Wahiawā Freshwater State Recreation Area: Study and Proof-of-Concept Design by University of Hawaiʻi Community Design Center

2410 Campus Road Room 212

Principal Investigator: Judith Stilgenbauer, Associate Professor

Honolulu, HI 96822

Project Manager: Hayley Diamond, Senior Research Associate Project Designers: Diane Moore and Ariel Dungca

http://uhcdc.manoa.hawaii.edu.

Project Assistants: Calvin Bulan, Matt Higa, Michael Honyak, Mark Lombawa, Jonathan Quach, and Valerie Ribao

LAKE WILSON: WAHIAWĀ FRESHWATER STATE RECREATION AREA STUDY AND PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN Prepared by: University of Hawai'i Community Design Center Prepared for: Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of State Parks

November 27, 2019

University of Hawai'i Community Design Center (UHCDC) is a service learning program and teaching practice established and led by the University of Hawai'i (UH) School of Architecture that provides a platform for applied research, planning, placemaking, and design. UHCDC involves UH faculty, staff, students, and partnered professionals across UH campuses, departments, and professional disciplines.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank all of those who have provided valuable input into the VIWIEVGL JSV XLI 1EOI ;MPWSR ;ELME[Ì +VIWL[EXIV XEXI 7IGVIEXMSR &VIE XYH] and Proof-of-Concept Design, helping us to gain a greater understanding of the ecological, historical, and sociocultural aspects of the Kaukonahua watershed, ;ELME[Ì ERH ;ELME[Ì +VIWL[EXIV XEXI 7IGVIEXMSR &VIE XLVSYKL ZEVMSYW stakeholder and community engagement meetings as well as the Office of Senator Donovan Dela Cruz for supporting the project. • Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of State Parks • Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Aquatic Resources • Department of Land and Natural Resources State Commission on Water Resource Management ƽ 'PYI >SRI 5VSNIGXW ;ELME[Ì ƽ ;ELME[Ì +VIWL ƽ ;ELME[Ì (SQQYRMX] 'YWMRIWW &WWSGMEXMSR • Lanakila Pacific • Alea Bridge • Whitmore Economic Development Group ƽ ƵĞPIPS (SQQYRMX] 2IHME • UH Department of Geology and Geophysics • UH Department of Tropical Plants and Soil Sciences • The Nature Conservancy • Agribusiness Development Corporation ƽ )SPI +SSH (SQTER] ƽ -ÌPSE ƵËMRE ƽ ;ELME[Ì 2MHHPI GLSSP ƽ ;ELME[Ì (SQQYRMX] (LYVGL • Office of Senator Donovan M. Dela Cruz ƽ ;ELME[Ì ;LMXQSVI :MPPEKI 3IMKLFSVLSSH 'SEVH ƽ 7IWMHIRXW SJ ;ELME[Ì ERH 2MPMPERM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

;ELME[Ì +VIWL[EXIV XEXI 7IGVIEXMSR &VIE IRXV]

Talk Story map at the October 13, 2018 community charrette meeting

TABLE OF CONTENTS 03

Acknowledgments

Table of Contents

Acronym List

Project Overview

Project Timeline

Background Research and Analysis

Kaukonahua Watershed

;ELME[Ì 8S[R

+VIWL[EXIV 5EVO

Outreach

Stakeholder Coordination

Community Engagement

Concept Development

Kaukonahua Watershed

;ELME[Ì 8S[R

+VIWL[EXIV 5EVO

Proof-of-Concept Design

131

Cost Estimate

149

Conclusion and Recommendations

152

Sources Appendix

TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S

MXI ZMWMX XS ;ELME[Ì +VIWL[EXIV XEXI 7IGVIEXMSR &VIE /YRI

ACRONYM LIST ADC = Agribusiness Development Corporation CTAHR = College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources CWRM = Commission on Water Resource Management DAR = Division of Aquatic Resources DLNR = Department of Land and Natural Resources DOFAW = Division of Forestry and Wildlife GIS = Geographic Information System HECO = Hawaiian Electric Company LWCF = Land and Water Conservation Fund MGD = Million gallons per day OHA = Office of Hawaiian Affairs SCORP = Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan SOEST = School of Ocean and Earth Science Technology TMDL = Total maximum daily loads UH = University of Hawai‘i UHCDC = University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center WWTP = Wahiawā wastewater treatment plant

ACRONYM LIST

+VIWL[EXIV 5EVO FSVHIVW XLI SYXL +SVO SJ 0EYOSRELYE XVIEQ ;ELME[Ì 8S[R ERH XLI 9 &VQ]

