W.B. ten Brinke a.o.
coursebook
1
havo/vwo English
edition
2
Study overview - Contents
1
2
Canada: close-up and far away Start
Landscape zones in the world 6 Start
§1 Canada: a vast and §1 Life in the Amazon empty country 8 §2 Life in a dry region: §2 Zooming in on Calgary 10 Mali §3 Sources: The location §3 Inuit in Greenland of Calgary 12 §4 Habitation in the world §4 Canada in de atlas 14
A different approach • Zoom in: The route to school 16 • Menu of options 18 Finish
3
A different approach • Zoom in: A mountain trip! • Menu of options
20 Finish
4
South-East Asia: culture Your own surroundings and development in focus 22 Start
38 Start
54
24 §1 Thailand: a different world 26 §2 Culture of 28 South-East Asia 30 §3 Rich and poor in South-East Asia §4 Sources: Focus on... Indonesia
§1 Spatial planning 40 of a district §2 Kinkerbuurt: spatial 42 planning and residents §3 Town or countryside? 44 §4 Sources: Do research in your 46 own neighbourhood
A different approach • Zoom in: Focus on... 32 • Menu of options 34
A different approach 48 • Zoom in: Give your 50 neighbourhood a score! 64 • Menu of options 66
36 Finish
52 Finish
56 58 60
62
68
Topics • Introduction of geographical methods and skills • Canada from a geographical perspective
• Landscape zones in the world • Climate zones in the world • Habitation in landscape zones
• Culture, people and state • Differences between rich and poor countries • How do you measure development?
• Neighbourhood profile Housing characteristics • Neighbourhood profile Population characteristics • City and countryside
• Describe and explain: where are the landscape zones located and why are they there? • Switching scale levels: zooming out from a regional to a global scale
• Focus on... • Comparing regions: differences and similarities • Map skills
• Geographical research with sources (own surroundings) • Gather geographical information: fieldwork (survey among local residents)
Skills and methods • • • •
Map-reading: title, legend, scale, north arrow Switching scale levels: Calgary, Canada, the world Working with the atlas Making a map Projects
Design your own neighbourhood!
134
Geo Guide G3, G7, G14, G33, G38, G39, G41, G42, G48, G50, G51, G63, G97, G98, G99, G103, G104, G105 www.degeo-online.nl
G17, G50, G63, G150, G151, G152, G229, G230
G22, G23, G136, G159, G162, G177, G201
3
Study overview - Contents
5
6
Climate and Natural Landscape in Europe
7
The Netherlands in the world
Natural disasters in Japan
Start
70 Start
86 Start
§1 Influence of the Gulf Stream §2 Relief and climate §3 Europe: climate and vegetation §4 In the Alps: the Rhône Valley
§1 Travelling: the Netherlands 72 and abroad 88 74 §2 International contacts 90 §3 Schiphol - international 76 hub 92 §4 Port of Rotterdam 94 78
A different approach • Zoom in: Climate in the Netherlands • Menu of options Finish
8 Spain: country and population
102 Start
§1 Japan: country in the Ring of Fire 104 §2 The Great East Japan Disaster 106 §3 Talas rages over Japan 108 §4 Sources: Dealing with natural disasters 110
118
§1 Sources: Focus on... Spain §2 Viva España §3 Too hot and too dry §4 City of Gaudí
120 122 124 126
A different approach A different approach • Zoom in: Mystery on • Zoom in: A trip through 80 the Netherlands 96 Sulawesi 82 • Menu of options 98 • Menu of options
A different approach • Zoom in: Agua para 112 todos 114 • Menu of options
128 130
84 Finish
116 Finish
132
100 Finish
Topics • Holiday destinations in Europe • Globalization • European Union • International hubs (people, goods)
• Climates in Europe • Landscapes in Europe
• Plate tectonics: earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanism • Tropical storms • Hazard management
• • •
