- Utrecht’s public authority, the province of Utrecht, publicly tenders operating contracts (concessions in the Netherlands) for the operation of buses and trams. To focus on the operators, Qbuzz is the operator of the largest operating contract. As the ‘concession owner’, it does not only operate the buses but also procures them. And, as the operating contract is already publicly tendered, the e-buses do not need to be tendered. Qbuzz is also in charge of procuring and operating the charging infrastructure. In this value chain, every company is privately owned. Only the concession provider is a public authority. - In Hamburg, all the involved companies are publicly owned. The e-buses are operated by public transport operator VHH, while the buses are procured and owned by the city of Hamburg. Procurement takes place through public tendering. - In Pécs, the e-buses are operated by a national, publicly owned company. The e-buses are procured and owned by a public company owned by the local governments. Procurement takes place through public tendering. What is unique in this value chain is that the energy production comes from a nuclear power plant in the area. This plant and the electric infrastructure are owned by a private company. The situation is historically developed. The charging infrastructure and electric busses are public companies, owned by the municipality. In the future, Pécs expects that the transport will be organized by private companies and that the busses will be financed with public capital. So, a public tender is in order. The conclusion is that we share the same ambition in providing more sustainable public transport but there are differences in the value chains for public transport. This means that practices are not always 100% transferrable due to these different contexts. 3.2 Mapping the processes of procurement per region To map the regions procurement processes, we have used a flowchart template based on the report Public procurement of Sustainable Urban Mobility Measures. Authors: Frederic Rudolph and Stefan Werland (Wuppertal Institute, 2019).
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