MXI ZMWMX XS ;ELME[Ì +VIWL[EXIV XEXI 7IGVIEXMSR &VIE /YRI

PROJECT OVERVIEW Through a collaboration between the UHCDC and the Department of Land and Natural Resources )137 )MZMWMSR SJ XEXI 5EVOW XLI 1EOI ;MPWSR ;ELME[Ì +VIWL[EXIV XEXI 7IGVIEXMSR &VIE XYH] ERH 5VSSJ SJ (SRGITX )IWMKR WIIOW XS GSRXVMFYXI XS TVSXIGXMRK ERH IRLERGMRK ;ELME[Ì +VIWL[EXIV State Recreation Area's ecological, social, and cultural/historic resources, and public open space amenities for the community and future generations of park users. The overall study and proof-ofGSRGITX HIWMKR GSRGITXYEPM^I XLI TVSKVEQQMRK ERH MRRSZEXMZI VIHIWMKR SJ ;ELME[Ì +VIWL[EXIV XEXI 7IGVIEXMSR &VIE VIJIVVIH XS EW +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO JSV XLI TYVTSWIW SJ XLMW VITSVX ERH MXW JEGMPMXMIW with a focus on ecological design, resource protection, placemaking, recreational activities, and scenarios for low-impact types of state-park and locale-appropriate lodging. They include aspects of stakeholder and community involvement, analysis, applied research, conceptual planning and design investigation, and initial costs that assist with future capital improvement programming. The project provided opportunities for UH students to gain practical experience in the challenges related to the stewardship and development of our land and natural resources. Public-interest-driven proof-of-concept designs investigate connected, ecologically and socially sustainable, resilient, and water-sensitive built environment interventions, additional sites and facilities for recreational activities and lodging, new multi-purpose/pedestrian infrastructure, and ecological priority zones. These proposed process-based design interventions allow for increased biodiversity, contribute to improving water quality, provide ecosystem services, conserve resources, and, at the same time, create livable, usable, culturally–and socially-sensitive, and accessible lakefront amenities and activities for all park users.

Report Organization This report is organized by chapters that follow: 1. Background Research and Analysis 2. Outreach 3. Concept Development 4. Proof-of-Concept Design 5. Cost Estimate 6. Conclusion and Recommendations The following chapters—Background Research and Analysis and Concept Development—are further organized by watershed-, town-, and park-related topics. At the end of the report, the Appendix provides supplemental research materials, project notes, and copies of outreach materials.

PROJECT OVERVIEW

Project Deliverables

Project Timeline

2018 5

Community Outreach

11/30/18 Interim Project Report (watershed + town scale)

05/17/18 Existing Conditions mapping + summary of student work (ARCH 415)

2019 6

05/14/18 Kickoff meeting

07/12/18 +MVWX GSQQYRMX] meeting

10/13/18 Community charrette (watershed + town scale)

09/17/18 Neighborhood Board meeting

Sep - Oct 2018 Online survey questionnaire

11/19/18 Present charrette results to the community (digital flier via email)

08/15/19 Draft Master Plan (park design)

11/27/19 +MREP 7ITSVX

07/23/19 Park-scale community meeting

06/17/19 Neighborhood Board meeting

11/02/19 Day at Lake Wilson

11/18/19 Neighborhood Board meeting

TIMELINE

BACKGROUND RESEARCH & ANALYSIS

Site within Kaukonahua Watershed

0ľOERMPSOS 'MVXLMRK XSRIW (Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/logicalrealist/3238354051)

B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S

WATERSHED BOUNDARY AHUPUA‘A BOUNDARY STREAMS

K AMANANUI AHUPUA‘A

K AUKONAHUA WATERSHED

K AUKONAHUA STREAM NOR TH FORK SITE

WAI‘ANAE AHUPUA‘A

K AUKONAHUA STREAM SOUTH FORK

KAUKONAHUA WATERSHED -MWXSVMGEPP] XLI EVIE SJ ;ELME[Ì [EW TEVX SJ XLI PEVKIV 0ľOERMPSOS 7IKMSR XLEX I\XIRHIH JVSQ ;ELME[Ì XS Punalu'u and served as the birthing place for many ali‘i, Hawaiian chiefs. Once comprising 35,000 acres, 0ľOERMPSOS [EW VIHYGIH XS E EGVI TVIWIVZI [LIVI XLI FMVXLMRK WXSRIW VIQEMR 2SWWQER )IWGVMFIH EW XLI QSWX WEGVIH EVIE SJ 4ƵELY 0ľOERMPSOS [EW EGUYMVIH F] XLI 4ǽGI SJ -E[EMMER &ǺEMVW 4-& MR when OHA received 500 acres surrounding the birthing stones. OHA plans to preserve the area while I\TPSVMRK STTSVXYRMXMIW JSV HMZIVWMǻIH EKVMGYPXYVI 4-& ;ELME[Ì [EW TEVX SJ XLI ELYTYEƵE SJ ;EMƵEREI 8LI ELYTYEƵE W]WXIQ SJ PERH HMZMWMSR FEWIH VSYKLP] SR natural drainage basins, supported Ancient Hawaiian communities in their sustainable development by facilitating a connection between land and water resources. Through the ‘auwai, a system of excavated ditches used to divert a portion of freshwater from streams to irrigate food staples that included taro (kalo), sweet potato (‘uala), and banana (mai‘a), Hawaiians both supported their diet and the environment through QMRMQM^MRK GSRGIRXVEXIH WXVIEQ ǼS[W XS PS[PERH EVIEW VIHYGMRK IVSWMSR VIGLEVKMRK KVSYRH[EXIV VIWIVZIW ZME MRǻPXVEXMSR ERH QEMRXEMRMRK YTPERH ǻWL LEFMXEXW EW [IPP EW GSEWXEP ǻWLTSRHW +VERGS Abolished in 1848 by King Kamehameha III, the ahupua‘a system was replaced with a system of private land

K A U K O N A H U A W AT E R S H E D

60'

