at this stage. For lanes 2 to 6 this point can be determined by the intersection of B I X and the path of the runner, which is 0.20 metres from the line marking the inside of his lane. (e) The correct adjustment to the starting positions can now

â&#x20AC;˘

.....

. -'"' _ _ en

...

.. en c

be determined in the following way. The normal starting position in each lane for a 200 metre race must be advanced by the distance the points of dlmouement from the lanes, viz: B2 B3 B4 BS B6 are in advance of the line BI Y. An indication of the distance by which the normal starting position in each lane must be advanced can be seen from the following calculations, where each lane is the standard width of 1.22 metres and the straight is 80 metres long: Lane 1 + zero Lane 5 + 0.145m Lane 2 + 0.007m Lane 6 + 0.224m Lane 3 + 0.034m Lane 7 + O.325m Lane 4 + 0.079m Lane 8 + O.444m

â&#x20AC;˘

8.-In the 4 x 200 metre and 4 x 400 metre Relays, the first full lap shall be covered in lanes. The second runner in the 4 x 400m relay and the third runner in the 4 x 200m relay shall keep in his lane until entry to the back straight. The distance from start to finish shall be measured in such a way that the competing teams shall all run the same distance of 4 x 200m or 4 x 400m. The following method should therefore be adopted to determine the echelon starting positions for the first runner in each team: Inside lane SI identical with AI. Lane 2 S2 =A2 plus normal stagger for 400 metres. S3 =A 3 plus normal stagger Lane 3 for 400 metres. Lane 4 S4 =A4 plus normal stagger for 400 metres. NOTE.-The positions A2, A3, A4, etc. allow jor the 200 metres stagger, plus the compensatory adjustments as set out in the Table shown in para. 7 (e). 9.-The central line of the first take-over zone can be determined by advancing the normal starting stagger in each lane for a 200 metre race by the distance the points of denouement from the lanes, viz. B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 are in advance of the line Bl Y. The take-over zone will be within two lines set out 10 metres either side of this central line in each lane.

10.-The take-over zones for the second and last take-overs (4 X 400 metres) will be the normal 10 metre lines either side, of the start/finish line AA. ll.-The arc across the track at the entry to the back straight showing the positions at which the second stage runners (4 x 400m) and third stage runners (4 x 200m) are permitted to leave their respective lanes, shall be identical to the arc for the 800 metres event, described in Para 7 ( d).

RULE 162 The Start and the Finish and finish of a race shall be denoted by a . I.-The lIne 0.05m In wIdth at nght angles to the inner edge of the track. The of the race shall be measured from the edge of the startIng lIne further from the finish, to the edge of the finish line nearer to the start. I

Curved Start-Method of Setting out In all races not run in lanes the starting line shall be curved so that wherever it occurs on the track all the runners start same distance from the finish. '.

6 lanes of 1.22m Assembly line

I i

3 metres",

BB' + B' F' F' AF' = 0 0' + 0' F' lEE' + E' F' F F'

cc' + C'

the tangent from the position of the runner in the outside lane to the estimated path of the runner in the inside lane (O.30m from inner edge of track)

shall be started by the actual report of a pistol or any SImIlar apparatus fired upwards into the air, but not before all the competitors are quite still on marks. 88

RULE 162

----

3.-At all international meetings, the words of the Starter in his own tongue shall in races up to and including 400 metres be "On your marks", "Set", and when all competitors are "Set", the pistol shall be fired. In races longer than 400 metres, the words shall be "On your marks" and when all competitors are steady, the pistol shall be fired. 4.-If for any reason the Starter has to speak to any competitor after the competitors are on their marks, he shall order all competitors to stand up and the Starter's assistants shall place them on the assembly line again. A competitor must not touch either the start line or the ground in front of it with his hands or his feet when on his marks. 5.-0n the command "On your marks" or "Set" as the case may be all competitors shall at once and without delay assume their full and final set position. Failure to comply with this command after a reasonable time shall constitute a false start. 6.-If a competitor leaves his marks with hand or foot after the words "On your 1parks" or "Set" as the case may be (see paragraph 3 above), and before the pistol is fired it shall be considered a false start. 7.-Any competitor making a false start must be warned. If a competitor is responsible for two false starts or three in the. case of the Pentathlon or Decathlon, he shall be disqualified. S.-The Starter or any Recall Starter who is of the opinion that the start was not a fair one, shall recall the competitors by . firing a pistol. NOTE.-In practice, when one or more competitors makes a false start, others are inclined to follow and, strictly speaking, any competitor who does so follow has also made a false start. The Starter should warn only such competitor or competitors who. in his opinion, were responsible for the false start. This may result in more than one competitor being warned. If the unfair start is not due to any competitor, no warning shall be given.

Starting Blocks 9.-Starting blocks which comply with the following general specifications may be used. (i) Starting blocks must be entirely rigid in construction and must give no unfair advantage to the athlete. 90

---

(ii) They may be fixed to the track by a number of pins or spikes, arranged to cause the minimum possible damage to the track. The arrangement must permit the starting blocks to be quickly and easily removed. The number, thickness and length of the pins or spikes depends on the track construction. ' (iii) When an athlete uses hi,S own starting blocks they shall comply with paragraphs (i) and (ii) above. They may be of any design or construction, provided that they do not interfere with other athletes. (iv) When starting blocks are provided by the Organisers they shall in addition comply with the specifications of this paragraph (iv). The starting blocks shall consist of two foot plates, against which the athlete's feet are pressed in the starting position. The foot be mounted on a rigid frame, which shall in no way obstruct the athlete's feet as they leave the blocks. The foot plates shall be sloped to suit the starting position ofthe athlete, and may be flat or slightly curved i.e. concave. The surface of the foot plates shall be prepared to accommodate the spikes in the athlete's shoes, either using slots or recesses in the face ofthe foot plate, or by covering the surface of the foot plate with a soft material of suitable thickness such as rubber. The mounting of the foot plates on a rigid frame may be adjustable, but it must allow no movement during the actual start. In all cases, the foot plates shall be adjustable forward or backward in relation to each other. The adjustments must be secured by firm clamps or locking mechanisms, which can be easily and quickly operated by the athlete. (v) Starting blocks may be fitted with approved false start detection apparatus for the assistance of Starters 1O.-Where starting blocks are used, both feet and both hands must be in contact with the ground when the competitor is in the set position. . They may be used only in races not exceeding 400 metres and in relay races only by those competing over the first stage provided that stage does not exceed 400 metres. In the Olympic Games, Wodd Cup and Area and Group 91

Games or Championships, competitors may use only starting blocks approved by the organisers of the meeting. In all other competitions, excep! those held on all-weather tracks, competitors may use theIr own blocks. On all-weather tracks, the organisers may insist that only starting blocks provided by them may be used. The Finish Finish Posts. Two white posts, shall denote the of the finish line, and shall be placed at least 30 centImetres from the edge of the track. .. . The finish posts shall be of ngId of about lAm in height, 80mm in width 20mm m .. l1.-Unless in the opimon of the It IS. undeSIrable because of the direction and the velocIty of the wmd, worsted shall be stretched across the track between the finis? 1.22 metres above the ground and fastened to the posts ImmedIately above the edge of the finish line which is nearer to the start. 12.-The competitors shall be placed in the order in which any part of their bodies (i.e. "torso" as distinguished from head neck'f arms, legs hands or feet) reaches the vertical plane of nearer edge of the finish line as defined above. NOTE.-A photo-finish camera should be used wherever ible; when it is used, it must be referred to before afinal declslOn is arrived at. (See also Note to Rule 199, Para. 3). B.-In any race decided on the basis of the dista!1ce covered exactly in a fixed period of time, the Starter shall fire the . one minute before the end of the race to warn competItors and judges ,that the race is nearing its end. The Starter shall be directed by the Chief Timekeeper, .and at exactly the appropriate time after the start, he shall sIgnal of the by again firing the pistol. At the moment the pIstol IS fired to sIgnal the end of the race the Judges appointed for that purpose shall mark the exact where each competitor. touched .the track for the last time before or simultaneously WIth the finng of the nearest pistol. The distance achieved shall be measured to metre or yard behind the rear edge of the last f?otpnnt of the competitor. One Judge at least must be assIgned to each competitor before the start. of the race for the purpose of marking the distance achieved. NOTE.-Refer also to Rule 120 and 121 for the duties of the Starter, Recallers and Starter's Assistants. 92

RULE 163 Hurdle Races I.-Distances. The following are the standard distances: MEN WOMEN 110,200,400 metres 100,400 metres MEN. There shall be ten flights of hurdles in each lane, set out in accordance with the following table: MEN Distance of race

Height of Hurdle

metres 110 200 400

metres 1.067 0.762 0.914

Distance from scratch line to first hurdle

Distance between hurdles

Distance from last hurdle to finish line

metres 13.72 18.29 45

metres 9.14 18.29 35

metres 14.02 17.10 40

Distance from scratch line to first hurdle

Distance between hurdles

Distance from last hurdle to finish line

metres 13 45

metres 8.5 35

metres 10.5 40

WOMEN Distance of race

Height of Hurdle

metres 100 400

metres 0.840 0.762

2.-Construction. The hurdles shall be made of metal or some other suitable material with the top bar of wood or other suitable material. They shall consist of two bases and two uprights supporting a rectangular frame, reinforced by one or more cross-bars, the uprights to be fixed at the extreme end of each base. The hurdle shall be of such a design that a force at least equal to the weight of 3.6 kilograms applied to the centre of the top edge of the crossbar is required to overturn it. The hurdle may be adjustable in height for each event. The counterweights must be adjustable so that at each height a force at least equal to the weight of 3.6 kilograms and not more than 4 kilograms is required to overturn it. 93 RULE 163

3.-Measurements. The standard heights of the hurdles shall be: Women 100 metres 0.84 metres 400 metres 0.762 metres Men 110 metres 1.067 metres 200 metres 0.762 metres 400 metres 0.914 metres The maximum width shall be 1.20 metres. The maximum length of the base shall be 0.70 metres. The total weight of the hurdles shall be not less than 10 kilograms. NOTE.-In each case there shall be a tolerance allowance of3 millimetres above and below the standard heights, to allow for variation in the manufacture. 4.-The width of the top bar shall be 70 millimetres. The thickness of this bar should be. between 10 and 25 millimetres. The bar should be firmly fixed at the extremities. 5.-Finish. The top bar should be striped in black and white in such a manner thllt the white stripes appear at the end of each hurdle and that they shall be at least 225 millimetres in width. The hurdle shall be so placed on the track that the feet of the hurdles shall be on the side of the approach by the competitor. NOTE.-To check the resisting force of hurdles a simple spring-balance should be used by the application of a pulling force to the centre of the cross-bar. Alternatively use a cord with a hook, applied to the centre ofthe cross-bar, take the cord along over a pulley fixed conveniently and load the other end ofthe cord with weights. 6.-All races shall be run in lanes and each competitor shall keep to his own lane throughout. 7.-A competitor who trails his foot or leg alongside any hurdle or jumps any hurdle not in his own lane or in the opinion of the Referee deliberately knocks down any hurdle by hand or foot shall be disqualified. 8.-Except as provided in paragraph 7 of this rule, the knocking down of hurdles shall not disqualify nor prevent a record being made. 9.-1n establishing a World Record, a complete set of hurdles of the international type must have been used. 94

EXAMPLE OF APPROVED HURDLE (110m Ho)

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.....

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,..

1200mm (max)

225mm (min)

E E

o ,.... o

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.10- 25mm-l

-I'"

700mm (max)

I ...

700 mm(max)

-1

RULE 164 Steeplechase I.-The standard distances shall be: 2000 metres and 3000 metres. NOTE.-2000 metres steeplechase is for Junior events only. 2.-There shall be 28 hurdle jumps and 7 jumps included in the 3000 metres event, and 18 hurdle Jumps and 5 water jumps in the 2000 metres event. . 3.-For both races the water jump shall be the fourth Jump in each lap. If necessary the finish line shall be moved to another part of the track. . It is recommended that in the 2000 metres, the water JUJ?P be the second jump of the first lap, and thereafter the fourth Jump. NOTE.-Owing to the water jump having to be constructed.on the arena inside or preferably outside the track,. or lengthening the normal distance of the laps, It lS not posslble to lay down any rule specifying the exact length of the laps nor to state precisely the position of the water jump. It should in mind that there mus,t be enough distance from the startmg Ime to the first hurdle to prevent the competitors from overcrowding, and there should be approximately 68 metresfrom the last hurdle to the finish line. EXAMPLE: The following measurements are given as a ÂĽuide and any adjustments necessary should be made by lengthenmg o.r shortening the distance at the starting point of the race. It zs assumed that a lap of 400 metres has been ened by up to 10 metres by constructing the water Jump znszde or outside the, track. Lap or 390 metres

Distance from start to beginning of Ist lap, to be run without jumps ... ... '" '., Distance from beginning or 1st .. , '" lap to 1st hurdle From 1st to 2nd hurdle '., '" From 2nd to 3rd hurdle .,. From 3rd hurdle to water jump From water jump to 4th hurdle From 4th hurdle to finishing line

Lap or 410 metres

130 metres

270 metres 10m 82m 82m 82m 82m

10 m 78 m 78 m 78 m 78 m 68 m

5.-The hurdles shall be 0.914 metres high (3 ft.) with a tolerance of 3 millimetres above or below this height and shall be at least 3.96 metres (13 ft.) in width. The section of the top bar of the hurdles, and the hurdle at the water jump, shall be 127 millimetres (5 in.) square. The weight of each hurdle shall be between 80 kilograms and 100 kilograms. Each hurdle shall have on either side a base between 1.20 metres and 1.40 metres. (See Diagram). 41

3_,96_m_m_in_im_u_m

--+--!

O.3Om

127mm â&#x20AC;˘ 127mm

O.30m

-r--r-

-t--t-

:;;

.,;

"' .

.,;

1.20m (min) 1.40m (max)

---t-- - --------r-

The hurdle shall b.eplaced on the track so that 0.30 metres of the top bar, measured from the inside edge of the track, will be inside the field. 6.-The water jump, including the hurdle, shall be 3.66 metres in length and width. The bottom shall be 0.70 metres in front of the hurdle and slope to the level of the ground at the further end. The hurdle at the water jump shall be firmly fixed in front of the water and be of the same height as the others in the competition. To ensure safe landing of the competitors, the bottom of the water jump shall be covered at the further end with suitable material, at least 3.66 metres wide and 2.50 metres long, the thickness of which should not exceed approximately 25 mm.