Relationship between people and nature in Spain Development of tourism in Spain Spatial planning in a Spanish city Skills and methods
• Making a climate chart • Exploring the weather and climate in your own surroundings
• Map skills • Switching scale levels
• Switching scale levels: tsunami travel time • Approaches (dimensions): effects of tropical storm Talas
• Focus on... area characteristics and population characteristics • Absolute and relative distance • Evaluate: step-by-step plan how to form an opinion Projects
Tour de France
136 Case study on Hurricane Sandy
138 Geo Guide
G38, G39, G41, G43, G44, G49, G63, G77, G100, G102, G103, G104, G105
G7, G176, G181, G188, G206, G207, G209, G214, G218, G219
G7, G8, G52, G57, G58, G66, G67, G68, G73, G74, G76
G4, G5, G6, G11, G25, G113, G114, G136, G137, G160, G176, G181, G207, G208, G244 www.degeo-online.nl
6
Canada: close-up and far away
Start
Canada:
close-up and far away
1
7
Start
Living in Canada “Hi there, I’m Desiree van der Westen. I’m 12 and I live in Canada. My parents moved to Canada from the Netherlands when they were kids. They lived in Calgary. That’s where my brother Logan (14) and I were born. So I’ve got Dutch roots and a Dutch name. My mother’s real name is Froukje, but she calls herself Kathleen. Canadians can’t say Froukje.” “That’s Calgary in the big photo. That’s where I lived until I finished primary school. Last year we moved to a house outside the city. It’s on the edge of the woods, 75 kilometres from Calgary. Now I go to school in Cochrane, a little town 35 kilometres from here. l get on the school bus at around 8 a.m. every morning and arrive at school an hour later. It was hard for me at first. I really missed my friends. And I was bored and lonely in the countryside. But I soon made new friends on the bus, at school and here in the neighbourhood.”
Desiree van der Westen.
“Canada is a very big country. The province I live in is fifteen times bigger than the Netherlands! So there’s a lot more space here. And a lot more nature. At the weekend we go hiking or skiing in the Rocky Mountains. Or we go horse-riding in the woods behind our house. Sometimes we see moose, deer, beavers and skunks. And we saw a grizzly bear twice. That was scary, because they are huge. A grizzly bear that stands on two feet is three metres tall! I’ve never seen a mountain lion, but they live here too. They attack their prey from behind. You always have to be very careful here!”
8
Canada: close-up and far away
§
0
1
1 Canada: a vast and empty country 250
500 km
1 : 50,000,000
an Arctic Oce
Be
aufor
Baf fin
t Sea
B
altitude (in metres)
ay
Alaska (US)
0 - 200
Yukon Territory Mount Logan +5,959 m Whitehorse Ala sk a
200 - 500 Northwest Territories
way gh Hi
British Columbia Mount Waddington +4,012 m Vancouver Victoria
Iqaluit
Nunavut
Lab
Yellowknife Mackenzie Highway
CANADA
Alberta
Mount Robson +3,954 m
Hud
Edmonton
higher than 3,000 other
son Bay
Newfoundland and Labrador St. John's
Quebec
Manitoba
1,000 - 3,000
rador Sea
Saskatchewan
Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Winnipeg Tran Quebec s-Cana dian Fredericton Halifax Regina Hig Montreal hw Lake Nova ay Scotia Superior n Lake ea Ottawa Oc Huron Lake Lake c i Toronto t Ontario Michigan Kitchener UNITED STATES Hamilton London Windsor Lake Erie Saskatoon
Calgary
500 - 1,000
Ontario
motorway important railway border of a province or territory Ottawa
capital
north arrow
At lan
P ac
ific Oce an
ICELAND
Greenland (DEN)
Canada places fewer than 100,000 inhabitants 100,000 - 500,000 inhabitants 500,000 - 1 million inhabitants more than 1 million inhabitants
FIGURE 1
How does Canada look on photos and maps? That’s what this section is about. You will see the kind of places where most people live and why they live there. And you’ll learn how to read maps.