KOA Emergent Layer 50'

‘ŌHI‘A HĀ

40'

‘ŌHI‘A

Canopy Layer ‘ILIAHI

30'

‘AHAKEA

20'

MAILE Understory Layer 10' ‘IE‘IE

‘ĀKIA

Forest Floor 0' ƵĞLMƵE PS[PERH QSMWX WLVYFPERH GERST] HMEKVEQ SYVGI FSXER] -E[EMƵM IHY

B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S

ULUHE

ownership. However, between 1779 and the mid-1800s, Hawaiians had already begun to experience issues VIPEXIH XS PERH YWI QEREKIQIRX HYI XS ER MRGVIEWI MR IVSWMSR ERH VIHYGXMSR MR WXVIEQ ǼS[W EWWSGMEXIH [MXL the introduction–by the early European explorers–of cattle, sheep, and goats that roamed free and ultimately degraded native forests (DLNR, 2016). .R XLI EVIE SJ ;ELME[Ì ER EHHMXMSREP XLVIEX XS [EXIVWLIH LIEPXL SGGYVVIH MR XLI PEXI IMKLXIIRXL GIRXYV] [MXL the sandalwood (‘Iliahi) trade. Initially, the harvesting of sandalwood was controlled by Kamehameha I, the JSYRHIV ERH ǻVWX OMRK SJ XLI 0MRKHSQ SJ -E[EMƵM [LS LEH TPEGIH E OETY WIX SJ VYPIW XS TVIZIRX LEVZIWXMRK young trees (Inouye, 2015). Ancient Hawaiians used sandalwood mainly for medicinal purposes as well as to scent kapa, bark cloth used for bedding and clothing (Hall, 2018). However, as easily accessible stands HMQMRMWLIH ERH XVEHI HIQERH MRXIRWMǻIH 1MLSPMPS XLI WSR SJ 0EQILEQILE . ERH WYGGIWWSV XS XLI XLVSRI in 1819, removed the kapu that led to overharvesting and the destruction of O‘ahu's sandalwood forests F] XLI W .RSY]I ;ELME[Ì [EW ORS[R EW ER EVIE [MXL ER EFYRHERGI SJ REXMZI JSVIWX VIWSYVGIW MRGPYHMRK WERHEP[SSH 4RI SJ ;ELME[Ì W IPIQIRXEV] WGLSSPW [EW REQIH EJXIV XLI REXMZI -E[EMMER [SVH JSV sandalwood, ‘iliahi. +SPPS[MRK XLI IRH SJ XLI WERHEP[SSH XVEHI VERGLMRK I\MWXIH MR ;ELME[Ì YRXMP XLI (EPMJSVRME JEVQIVW EVVMZIH in the early 1900s to develop a plantation economy (OHA, 2013). Native plant communities that characterized XLI VIKMSR TVMSV XS VERGLMRK [IVI HIWGVMFIH EW ƵĞLMƵE PS[PERH QSMWX WLVYFPERH ERH 0Ì[IPY KVEWWPERH MR EVIEW that received 30 to 40 inches of rainfall annually (State Department of Health, 2009). Species likely included OSE ƵğLME LÌ QILEQI ƵELEOIE ƵMPMELM OğTMOS OEPME ERH EPERM ERH ER YRHIVWXSV] SJ QERSRS ƵÌOME SPSQIE TľƵELERYM QEMPI ƵMIƵMI ERH YPYLI )137 3IEVP] EPP SJ XLI REXMZI ZIKIXEXMSR MR XLI PS[IV ERH QMHHPI IPIZEXMSRW SJ 4ƵELY LEH FIIR VIQSZIH [MXL XLI HIZIPSTQIRX SJ XLI TPERXEXMSR GYPXYVI &RHIVWSR +YRK ERH Maly, 2002). However, traditional place names remain to inspire images of the native forest that once thrived MR ;ELME[Ì PSGEXIH GIRXVEPP] SR [LEX [EW ORS[R EW XLI PIMPILYE TPEMR HYI XS XLI EFYRHERGI SJ ƵğLMƵE PILYE XVIIW LSVXP] EJXIV 0EPÌOEYE [EW IPIGXIH OMRK MR LI GSRHYGXIH E XSYV SJ XLI MWPERH ERH GLSSWI XS LEZI E LYRXMRK PSHKI PSGEXIH [LIVI XLI GYVVIRX 1IMPILYE ,SPJ (SYVWI GPYFLSYWI [EW PSGEXIH FIGEYWI SJ XLI VMGL native forest resources in the area (Nedbalek, 1984).