72m

7 laps of 390 m = 2730 metres

7 laps of 410 m = 2870 metres

3000 metres

4.-In the 3000 metres Steeplechase the distance from the start to the beginning of the first lap' shall not any jumps, the hurdles being removed untIl the competItors have entered the first lap. RULE 164 96

7.-Each competitor must go over or through the water, and anyone who steps to the one side or the other of the jump or trails his foot or leg alongside any hurdle shall be disqualified. He may jump or vault over each hurdle, or place a foot on each hurdle and on the hurdle at the water jump. 97

'E,

3.66m

---r-

---------l!'.

0.911 0.917m

FIXED HURDLE

LEVEL 0.70m

.....-:::::.l6omm OUTLET

"f9 ::

DRAIN

4.-Refreshments shall be provided by the Organisers of the Race at approximately 5 km and thereafter at approximately every 5 km. In addition, the organisers shall provide sponging points " where water only shall be supplied, midway between two refreshment stations. Refreshments which may either be provided by the organiser or by the athlete himself, shall be available at the stations nominated by the competitor. The refreshments shall be placed in such a manner that they are easily accessible for the competitors or so that they may be put into the hands of the competitors. A competitor taking refreshments at a place other than the refreshment points appointed by the organisers renders himselfliable to disqualification. See also Rule 142 (11). 5.-The organisers of the Marathon Race must take care to ensure the safety of competitors. In the case of Olympic Games and Area or Group Championships or Games, the organisers must, where possible, give an assurance that the roads to be used for the Marathon will be closed in both directions i.e. not open to motorised traffic.

/ - 3.66m O.50m

WATER JUMP

'-----'

SCALE

RULE 165 Marathon Race (42 195 metres-26 miles 385 yards) I.-The Marathon race shall be run on made-up roads; when traffic or similar circumstances make it unsuitable, the course, duly marked, may be on a bicycle path or footpath alongside the road, but not soft grour;t-d as verges or the like. The start and fimsh may be wIthm an athletiC arena. NOTE. I-It is desirable to have a course with a single turning point, or, alternatively, a single circuit. NOTE. 2-See Rule 145 (5) for measurement of course. 2.-A competitor must retire at once from race if to do so by a member of the medical staff offiCially appomted. 3.-The distance in kilometres and miles on the route shall be displayed to all competitors. RULE 165

RULE 166 Relay Races I.-Lines shall be drawn across the track to mark the distances of the stages and to denote the scratch line. 2.-Lines also shall be drawn 10 metres before and after the scratch line to denote the take-over zone, within which lines the baton must be passed. These lines are to be included in the zonal measurements. In races up to 4 X 200 metres, members of a team other than the first runner may commence running not more than 10 metres outside the take-over zone. A distinctive mark shall be made in each lane to denote this extended limit. In 4 x 200 metres relay races, the first two stages, as well as that part of the third stage up to the exit from the first bend. will be run entirely in lanes. (See pages 87-88). In 4 x 400 metres relay races, the first lap, as well as that part of the second lap up to the exit from the first bend, will be run entirely in lanes. The competitors are free to take over any position on the track at entrance to the following straight, which shall be marked WIth a flag set on a post at least 1.50 metres high on 99 RULE 166

each side of the track and with a line 50 millimetres wide across the track. NOT'E.-In the 4 x 400 metres relay, Âť'here not more than 3 teams are competing, it is recommended that only the first bend of the first lap should be run in lanes. . 3.-Check marks. When a relay race is being run competitor may make a check-mark on the track wlthm hIS own lane, e.g. by scratching .with his shoe, but may not marking objects on or the track: the track IS of a material which will not permIt scratchmg WIth a shoe, some material supplied by the organisers may be used, at the discretion of the judge. 4.-The Baton. The baton must be carried in the hand throughout the race. If dropped, it must be recovered by the athlete who dropped it. In all relay races the baton must be within the takeover zone. The passing of the baton IS completed at. moment it is in the hand of the receiving runner only. W:lthI.n the take-over zone, it is only the position of the whIch IS decisive, and not the position of the body or hmbs of the f competitors. Construction. The baton shall be a smooth hollow circular in section, made of wood or metal or of any other ngld material in one piece the length of which shall be not more than 300mm and not than 280mm. The circumference shall be 120 to 130 millimetres and it shall not weigh less than 50 grams. NOTE.-The baton should be coloured so as to be easily visible during the race. 5.-ÂˇThe position of teams at the start of the shall be o:,e.r except that drawn, and shall be retamed at waiting runners can move to P?SltlOn on the as incoming team-mates arrive, provided thIS can be done WIthout fouling. . . 1 6.-ln events where the first part of the race IS run manes, competitors, after completing this part, are free to take up any . position on the track. 7.-Competitors after over baton remain in their lanes or zones until the course IS clear, to aV.Old obstruction to other competitors. Should any c?mpetltor wilfully impede a of another by runnmg out of position or lane at the fimsh of the stage, he IS lIable to cause the disqualification of his own team. 100

8.-Assistance by pushing-off or by any other method will cause disqualification. 9.-0nce a team has competed in the preliminary rounds of an event, the composition of the team must not be altered for any subsequent round or final With the approval of the Referee, however, this may be permitted in the case ofan injury or illness certified by the official medical officer appointed for the Meeting to be such as to make it unwise for the competitor to run. It is permissible for the order of running to be changed between heats aI\d succeeding rounds or final. No competitor may run two sections for a team. RULE 167 Team Races I.-In team races the maximum number of starters comprising a team and the number of competitors whose positions are shall be stated in the programme. 2.-Stations shall be drawn and the members of each team shall be lined up behind each other at the start of the race. 3.-lf necessary, preliminary rounds may be held. 4.-The composition of a team must not be changed after a heat has been run. With the approval of the Referee however it may be permitted in the case of an injury or illness certified by the official medical officer appointed for the Meeting to be such as to make it unwise for the competitor to run. Only competitors finishing the full distance are eligible to compete in the final. 5.-The method of scoring shall be optional and may be any one of the following: (a) By scoring the least number of points, according to the positions in which the scoring members of a team finish. The positions of the non-scoring members of a team shall be scored in computing the scores of other teams, but when a team fails to finish the requisite number to score, it shall be eliminated; or (b) By scoring the least number of points according to the positions in which the scoring members of a team finish. The positions of the non-scoring members of a team, whether it finishes all its members or not, shall be scored in computing the scores of other teams; or (c) By scoring the least number of points according to the 101 RULE 167

positions in which the scoring members of a team finish. The finishing positions of the non-scoring members of a team, and the members of a team which fails to finish the requisite number to score, shall be eliminated; or (d) By scoring the lowest aggregate of the times recorded by the scoring members. 6.--1 f two or more competitors tie for any place the points for the places concerned shall be aggregated and divided equally among the competitors so tying. 7.----ln case of a tie on points, the team whose last scoring member finished nearest to first place shall be the winning RULE 168 Cross-Country Races General:Owing to the extremely varying circumstances in which cross-country running is practised throughout the world, especially in regard to different seasons, climatic conditions and distances, it is impossible to lay down any rigid legislation for international stan<;iardisation of this sport. The following rules, however, are intended as a guide and incentive to assist countries to develop cross-country running both as a sport in itself and as a training adjunct to track and field events. Except where stated, the rules should also apply to women's events. I.-Season. The cross-country season should normally extend throughout the winter months after the close of the track and field season. 2.-The Course. For championship and international events: (a) The race shall be run over a course confined, as far as possible, to open country, fields, heathland, commons and grassland. A limited amount of ploughed land may be included. If the course passes through woodland without any clearly defined path or track, it must be clearly marked for the runners. The traversing of road of any description should be limited to the minimum. (b) The course for championship events must be clearly marked, preferably with red flags on the left and white flags on the right, all of which must be visible from a distance of 125 metres. In all other respects, the approRULE 168

102

priate rules governing track competitions shall be followed. (c) laying out the course, very high obstacles should be aVOIded, so should deep ditches, dangerous ascents or descents, thick undergrowth and, in general, any obstacle which would constitute a difficulty beyond the aim of the competition. It is preferable that artificial obstacles should not be used, but if the scope of the promotion renders them unavoidable, they should be made to simulate natural ?bstacles met with in open country. In cases where there IS. a large of competitors, narrow gaps or other hmdrances whIch would deny to the competitors an unhampered run must be avoided for the first 1500 metres. (d) The course must be measured and the distance declared at the time invitations ,are extended. The opportunity should also be taken to mclude a brief description of the course. (e) The for providing a proper course and its markmg by flags, details of which should appear in the rests with the promoting body, who should clerks of the course, umpires and pointsmen at mtncate parts of the course to direct competitors and see that they keep to the proper course. , NOTE.-For events other than international competitions, the foregoing regulations governing the course may be modified according to local circumsrallees. 3.-It is recommended that competitors be placed in age categories. The following categories are those in force for the annual LA.A.F. Cross Country Team Championships:(1) Seniors: Any male athlete of 16 years of age and over on the day of the race. (2) Juniors: A male athlete under the age of 20 years on the 31 st December in the year of the race. (3) Women: Any female athlete 15 years and over on the day of the race. (4) Junior Women: Any female athlete under the age of 18 years on 31st December in the year of the race and not younger than 14 years of age on the day of the race. 103

4.-Distances (a) For Seniors the distance sho.uld not be less than 7 kilometres, nor more than 14 kilometres; For Juniors not less than 5 kilometres, nor more than 10 kilometres; For Women not less than 2 kilometres, nor more than 5 kilometres. (b) In International races, the Senior .race should approximately 12 kilometres, the JUnIor race approxImately 8 kilometres and the Women's race approxImately 4 kilometres. NOTE.-Federations are advised to increase month by month the compctition distancesl"or the various categories. 5.-- Teams and Reserves. The regulations for Teams, and number ?(runners to score will differ from competItIOn to competItion. The I.A.A.F. Cross Country Team Championships ruling subject, however, which may be adopted as a standard gUIde, IS as follows:-"For the Senior teams of not more than 12 competitors can be entered. Not less than six nor more than nine of these shall be allowed to start in the race, of which six will score. For the Women's and Junior races, teams of not less than Not four nor more than eight competitors can be than six shall be allowed to start in the race of WhICh four WIll score." Except in international races, it may be possible to accept entries from individuals. In the same way, members of depleted teams who on the day are unable to field the necessary scoring could also be allowed to compete as individuals. 6.- The Start. The race shall be started by the firing of a pistol. The standard commands for distance events shall be used. In races which include a large number of competitors, a.fiveminute warning before the start of the race should be gIven, with additional warnings if required.

8.-Scoring (a) At the conclusion of a race the Judges shall decide the

respective places of the scoring competitors of each competing team, add these together and the team having the lowest aggregate shall be declared the winners. (b) In assessing the aggregate, the finishing positions of any individual runners may.be eliminated and subsequent finishing positions adjusted accordingly, but with large fields this is not recommended. (c) In the event of a tie it shall be resolved in favour of the team whose last scoring member finishes nearer the first place. 9.-0fficials. The following officials are considered to be necessary for international events, but organisers are at liberty to vary these where local circumstances require. Referee Timekeeper - Judge Timekeeper's recorder Judge's stewards Chief Funnel Judge Starter Funnel Controller Competitors' stewards Funnel Judge and recorder Technical Manager Funnel stewards Disc distributors Umpires and Pointsmen Press steward Disc area stewards Prize steward Result recorder(s) NOTE.-I.A.A.F. Cross Country Team Championships:-For the organisation of the above competitions held annual(v, to which all I.A.A.F. Members are invited, separate technical rules have been approved by the Cross Country Committee and published by the I.A.A.F. Bureau.

7.-No competitor in cross-country events is to receive assistance or refreshment from any person dunng the progress of the race. 104

105

8.--Even after all the other competitors have failed, a competitor is entitled to continue jumping until he has forfeited his right to compete further. In this case the height or heights to which the bar is raised shall be decided after consulting the wishes of the competitor.

SECTION IV JUMPING EVENTS RULE 171

High Jump . Competition Rules 1.--The competitor must take-off from one foot. . 2.-A competitor fails i{he: " (a) knocks the bar off the supports. .. ; : (b) touches the ground including the landing area beyond the 1 plane of the uprights either between or outside the uprights, with any part of the body, without first clearing \ 11 the bar. 3.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lots. See also Rule 143 (7). 4.--Before the beginning of the competition, the Judges shall announce to the competitors the starting height and the different heights to which the bar will be raised at the end of each round. ! Once a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use the runway or take-off area for practice purposes. 5.-Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his Jumps. 6.-A competitor may commence jumping at any height above the minimum height and may jump at his own discretion at any subsequent height. Three consecutive failures, regardless of the height at which any of such failures occur, disqualify from further jumping. NOTE.-The effect of this rule is that a competitor may forgo his second or third trial at a particular height (aper failing first or second time) and .'I till jump at a subsequent height. 7.-Any measurement of a new height shall be made before competitors attempt such height. In all cases of the Judges must check the measurements after the heIght nas been cleared. NOTE.-Judges should ensure, before starting the competition, that the underside andFont of the cross-bar are distinguishable, the same surface and that the bar is always replaced uppermost and the same sUI/ace to theji-ont.

RULE 171

106

I \1

9.-The uprights or posts shall not be moved during the competition unless the Referee considers the take-off or landing area has become unsuitable. In such a case the change shall be made only after a round has been completed.