A vast country Geography is about areas. An area (or Canada
region) is a part of the Earth’s surface. It can be small or it can be enormous, like Canada. Canada is the second-biggest country in the world. Only Russia is FIGURE 2
bigger. Figures 1 and 3 show maps of Canada. A map is a scale drawing of an area or region. Figure 1 is a general map of Canada. A general map tells you a lot about a region. It tells you the names of cities, rivers, seas and mountains. You can also see roads and railways. These descriptions of places and regions are called topography (topo means place, graphy means describe).
Lake Louise in de Rocky Mountains.
§1
9
Canada: a vast and empty country
A sparsely populated country 0
250
500 km
1 : 50,000,000
Greenland (DEN)
an Arctic Oce
Population density in Canada number of people per km2 less than 1 1 - 3.5 3.5 - 20
Alaska (US)
20 - 50 50 - 150 150 or more place with more than 1 million inhabitants
CANADA
Hud
son Bay
Edmonton
Ottawa UNITED STATES
Montreal
Toronto
At lan
Vancouver
Calgary
an ce O tic
FIGURE 3
Susie the bear “Last summer we were sitting on the veranda in front of our house,” says Desiree. “Suddenly our horse Lilac started neighing and snorting. We decided to take a look and we saw a huge grizzly bear with two cubs. She had killed our neighbours’ lama and was dragging it into the woods. My parents ran inside for a shotgun. They fired shots into the air. They wanted to scare the bear once and for all. “That was Susie,” said the man from Wildlife Alberta later when we phoned. “She wanders around the woods.” The neighbour was not happy; he paid 1,000 euros for that lama. But he said: ‘What can ya do? You can’t blame the bear.’ We took the dead lama into the woods, far away from people’s homes. It was probably eaten by wolves, coyotes, or even... Susie herself.”
FIGURE 4
Canada is 240 times bigger that the
Netherlands. But only 35 million people live there. That’s about 3.5 people per square kilometre. That figure is much higher in the Netherlands: more than 400 people live there per square kilometre. The number of people per square kilometre (km2) is called the population density. You can see the population density in Canada in Figure 3. The map in Figure 3 is a thematic map: a map about one subject (theme = subject). The map shows that most Canadians live in the south. The north is empty. So the population distribution is uneven. That is because of the climate. The farther north you go, the colder it gets. You can see that in the vegetation too. First coniferous forests and then only moss and grass. Nothing grows in the far north. The landscape there is snow and ice.
Map skills To understand a map you have to be
able to read maps. This skill is called map reading. You need four things: the title, the legend, the scale and the north arrow. The title tells you the theme or the region on the map. In this coursebook the title is always above the legend. The legend tells you the meaning of the colours and symbols on the map. The black dots and the squares of the cities are examples of symbols. You can’t read a map without a legend. The scale shows how much smaller the region has been made. You see, for example: 1 : 200,000 (we say: 1 equals 200,000). 1 centimetre on the map equals 200,000 centimetres on the Earth’s surface. That works out at 2,000 metres or 2 kilometres. So to find out the number of kilometres you remove the five zeros from the scale figure. When you know the scale you can work out the distances. Some maps have a north arrow. If a map does not have a north arrow, the north is at the top of the map.
10 §
Canada: close-up and far away
1
2 Zooming in on Calgary
FIGURE 5
Stephen Avenue, a shopping street in downtown Calgary.
Calgary has a population of 1 million and is the biggest city in Alberta. You are going to find out what Calgary looks like. You will take a walk through the streets of Calgary.
Downtown as the central point
Suburbs: low-rise buildings
You can see the skyline of Calgary
city centre where almost all the buildings are low-rise buildings. They cover a lot of space because most of the houses in Calgary are detached. Most of the streets are winding, not straight. There are big parks too, like Nose Hill Park. That is a natural environment park with grasslands and Indian paths that are centuries old (Figure 6). The farther you go from the centre, the more spacious the neighbourhoods become. These neighbourhoods outside the city are called suburbs. Together they cover an enormous surface. The area covered by Calgary is 2.5 times bigger than Amsterdam. But the size of the population is almost the same.
from a great distance. Some skyscrapers are more than 200 metres high. They are in the city centre of Calgary, or, as the Canadians say: downtown. In downtown Calgary the offices, hotels and shops are close together. The streets are long and straight. They have got numbers instead of names. They start with number 1. The streets that go from north to south are called ‘Streets’. The streets that go from east to west are called ‘Avenues’. So you can easily find your way. Figure 7 shows a map of part of downtown Calgary. It shows all the streets and buildings. That’s why it is called a street map.