Water Resources 3S PSRKIV HIǻRIH F] XLI ;EMƵEREI &LYTYEƵE XLI ;ELME[Ì EVIE MW GLEVEGXIVM^IH F] XLI 0EYOSRELYE [EXIVWLIH 0EYOSRELYE XVIEQ XLI PSRKIWX WXVIEQ SR 4ƵELY ǼS[W JVSQ XLI 0SƵSPEY 7ERKI XLVSYKL E mixture of native and non-native forest that provides habitat for the endangered ‘elepaio and O‘ahu tree snail. 8LI WXVIEQ ǼS[W XLVSYKL 9 &VQ] XVEMRMRK PERHW XLI XS[R SJ ;ELME[Ì ERH EKVMGYPXYVEP PERHW XS XLI RSVXL eventually entering the ocean at Kaiaka Bay. In order to support the expansion of the pineapple and sugarcane industries, the farmers of Central 4ƵELY ERH XLI 3SVXL LSVI JSVQIH XLI ;ELME[Ì ;EXIV (SQTER] XS WYTTP] [EXIV JVSQ XLI 0SƵSPEY Range to their farms. A dam was constructed in 1906 where the north and south forks of the

K A U K O N A H U A W AT E R S H E D

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2ET SJ ;ELME[Ì [MXL TMRIETTPI VSEHW LMWXSVMG XVEMR PMRIW SVERKI +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO ERH 1EOI ;MPWSR

B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S

Kaukonahua Stream meet, creating a seven-mile-long reservoir, commonly known as Lake Wilson. Constructed of rock, earth, wooden-core support members, and a concrete foundation, the 98-foothigh dam provided storage for 50 million gallons of water per day (mgd). Soon after construction SJ XLI HEQ SRI SJ XLI JEVQIVW ( 2 (SSOI WXSGOIH XLI PEOI [MXL FEWW ERH MR XLI ;ELME[Ì Water Company opened the lake to the public for recreational fishing (State of Hawai‘i Department of Planning and Economic Development, 1971). Since the construction of the dam in 1906, all stream flow from Upper Kaukonahua Stream is impounded in the lake where it currently mixes with urban stormwater runoff and treated sewage IJJPYIRX JVSQ XLI ;ELME[Ì ;EWXI[EXIV 8VIEXQIRX 5PERX ;;85 ;EXIV JVSQ XLI FSXXSQ SJ XLI PEOI KIXW VIPIEWIH XS XLI 1S[IV 0EYOSRELYE XVIEQ SV XLI ;ELME[Ì .VVMKEXMSR ]WXIQ JSVQIVP] STIVEXIH F] XLI ;ELME[Ì ;EXIV (SQTER] ERH RS[ QEREKIH F] XLI )SPI +SSH (SQTER] )YVMRK LIEZ] rain events, several issues have occurred: the stream has overtopped the dam spillway and led to flooding of downstream communities and untreated sewage overflows have entered the lake (State Department of Health, 2009). Historically, Lake Wilson provided 50 mgd to irrigate agriculture in Central O‘ahu and the North Shore. Over time, the reduction and eventual abandonment of the sugarcane industry and the reliance on groundwater resources have reduced the demand for surface water storage in the lake. Currently, the reservoir provides nearly nine mgd for irrigation of diversified agriculture. The estimated future demand for surface water is as high as 72 mgd due to a projected increase in agriculture, including the resurrection of wetland taro production in the lower watershed, with the goal of making Hawai‘i more food self-sufficient (Honolulu Board of Water Supply, 2016). Refer to the diagram on the following pages for a summary of water resources. The lake continues to function as a recreational fishing area and agricultural irrigation supply and also must be managed to protect downstream residents from flooding. The various uses are not EP[E]W GSQTEXMFPI +MWL OMPPW LEZI FIIR EXXVMFYXIH XS FSXL E LMWXSV] SJ ;;85 WTMPPW ERH E VIHYGXMSR in oxygen due to trapped sediment. Additionally, lowering of the lake water level to reduce the flood risk to downstream communities negatively impacts fish habitat. In order to prevent overtopping the dam spillway during the 100-year storm event, the water level would need to be lowered to 40' relative to the gage height at the dam, which would not support a recreational fishery (Dawson, 2009). Decisions on the future of Lake Wilson will need to consider future water resource needs, flood prevention, a history and culture of recreational fishing, and water quality. Awareness of ecological consequences associated with disturbing natural hydrologic regimes and stream flow, as well as increased risk of flooding, are combining to make lake water level management a public concern. DLNR hydrologist, Dr. Ayron Strauch, conducted a study (as of time of this report, the study has not been published) to evaluate future scenarios of water resource management in Lake Wilson that will be influenced by a changing climate, characterized by a

K A U K O N A H U A W AT E R S H E D

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B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S

K A U K O N A H U A W AT E R S H E D

Height Above Sea Level

Gage Heights 852.5’ 842.5’ 822’

88’ - Top of the Dam 80’ - Discharge from Sp 72’ - Proposed Maximum 65’ - Proposed Minimum

60’ - Existing Minimum W 40’ - 100-Year Storm

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755’

Sources

1) Calvin Kim and Associates, Inc. and Gerald Park Urban Planner for Department of Design and Construction City and County of Honolulu. May 1999. Final Environmental A 2) Dawson, Teresa. Environment Hawai‘i Volume 20, Number 2 August 2009. Dam Safety Trumps Effluent Concerns at Central O‘ahu’s Wahiawą Reservoir. August 2009. Ava 3) DLNR. 1995. Findings and Recommendations of the Wahiawą Reservoir Task Force. 4) KHON. September 2, 2016. “Residents, City Keep Close Eye on Already High Water Levels in Lake Wilson.” Assessed online June 8, 2018. 5) Yost, Russell, El-Kadi, Aly, et. al. University of Hawai‘i at Mąnoa Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Science, Geology and Geophysics, Natural Resource and Environmen O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. 6) May 2019 Correspondence with Ayron M.Strauch, Ph. D., Hydrologist, Commision on Water Resource Management, Department of Land and Natural Resources.