10.-Marks. A competitor may place marks (supplied by the Organising Committee) to assist him in his run-up and take-off and a small handkerchief or similar object on the cross bar for sighting purposes. The Runway and Take-off Area ll.-The length of the runway is unlimited. The minimum length provided for the runway shall be 15 metres. NOTE.-Where conditions permit the runway should not be shorter than 18 metres. 12.-The take-off area must be level. If portable mats are used, all references in the Rules to the level of the take-off area must be construed as referring to the level of the top surface of the mat. 13.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of the runway shall not exceed I: 100 and in the running direction 1:1000. " A maximum inclination of I :250 is permitted in the case of a synthetic run-up and take-off area. Apparatus 14.-Uprights. Any style or kind of uprights or posts may be used, provided they are rigid. They shall have supports for the uprights firmly fixed to them. They shall be sufficiently tall so as to exceed the maximum height to which the cross-bar can be raised by 'at least 100 millimetres. The distance between the uprights shall be not less than 3.66 metres nor more than 4.02 metres. 107

15.-Cross-bar. The cross-bar shall be of wood, metal or other suitable material, triangular or circular in section. The length of the crossbar shall be between 3.64 metres and 4 metres. The maximum weight of the cross-bar shall be 2.2kg. Each side of a triangular cross-bar shall measure 30mm. So as to avoid dangerously sharp edges, a triangular bar may be so formed that the edges are slightly rounded. It complies with requirements if it passes with only a small tolerance through a triangular cut-out of the specified dimensions. The diameter of a circular cross-bar shall be at least 25mm but not more than 30mm. The ends of the circular bar shall be constructed in such a way that a flat surface of 30mm x 150mm-200mm is obtained for the purpose of placing the bar on the supports. The cross-bar may be split in the middle and joined with a metal clip about 300mm long. Those parts of the bar which rest on the supports shall be smooth. They may not be covered with rubber or any other material which has the effect of increasing the friction between them and the supports.

ends of the cross-bar shall rest on them in such a manner that if the is touched by a competitor, it will easily fall to the ground, eIther forwards or backwards. The suPP?rts not be covered with rubber or with any other materIal whIch has the effect of increasing the friction between the surfaces of the cross-bar and the supports. Nor may they have any kind of springs. ... 17.-There shall be a space of a least 10 millimetres between the ends of the cross:.bar and the uprights. 18.-The landing area should measure not less than 5 metres long by 4 metres 'wide.

,.'<-------... 5

PLAN OF A SUITABLE HIGH JUMP LANDING AREA

16.-Supports for cross-bar. The supports for the cross-bar shall be flat and rectangular, 40 millimetres wide and 60 millimetres long. They must be firmly fixed to the uprights during the jump and shall each face the opposite upright. The

4 m

HIGH JUMP UPRIGHTS. CROSSBAR AND SUPPORTS MIN 4'02m MAX - - - - 3·6&m - - - - - - - - - -

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100 mm MIN AT MAX HEIGHT

10mm 460mm

Ab ou

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PLAN VIEW

RULE 172 Pole Vault

#" •• '

:<-30mm->i !O-30mm---"': ALTERNATIVE ENDS FOR CIRCULAR

108

BAR

Competition Rules I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall ' be drawn by lots. See also Rule 143 (7). 2.-Before the competition begins, the Judges shall ann?unce to the commencing height and the dIfferent heIghts to whIch the bar will be raised at the end of each round. 109

RULE 172

3.-Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his vaults. 4.-A competitor may commence vaulting at any height above the minimum height and may vault at his own discretion at any subsequent height. Three consecutive failures, (see Para. 9) regardless of the height at which any of such failures occur, disqualify from further vaulting. NOTE.-The effect of this rule is that a competitor may forgo his second or third vaults at a particular height (after failing first or second time) and stilljump at a subsequent height. 5.-Any measurement of a new height shall be made before competitors attempt such height. In all cases of records the Judges must check the measurements after the height has been cleared. NOTE.-Judges should ensure, before starting the competition, that the underside and front of the cross-bar are distinguishable, and that the bar is always replaced with the same surface uppermost and the same surface to thefront. 6.-Even after all the other competitors have failed a competitor is entitled to continue vaulting uatilhe has forfeited his right to compete further. In this case, theheight or heights to which the bar is raised shall bedecidl::dafter consulting the wishes of the competitor. 7.-Any competitor may have the uprights moved in either direction but they may not be moved more than 0.60 metres from the prolongation of the inside edge of the top of the stop board. If the uprights are moved, the Judges should make a re-measurement to ensure that there is no variation in the height. See also Rule 145 for measurements. 8.--Competitors are permitted during the competition to place an adhesive substance such as resin or a similar substance on their hands or on the pole, in order to obtain a better grip. The use of a forearm cover to prevent injuries shall be allowed. The use of tape on the hands or fingers shall not be allowed except in the case of the need to cover an open wound. 9.-A competitor fails if he: (a) knocks the bar off the supports; or (b) leaves the ground for the purpose of making a vault and fails to clear the bar; or 110

upper one or moves the upper hand higher on the pole; or

(d) before taking off touches, with any part of his body or

with the pole, the ground including the landing area beyond the vertical plane of the upper part of the stopboard. 1O.-If in making an attempt the competitor's pole is broken, it shall not be counted as a failure. ll.-No one shall be allowed to touch the pole unless it is falling away from the bar or uprights. Ifit is touched, however, and the Referee is of the opinion that, but for the intervention, the bar would have been knocked off, the vault shall be recorded as a failure.

Vaulting Pole 12. - Competitors may use their own poles. No competitor

shall be allowed to use any of the private poles except with the consent of the owner. The pole may be of any material or combination of materials and of an} length or diameter, but the basic surface must be smooth. The pole may have a binding only of not more than two layers of adhesive tape of uniform thickness. This restriction does not however apply to binding the b?ttom end of the pole with protective layers of tape for a dIstance of about 0.30 metres to reduce the risk of damaging the pole when striking the back of the box. The Runway, Take-otT and Landing Area

13.-The length of the runway is unlimited. The minimum length for the runway shall be 40 metres. NOTE.-Where conditions permit the runway should not be shorter than 45 metres. The runway shall have a minimum width of 1.22m. . 14.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of the runway shall not exceed i: 100 and in the running direction 1:1000. IS.-No marks shall be placed on the runway, but a competitor may place marks (supplied by the Organising Committee) alongside the runway. No marks shall be placed in any pit or landing area. 111

Once a competItlon has begun, competitors are not permitted to use runways for practice purposes. 16.-The take-off for the Pole Vault shall be from a box made of some suitable rigid material and which shall be sunk level with the ground. (See paragraph 21.)

75mm

n le

DIAMETER OR WIDTH

17.-The landing area should measure not less than 5 x 5 metres. - - - - 5-0

U ALTERNATIVE POLE VAULT SUPPORTS

FRONT VIEW

SIDE VIEW

POLE VAULT EXTENSION ARMS

19.-Cross-bar. The cross-bar shall be of wood, metal or other suitable material, triangular or circular in section.

The length of the cross-bar shall be between 3.86 metres and 4.52 metres. The maximum weight of the cross-bar shall be 2.5 kg. Each side of a triangular bar shall measure 30mm. So as to avoid dangerously sharp edges, a triangular bar may be so formed that the edges are slightly rounded. It complies with re.quirements if it passes with only a small tolerance through a tnangular cut-out of specified dimensions. The diameter of a circular cross-bar shall be at least 25mm but not more than 30 mm. The ends of the circular bar shall be constructed in such a way that a flat surface of 30 mm x 150 mm-200mm is obtained for the purpose of placing the bar on the supports. The cross-bar may be split in the middle and joined with a metal clip about 300mm long. Those parts of the bar which rest on the supports shall be may not be covered with rubber or any other smoot.h. matenal which has the effect of increasing the friction. 20.-Supports for cross-bar. Pegs shall be used to support the cross-bar and shall be without notches or indentations of any kind, of uniform thickness throughout and not more than 13 millimetres diameter. They must not extend more than 75 millimetres from the uprights, and the cross-bar shall rest on them so that if it is touched by a competitor or his pole, it

112

113

5-0m Plan ofa Suitable Landing Area )

--r-----.,

-1'- -

t",

about 1-3 m L.---'-_ _- - 1

:1- -

Apparatus

_ 18.-Uprights. Any style or kind of uprights or posts may be used, provided they are rigid. The distance between the uprights or between the extension arms where such are used, (See para. 19) shall be not less than, 3.66 metres or more than 4.37 metres wide. (See para. 19.)

will fall easily to the ground in the direction of the landing area. The pegs may not be covered with rubber or with any other material which has the effect of increasing the friction between them and the surface of the bar. NOTE.-To lessen the chance of injury of a competitor by his falling on the feet of the uprights, as an alternative to the the pegs supporting the cross-bar may be placed upon extensIOn arms permanently attached to the uprights, thus allowing the uprights to be placed wider apart, without increasing the length oj the cross-bar. (See diagram).

-'-\'-1-1

10' ..

600 lSteet Lining for

.11

m ll1

About -". '" '._

If the box is constructed of wood, the bottom shall be lined with 2.5 millimetres sheet metal for a distance of 800 millimetres from the front of the box.

mm------'! Wooden Box

PLAN

millimetres in width at the front end and tapering to 150 millimetres in width at the bottom of the stopboard. The length of the box at ground level and the depth of the stopboard will depend upon the angle formed between the base and stopboard which shall be 105°. The base of the box shall slope from ground level at the front end to a vertical distance below ground level of 200 millimetres at the point where it meets the stopboard. The box should be constructed in such a manner that the sides slope outwards and end next to the angle of approximately 120° to the base. stopboard at

RULE 173 Long Jump

,,,', 1

,mT 150 4"

VIEW

10'0 mm

..../ 1000111

Ground Level 224200 mm mm

VERTICAL SECTION

POLE VAULT BOX 2l.-Box. This shall be constructed of some suitable rigid material, sunk level with the ground and shall be I metre in length, measured along the inside of the bottom o/the box, 600 114

•

Competition Rules I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lots. See also Rule 143 (7). . 2.-Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his Jumps. 3.-Where there are more than eight competitors, each competitor shall be allowed three trials and the eight competitors with the best jumps shall be allowed three additional trials. In the event of a tie* for eighth place, any competitor so tying shall be allowed the three additional trials. Where there are eight competitors or fewer, each competitor shall be allowed six trials. * Tying means, in this connection, clearing the same distance, and Rule 146 (3) should not therefore be applied. Failures 4.-It shall be counted as a failure if any competitor (a) touches the ground beyond the take-off line so as to leave a visible impression on the plasticine, (or other suitable material, soft earth or sand) with any part ,of the body, whether running up without jumping or in the act of jumping; (b) takes offfrom either side of the board, whether beyond or behind the take-off line extended; 115

RULE 173

(c) in the course of landing, touches the ground outside the landing area nearer to the take-off than the nearest break in the landing area made by the jump; (d) after a completed jump, walks back through the landing area; (e) employs any form of somersaulting (j) uses weights or grips of any kind. 5.-If a competitor takes off before reaching the board it shall not for that reason be counted as a failure.

The Runway 6.-The runway shall have a minimum width of 1.22 metres. The length of the runway is unlimited. The minimum length provided for the runway shall be 40 metres. NOTE.-Where conditions permit the runway should not be shorter than 45 metres. 7.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of the runways shall not exceed 1: 100 and in the running direction 1:1000. I 8.-No marks shall be placed on the runway, but a competitor may place marks (supplied by the Organising mittee) alongside the runway. No marks shall be placed m the pit. 9.-0nce a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use the competition runway for practice purposes.

100 millimetres the ground shall be sprinkled with soft earth or sand, at .an angle of 30 to the horizontal. 1I.-The distance between the take-off board and the end of the landing area shall be at least 10 metres. 12.-The take-off board shall be not less than 1 metre from the edge of the landing area. .

13.-Construcfion. The take-off board shall be made of wood or some other suitable rigid material and shall measure 1.21 m to I.22m long, 198mm to 202mm wide and maximum 100mm deep. It shall be painted white. 14.-Plasticine Indicator Board. This shall consist of a rigid board, 98 mm-l02 mm wide and 1.21 m-1.22 m long covered with plasticine on the top surface. The board shan be in a recess or shelf in the runway, on the side of the take-off board nearer the landing area. When mounted in this recess, the whole assembly must be sufficiently rigid to accept the full force of the athlete's foot. The surface of the board beneath the plasticine shall be of a material in which the spikes of an athlete's shoe will grip and not skid. The layer of plasticine can be smoothed off by means of a roller or suitably shaped scraper for the purpose of removing the footprints of the competitors. NOTE.-It is recommended that the board, which may be of any suitable rigid material, should have a maximum overall thickness of 25 mm, including the plasticine, at the side next to the take-off board and 38 mm at the side nearer to the landing area.

Take-otJ Board 10.-The take-off shall be marked by a board sunk level with the runway and the surface of the landing area. The edge of the board which is nearer to the landing area shall be called the take-off line. Immediately beyond the take-off line there shall be placed a board of plasticine or other suitable material for recording the athlete's footprint when he has foot-faulted. plasticine indicator board shall be so constructed as to nse from the level of the take-off board at an angle of 30Â° in the direction of the runway, to a maximum height above the takeoff board of 10 mm-13 mm including the layer of plasticine. If it is not possible to install the above apparatus the following method should be adopted: immediately in front of the take-off line and across all the length of it over a width of

NOTE.-It will be found very he/pful to have spare plasticine boards available, so that while the footprint is being eliminated the competitors are not delayed.

116

117

Plasticine

<-----+-98-102mm---,o. .

.. . .

_I 3.mm.