There are neighbourhoods outside the
Scale levels The scale makes a big difference in
geography. You can look at the world as a whole or you can zoom in on places. You zoom in when you look up close at things. You go from a large area, such as Canada, to a small area, such as Calgary. With Google Earth you can zoom in so closely that you can see houses, roads and cars. Zooming out is exactly the opposite of zooming in: you go from a small area to a large area. So you go farther away from the Earth. When you can’t zoom out any farther, you can only see the dot for Calgary. When you zoom in to a city like Calgary, you are working on a local scale. When you zoom out to the world as a whole, you work on a global scale. There are three other scale levels in between. These are in Figure 8.
11
Zooming in on Calgary
tN
os
1A
e
2
Cr ee
k
Nose Hill Park
Bo
w
Trans-Canadian Highway
i ve r
w Bo
Eau Claire Market
CALGARY
Stephen Avenue SW
Olympic Plaza
MacLeod Trail
Ave nue
Glenbow Museum
9th Avenue
Calgary Tower 2
5 km
0
11th Avenue
1 : 350,000
200
400 m
1 : 20,000
12th Avenue
Calgary
Downtown Calgary
downtown
businesses, industry
motorway
shopping promenade
+15 Skywalk
neighbourhood
park, woods
other roads
park
C train
shops
water
railway
water
railway
figure 7
Desiree’s house
FIGURE 6
tourist attractions
FIGURE 7
When you look at the population density of Calgary on a local scale, you can see big differences between downtown neighbourhoods and the surrounding neighbourhoods. But when you look on a national scale (national refers to a country) you cannot see that any more (Figure 3 on page 9). Then you see something completely different: the unequal population distribution in Canada.
Desiree in Calgary “In Calgary we lived at 26 Martha’s Haven Place. I walked to school every day. When it was colder than -30 degrees, we had a day off. There was a park near our house where we played baseball, hockey and football. Everything was nearby. There was a big shopping mall with 150 shops 5 kilometres away. We almost never went downtown. It was too busy and too expensive.” Desiree has now lived in the countryside for a year. There is a big difference. Everything is far away – the school, the shops and her friends in Calgary. “Sometimes they come to stay with us. I like that very much. We roast hotdogs and S’mores on a campfire. S’mores are crackers filled with marshmallow and chocolate. And we all sleep in a log cabin in the garden. Pretty scary with all these wild animals in the woods!”
Scale levels zooming in
• local scale (town)
• regional scale
(province, region)
• national scale (country)
• continental scale
(country, continent) zooming out • global scale (world)
FIGURE 8
1st street SE
Macleod Tra il
C train
Centre Street
6th Avenue
fron t
Chinatown 1st Street SW
7th Street SW
4th Street SW
4th Avenue
Fish Creek Park
Rive r
DOWNTOWN
3rd Street SE
2nd Avenue
er Riv
F i s h C re e k
Me
mo rial Bo Dr i v wR e ive r
2nd Street SW
1
8
2.5
Prince's Island Park
Trans-Canadian an Highway
El
b ow
Calgary
Trail erfoo t De
1A
Glenmore Reservoir
0
r ve Ri
Rotary Park
R
1
201
Calgary International Airport
Centre Street
e l Driv oria em M
W es
201
6th S treet SW
§2
FIGURE 9
Desiree’s house in Calgary.
12
3 Sources: The location of Calgary
What is the landscape around Calgary like? What are the distances to other cities? What is the difference between the distance in kilometres and travel time? That’s what this section is about.