Lake Wilson dam section

reduction in dry season rainfall. Strauch modeled various management scenarios in relation to maintaining the following: a minimum downstream flow to support native aquatic habitat, a minimum supply of surface water for agricultural use, a consistent range of water levels within the lake to support recreational fishing, and a combination of minimum downstream flow and surface water supply for agricultural use. With the projected impacts of a changing climate, the number of days that the lake’s water levels dropped lower than required to manage a recreational fishery increased significantly when also maintaining both minimum downstream flows and agricultural needs as to be expected. The minimum elevation recommended to maintain a recreational fishery in Lake Wilson, per DLNR Department of Aquatic Resources is 60-feet in respect to the gage height at the dam. Strauch stated XLEX MR SVHIV XS JYPJMPP XLI VIGVIEXMSREP RIIHW ƸSJ E VIHIZIPSTIH ;ELME[Ì +VIWL[EXIV XEXI 5EVO a minimum reservoir elevation of 20.000 m and a maximum of 22.000 m was established.” When evaluating the scenario of maintaining lake water levels between 20.000 m (65-feet in respect to the gage height) and 22.000 m (72-feet in respect to the gage height), the model predicted a significant decrease in downstream flow, as well as a decrease in availability for surface water for agricultural demand, and in order to maintain a minimum supply for both instream flows and agricultural demand, the number of days that the water level in the lake went below the required level to maintain a fishery increased by “an order of magnitude.” With future predictions of less rainfall availability, the management of a recreational fishery and the need to maintain minimum instream

B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S

Top of the Dam

illway m Water Level for Managed Fishery m Water Level for Managed Fishery

Spillway Crest Average Water Level

Water Level for Fish Habitat

Sediment Build Up “Bottom of Lake”

Assessment Wahiawą Wastewater Treatment Plant Modifications and Outfall Adjustment Wahiawą, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. ailable online at http://www.environment-hawaii.org/?p=1160. Accessed on June 19, 2018.

ntal Management and Resource Systems Management, LLC. October 31, 2009. “Demonstrating Watershed Participatory Assessment and Action, Kaiaka Bay Watershed,

flows and supply surface water for irrigation, would appear to require construction of a higher dam. +SV XLI TYVTSWIW SJ XLMW WXYH] PEOI [EXIV PIZIPW XLEX VERKI FIX[IIR E QMRMQYQ SJ Q ERH maximum of 22.000 m were used to design for accessing the lake. The dam section image above illustrates the relationship between the gage height, dam elevation relative to sea level, and range of proposed lake water levels for managing a fishery.

Water Quality Issues related to the introduction of free-roaming, cloven-hooved animals (feral ungulates) still exist today with a population of pigs in the upper watershed that degrade the native forest through destroying vegetation and encouraging non-native plants to establish, spreading invasive species through seed dispersal, and causing both soil compaction and erosion due to loss of deep-rooting REXMZI TPERXW ERH YRHIVWXSV] WTIGMIW +IRGMRK LEW FIIR WYGGIWWJYP XS GSRXVSP WIPIGX EVIEW &GGIWW XS the upper forested watershed is restricted as the U.S. Army regulates the use of two trails in the area: 5SEQSLS ERH GLSJMIPH ;EMOÌRI XEXI )ITEVXQIRX SJ -IEPXL In 2009, the Hawai‘i State Department of Health published the first report related to surface water pollution in the watersheds draining to Kaiaka Bay. The report, “Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) JSV XLI 3SVXL ERH SYXL +SVOW SJ 0EYOSRELYE XVIEQ 4ƵELY -E[EMƵM ƹ JSGYWIH SR [EXIV UYEPMX]

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422 acres 66 acres

Total = 488 acres ;ELME[Ì 8S[R WXSVQ[EXIV HVEMREKI HMWGLEVKMRK XS 1EOI ;MPWSR EX +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO

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B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S

issues and identified sources of pollution. With levels of turbidity, the presence of suspended solids from eroded soils, and nitrogen exceeding State Water Quality Standards, the Upper Kaukonahua Stream sections were classified as pollutant-impaired waterbodies. The source of the pollution likely stemmed from degradation of the native upland forest. Additionally, urban stormwater runoff and military training areas contributed to surface water pollution (State Department of Health, 2009). Water quality sampling showed that Lake Wilson served as “giant sediment trap” (State Department of Health, 2018). However, Lake Wilson did not prevent water pollution from entering Kaiaka Bay and recommendations to restore the downstream floodplain and implement contour farming, as well as to educate on pollution prevention and implement community-based water quality monitoring, were proposed to achieve water quality improvements (State Department of Health, 2017). Urban stormwater runoff is known to contribute pollutants to nearby receiving waters, negatively impacting water quality. Using the City and County of Honolulu Geographic Information System (GIS) data for the municipal storm drainage features and State of Hawai'i GIS data for topography, MX [EW HIXIVQMRIH XLEX ETTVS\MQEXIP] EGVIW SJ XLI XS[R SJ ;ELME[Ì HVEMR ZME XLI KYPGL XS XLI RSVXLIEWXIVR FSVHIV SJ +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO ERH IZIRXYEPP] XS 1EOI ;MPWSR [LMPI ETTVS\MQEXIP] EGVIW HVEMR XS ER EVIE RIEV XLI IRXVERGI XS +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO ERH EKEMR IZIRXYEPP] 1EOI ;MPWSR & +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO QEWXIV TPER HSGYQIRX EXXVMFYXIH XLI TEVO W TVMQEV] HVEMREKI TVSFPIQ XS YVFER stormwater runoff generated from a 33-acre contributing area located directly above the site and entering between the transformer yard and Lanakila Pacific (DLNR, 1975).