Plasticine Board

100 mm

Take Off

Board

max I

- - -

The top surface shall rise at an angle of 30 â&#x20AC;˘ to the .hori:::.ontL!' from the side next to the take-off board, to give an m thickness of 10 mm-13 mm maximum. The overall remains constant from this point, with the top surface hOrizontal. When mounted in the recess in the runway, the top surface should next to it and be exactly level with the take-off board on the 13 mm maximum above the track surface on the side nearer to the landing area. . . The top surface ofthe board sh.all be covf!red w1th plastlcme or a suitable material (suggested thickness of about 3 mm), that along the edge nearer the landing area, it may have a hp to provide an edging to the soft plasticine. Landing Area IS.-The landing area shall have a minimum width of 2.7S metres and the runway shall, if possible, be so placed tha.t the middle of the runway when extended coincides with the mIddle of the landing area. Measuring 16.-Alljumps shall be measured from the break in body or hmbs to the the landing area made by any part of take-off line and at right angles to such Ime. CONTROL OF SAND LEVEL IN LONG AND TRIPLE JUMP

TME OFF BOARD

17.--ln order to ensure the correct measuring of any)ump, it is essential that the surface of the sand in the landmg area the top should be accurately controlled so as to be level the take-off board. An approved apparatus for thIS purpose IS described below. 118

RULE 174 Triple Jump Competition Rules I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lots. See also Rule 143 (7). 2.-Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his jumps. 3.-Where there are more than eight competitors, each competitor shall. be allowed three trials and the eight competitors with the best jumps shall be allowed three additional trials. In the event of a tie for eighth place, any competitor so tying* shall be allowed the three additional trials. Where there are eight competitors or fewer, each competitor shall be allowed six trials. *Tying means, in this connection, clearing the same distance, and Rule 146 (3) should not therefore be applied. 4.-The hop shall be made so that the competitor lands first upon the same foot as that from which he has taken off; in the step he shall land on the other foot, from which subsequently the jump is performed. Failures 5.-If the competitor while jumping touches the ground with the "sleeping" leg it shall be considered as a failure. 6.-ln all other respects the rules defining a failure for the Long Jump shall apply. (Rule 173 para 4 and para 5). The Runway 7.-The runway shall have a minimum width of 1.22 metres. The length of the runway is unlimited. The minimum length provided for the runway shall be 40 metres. NOTE.- Where conditions permit the runwa.v should not be shorter than 45 metres. 8.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of the runway shall not exceed I: 100 and in the running direction I: 1000. 9.-No marks shall be placed on the runway, but a competitor may place marks (supplied by the Organising Committee) alongside the runway. No marks shall be placed in the landing area. 119

RULE 174

Once a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use runways for practice purposes. Take-otJ Board IO.-The take-off shall be marked by a board sunk level with the runway and the surface of the landing area, and placed at least 13 metres from the landing area. The edge of the board which is nearer to the landing area shall be called the take-off line. Immediately beyond the take-off line, there shall be a board of plasticine or other suitable material for recordmg the athlete's footprintS when he has foot-faulted. This plasticine indicator board shall be so constructed as to rise from the level of the take-off board at an angle of 30Â° in the direction of the runway, to a maximum height above the takeoff board of 10 mm-I3 mm including the layer of plasticine. If it is not possible to install the .above . the following method should be adopted:-lmme.dIately III of the take-off line and across all the length of It over a WIdth of 100 millimetres the ground shall be sprinkled with soft earth or sand, at an angle of 30: to the horizontal. (NoTE.-For construction details of Take-off Board and No Jump Indicator Board, see Rule 173 "Long Jump" paragraphs 13 and 14). Landing Area and Measuring See Rule 178 "Long Jump" paragraphs 15-17 as in all respects the same regulations apply for the Triple Jump.

120

SECTION V THROWING EVENTS RULE 181 Putting the Shot Competition Rules I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. See also Rule'143 (7). 2.-Where there are more than eight competitors, each competitor shall be allowed three trials, and the eight competitors with the best performances shall be allowed three additional trials. In the event of a tie for eighth place, this shall not be decided and any competitor so tying shall be allowed the three additional trials. Where there are eight competitors or fewer, each competitor shall be allowed six trials. See also Rule 142(2). . At the competition ground, each competitor may, ifpossible, have two practice trials but no more. These should be made in order of the draw, and competitors called by name under the supervision of the judges. Once a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use the circle or ground within the sector for practice trials, with or without implements. 3.-Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his puts. 4.-The put shall be made from a circle. At the middle ofthe circumference, in the front half of the circle, a stop board shall be placed firmly fastened to the ground. The putting area shall consist of cinders or grass or some suitable material on which the shot makes an imprint. 5.-A competitor must commence the throw from a stationary position inside the circle. The shot shall be put from the shoulder with one hand only. At the time the competitor takes a stance in the ring to commence a put, the shot shall touch or be in close proximity to the chin and the hand shall not be dropped below this position during the action of putting. The shot must not be brought behind the line of the shoulders. 6.-A competitor is allowed to touch the inside of the iron band and of the stop board. It shall be a foul throw and not allowed to count if the competitor, after he has stepped into the circle and begun to 121

RULE 181

make a throw, touches with any part of his body the gro.und outside the circle, the top of the iron band, stop-board or cIrcle or impr0perIy releases the shot in any Provided that in the course of a tnal the foregomg rules have not been infringed, a competitor may interrupt a trial started, lay his implement return to a statIOnary posItIOn and begin a fresh trial, provIded that there shall not be more than one such interruption in each trial. 7.-The competitor must not leave the circle until the and he shall from a implement has touched the hal[whIch shall standing position, leave the cIrcle from the be indicated by a chalk line or by a painted Ime (wIdth 0.05 m), drawn through the centre and extended outside the circle less than 0.75m on each side. Outside the .circle, the l.me can be made of paint, wood or some The competitor shall take his first step outsIde the cIrcle behmd . the line in question or its extension. 8.-For a valid trial, the shot must fall so that the of impact is within the inner edges of lines 0.05 metres marking a sector of 40 set out the ground so that the radn lines cross at the cen.re of the cIrcle. The ends of the lines marking the sector should be marked with sector flags. NOTE. I-The sector flag should be entirely ofmetal. It should be rectangular in shape, measure approximately O.2m x OAm, and be not less than 0.6 metres in length, above the ground. The standard should be approximately 8mm in diameter. c NOTE. 2-The 40 sector may be laid out accuratel(' and conveniently by making the distance between the two poznts on the sector lines 20mfrom the centre of the circle exactly 13.68m apart. . . . . 9.-The allowance for the mchnatIOn III the throwing direction of the putting area shall not exceed I: 1000. 10.-The measurement of each put shall be made immark made by fall mediately after the put from the of the shot, to the inside of the cIrcumference of the cIrcle, along a line from the mark made by the shot to the centre of the circle. I I.-A distinctive flag or disc shall be provided to !he existing WorId Record and when appropriate the eXIstmg national record. 12.-At Olympic Games, the World Cup and Area or Group 122 C

Games or Championships, only implements provided by the Organisers may be used, and no modification can be made to them during the competition. No competitor shall be permitted to take any implement into the arena. At meetings between two or more Members, competitors may use their own implements, provided these are checked and marked as aPI?roved by the Organisers before the competition and made avaIlable to all competitors. 13 (a).-No device of any kind-e.g. the taping of two or more fingers together-which in any way assists a competitor when making a throw, shall be allowed. The use of tape on the hand shall not be allowed except in the case of the need to cover an open cut or wound. The use of tape on the wrist will be allowed only upon production of a certificate given by the official doctor for the meeting. ( b) The use of gloves is not allowed. - ( c) In order to obtain a better grip, competitors are permitted to use an. adhesive substance such as resin or all similar substance on their hands only. (d) In order to protect the spine from injury, a competitor 11 may wear a belt of leather or some other suitable material. 14.-A competitor may not spray or spread any substance in the circle. IS.-After a put has been completed, the shot must be carried back to the circle and never thrown back. Construction of Shot. 16.-The shot shall be of solid iron, brass or any metal not softer than brass, or a shell of such metal filled with lead or . other material. It must be spherical in shape and the surface must be smooth.

17.-lt shall conform to the following specifications: Shot

Men

Weight Minimum for 7.260 kg (161b) acceptance of a record Continued on page 124. 123

Women 4.000 kg

Continued/rom page 123. Shot Range for issue of equipment for competition

Diameter Minimum Maximum

Men

Women

7.265 kg7.285 kg

4.005 kg4.025 kg

110 mm 130mm

95 mm llOmm

. Construction of Shot Circle 18.-Construction. Circles shall be of band Iron, or other suitable material; the top of which shall be flush wIth the ground outside. The interior of the circle may be constructed of concrete, asphalt or some other firm but not slippery material. The surface of this interior shall be level and 20mril Âą 6mm 1\)\\ \:r than the upper edge of the of t.he circle. . . A portable circle meetmg wIth these specifications IS permissible. . 19.-Measurements. The inside diameter of the cIrcle shall measure 2.135 m (Âą 5 mm). . . . The rim of the circle shall be at least 6 mIlhmetres In thickness and shall be painted white. 40"

124

Stop Board 20.-Construction. The board shall be made of wood or some other suitable material in the shape of an arc so that the inner edge coincides with the inner edge of the circle, also so made that it can be firmly fixed to the ground. 2 I.-Measurements. The board shall measure 1.21 m to 1.23 m long on the inside, 112 mm to 116 mm wide ,and 98 mm to 102 mm high in relation to the level of the inside of the circle 22.-Finish. The board shall be painted white. -''t'' 91-

Surface of Circle

102

:'-112-118 mmi

Stop Board Ground teve I

14-28 mm Ire le

RULE 182 . ' Throwing the Discus Competition Rules I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. See also Rule 143 (7). 2.-Where there are more than eight competitors, each competitor shall be allowed three trials, and the eight competitors with the best performances shall be allowed three additional trials. In the event of a tie for eighth place, this shall not be decided and any competitor so tying shall be allowed the three additional trials. Where there are eight competitors or fewer, each competitor shall be allowed six trials. See also Rule 142 (2). At the competition ground, each competitor may, ifpossible, have two practice trials but no more. These should be made in order of the draw, and competitors called by name under the supervision of the judges. Once a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use the circle or ground within the sector (or practice trials, with or without implements. 3.-Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his throws. 4.-The discus shall be thrown from a circle. The com125

RULE 182

petitor must commence the throw from a stationary position. S.-The competitor is allowed to touch the inside edge 0 f the circle. It shall be a foul throw and not allowed to count if the competitor, after he has stepped into the circle and begun to make a throw, touches with any part of his body the ground outside thecircle, the top edge of the circle or improperlyreleases the discus in making any attempt. Provided that in the course of a trial the foregoing rules have not been infringed, a competitor may interrupt a trial once started, lay his implement down, return to a stationary position and begin a fresh trial, provided that there shall not be more than one such interruption in each trial. 6.-The competitor must not leave the circle until the implement has touched the ground. He shall then, from a standing position, leave the circle from the rear half which shall be indicated by a chalk line or by a painted line (width O.OS m), drawn through the centre and extended outside the circle not less than 0.7Sm on each side. Outside the circle, the line can be made of paint, wood or some other suitable material. The competitor shall take his first step outside the circle behind the line in question or its extension. 7.-For a valid trial, the implement must fall so that the point of impact is within the inner edges of lines SOmm wide marking a sector of 40c set out on the ground so that the radii lines cross at the centre of the circle. See Notes to Rule 181 para. 8for sector flag construction and layout of40 sector. 8.-The maximum allowance for the inclination in the throwing direction of the throwing field shall not exceed 1: 1000. 9.-The measurement of each throw shall be made immediately after the throw from the nearest mark made b.y the fall of the discus, to the inside of the circumference of the CIrcle, along a line from the mark made by the implement to the centre of the circle. 10.-A distinctive flag or marker shall be provided to mark the best throw of each competitor, and this shall be placed along a line or tape outside the sector lines. . A distinctive flag or disc shall also be prOVIded to mark the existing World Record and when appropriate the existing national record. C

126

ll.-At Olympi.c Wor!d Cup and Area or Group or ChampIOnshIps, only Implements provided by the may be used, and no modification can be made to them dunng. the No competitor shall be permitted to take any Implement mto the arena. At two or more Members, competitors may use theIr own Implements, provided these are checked and marked as aPI?roved by the Organisers before the competition and made available to all competitors. <

12 (a) .-No device of the taping of two or more finge.rs together-whIch m any way assists a competitor when makmg a throw, shall be allowed. The use of tape on the hand shall not be allowed except in the case of the need to cover an open cut or wound. The use of tape on the wrist will be allo,:"ed only upon production of a certificate given by the offiCIal doctor for the meeting. " (b) The use of gloves is not allowed. (c; In order to obtain. a better grip, competitors are to use an adheSIve substance such as resin or a SImilar substance on their hands only. (d) In order to protect the spine from injury, a competitor may wear a belt of leather or some other suitable material. 13.-A competitor may not spray or spread any substance in the circle. 14.-Implements must be carried back to the circle and never thrown back. Construction of the Discus IS.-Construction: The body of the Discus shall be made of or other suitable. material,. with a metal rim, the edge of whIch shall be .rounded In a true CIrcle. There maybe circular centre of the sides. Alternately the pl?tes set flush mto DIS?US may be .made WIthout metal plates, provided that the area IS flat and the measurements and total weight of the Imple.ment correspond to the specifications. of the DISCUS shall be identical and shall be made .Each WIthout or sharp edges.' The sides shall taper m a straIght lme from the beginning of the curve of the rim to a circle of a radius 25mm (min.), 28.5mm (max.) from the centre of the Discus.

127

16.-It shall conform to the following specifications: Discus

Men 2.000 kg

Women 1.000 kg

Range for issue of equipment for competition

2.005 kg - 2.025 kg

1.005 kg - 1.025 kg

Outside diameter Min. of metal rim Max.

219mm 221 mm

180mm 182mm

Weight Minimum for acceptance of record

Diameter of metal plate or flat centre area

Min. Max.

50 mm 57 mm

Thickness over flat centre area or metal plates

Min. Ma?C-.

44 mm 46 mm

37 mm 39 mm

Thickness of rim (6mm from edge)

Min.

12mm

r=6mm-11--

ground outside. The interior of the circle may be constructed of concrete, asphalt or some other firm but not slippery material. The surface of this interior shall be level and 20mm + 6mm lower than the upper edge of the rim of the circle. 18.-Measurements. The circle shall measure 2.50 metres (Âą 5mm) inside diameter. The rim of the circle shall be at least 6 millimetres in thickness. and s.hall be painted white.