The landscape around Calgary
In Map A you can see the location of Calgary in West Canada. The circles show the distance from Calgary in a straight line (as the crow flies). This is also called the absolute distance. Map B shows the distances to different places in North America in a straight line and by road. A 750 km
C K R O
Mount Waddington
+3,954 m
+4,012 m
CANADA
500 km
Mount Robson
Y
Edmonton 250 km
Jasper Banff Calgary Vancouver
Victoria
S T A I N U N M O
Seattle
cO
The altitude of Calgary is 1,048 metres above sea level. Calgary is located between two different landscapes. East of the city is a plateau: a flat or gently undulating area with an altitude of more than 500 metres. At first it was a plain with long grass (prairie), but now there are fields and grazing land. You can see very far. The horizon is endless. There are more altitude differences west of the city. You can always see the Rocky Mountains. That is a high mountain range: with peaks higher than 1,500 metres. Between the city and the Rocky mountains there is a hilly area with woods and fields.
Distances from Calgary
cea n Pa
cifi
Portland
UNITED STATES
The location of Calgary in Western Canada 0
250
500 km
0
1 : 25,000,000
200
500
1,000
3,000
3,500 m
Groenland The location of Calgary in North America
B
distance in km in a straight line distance by road in km
Alaska (US) Whitehorse
80
1,6
SOURCE 1
km
971 km Vancouver 672 km
Relative distance: always different
St. John’s 4,340 km
Calgary
2,712
4,
6,061 km Toronto 3,403 km
01
23 Los Angeles
km
3k
m
2,526 km
UNITED STATES
4,789 km
Pa
At
lan
cifi cO
ea
c
SOURCE 2
CANADA 2,287 km
km
The absolute distance between two places is always the same. But the relative distance is always different. One person cycles, another person takes the car. And if the roads are empty, you get there faster.
1,9
§
1
Canada: close-up and far away
0
500
n
1,000 km
1 : 80,000,000
SOURCE 3
MEXICO
f G u lf o o M e xi c
Miami
t ic
Oc
ean
§3
13
Sources: The location of Calgary 0
Cochrane
Y
ver
Banff
K
w
Ri
C
+ 2,998 m
Mount Rundle
20 km
1 : 1,250,000
O
Bo
10
Bow Valley Trail
R
Cascade Mountain
Canmore
Calgary
100 km
Calgary in the ‘Wild West’
M
+ 2,948 m
O
U
Banff National Park
Trans-Canadian Highway
Calgary (or: ‘Cow City’) is only a little more than a hundred years old. It started as a small settlement in the ‘Wild West’ – where cowboys grazed their cattle on the prairies. The city grew fast after oil was discovered at the start of the twentieth century. All that is left of the Wild West is the rodeo every year, when cowboys compete to catch cattle and to see who can sit the longest on wild horses and steers.
N
7 hours
128 km
1.5 hours
S I N T A
139 km
Bow Ri ve
r
Distances in travel time It takes an hour and a half to drive from Calgary to Banff. It takes much longer by bike. It’s a heavy journey by bike, because it is a steep uphill ride. You’ll be lucky to get there in seven hours. So you have to train well. The distance in travel time is called the relative distance. Relative means: in relation to (compared with) something else. In this case: the type of transport you use. SOURCE 4
A family visit Canadians sometimes travel enormous distances. Desiree says: “Sometimes we visit our family in the province of Manitoba. That takes more than twelve hours by car. The landscape along the way is boring: flat and empty. They call it ‘the gap’: the hole, the great nothing. Sometimes we visit our family on Vancouver Island. It takes about twelve hours to drive through the mountains, then another hour and a half to sail to the island on the ferry. But I don’t mind that. We try to spot whales and killer whales at sea.” SOURCE 7 SOURCE 5
Average temperature in De Bilt and Calgary ºC 25
De Bilt
20
Calgary 15 10 5 0 –5 –10
j
f
m
a
m
j
j
a
s
o
n
d month
Climate of extremes Calgary has got a dry and sunny climate. It’s hot in summer, between 20 and 25 degrees during daytime in July. But it’s bitterly cold in winter. Temperatures of 20 or 30 degrees below zero are normal. But this extremely cold weather never lasts very long. A warm wind, called the Chinook, blows from the mountain every few weeks. Then the temperature can rise from −20 °C to 15 °C in a few hours! The snow melts and you can take off your winter coat. You can go outside in your T-shirt. SOURCE 6
14 §
1
Canada: close-up and far away
4 Canada in the atlas 150°
120°
90°
60°
30°
114° W
0°
30°
60°
60°
90°
Murmansk
Reykjavík
150°
180° 60°
Amsterdam
51° N
Calgary
New York
Tokyo
30°
In this section you learn how to use an atlas. You are going to practise looking up maps. And how to find places and countries in the atlas.