Trail System Resources 8LI 3E &PE -IPI -E[EMƵM XVEMP ERH EGGIWW W]WXIQ TVSKVEQ SZIVWIIR F] )137 )MZMWMSR SJ +SVIWXV] ERH ;MPHPMJI )4+&; WXVMZIW XS MRGPYHI E ZEVMIX] SJ XVEMP STXMSRW YVFER VYVEP [MPHPERH ERH sensitive to provide for outdoor recreation and access to traditional places for cultural practices [LMPI WYTTSVXMRK GSRWIVZEXMSR IJJSVXW 8LI GLSJMIPH ;EMOÌRI 8VEMP GSRWXVYGXIH F] XLI (MZMPMER Conservation Corps sometime between 1933 and 1942, is included as a Na Ala Hele Hawai‘i program XVEMP ERH TVSZMHIW EGGIWW XS XLI QSVI [MPH EVIEW SJ XLI 0SƵSPEY 7ERKI RIEVF] ;ELME[Ì XS[R Currently, one road, located on U.S. Army training property, leads to the trailhead. 'EWIH SR E HMWGYWWMSR [MXL )4+&; WXEJJ WII &TTIRHM\ JSV HIXEMPIH RSXIW MX [EW JSYRH XLEX XLI GLSJMIPH ;EMOÌRI 8VEMP [EW YRHIVYXMPM^IH PMOIP] HYI XS XLI 9 &VQ] TIVQMX TVSKVEQ XLEX VIUYMVIW E [VMXXIR VIUYIWX XS YWI XLI XVEMP )4+&; LEW VIEGLIH SYX XS XLI 9 &VQ] XS IRUYMVI EFSYX IMXLIV obtaining an easement to construct a parallel road, lined with a fence, to the trailhead that would provide a public alternative to the access road located on U.S. Army property or transitioning the U.S. Army permit application to a more streamlined online system. Increased access to the trail would expand recreational options in the area as well as allow for more conservation efforts associated with the removal of feral ungulates.

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Leilehua High School

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Wahiawa Middle School

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Wahiawa Freshwater atte Park ark Wheeler W heel Intermediate nter d tte School Sc cho choo

Wheeler W eeler Army Airfield

;&-.&;Ë 84;3 8LI HIZIPSTQIRX SJ ;ELME[Ì FIKER MR [LIR XLI KSZIVRQIRX KVERXIH JEVQ PERHW XS families from California, occupying 1,400 acres between the north and south forks of Kaukonahua Stream. The farmers proposed to grow fruits and vegetables to supply the California market. The California -SQIWXIEHIVW EW XLI] [IVI GSQQSRP] ORS[R JSVQIH E GSSTIVEXMZI GEPPIH XLI -E[EMMER +VYMX ERH Plant Company and each family received a 20-acre plot of land. It was recorded that by October XLI PERH [EW GPIEVIH ERH TPERXIH [MXL SVERKIW PMQIW KVETIW KVETIJVYMX QIPSRW FEREREW sugarcane, peaches, figs, pears, avocados, pineapples, and experimental crops including wheat, FEVPI] ERH WSVKLYQ JSV [SVO LSVWIW 3IHFEPIO 1 SSR EJXIV XLI JEVQIVW EVVMZIH MX [EW discovered that pineapple did well, and in 1901, James Dole planted 75,000 plants on 12 acres. As the pineapple industry expanded, workers were recruited from sugarcane plantations, which had hired laborers from overseas, including China, Korea, Japan, and the Philippines. Worker housing consisted of “clusters of crude houses, often scattered in gulches and long streams,” forming plantation camps. The “plantation style,” characterized by single-wall dwellings with hipped roofs, vertical board cladding, horizontal girt, jalousie windows, and lava rock details, emerged as the GSQQSR EVGLMXIGXYVEP PERKYEKI JSV VIWMHIRGIW MR ;ELME[Ì 97

WA H I AWĀ T O W N

5IHIWXVMER TVIGMRGX QETTMRK JSV +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO

MXI SJ JSVQIV TYOE TYOE FVMHKI [MXL KYPGL SR XLI PIJX

B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S

(SRGYVVIRX XS XLI SGGYTEXMSR SJ XLI (EPMJSVRME JEVQIVW MR XLI PERHW WSYXL SJ ;ELME[Ì [IVI WIX EWMHI EW E QMPMXEV] VIWIVZEXMSR 'SXL XLI XS[R SJ ;ELME[Ì ERH XLI 9 &VQ] JEGMPMX] KVI[ XLVSYKLSYX XLI ƶW ERH GSRXMRYIH EW GPSWI RIMKLFSVW *EVP] GSQQIVGI MR ;ELME[Ì GIRXIVIH SR (ERI Street with a community business center at a railroad station located there, hotel for 50 guests, a government school, Japanese language school, stores, markets, shops, and laundry (URS, 2014). By XLI HMWXVMGX SJ ;ELME[Ì LEH HIZIPSTIH ERH XLI FSYRHEVMIW IRGSQTEWWMRK EGVIW ERH bordered by the Ko‘olau Range to the east and Wai‘anae Range to the west, remained the same over XLI ]IEVW 8EWO +SVGI 7ITSVX 4ZIV XMQI XLI XS[R GIRXIV QMKVEXIH NYWX WSYXL XS MXW GYVVIRX location bounded by California Avenue, North Cane Street, Kilani Avenue, and Lehua Street (Task +SVGI 7ITSVX 8LI ;ELME[Ì 'SXERMGEP ,EVHIR PSGEXIH MR E EGVI KYPGL FIX[IIR (EPMJSVRME ERH ,PIR &ZIRYIW was initially used by the Hawai‘i Sugar Planters Association for forestry experiments and as a nursery. In 1950, the City and County of Honolulu acquired the land and developed the site into a botanical KEVHIR XLEX STIRIH XS XLI TYFPMG MR 8EWO +SVGI 7ITSVX &W XLI XS[R HIZIPSTIH WS HMH XLI GIRXVEP KVIIR STIR WTEGI XLEX RS[ GSQTVMWIH XLI FSXERMGEP KEVHIR ERH ;ELME[Ì )MWXVMGX 5EVO :EVMSYW TPERRMRK HSGYQIRXW LMKLPMKLXIH XLI STTSVXYRMX] XS I\TERH +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO XS GSRRIGX XS XLI ;ELME[Ì 'SXERMGEP ,EVHIR XLVSYKL XLI HIZIPSTQIRX SJ E KYPGL XVEMP 4ZIV XLI ]IEVW QYPXMTPI YVFER HIWMKR ERH WYWXEMREFMPMX] TPERW JSGYWIH SR ;ELME[Ì MRGPYHIH WLEVIH KSEPW SJ TVIWIVZMRK ERH IRLERGMRK ;ELME[ÌƶW TPERXEXMSR LIVMXEKI ERH VYVEP WQEPP XS[R JIIP EW well as natural, historic, and cultural resources, protecting a central green open space, supporting pedestrian and bicycle circulation, encouraging fishing and passive recreation at Lake Wilson, continuing to serve the needs of military personnel, and supporting local economic health, job development, and agriculture.

Connectivity 5VSZMHMRK QYPXM QSHEP XVERWMX STXMSRW QIIXW WYWXEMREFMPMX] KSEPW WLEVIH F] XLI WXEXI ERH ;ELME[Ì 8S[R 5IHIWXVMER TVIGMRGXW EVI HIǻRIH F] [EPOMRK HMWXERGIW XLEX EVI EKVIIEFPI XS ER EZIVEKI TIVGIRXEKI SJ XLI TSTYPEXMSR +SV ER EFPI FSHMIH EHYPX XLI MHIEP HYVEXMSR SJ [EPOMRK FIX[IIR LSQI ERH E GSQQYRMX] JEGMPMX] MW ǻZI QMRYXIW IUYMZEPIRX XS E UYEVXIV QMPI & LEPJ QMPI [EPO MW E VIGSQQIRHIH HMWXERGI XS E [EPO JSV children between home and school if a safe route is provided (Nelesson, 1994). The mapping of pedestrian TVIGMRGXW JSV +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO MRGPYHIW XLI UYEVXIV QMPI ERH LEPJ QMPI HMWXERGIW JVSQ XLI GYVVIRX TEVO IRXVERGI ERH E TSXIRXMEP IRXVERGI RIEV ;ELME[Ì 2MHHPI GLSSP ERH XLI KYPGL XLEX VYRW MRXS XLI ;ELME[Ì )MWXVMGX 5EVO ERH ;ELME[Ì 'SXERMGEP ,EVHIR .R SVHIV XS MRGVIEWI GSRRIGXMZMX] [MXLMR ;ELME[Ì 8S[R E QET PSGEXIH SR XLI JSPPS[MRK TEKI MHIRXMǻIW opportunities to expand pedestrian and bicycle circulation routes via prioritized land transfers and acquisitions that, if achieved, would result in improved, multi-modal access to Lake Wilson, schools, parks, XLI TVMQEV] GSQQIVGMEP GSVI SJ (EPMJSVRME &ZIRYI ERH RIEVF] GLSǻIPH ;EMOÌRI XVEMP

WA H I AWĀ T O W N

A3 A4 A2 F1

D1 D6

C1 D2

G1 D4

Potential transfer and acquisition mapping to improve connectivity

B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S

TRANSFER: Priority

Map Key

Parcel

Owner

Description

74022045

-E[EMƵM -SYWMRK +MRERGI and Development Corporation

Gulch trail + urban stormwater wetland

74022044

-E[EMƵM -SYWMRK +MRERGI and Development Corporation

Gulch trail + urban stormwater wetland

76001003

State of Hawai‘i

Easement for Rose Street connection through ;ELME[Ì 2MHHPI GLSSP

74002007

(MX] (SYRX] SJ -SRSPYPY

Expand Walker Avenue entry

74002101

(MX] (SYRX] SJ -SRSPYPY

Expand Walker Avenue entry

76001001

U.S. Army

Additional access point + park (approx. 28 acres), refer to the Appendix for plan + easement for multi-use path along northern boundary to connect to Leilehua High School ERH GLSǻIPH ;EMOÌRI 8VEMP