1-- 0 '75m

O'75m

(minimum)

DISCUS ErE EÂˇ E I 4.

c: Cl)

(minimum)

RULE 183

Discus Throwing Cage

Construction of Discus Circle 17.-Circles shall be made of band iron, steel or other suitable material, the top of which shall be flush with the

I.-All discus throws shall be made from an enclosure or i\ to ensure the safety of spectators, officials and com- I, petItors. The cage specified in this Rule is intended for use in Cl :! major stadium with spectators all the way round the outside of :1 the and with other ev 7nts beside discus throwing taking I1 III the arena. Where. thIS does not apply, and especially in :1 tra!mng areas, a simpler construction may be entirely I satisfactory. AdVice IS aVaIlable, on request from national I1 organisations or from the LA.A.F. Bureau. ' [I thro.li'ing specified in Rule 185 mar I1 also be usedjor dzscus thrOWing, either by installing a 2. 135/2.5m !I

128

129

50-57mm

I-

-\-

Men 219-221 mm Women 180-182mm

E o

-1

RULE 183

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130

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concentric circle, or by using an extended version of that cage with a second discus circle installed behind the hammer circle. Details are given in Rule 185. 2.-The cage must be designed, manufactured and maintained so as to be capable of stopping a 2kg discus moving at a speed of up to 25 metres per second. The arrangement should be such that while stopping the discus there is no danger of it ricocheting off fixed members of the cage, back towards the athlete or over the top of the net. Provided it satisfies all the requirements in this rule, any form of cage design and construction can be Âˇused. 3.-The cage should be U shaped in plan, consisting of a minimum of 6 panels of netting 3.17m wide, as shown in the diagram. The width of the mouth shall be 6m, positioned 5m in front of the centre of the throwing circle. The minimum height of the netting panels should be at least 4m. Provision"must be made in the design of the cage to prevent a discus forcing its way through any joints in the cage or the netting or underneath the netting panels. Alternatively, the hammer throwing cage specified in these rules from 1959-1978 can be re-used for the discus. In this case, the circle should be positioned 0.80m further back, (that is with the centre of the circle 5.0m from the 6m wide mouth) in order to decrease the danger sector. 4.-The netting for the cage can be made from suitable natural or synthetic fibre cord or alternatively from mild or high tensile steel wire. The maximum mesh size shall be 50mm for wire and 40mm for cord netting. The minimum size of cord or wire depends critically on the construction of the cage, but the minimum breaking stress should be at least 40kg. In order to ensure the continued safety of the cage, the steel should be inspected after every 12 months continuous serVIce. NOTE:-Visual inspection is not sufficient for fibre cord. Instead, several "tell tale" lengths ofthe standard cord should be worked into the netting by the manufacturers. One ofthese can be removed ajier every 12 months' continuous service and tested to ensure the continued strength of the netting. 5.-The maximum danger sector for discus throws from this cage is approximately 98 , including both right and left handed throwers. The position and alignment of the cage in the arena is, therefore, critical for its safe use.

131

RULE 184 Throwing the Hammer Competition Rules i.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. See also Rule 143 (7). 2.-Where there are more than eight competitors, each competitor shall be allowed three trials, and the eight competitors with the best performances shall be allowed three additional trials. In the event of a tie for eighth place, this shall not be decided and any competitor so tying shall be allowed the three additional trials. Where there are eight competitors or fewer, each competitor shall be allowed six trials. At the competition ground, each competitor may, if possible, have two practice trials but no more. These should be made in order of the draw, and competitors called by name under the supervision of the judges. See also Rule 142 (2). Once a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use the circle or ground within the sector for practice trials, with or without implements. 3.-Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his throws. 4.-Gloves for the protection of the hands are permitted. The gloves must be smooth on the back and the front and the finger-tips must be exposed, i.e. the tops of the fingers of the gloves must not be closed. No device of any kind--e.g. the taping of two or more fingers together-which in any way assists a competitor when making a throw, shall be allowed. The use of tape on the hand shall not be allowed except in the case of the need to cover an open cut or wound. The use of tape on the wrist will be allowed only upon production of a certificate given by the official doctor for the meeting. In order to protect the spine from injury, a competitor may wear a belt of leather or some other suitable material. In order to obtain a better grip, competitors in throwing the hammer are permitted to use an adhesive substance such as resin or a similar substance on their hands only. A competitor may not spray or spread any substance in the circle. RULE 184 132

Requirements for a valid Throw 5.-The Hammer must be thrown from a circle. The must commence the throw from a stationary pOSItIon. T?e. in his starting position prior to the prehmmary swmgs or turns is allowed to put the head of the hammer on the ground inside or outside the circle. A competitor is allowed to touch the inside edge of the circle. 6.-11 shall not be considered a foul throw if the head of the .hammer the ground when the competitor makes the preliminary swings or turns; but if, after having so touched the ground, he stops throwing so as to begin the throw again this shall count as a trial throw. ' 7.-11 shall be a foul throw and not allowed to count if the competitor, after he has stepped into the circle and begun to a touches with any part of his body the ground Qutslde the CIrcle, the top edge of the circle or if he improperly releases the hammer in making any attempt. 8.-Provided that in the course of a trial the foregoing rules a competitor may interrupt a trial have not been started, hIS hammer down, return to a stationary pOSItIon and begm a fresh trial, provided that there shall not be more than one such interruption in each trial. . 9.-If the hammer breaks during a throw or while in the air, It shall not count as a throw, provided it was made in accordance with rules. If the competitor thereby loses his balance and commIts a foul, it shall not count against him. 10.-The competitor must not leave the circle until the hammer has touched the ground. He shall then from a standing position. leave the circle from the rear halfwhich shall be indicated by a chalk line or by a painted line (width 0.05m), drawn through the centre and extended outside the circle not less than 0.75m on each side. Outside the circle, the line can be made of paint, wood or some other suitable material. The competitor shall take his first step outside the circle behind the line in question or its extension. It.-Hammers must be carried back to the circle and never thrown back. Measuring the Throw 12.-For a valid trial, the hammer must fall so that the point of impact is within the inner edges of lines 50 millimetres wide 133

marking a sector of 40° set out on the ground so that the radii lines cross at the centre of the circle. The ends of the lines marking all sectors should be marked with sector flags. See Notes to Rule 181 para. 8for sectorflag construction and larout 0(40° sector. -13.-·The measurement of each throw shall be made immediately after the throw from the nearest mark made by the fall of the head of the hammer to the inside of the circumference of the circle, along a line from the mark made by the implement to the centre of the circle. l4.-A distinctive flag or marker shall be provided to mark the best throw of each competitor, and this shall be placed along a line or tape outside the sector lines. A distinctive flag or disc shall also be provided to mark the existing World Record and when appropriate the existing national record. Construction of a Hammer Circle I5.-Construction: Circles shall be made of band iron, steel or other suitable'material, the top of which shall be flush with the ground outside. The interior of the circle may be constructed of concrete, asphalt or some other firm but not slippery material. The surface of this interior shall be level and 20mm ± 6mm lower than the upper edge of the rim of the circle. Measuremel1ts.-The inside diameter of the circle shall be 2.135 metres ( ± 5mm). The rim of the circle shall be at least 6 millimetres in thickness and shall be painted white.

may use their own hammers, provided these are checked and marked as approved by the Organisers before the competition and made available to all competitors. The Construction of the Hammer I8.-The hammer shall conSist of three parts: a metal head a , wire and a grip I9.-Head. The head shall be of solid iron or other metal not softer than brass, or a shell of such metal, filled with lead or other solid material. It must be completely spherical in shape. If a filling is used, this must be inserted in such a manner that it is immovable and that the centre of gravity shall be not more than 6 millimetres from the centre of the sphere. 20.-Wire. The wire shall be a single unbroken and straight length of spring steel wire not less than 3 millimetres in diameter or No. 11 Standard Wire Gauge, and shall such that it cannot stretch appreciably while the hammer is being thrown. The wire may be looped at one or both ends as a means of attachment. ,

110

The Throwing Field I6.-The maximum allowance [.:>r the inclination in the throwing direction of the throwing field shall not exceed 1:1000. Hammers to be used l7.-At Olympic Games. World Cup and Area or Group Games or Championships. only hammers provided by the Organisers may be used. and no modification can be made to them during the competition. No competitor shall be permitted to take any hammer into the arena. At meetings between two or more Members, competitors

A suitable double loop grip is illustrated above 21.-Grip. The grip may be either of single or double loop construction, but must be rigid and without hingeing joints of any kind. It must not stretch appreciably while being thrown. It must be attached to the wire in such a manner that it cannot be turned within the loop of the wire to increase the overall length of the hammer.

134

135

22.-Connection. The wire shall be connected to the head by means of a swivel which may be either plain or ball bearing. The grip shall be connected to the wire by means of a loop. A swivel may not be used. 23.-The hammer shall conform to the following specificatio.ns: Weight complete as thrown Mmimum for acceptance of record

7.260 kg

Range for issue of equipment for competition

7.265 kg - 7.285 kg

Length of Hammer measuredjrom inside ofgrip Minimum 1175 mm Maximum 1215 mm Diameter of head Minimum Maximum

102 mm 120 mm

Centre ofgravity of head Not more than 6 mm from the centre of the sphere, e.g.-ÂˇIt must be possible to balance head, handle grip, on a horizontal sharp-edged cIrcular onfice 12 mm In diameter (see diagram).

0=12mm

RULE 185 Hammer Throwing Cage

I.-All hammer throws shall be made from an enclosure or cage to ensure the safety of spectators, officials and competitors. The cage specified in this rule is intended for use in a major stadium, with spectators all the way round the outside of the arena, and other events beside hammer throwing taking place on the finishing straight and the two "D"s of the centre. Where this does not apply, and especially in training areas, a much' simpler construction may be entirely satisfactory. Advice is available on request from national organisations or from the LA.A.F. Bureau. 2.-The cage must be designed, manufactured and maintained so as to be capable of stopping a 7.26 kg hammer head 102 mm in diameter, moving at a speed of up to 29 metres per second. The arrangement should be such that there is no danger of ricocheting or rebounding back towards the athlete or over the top of the cage. Provided that it satisfies all the requirements of this rule, any form of cage design and construction can be used. 3.-The cage should be V-shaped in plan, consisting of a minimum of7 panels of netting, each 2.74 m wide as shown on the diagram. The width of the mouth shall be 6 m, positioned 4.2 m in front of the centre of the throwing circle. The minimum height of the netting panels shall be at least 5m. Provision must be made in the design and construction of the cage to prevent a hammer forcing its way through any joints in the cage or the netting. In addition, provision must be made to prevent a hammer sliding along the ground underneath the netting. 4.-Two movable netting panels 2.0 m wide shall be provided at the front of the cage, only one of which will be operative at a time. The minimum height of the panels shall be 5.5m.

Suggested apparatus for testing centre of gravity of Hammer head

136

NOTES:-

(i) These panels are used alternatively, the left hand panel for a right handed thrower and the right ,hand panel for a left

137

RULE 185

handed thrower. In view of the need to change over from one panel to the other during the competition, when both left right handed throwers are present, it is essential that thls changeover should require little labour and be carried out in the .. minimum of time. (ii) The left panel only is shown in the diagram, in posltlOn for the cage to be used by a right handed thrower. The end position for the right panel is also shown on the diagram.

(iii) When in operation, the movable panel must be exactly in the position shown. Provision must therefore be made in the design of the movable panels to lock the/1'l in the operative position. :4-1-12 m

-il

4路88m

----I 4路20m

4路88m

1?-----'7路0 8 m

-----/---

-----'l!-

__ -

Cage for Hammer Only

Plans of Alternative 138

Cage for Hammer and Discus

Hammer Cages 139

-1-

(iv) The construction of these panels and their depends on the overall design of the cage and can be by slldmg, hinging on a vertical or horizontal axis or dismounting. The only firm requirements are that the panel in operation must be fully able to stop any hammer striking it and there must be no danger of a hammer being able to force its way between the fixed and movable panels. 5.-The netting for the cage can be made from natural or synthetic fibre cord or, alternatively, from mIld or high-tensile steel wire. The maximum mesh size shall be 50mm wire and 40mm for cord netting. The minimum size of cord or wire depends critically on the construction of the cage, but the minimum breaking strain should be at least 130 kg. In order to ensure the continued safety of the cage, the .steel netting should be inspected at least every 12 months. VIsual inspection is not sufficient for fibre cord. Instead, "tell-tale" lengths of the standard cord should be worked mto the netting by the manufacturer. One of these can be removed every 12 months and tested to ensure the continued strength of the netting. 6.-Where it is desired to use the same cage for throwing, the installation can be adapted tw.o alternatIve ways. Most simply, a 2.135/2.5 m concentnc be fitted , but this involves using. the same surface m the CIrcle for hammer and discus throwmg. Where it is desired to have separate circles for hammer and discus, the two circles must be placed behind the with the centres 2.37 m apart on the centre hne of the throwmg of sector and with the hammer circle at the fron!. The the rear of the cage must then be enlarged usmg a mmlmum of eight fixed panels 2.83 m .wide and two. J:!lovable panels 2.0 m wide, as shown on the dIagram. The ml!1Imum heIght of the panels, both fixed and movable, for. thIS cage shall be exactly the same as for the standard cage. . 7.-The safety of the hammer cage installation is very dependent on the position and alignm.ent in. the arena. The maximum danger sector for all throws, mcludmg both left and right handed throwers, is approximately 85Â°. 140

RULE 186 Throwing the Javelin Competition Rules I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. See also Rule 143 (7). 2.-Where there are more than eight competitors, each competitor shall be allowed three trials, and the eight competitors with the best performances shall be allowed three additional In the event of a tie for eighth place, the tie shall not be decided and any competitor so tying shall be allowed the three additional trials. Where there are eight competitors or fewer, each competitor shall be allowed six trials. At the competition ground, each competitor may, if possible, have two practice trials but no more. These should be made in order of the draw, and competitors called by name under the supervision of the judges. See also Rule 142 (2). Once a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use the 'runway or ground within the sector for practice trials, with or without a javelin. 3.-Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his throws. 4.-No device of any kind-e.g. the taping of two or more fingers together-which in any way assists a competitor when making a throw, shall be allowed. The use of tape on the hand shall not be allowed except in the case of the need to cover an open cut or wound. The use of tape on the wrist will be allowed only upon production of a certificate given by the official doctor for the meeting. In order to protect the spine from injury, a competitor may wear a belt of leather or some other suitable material. In order to obtain a better grip, competitors are permitted to use an adhesive substance such as resin or a similar substance on their hands only. The use of gloves is not allowed. Requirements for a Valid Throw 5.-(a) The javelin must be held at the grip. It shall be thrown over the shoulder or upper part of the throwing arm and must not be slung nor hurled. Non-orthodox styles are not permitted.