120°
106° E
30°
Dubai
Mexico City
Hong Kong
equator
equator
Jakarta
6° S Rio de Janeiro
30°
0
The location of Calgary in the world
90°
60°
8,000 km 60°
30°
0°
30°
60°
90°
120°
150°
180°
FIGURE 10
rn
he
mi
sp
e h er
North Pole 90° N 60° N
You use degrees of longitude to measure exactly how far a place is from the prime meridian. That is called the longitude of a place. The places east of that line have an eastern longitude (E) and the places west of that line have a western longitude (W). There are 180 meridians in each direction. Calgary is located at 114° W. You can now say exactly where Calgary is located. The coordinates are: 51° N and 114° W.
North Pole
150° W 120° W
rt
he
If a place is near the equator you say that it has a low latitude (less than 30°). If a place is far from the equator, you say that it has a high latitude (more than 60°). Longitude You can also divide the world with degrees of longitude. You can draw a semi-circle at each degree of longitude. This is called a meridian. Meridians run from pole to pole. The 0 meridian is the line that runs through Greenwich (near London). It is also called the prime meridian.
no
90° W 60° W
60° E
30° N
LAT ITUD E 0° equator
ITUD E
LO NG ITU DE em erid ian LO NG IT U DE
LAT
90° S South Pole
Geographical latitude
FIGURE 11
eastern ere
he mis p h
TE
RN
SO UT HE RN
30° E
0°
we ste rn h emi sphe re
30° S
WE
S
im
NO RT HE RN
30° W
pr
her n hemisphere
Calgary is in the world you have to look at the absolute location. You need two things: the latitude and the longitude of the city. Latitude The world is a globe with the equator in the middle. The equator divides the world into two halves: the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. The North Pole is in the far north and the South Pole is in the far south. You can divide the two hemispheres into degrees of latitude. The equator is located at 0 degrees. The poles are located at 90 degrees. You can draw a circle at each degree of latitude. This is called a circle of latitude (or parallel). All these circles are parallel to the equator. You use degrees of latitude to measure exactly how far a place is from the equator. That is called the latitude of the place. Latitude in the northern hemisphere is called northern latitude (N). Latitude in the southern hemisphere is called southern latitude (S). Calgary is located at 51° N.
120°
4,000 1 : 350,000,000
Location of Calgary and Jakarta 150°
s out
If you want to know exactly where
60°
30°
Sydney
Cape Town
EAS
South Pole
Geographical longitude
TE
RN
§4
15
Canada in the atlas
FIGURE 12 Settlement beside frozen sea water in Nunavut, near Baffin Bay.
How do you use an atlas? You need an atlas for geography.
At school you usually use the Grote Bosatlas. When you work with an atlas four things are important. The page finder The page finder is very useful if you want to find a map quickly. You will find it in the back of the atlas on the inside of the cover. It is a map of the world that gives an overview of all the maps in the atlas and their numbers. You use the page finder if you already have an idea of where a place or a region is located. The Table of Contents You can also look for maps in the Table of Contents. The Table of Contents is in the front of the atlas. It shows the numbers and titles of all the maps in the atlas. These maps are divided into areas: the Netherlands, Europe, Asia etc. The index You will find the index of topographical names in the back of the atlas. The index is an alphabetical list of all the places, rivers and mountains in the atlas. After each name you see the page number of the map and then the section. For
FIGURE 13 Bitter cold in the city of Yellowknife.
example: Calgary 186-187 I4. This means that you can find Calgary on page 186187 in section I4. You use the index if you have no idea of where a place or a region is located. The index of geographical terms in the back of the atlas is also very useful. It is a list of themes. For each theme there is a list of maps in the atlas.