141

RULE 186

(b) No throw shall be valid in which the tip of the metal head does not strike the ground before any other part ot the javelIn. (c) A competitor may not cross either of the parallel lines. (d)It is a foul throw if the competitor touches, with any part of his body or limbs, the strip (see paragraph 8), or the lines drawn from the extremities thereof at right angles to the parallel lines, or the ground beyond the strip or those lines. (e) At no time after preparing to throw, until the javelin has been discharged into the air, may the competitor turn completely around, so that his back is towards the throwing arc. (0 A competitor shall not leave the runway until the javelin has touched the ground. He shall then, from a standing position, leave the runway from behind the arc and the lines drawn from the extremities of the arc. (see paragraph 8). (g) If the javelin breaks at any time in the course of the throw, it shall not count as a trial, provided the throw was made in accordance with the rules. 6.-A foul throw or improperly releasing the implement in making an attempt shall be recorded as a.. trial, but shall not I count. 7.-Javelins must be carried back to the starting line and never thrown back. The Runway 8.-The length of the runway shall be not more than 36.5 metres but not less than 30 metres and shall be marked by two parallel lines 50 millimetres in width and 4 metres apart. The throw shall be made from behind an arc of a circle drawn with a radius of 8 metres; such arc shall consist of a strip made of paint, wood or metal 70 millimetres in width, painted white and shall be flush with the ground. Lines shall be drawn from the extremities of the arc at right angles to the parallel lines marking the runway. These lines shall be 1.50 metres in length and 70 millimetres in width. The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of the runway shall be 1:100 and the inclination in the running direction shall not exceed 1: 1000. NOTE.-It is recommended that the runway should be not less than 33.5 metres. 9.-No mark shall be placed on the runway, but competitors may place marks-supplied by the Organising Committee-at the side of the runway. 142

v--------45m----------iI-.-

Y<------25m--------,lik.

JAVELIN RUNWAY - THROWING SECTOR Not to Scale 143

Measurements

Construction

1O.-All throws to be valid must fall within the inner edge of lines 50 mm wide marking the sector, set out on the ground by extending the lines from the centre (A) of the circle, of which the arc is a part, through the points (B) and (C) at which the. arc joins the lines marking the runway. The ends of the radii hnes should be marked with sector flags. See Rule 181 para. 8.

14.-The j3:.velin shall consist of three parts: a head, a shaft, and a cord grIp. The shaft may be constructed of either wood or metal and it shall have fixed to it a head terminating in a sharp point.

Sectors may be marked at. e.g. 30 m, 50 m, 70 m. ll.-The measurement of each throw shall be made immediately after the throw from the nearest mark made by the head of the javelin to the inside edge of the arc along a line from the mark made by the implement to the centre of the circle of which the arc is a part.

12.-A distinctive flag or marker shall be provided to mark the best throw of each competitor, and this shall be placed along a line or tape out,side the sector lines. A distinctive flag or disc shall also be provided to mark existing Records e.g. World or National records.

I5-The cord shall be about the centre of gravity without thongs, notches or iD:dentations of any kind on the shaft, and shall not exceed the cIrcumference of the shaft by more than 25 millimetres. The binding shall be of uniform thickness. I6.-The shall be regularly circular throughout and the thereof shall be under the grip. From the grIp the Javehn shall taper gradually to the tip of the metal head and the rear tip. The line from the end of the grip to the tip of the metal head may be straight or slightly curved, but the curve must be gradual and there must be no abrupt alteration in the diameter of the section throughout the length of the javelin. NOTE.-Whilst the cross section should be circular, a maximum dijj"erence between the biggest and the smallest diameter ojthe oval of5 per cent is permitted. The mean value oj these 2 diameters must correspond to the specification given fora circular Javelin.

Implements to be used

l3.-At Olympic Games and Area or Group or Championships, only implements provided by the may be used, and no modification can be made to them dunng the competition. No competitor shall be permitted to take any implement into the arena.

17.-The javelin shall have no mobile parts or apparatus which during the throw could change its centre of gravity or throwing characteristics.

At meetings between two or more Members, competitors may use their own implements, provided these are marked as approved by the Organisers before the competition and made available to all competitors.

144

145

I8.-It shall conform to the following specifications: Javelin

Men

-----I

. -----jO ---- .. -- -

-- -- .. -. --- --- - - -

T-

_ _

Cl!

.. • :I

Women

. e

c::

••..c::

Weight (inclusive of cord grip)

Range for issue of equipment for competition

800 gm

600 gm

805 gm - 825 gm

605 gm - 620 gm

Overall length

Min. 2.60 m Max. 2.70 m

2.20 m 2.30 m

Length of metal head

Min. 250 mm Max. 330 mm

250 mm 330 mm

Distance from tip of metal head to centre of gravity

Min. 0.90 m Max. 1.10 m

0.80 m 0.95 m

Minimum for acceptance of record

cl"

_ Cl!

•eft

I 1IC

Diameter of shaft at thickest point

Min. 25 mm Max. 30 mm

Width of cord grip

Min. 150mm Max. 160mm

a"' zt;:

Cl!Z

_Cl! +

- :=

20 mm 25 mm

140 mm 150mm I

19.-The tapering of the shaft from the maximum diameter to the tip o} the metal head or to the rear tip shall be such that the diameter at the midpoint between the end of the cord grip and either tip shall not exceed 90 per cent of the maximum diameter of the shaft and that at a point 150 millimetres from either tip 80 per cent of the maximum diameter.

-i

•

I _J._ _. _...1. I

-- -

147

:2:

Cl! •

z-- ------

146

-.:!=:

_. ::':1 Cl!

SECTION VI RULE 191 Walking I.-Walking is progression by steps so taken that unbroken contact with the ground is maintained. At each step, the advancing foot of the walker must make contact with the ground before the rear foot leaves the ground. DurinG the period of each step in which a foot is on the ground, knee) at least the lege:>must be straightened (i.e. not bent at for one moment, and in particular, the supportmg leg must be straight in the vertically upright position. 2.-Judging and Disqualifications. The appointed of walking shall elect a Chief Judge. All the Judges shall act III an individual capacity. When, in the opinion of (a) two of the Judges, one being the Chief Judge or (b) three Judges other than the Chief Judge. a mode of progression fails with the definition during any part of the competItIon, he shall disqualified and informed of his disqualification by the ChIef Judge. In a competition either dire?tly: contr<?lled by the LA.A.F. or taking place under permIt, III no CIrcumstances shall two Judges of the same nationality have the power to disqualify. 3.-Effect may be given to any such immediately after of the. If circumstances render ImpractIcable an earlIer notIce to the competitor of his disqualification. 4.-A competitor may be when by his m.ode of progression he is in of to comply wIth. the definition of contact; but he IS not entItled to a second cautIon. The decision to caution a competitor shall be made under the same procedure as for disqualification set out in paragraph 2. 5.-In track races a competitor who is disqualified immediately leave the track, and in the competitor must immediately after hIS the distinguishing number or numbers WhICh he IS .. NOTE.-It is recommended that a system oj slgnallmg "caution" by white flag and "disqualification" by redjiaÂĽ be used as far as possible during a walking race for the informatlOn ofthe officials, competitors and spectators. RULE 191 148

6.-In all international races of more than 20 kilometres refreshments shall be provided by the organisers, and refresh2 ment stations shall be arranged at 5 kilometres and thereafter at every 5 kilometres. Refreshments which may either be provided by the Organiser or by the athlete himself, shall be available at the station nominated by the competitor. The refreshments shall be placed in such a manner that they are easily accessible for the competitors or so that they may be put into the hands of the competitors. A competitor taking refreshments at a place other than the refreshment points appointed by the organiseFs renders himself liable to disqualification. In races of more than 20km, the Organisers may, at their discretion and to prevent general distress to competitors, supply additional sponging points after 10 kilometres where water only shall be supplied. In 20km events. sponging points only may be provided after 5km, lOkm and 15km. 7.-In the Olympic Games and in all major events the 50 kilometres walk shall be so arranged as to ensure that the first walker home finishes approximately at sunset in order that he may enjoy the best climatic conditions. 8.-For the Olympic Games and Area Championships or Games, the circuit for the 20 kilometre event should be a maximum of 3000 metres with a minimum of approximately 1500 metres. 9.-The organisers of events held on roads must take care to ensure the safety of competitors. In the case of Olympic Games and Area or Group Games or Championships Walking races, the organisers must where possible give an assurance that the roads to be used for the competitions will be closed in both directions; i.e. not open to motorised traffic. NOTE.-A booklet "Guidance for Walking Judges ", produced by the I.A.A.F. Walking Committee with the aim of bringing about a better understanding of the sport of race walking, is available from the I.A.A.F. Bureau-see publications list. RULE 192 I.A.A.F. Race Walking World Cup for the I1 "Lugano Trophy" 11 competition will be conducted by a Sub-Committee appoInted by the Walking Committee of the LA.A.F. in accordance with Rules approved by Congress.

149

RULE 192

SECTION VII COMBINED COMPETITIONS RULE 195 MEN (Pentathlon and Decathlon) I.-The Pentathlon consists of five events which shall be held in the following order: long jump; throwing the javelin; 200 metres; throwing the discus; and 1500 metres. 2.-The Decathlon consists of ten events which shall be held on two consecutive days in the following order: First day -100 metres; long jump; putting the shot; high jump and 400 metres. Second day-110 metres hurdles; throwing the discus; pole vault; throwing the javelin; and 1500 metres. WOMEN (Pentathlon) 3.-The Pentathlon for women consists of five shall be held either on one day or on two consecutIve days In the following order:. . First day -100 mettes hurdles; putting the shot; high jump. Second day-long jump; 800 metres. GENERAL 4.-At the discretion of the Referee, there shall be whenever possible an interval of at least 30 minutes between the time one event ends and the next event begins, for any individual athlete. 5.-The order of competing may be drawn before each separate event. In the 100 metres, 200 metres, 400 metres, 100 metres Hurdles and 110 metres Hurdles events, the competitors compete in groups as decided by the Referee, so that three or more competitors and never less than two are In each Group. In the 800 metres in the Women's Pentathlon, one group should containÂˇ those competitors occupying the leading positions at the end of 4 events. In the 1500 metres in the Decathlon, the Heats may be made up and a draw made as and when competitors become available from the previous event. One Group_ should preferably contain the leading competitors at the end of nine events. The Referee shall have power to rearrange any Group, if in his opinion it is desirable. RULE 195 150

6.-The LA.A.F. rules for each event constituting the competition will apply with the following exceptions: (a) In the long jump and each of the throwing events, each competitor shall be allowed three trials only. (b) Each competitor's time shall be timed by 3 timekeepers independently. If for any reason only two register times, and these two disagree, t4.e longer time of the two shall be adopted as officia1. Alternatively times may be recorded by a fully automatic electrical timekeeping device. (c) In the running trials and the hurdles, a competitor shall be disqualified in any event in which he has made three false starts. 7.-The scores separately and combined should be announced to the competitors after the completion of each event. In the 100 metres and 110 metres Hurdles and 400 metres (Decathlon) and 100 metres Hurdles (Women's times shall be given to Imrth of a second where fully automatIc electrical timing is in operation, and scored by using the appropriate LA.A.F. Scoring Tables to second. In the 800 metres (Women's Pentathlon) and 1500 metres (Decathlon) times shall be given in second whether hand timing or fully automatic electric timing is used and shall be scored from the roth second tables. 8.-The winner shall be the competitor who has obtained the highest number of points in the five or ten events, as the case may be, awarded on the basis of the LA.A.F. Scoring Table. 9.-In the event of a tie, the winner shall be the competitor who in the greater number of events has received more points than the other competitor/competitors tying. If this does not resolve the tie, the winner shall be the competitor who has the highest number of points in any such events. This shall apply to ties for any place in the competition. 1O.-Any athlete failing to start or make a trial in one of the five events of the Pentathlon or in one of the ten events of the Decathlon shall not be allowed to take part in the following event but shall be considered to have abandoned the competition. He shall not therefore in the final classification. 151

DIVISION IV

Intemational Amateur Athletic Federation

RULE 381 EVENTS FOR WHICH WORLD RECORDS ARE RECOGNISED

FOUNDED IN 1912 President: A. PAUlEN General Secreta')' : J. B. HOLT

Fully automatic Electrically Timed performances (E.T.) Hand Timed performances (H.T.)

KT. only

MEN lOOm, 200m, 400m, llOm Hurdles, 400m Hurdles, 4 x lOOm Relay.

Application for a World Record -Track Event. To: THE GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE I.A.A.F.,

162 Upper Richmond Rood, Putney, LONDON SW15 2SL.

APPliCATION IS HEREBY MADE FOR A WORLD RECORD, IN SUPPORT OF WHICH THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION IS SUBMITTED:- (Please type or use block

1. Event •..•...•.•••............•......•..•...•.••...........•..........•...• Men/Women

2. Record claimed (time) .....•..•.•........•...•..••..•....•.........•..........•..•......

E.T. or H.T.

Jumps: Throws: Decathlon

8oom, I OOOm, 1 5OOm, One Mile, 2 OOOm, 30oom, 50oom, 10 OOOm, 201OOOm, 1 Hour, 25000m, 30000m, 3 OOOm Steeplechase. Relays: 4 x 200m, 4 x 400m, 4 x 800m, 4 X 1 5OOm. Walking: 20km, Two Hours, 30km, 50km. High Jump, Pole Vault, Long Jump, Triple Jump. Shot Putt, Discus, Hammer, Javelin.

3. Full nane of competitor •..•....................•.........•••.•...••..••.••••....•..••.•

.................................

(For relay events, the full nanes of

011 tean members are required, in the order of running.)

4. Competitor's Country (and Club where appropriate) .•..•..•.••.•....•....•...•.••••..•.•....

5. Date and time ....•.••.. <; • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6. Where held (Ground, Town, Country) ••..•..•.......•...•••.•.••.....••...•..•.•..•.••..•. • GUARANTEE BY REFEREE.

7. I hereby certify:That all the information recorded in this form is accurate;

KT. only

WOMEN lOOm, 200m, 400m, lOOm Hurdles, 400m Hurdles, 4 x lOOm Relay.

That all the

LA.A.F. Rules of competition were complied with.

Nane of Referee (BLOCK CAPITALS) •.••. " •..••.••••..

<• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Jumps: Throws: Pentathlon

8oom, 1 5OOm, One Mile, 3 Ooom. Relays: 4 x 200m, 4 x 40Om, 4 x 80Om. High Jump, Long Jump. Shot Putt, Discus, Javelin.

•

Date ..•......•....

8. The undersigned LA.A. F. Member hereby certifies that it is satisfied with the accuracy of the within mentioned statements, confirms that the officials conducting the competition were duly qualified, ood recommends this application for acceptance: President..............................

Secretary

Name of LA.A.F. Member.........................................

.. Date

APPROVAL.

President of the LA.A.f.

General Secretary of the I.A.A.F. Dote ......••..•

152

• RECOMMENDATlON BY I.A.A.F. tv'CMlER COUNTRY'

• I.A.A.F.

RULE 381

•••••••••••••

Address ......•.•..............•............•.......•..................••..•.•.•...•.•. Signature of Referee .•..•.....•..•...•. '" .•••••......... .••........

E.T. or H.T.

153

International Amateur Athletic Federation

- TIMEKEEPERS' CERTIFICATES - HAND TIMING9. I, the undersigned official timekeeper of the event mentioned on this form, do hereby certify that the time set opposite my signature wos the exact time recorded by my watch and that the watch used by me has been certified and approved by my Notional Association. Address

FOUNDED IN 1912 Presi.<Jent: A. PAlA.EN

Time........

Signature

Time... .•.•.

Signature •......•..•••...... Address ...•••.......•....•.•.•...........

Time........

Signature

Address

General Secretary: J • B. HO LT

Application for a World Record - Field Event

To: THE GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE I.A.A.F.,

- CHIEF TlWfKEEPER10. I confirm that the cbove Timekeepers exhibited their watches to me and that the times were as stated. Address . ....••.•...•.........••..•..••.•..•.•.••.

2. Record claimed (height or distance)

11. A fully automatic electrical timing device was used. Signature of Operator

lA Print of

" .. ,

Signature of o.ief Timekeeper

the Photo-Ft nish must be enclosed). _WIND GAUGE-

12. Velocity and direction of wind ....•.. 1" '" ••

Operator's Signature

4 Competitor's Country

5. Date and time

6. Where held (Ground, Town, Country)

- GUARANTEE BY REFEREE _

_ TRACK NfASURERS' CERTIFICATE13. We hereby certify that we measured with an approved tape the course over which this event was held.

metres

3. Full nane of competitor ..•.....•.................................••............•...

and this was the official time. .. .

APPLICATION IS HEREBY MADE FOR A WORLD RECORD, IN SUPPORT OF WHICH THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION IS SUBMITTED:(please type or use block capitals) 1. Event .•..•.••......•..•.•...•.....•.•...............•.......•....•.... Men/Women

_ELECTRICAL TIMING-

The time recorded was. ••• •. . . . .. • ..•

162 Upper Richmond Road, Putney, LONDON SW152SL.

7. I hereby certify:That all the information recorded in this form is accurate;

The exact distance wcs:-

...••.• •metres .•.•..•.. centimetres OR ...•... miles •.•..• yds •••••••• ft ..•..•• ins.

That all the appropriate I.A.A.F. Rules of competition were complied with .

The length of one lap was ..... metres ••.••. cms OR .•.•••yds ...... : •ft ...... : .. . The mCDtimum allowance for lateral inclination did not exceed 1: 100 and In the running direction 1:1000.

Nane of Referee (BLOCK CAPiTALS)

.............................. (Signature of Measurer)

............................ (Signature of Measurer)

(Qualification)

(Address) (Address)

(Qual ifi cation)

- RESlJ.T OF RACE14. The names of the first three competitors and their times were as follows:1st •..• " .....• '" •...•••...••...•.... , ., •..•...••

2nd

3rd

PlEASE ENCLOSE WITH THIS APPLICATION: a ?rogranme of the Meeting and, for a Women's event, a certificate of sex, unless the <rthlete has an I.A.A.F. Certificate (Rule 141). ADDITIONAL INFORMATION DESIRED FOR State vf weather Type of track or runway Condition of track or runway

Intermediate Times Press cuttings if availcble A Photo of the athlete.

154

Ac:ldress •.....•.....•.... " ................•........................ " ...•......... Signature of Referee..............

Date

- RECOMMENDATION BY I.A.A.F. NfIv'BER COUNTRY-

8. The undersigned I.A.A.F. Member hereby certifies that it is satisfied with the accuracy of the within mentioned statements, confirms that the officials conducting the cOfllletition were duly qualified, and recommends this application for acceptance: President...............................

Secretary

Ncme of I.A.A.F. Member......................................

-I.A.A.F.

_ Date

. .

APPROVAL-

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. ..

General Secretary of the I.A.A.F.

President of the I.A.A.F. Date

155

Si : i:: . "o... .' ".... o : .,.,: .,., . it' • it' : 0:: ...0::. ...:

:0: c .

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S ... .: o' :

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OFFICIAL LIST OF WORLD TRACK AND FIELD RECORDS AS AT 31.12.1978 Event

Record

Holder

Country

Date

Place

MEN 100 metres 200 melTes 400 metres llOm Hurdles 400m Hurdles 4 x lOOm Relay

.. .. .. .. .. ..

9.95 19.83 43.86 13.21 47.45 38.03

.. .. .. . . .

Jim Hines Tommie Smith Lee Evans

Alejandro Casanas

. .. ..

U.S.A U.S.A U.S.A (Cuba) U.S.A U.S.A

.. .. . .. .. ..

14.10.68 16.10.68 18.10.68 21. 8.77' 11. 6.77 3. 9.77

Mexico City Mexico City Mexico City Sofia Los Angeles Dusseldorf

Edwin Moses .. U.S.A. National Team . (B. Collins, S. Riddick, C. Wiley, S. Williams) NOTE; In accordance with the decision taken by the I.A.A.F. Montreal Congress, for races up to and including 400 metres, only performances timed by an approved fully automatic electrical timing device shall be accepted.

-.J

800 metres.................... 1000 metres .................. 1500 metres.................. I mile ........................... 2000 metres .................. 3000 metres .................. 5000 metres.................. 10000 metres ............... 20000 metres ............... I hour .......................... 25000 metres ............... 30000 metres ............... 3000m Steeplechase .....

1;43.4 ....................... 2:13.9 ....................... 3:32.2 ....................... 3:49.4 ....................... 4:51.4 ....................... 7:32.1 ....................... 13:08.4...................... 27:30.5...................... 57:24.2...................... 20,944 metres ........... (13.014 miles) Ih.14:16.8 ................. Ih.31:30.4................. 8:05.4 ......................

Alberto Juantorena ............. Richard Wohlhuter ............. Filbert Bayi ......................... John Walker........................ John Walker........................ Henry Rono ........................ Henry Rono ........................ Samson Kimobwa ............... Jos Hermens........................ Jos Hermens........................

Cuba ............ U.S.A........... Tanzania ...... New Zealand New Zealand Kenya .......... Kenya .......... Kenya .......... Netherlands Netherlands

21. 30. 2. 12. 30. 27. 8. 30.

Sofia Oslo Christchurch Gothenburg Oslo Oslo Berkeley Helsinki Papendal Papendal

Pekka Paivarinta................. Jim Alder ............................ Henry Rono ......................

Finland ........ G.B.&N.l ... Kenya ........

15. 5.75 5. 9.70 13. 5.78

Oulu London Seatlle

8.77 7.74 2.74 8.75 6.76 6.78 4.78 6.77 I. 5.76 I. 5.76

VI 00

Holder

Event

Record

4 x 200m Relay ..........

1:20.3 .......................

4 x 400m Relay ..........

2:56.1 .......................

il x 800m Relay ..........

7:08.1 .......................

4 x 1500m Relay ........

14:38.8......................

20 Km Walk ................ Two Hours Walk.. ....... 30 Km Walk ................ 50 Km Walk ................

Ih.23:31.9................. 27153 metres ............ 2h.II:53.4................. 3h.52:23.5.................

High lump Pole Vaull.. Long Jump Triple lump Shot Puu Discus Hammer Javelin Decathlon

2.34 m (7路8!")........... Vladimir Yaschenko 5.70 m (I8'8!") ......... Dave Roberts...................... 8.90 m (29路2!")......... Robert Beamon................... 17.89 m (58'8t") loao de Oliveria 22.15 m (72'8")......... Udo Beyer........................... 71.16m(233路5")....... WolfgangSchmidt.............. 80.32 m (263'6")....... Karl Hans Riehm................ 94.58 m (310'4")....... Miklos Nemeth................... 8618 points............... Bruce Jenner (10.94.7.22 m, 15.35 m, 2.03 m. 47.51, 14.84.50.04

University of Southern California ............................ (1. Andrews, 1. Sanford, W. Mullins, C. Edwards) U.S.A. National Team ........ (V. Mallhews, R. Freeman, L. James, L. Evans) U.S.S.R. National Team ..... (V. Podoliako, N. Kirov, W. Molozemlin...A. Rechetniak) German National Team ...... (T. Wessinghage, H. Hudak, M.Lederer, K. Fleschen) Daniel Bautista ................... Bernd Kannenberg....... Raul Gonzalez .................... Raul Gonzalez ....................

Place

Country

Date

U.S.A ...........

27. 5.78

Tempe

20.10.68

Mexico City

U.S.S.R.......

13. 8.78

Podolsk

Germany......

17. 8.77

Cologne

Mexico ......... Germany ...... Mexico ......... Mexico .........

14. 11. 19. 19.

Bergen Kasel Forde Forde

5.77 5.74 5.78 5.78

FIELD EVENTS . .. . .. . . 路 .. ..

Event

Record

Holder

U.S.S.R. U.S.A........... U.S.A........... Brazil........... G.D.R.......... G.D.R.......... Germany...... Hungary...... U.S.A........... m. 4.80 m, 68.52

Country

16. 6.78 22. 6.76 18.10.68 15.10.75 6. 7.78 9.8.78 6. 8.78 26. 7.76 29/30. 7.76 m. 4:..:.1=2.:..:6!..)

Tbilisi Eugene Mexico City Mexico City Oothenburg Berlin Heidentreim Montreal Montreal _

Date

Place

WOMEN

100 metres.................... 200 metres.................... 400 metres.................... 100 m Hurdles ............. 400 m Hurdles ............. 4 x lOO m Relay .........

10.88 ........................ 22.06 ........................ 48.94 ........................ 12.48 ........................ 54.89 ........................ 42.27 ........................

800 metres.................... 1500 metres .................. I mile ........................... 3000 metres .................. 4 x 200 m Relay .........

1:54.9 ....................... 3:56.0 ....................... 4:23.8 ....................... 8:27.2 ....................... 1:31.6 .......................

4 x 400 m Relay .........

3:19.2 .......................

4 x 800 m Relay ...........

7:52.4 .......................

1,0

Marlies Gohr ...................... Marita Koch ....................... Marita Koch ....................... Grazyna Rabsztyn .............. Tatyana Zelencova.............. G.D.R. Team ...................... (1. Klier, M. Hamman C. Bodendorf, M. Gohr) Tatyana Kazankina ............ Tatyana Kazankina ............ Natalia Mavasescu .............. ............... Lyudmila GB & NI National Team .... (V. Elder, D. Hartley, S. Colyear. S. Lannaman) G.D.R. Team ...................... (D. Maletzki, B. Rohde, E. Streidt, C. Brehmer) U.S.S.R. Team .................... (T. Providokhina, V. Ger-

G.D.R.......... G.D.R .......... G.D.R.......... Poland ......... U.S.S.R....... G.D.R..........

28. 31. 10. 2. 19.

5.78 8.78 6.78 9.78 8.7-8

Dresden Erfurt Prague Furth Prague Potsdam

U.S.S.R....... U.S.S.R....... Rumania ...... U.S.S.R....... GB& NI..

26. 28. 22. 7. 20.

7.76 6.76 5.77 8.76 8.77

Montreal Podolsk Bucharest College Park, Maryland London

U.S.S.R.......

I. 7.77

31. 7.76

Montreal

16. 8.76

Podolsk

asimova,

S. Styrkina, T. Kazankina) Non: In accordance with the decision taken by the LA.A.F. Montreal Congress, for races up to and including 400 metres only performances timed by an approved fully automatic electrical timing device shall be accepted. '

FIELD EVENTS High lump LongJump Shot Pull

. .. ..

2.01 m (6'7!")........... 7.09 m (23'3!") 22.32 m (73'2i")

Sara Simeoni... Vilma Bardauskiene Helena Fibingerova

. . .

Discus lavelin Pentathlon

. . .

70.72 m (232'0") Evelin Jahl . .. 69.32 m (227'5") Kathryn Schmidt 4839 points............... Nadyezhda Tkachenko . (13.49, 15.93m, 1.80m, 6.49m, 2: 10.6)

Italy U,S.S.R Czechoslovakia G.D.R U.S.A U.S.S.R

.. .. . .. . ..

31. 8.78 29. 8.78 20. 8.77

Prague Prague Nitra

12. 8.78 I!. 9.77 19. 9.77

Dresden Furth Lil1e

OFFICIAL LIST OF OLYMPIC GAIYIES RECORDS Holder

Time, Height or Distance

Event

Country

Date

Place

MEN 9.95 19.83 43.86 1:43.5 3:34,9 13:20.3 27:38.4 13,24 47.64 8:08.0 , 38.19

.. .. . .. , .. . . .. . .

4 x 400 m Relay .........

2:56.1

High Jump Long Jump Triple Jump Pole Vault..

. .. . ..

2.25 m (7' 4rJ .......... 8.90 m (29ft, 2tin.) .. 17.39 m (57fl. 0t in) 5.50 m (l8fl. 0t in.).

Shot Putt Discus Hammer Javelin Decathlon

. . .. . ..

21.32 (69ft. lI!in.).. 68.28 m (224'0") 77,52 m (2544") 94.58 m (310'3") 8618 points (10.94,7.22 m, 15.35

Jim Hines . .. Tommie Smllh Lee Evans . Alberto Juantorena .. Kipchoge Keino . Brendan Foster .. Lasse Viren . .. Rodney Mi1burn Edwin Moses .. Anders Garderud . .. U.S.A. Team (L. Black, R. Taylor, G. Tinker, E. Hart) U.S.A. Team .. (V. Matthews, R. Freeman, L. James, L. Evans) Jacck Wszola Robert Beamon.................... Victor Saneyev Wolfgang Nordwig............... Tadeusz Slusarski................. Antti Kalliomaki.................. David Roberts...................... Alexander Barishnikov......... Mac Wilkins......................... Yuri Syedikh Miklos Nemeth Bruce Jenner......................... m, 2.03 m, 47.51,14.84,50.04 m 4.80 m

Record

Holder

100 metres 200 metres 400 metres 800 metres 1500 metres 5000 metres 10000 metres 110 m. Hurdles 400 m. Hurdles 3000 m. Steeplechase 4 x 100 m Relay

. . . . . . . .. .. . .