The legend All the maps in the atlas have got a legend. It is usually next to the map. But sometimes the legend is not complete. Then you have to look in the front of the atlas. There you will find legends for different kinds of maps: for example, for all the general maps and the thematic maps.
16
Canada: close-up and far away
Zoom in The route to school You see yellow school buses everywhere in Canada. They pick up students in the sparsely populated countryside. Desiree goes to school in the big yellow bus every day, with ten other students. She says: “I really like it on the bus. We talk, finish our homework, or simply wake up slowly. The bus trip takes almost an hour. If there is snow on the roads it takes longer. It’s difficult to drive on the roads or the bus won’t start. Sometimes we have to take a different route to pick up other students, if a bus has broken down or driven into a ditch. When you go to school every day in the same small group you get to know each other well. We have a lot of fun together. The driver is funny too. It’s almost a pity when it’s holiday time!”
SOURCE 8
1
17
A different approach | Zoom in The route to school
574
Township Road 283A
Bus route from home to school buildings woods
Desiree’s house
water main road other roads railway bus route Map of the bus route in Cochrane
22
567
766
Cochrane Lake
Horse Creek Road
1A
Bo
w
Riv
er
Cochrane Highschool
Cochrane 3
Bow Valley Trail
6 km
1A
0
1 : 375,000
SOURCE 9
0
Bus route in Cochrane buildings
250
500 m
1 : 25,000
int Sunset Po
woods water
Suns et
main road other roads
Drive
22
railway
Qu i
gl
ey
w
ve
r
SOURCE 10
Cochrane Highschool
Chiniki Drive
Drive Bow Va
COCHRANE Ra il w ay
Ri
ad Ro ra
er
D Va lle y Tr ai l
w Glenbo
D r i ve 22
Bo
Ch ino ok
Bo w
gal Road Dou Mc
Su n t
N
W
e riv
e 4 t h Avenu
1A
bus route
1s
Str ee
tS tre et
tW
lley Trail
18
Canada: close-up and far away
Menu of options A Isla Bonita The beaches are beautiful. The sea is clear and blue. You can go scuba diving or you can drive around the island on a scooter. What island is this? You are going to make a drawing of it. SOURCE 11
Isla Bonita, your dream island Isla Bonita is in the South Pacific. It measures about 20 kilometres from east to west. It measures 15 kilometres at its widest point from north to south but there are narrower parts too.
There are wide palm beaches on the south coast. In the south there is only a holiday park: Palm Village. The holiday park lies between fields and meadows in the flat coastal region.
It is very rocky in the north of the island.
There are two roads from Palm Village: one leads along the beach to the lighthouse on the most easterly point of the island. The other goes through the fields to Fugo. It goes up the side of the volcano and ends at the crater lake.
In the east, a few kilometres from the coast is the Fugo volcano. Fugo is 2,000 metres high. The crater is full of water. You can see a big lake when you look down from the top. There’s a lot of forest at the foot of Fugo. It’s a nature reserve for tigers.
B A map of your bedroom In this option you draw a map of your bedroom. How long and how wide is it? Where is the door and the window (or windows)? Measure it exactly and draw it to scale. Draw the layout of your bedroom. Where is your bed, your desk and the rest of the furniture?
There are a few villages on the west side.
C Distances at school Sometimes you walk hundreds of metres between the geography, Dutch or English classrooms at school. During the break you go to the main hall or the sports field. What distance do you cover in a school day? Work that out in this option, using the map of the school.
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A different approach | Menu of options
D Canada: country of migrants A
B
Immigration and emigration x 1,000 people
Immigrants came to Canada from all parts of the world. At first most of them were European, other groups came later. The French played an important role in the colonization of Canada. ‘Colonization’ means to organize a region and make it habitable. They lived in the east of the country, mainly in Quebec. Most of the people in the province of Quebec still speak French.
Percentage of immigrants in 2010 Ontario
300
British Columbia Alberta
250
Manitoba
200
Quebec
150
Yukon Territory Northwest Territories Saskatchewan
100
Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Newfoundland and Labrador Nunavut
50 0 1970
1980
1990
immigration
2000
2010 year
0
5
10
15
emigration
Regions of origin of immigrants other 5% Africa 3%
Asia 14%
United States 4%
Europe 15%
Europe 54%
Latin America 11% Asia 57%
United States 15%
C
In this option you look at migrants in Canada. A migrant is a person who leaves his place of origin and moves to another place. It may be in the same country or somewhere abroad. Migrants who settle in another country are called immigrants. Migrants who leave a country are called emigrants. You are going to find out how many immigrants enter Canada, where they come from and where they live. You will also look at migrations inside Canada.
other 1%
Africa 12%
Latin America 9%
20 25 30 % immigrants
1970
2010
SOURCE 12
E Australia on maps and photos In this option you meet Australia. You will look at maps and photos of the country and do the puzzle. 500
1,000 km
Darwin
1 : 75,000,000
0
500
1,000 km
Darwin
1 : 75,000,000
cean cO cifi Pa
0
cean cO cifi Pa
Population density in Australia number of people per km2
Cairns
less than 1
Cairns
A
10 - 50
U
S
T
R
A
L
I
A
A
U
S
T
R
A
Brisbane
more than 50
Perth Adelaide
SOURCE 13
less than 250 250 - 500
1 - 10
A
Precipitation in Australia precipitation per year in millimetres
Indian Ocean
Sydney
Melbourne Hobart
L
I
A
500 - 1,000
Brisbane Perth Adelaide
Indian Ocean
more than 1,000
Sydney
Melbourne Hobart
B
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Canada: close-up and far away
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Finish Things you should know absolute distance Distance measured in a straight line. absolute location The coordinates of a place (N/S and W/E). altitude The location of a region measured in metres above or below sea level. area Small or large part of the Earth’s surface. Small or large part of the Earth’s surface. Another word: region. circle of latitude Circle that connects places with the same latitude. Another word: parallel. eastern longitude Distance of a place east of the prime meridian. Eastern longitude is shortened to E. equator Line that divides the Earth into two halves: the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. general map Map that shows the topography of an area: cities, rivers, seas, mountains, roads and railways. See also topography. high latitude The location of a place from the equator (more than 60°). high mountain range Mountainous area with an altitude higher than 1,500 metres. latitude Distance of a place from the equator. legend Explanation of the colours and symbols on a map. longitude Distance of a place from the prime meridian.
FIGURE 14
low latitude The location of a place near the equator (less than 30°). map A scale drawing of an area or region. map reading Understanding what you see on a map. You need four things: the title, the legend, the scale and the north arrow. meridian Circle that connects places with the same longitude. North Pole The most northern place on Earth. northern hemisphere The upper half of the Earth. northern latitude Latitude in the northern hemisphere. Northern latitude is shortened to N.
Finish
parallel See circle of latitude. plateau Flat or gently undulating area with an altitude of more than 500 metres. population density The average number of people per square kilometre (km2). population distribution The distribution of people across a country or region. prairie A grassy plain in North America. prime meridian The line of longitude that runs through Greenwich (near London). region See area.
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relative distance The distance measured in travel time. scale Shows how much smaller a region is on a map. scale level The scale you use when you look at the world: local, regional, national, continental or global. South Pole The most southern place on Earth. southern hemisphere The lower half of the Earth. southern latitude Latitude in the southern hemisphere Southern latitude is shortened to S. street map A map of a neighbourhood, village or city that shows all the streets and blocks. suburb Spacious area outside the city with many detached houses and gardens, and parks. thematic map Map about one theme. For example, climate or population density. topography Description of places or regions (cities, rivers, seas, mountains, etc.). western longitude Distance of a place west of the prime meridian. Western longitude is shortened to W. zooming in Bringing the Earth closer; making an area smaller (from a large area to a smaller area). zooming out Going farther away from the Earth. Going from a small area to a larger area.
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