Event

U.S.A .. .. U.S.A U.S.A . Cuba . Kenya . G.B.&N.I.. Finland . U.S.A . U.S.A . .. Sweden

Poland . U.S.A .. U.S.S.R . G.D.R . Poland . Finland . U.S.A . U.S.SÂˇ.R . U,S.A . .. U.S.S.R Hungary .. U,S,A . 68.52 m 4:12.6)

1968 1968 1968 1976 1968 1976 1972 1972 1976 1976 1972

Mexico City Mexico City Mexico City Montreal Mexico City Montreal Munich Munich Montreal Montreal Munich

1968

Mexico City

1976 1968 1968 1972 1976 1976 1976 1976 1976 1976 1976 1976

Montreal Mexico City Mexico City Munich Montreal Montreal Montreal Montreal Montreal Montreal Montreal Montreal

---------'----------'

Country

Date

Place

Best performances in events where World Records are not recognised. 20000 metres Road Walk 50000 metres Road Walk Marathon

I h.24:40.6

Daniel Bautista

Mexico ........

1976'

Montreal

3h.56:11.6

Bcrnd Kannenberg

Germany .....

1972

Munich

2h.09:55.0

Waldemar Cierpinski

G.D.R.........

1976

Montreal

.. . . . .. .. .

Germany . G.D.R . Poland . U.S.S.R .. U.S.S.R .. G.D.R ..

1976 1976 1976 1976 1972 1972 1976

Montreal Montreal Montreal Montreal Munich Munich Montreal

1976

Montreal

1976 1968 1976 1976 1976 1972

MonJreal Mexico City Montreal Montreal Montreal Munich

WOMEN

...... 0\ ......

100 metres 200 metres 400 mctres 800 metres J500 metres lOO m Hurdles 4 x lOO m. Relay

.. .. .. .. .. . ..

11.01 22.37 49.29 1:54.9 4:01.4 12,59 42.55

4 x 400 m Relay .........

3:19.2

High Jump Long Jump Shot Discus Javelin Pentathlon

1.93 m (6 4")............ 6.82 m (22ft. 4tin)... 21.16 m (69Âˇ5")........ 69.00 m (226 4") 65.94 m (2164")...... 4801 points (13.29-16.20 m-1.82

. . .. . .. .

. .. .. .. .. . .. ..

Annegret Richter Barbel Eckert 1rena Szewinska Tatiana Kazankina Lyudmila Bragina Annelle Ehrhardt G.D.R. Team M, Qelsner, R. Stecher, C. Bodendor', B. Eckert G.D.R. Team D. Maletzki, B. Rohde, E. Streidt, C. Brehmer Roscmarie Ackermann Viorica Viscopoleanu 1vanka Christova Evelyn Schlaak.. Ruth Fuchs Mary Peters m-5.98 m-24.08)

. .. . . .. .. . ..

G.D.R .. Rumania . BUlgaria .. G.D.R .. G.D.R .. G.B.&N.J ..

WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS held in conjunction with the Olympic Games. Montreal 1976

MEN H. Crawford D. Quarrie V. Horzov D. Quarrie M. Hampton D. Evans

100 METRES (Trin. & Tob:) (Jamaica) (U.S.S.R.)

4 x 400m RELAY I. U.S.A. (H. Frazier, B. Brown, F. Newh-

10.06 10.08 10.14

200 METRES (Jamaica) (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.)

20.23 20.29 20.43

A. J uantorena F. Newhouse H. Frazier

(Cuba) (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.)

44.26 44.40 44.95

800 METRES (Cuba) A. Juantorena (Belgium) I. Van Damme (U.S.A.) R. Wohlhuter

WR 1:43.5 1:43.9 1:44.1

1500 METRES . (New Zealand) J. Walker (Belgium) I. Van Damme (Germany) P·H. Wellmann

3:39.2 3:39.3 3:39.3

5000 METRES (Finland) l. Viren (New Zealand) D. Quax (Germany) K·P Hildenbrand

13:24.8 13:25.2 13:25.4

l. Viren C. S. Lopes B. Foster

10000 METRES (Finland) (Portugal) (G.B.& N.l.)

13.30 13.33 13.38

4OOm. HURDLES (U.S.A.) E. Moses (U.S.A.) M. Shine (U.S.S.R.) E. GavriJenko

WR47.64 48.69 49.45

STEEPLECHASE A. Garderud (Sweden) B. Malinowski (Poland) F. Baumgartl (G.D.R.)

WR 8:08.0 8:09.1 8:10.4

W. Cierpinski F. Shorter K. Lismont

MARATHON (G.D.R.) (U.S.A.) (Belgium)

(Germany) (G.D.R.) (Germany)

11.08 11.13 11.17

I. Christova N. Chizhova H. Fibingerova

HIGH JUMP (poland) (Canada) (U.S.A.)

SHOT (Bulgaria) (U.S.S.R.) (CzechoslovakiaJ

B. Eckert A. Richter R, Stecher

200 METRES (G.D.R.) (Germany) (G.D.R.)

22.37 22.39 22.47

E. Schlaak M. Vergova

G. Hmzmann

DISCUS (G.D.R.) (Bulgaria) (G.D.R.)

R. Fuchs M. Becker K. Schmidt

JAVELIN (G,D.R.) 65.94m/2 I 6'4" (Germany) 64.7Om/212T (U.S.A.) 63.96m/209' 10'

2.25mj7'4f' 2.23m/7'4' 2.2Im/7'3"

POLE VAULT (Poland) (Finland) (U.S.A.)

5.5Omj 18'Or 5.50m/18'O'· 5.50m/18'0!,

I. Szewinska C. Brehmer E. Streidt

A. Robinson R. Williams F. Wartenberg

LONG JUMP (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.) (G.D.R.)

8.35m/27'5" 8.llm/26'7!, 8.02m/26'4'

T. Kazankina N. Chtereva E.Zinn

800 METRES (U.S.S.R.) (Bulgaria) (G.D.R.)

WR 1:54.9 1:55.4 1:55.6

T. Kazankina G. Holfmeister U. Klapezynski

1500 METRES (U.S.S.R.) (G.D.R.) (G.D.R.)

4:05.5 4:06.0 4:06.1

400 METRES

(Poland) (G.D,R.) (G.D,R.1

U. Beyer E. Mironov A. Barisnikov

SHOT (G.D.R.) (U.S.S.R.) (U.S.S.R.)

21.05m/69'1" 21.03mj69·0' 21.00m/68'1l·

lOOm. HURDLES J. Schaller (G.D.R.) T. Anisimova (U.S.S.R.) (U.S.S.R.) N. Lebedeva

M. Wilkins W. Schmidt J. Powell

DISCUS (U.S.A.) (G.D.R.) (U.SA)

67.50m/221'5" 66.22mj217'3) 65. 7Omt2 15"6"

R. Ackermann S. Simeoni Y, Blagoyeva

HIGH JUMP (G.D.R.) (Italy) (Bulgaria)

Y. Syedikh A. Spiridonov A. Bondarchuk

HAMMER (U.S.S.R.) (U.S.S.R.) (U.S.S.R.)

77.52m/254'4' 76.08mI249'7' 75.48mI247'7'

A. Voigt K. McMiIlan L. Aileyeva

LONG JUMP (G.D.R.) (U.S.A,) (U.S.S.R.)

M. Nemeth H. Siitonen G. Megelea

JAVEUN (Hungary)WR94.58m/310'3" (Finland) M7.92m(288'5" (Rumania) 87.16m/285'1l"

D. Bautista H. Reimann P. Frenkel

2h.09:55.0 2h.1O:45.8 2h.ll:12.6

100 METRES

T. Slusarski A. Kalliomaki O. Robens

TRIPLE JUMP V. Saneyev (U.S.S.R.) 17.29m/56'8!' J. Butts (U.S.A.) 17.18m/56'4t· J.c. de Oliveira (Brazil) 16.90m/55'5{

27:40.4 27:45.2 27:54.9

I10m. HURDLES (France) G.Orut (Cuba) A. Casanas (U.S.A.) W. Davenport

A. Richter R. Stecher I. Melten

J. Wszola G. Joy D. Stones

400 METRES

WOMEN

ouse, M. Parks) 2:58.7 2. Poland (R. Podlas, J. Werner, Z. Jaremski, J. Pietrzyk) 3:01.4 3. Germany (F·P Hofmeister, L. Krieg, H. Schmid, B Herrmann) 3:02.0

20KM WALK (Mexico) (G.D.R.) (G.D.R.)

:+R 49.29 50.51 50.55

162

69.00m!226·4"' 67.30m/220"9'" 66. 84mt219"J"

4 x lOOm. RE LA Y I. G.D.R. (M. Oelsner, R. Stecher, C. Bodendorf, B. Eckert) 42.55 2. Germany (E. Possekel, I. Helten. A. Richter, A. Kroniger) 42.59 3. U.S.S.R. (T. Prorochenko. L. Maslakova, N. Besfamilnaya, V. Anisimova) 43.09 4 x 400m RELAY I. G,D.R. (D. Maletzki, B. Rohde, E. Streidt, C. Brehmer) 3:19.2 WR 2. U.S.A. (D. Sapenter, S. Ingram, P. Hiles, R. Bryant) 3:22.8 3. U.S.S.R. (I. Klimovacha, L. Aksenova, N. Sokolova, N. Ilyina.) 3:24.2

12,77 12,n 12,80 1.93m/6'4'

PENTATHLON I. S. Siegl (G.O.R.) 13.31, 12.92m, 1.74m,

1.91mj6'3r

6.49m, 23.09) 4745 points e. Laser G.O.R. (13.55, 14.29m, 1.78m, 6.27m, 23.48) 4745 points 3. B. Pollak G.O.R. (13.30, 16.25m, l.64m, 6.30m, 23.64) 4740 points 2.

6.72m/22'Or 6.66m/21'IOr 6.6Omt21'8"

Ih.24:4O.6 Ih.25:13.8 Ih.25:29.4

DECATHLON I. B. Jenner, U.S.A. WR (10.94, 7.22m, 15.35m, 2.03m. 47.51,14.84, 50.04m, 4.8Om, 68.52m, 4: 12.6) 8618 points 2. G. Kratsehmer, Germany (10.66, 7.39m, 14.74m, 2.1Hm, 48.19, !4.58, 45.7Om. 4.6Om, 66.32m, 4:29.1) 8411 points . 3. N. Avilov, U.S.S.R. (11.23, 7.52m, 14.8Im, 2.14m, 48.16, 14.20,45.60111, 4.45m, 62.28m, 4:26.3) 8369 points

4 x lOOm. RELAY 1. U.S.A. (H. Glance, J. Jones, M. Hampton, S. Riddick) 38.33 2. G.D.R. (M. Kokot, J. Pfeifer, K.D. Kurrat, A. Thieme) 38.66 3. U.S.S.R. (A. Aksinin, N. Kolesnikov, Y. Silov, V. Borzov) 38.78

21.16m/69'520.96m/68'9 1• 20. 67 m/67·IO-

163

TABLE OF CONTENTS DIVISION 1I - CONSTITUTION - Pages 33 - 55

Rule

Page

I Definitions 2 The LA.A.F. 3 Objects 4 Membership 5 Council 6 President, Vice-Presidents and Honorary Treasurer 7 Congresses 8 Committees 9 Languages 10 Alterations to Rules 11 Suspensions & Reinstaternents 12 International meetings Competition abroad Competitors' Qualifications

33 34 34 35 39 42 42 44 45 45 46

Rule 13 World, Area and Group Championships 14 Expenses 15 Provision of Equipment and Services 16 Subventions to assist Athletes 17 Advertising within the Arena 51 Definition of Amateur 52'Restriction of competition to Amateurs 53 Ineligibility for International Competition 54 Guarantee by National Governing Body

Page 50 51 52 52 52 53 53 53 55

DIVISION III - TECHNICAL RULES - Pages 56 - 151 Section I - Officials III Officials of the Meeting 112 The Manager 113 The Secretary 114 The Technical Manager I 115 Jury of Appeal 116 Referees 117 Judges 118 Umpires (Track Events) 119 Timekeepers 120 Starter and Recallers 121 Starter's Assistants 122 Lap Scorers 123 The Recorder 124 The Marshal 125 The Announcer 126 The Official Surveyor 127 The Wind Gauge Operator Section Il - General Rules 141 Entries 142 The Competition (Miscellaneous) Clothing Shoes and spikes Numbers Obstruction on the track Running out of lanes Absence during competition Giving of assistance, advice or information Simultaneous entries Delays in making the trial Check marks Scoring 143 Rounds, Heats and Qualifying Competitions 1..:4 Doping

145 Measurements and Weights 146 Ties 147 Protests 148 World Records 149 Wind Measurements 150 Official Implements

75 76 78 78 '83 83

Section III - Running Events 161 Track and Lanes 162 The Start and the Finish 163 Hurdle Races 164 Steeplechase 165 Marathon Race 166 Relay Races 167 Team Races 168 Cross Country Races

84 89 93 96 98 99 101 102

Section IV - Jumping Events 171 High Jump 172 Pole Vault 173 Long Jump 174 Triple Jump

106 109 115 119 121 125 129 132 137 141

70 70 70 71

Section V - Throwing Events 181 Putting the Shot 182 Throwing the Discus 183 Discus Cage 184 Throwing the Hammer 185 Hammer Cage 186 Throwing the Javelin Section VI - Walking Events 191 Walking 192 The "Lugano Trophy"

148 149

Section VII - Combined Competitions 195 Pentathlon and Decathlon

150

56 57 57 58 58 58 59 60

60 63 63 64 64 64 64 65 65 66 67 67 67 68 69 69 70

-", J

DIVISION IV - WORLD & OLYMPIC RECORDS -Pages 152-163

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NOTES

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