74001027

State of Hawai‘i

Additional access point support space (bus HVST SǺ

73007009

State of Hawai‘i

Easement for water access at Ka‘ala Elementary School

73007005

State of Hawai‘i

Easement for water access at Ka‘ala Elementary School

73007002

(MX] (SYRX] SJ -SRSPYPY

Easement for water access at Ka‘ala Elementary School

73007006

(MX] (SYRX] SJ -SRSPYPY

Easement for water access at Ka‘ala Elementary School

Owner

Description

ACQUISITION: Priority

Map Key

Parcel

74012001

)SPI +SSH (SQTER]

Gulch trail + urban stormwater wetland

74022047

Honpa Hongwanji Mission

Possible easement for gulch trail (may not be needed)

76001005

HECO

Easement for Park access

74002002

HECO

Easement for Park access

74001003

)SPI +SSH (SQTER]

Expand Walker Avenue entry

74001031

The Gas Co., LLC

Expand Walker Avenue entry

74001002

Reut Hawai‘i LLC

Expand Walker Avenue entry

74001005

3EVZPI 1MRHE )SREPH

Expand Walker Avenue entry (contingent on #4 acquisition above)

74002102

8WYNMQYVE MVMR]E 1IWXIV

Park access to Neal Avenue and Kuahiwi Avenue (contingent on #4 transfer above)

74002112

EMXS ;IRHM /EVVIXX

Park access to Neal Avenue and Kuahiwi Avenue (contingent on #4 transfer above)

71001013

Sustainable Hawai‘i LLC

Easement for trail + water access (approx. 4 acres)

71001015

;ELME[Ì .RHYWXVMEP Center, LLC

Easement for trail + water access

73007001

)SPI +SSH (SQTER]

Trail (approx 1.1 mile) along lake to view dam + additional water access (approx. 21 acres)

73007001

)SPI +SSH (SQTER]

Additional water access from Cypress Avenue (approx. 1.75 acres) F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

;ELME[Ì +VIWL[EXIV State Recreation Area

B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S

FRESHWATER PARK The following research summary describes the existing site features and various planning HSGYQIRXW ERH PSGEP VIWSYVGIW MRGPYHMRK XLI ;ELME[Ì +VIWL ;EXIV 5EVO 2EWXIV 5PER TVITEVIH in 1975, the Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan 2015 Update, and the Hawaiian Ecosystems and Culture: Why Growing Plants for Lei Helps to Preserve Hawai‘i’s Natural and Cultural Heritage, as well as includes research related to trail planning, bass fishing lodge planning, sandalwood forest restoration, plantation-style architecture, and multi-generational recreational activities, such as park and disc golf, to inform the development of the proof-of-concept design TVSKVEQQMRK JSV +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO PSGEXIH EPSRK XLI SYXL +SVO SJ XLI 0EYOSRELYE XVIEQ EX XLI WSYXLIVR IRH SJ XLI XS[R SJ ;ELME[Ì MR (IRXVEP 4ƵELY [EW IWXEFPMWLIH MR [LIR XLI XEXI SJ -E[EMƵM VIGIMZIH XLI land from the U.S. Army after declaring the 66-acre parcel a surplus. The park provided access to freshwater fishing and outdoor recreation in a scenic and natural setting. DLNR had been managing XLI JVIWL[EXIV WTSVX JMWLIV] WMRGI E EKVIIQIRX [MXL ;EMEPYE YKEV (SQTER] ERH (EWXPI Cooke, owner of the dam. DLNR first constructed a boat ramp and parking for 21 cars and trailers in 1968 (DLNR, 2003). +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO GYVVIRXP] TVSZMHIW JSV TMGRMGOMRK JVIWL[EXIV JMWLMRK ERH E FSEX PEYRGL +VIWL[EXIV Park is accessed from Walker Avenue. A Hawaiian Electric Company (HECO) transformer yard and Lanakila Pacific, a daycare facility for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities, are located adjacent to the property line at the northern boundary as well as a row of single family and QYPXM JEQMP] H[IPPMRK YRMXW 8S XLI IEWX SJ XLI WMXI PMIW ;ELME[Ì 2MHHPI GLSSP ERH XLI 9 &VQ] *EWX 7ERKI [LMGL I\XIRHW EPSRK XLI WSYXLIVR WLSVIPMRI SJ XLI SYXL +SVO SJ 0EYOSRELYE XVIEQ Utility easements are located throughout the park, most notably the power lines that bifurcate and I\XIRH WSYXL MRXS +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO JVSQ XLI -*(4 WMXI -S[IZIV XLI YXMPMX] IEWIQIRXW HS TVSZMHI for clear views to the distant Ko‘olau Range. Significant views of the lake can be appreciated at the shoreline near the existing boat launch. IZIVEP LMWXSVMG WXVYGXYVIW I\MWX EX +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO MRGPYHMRK VIQRERXW SJ XLI LMWXSVMG TMRIETTPI WTYV rail trestle bridge at the shoreline and two, large rectilinear concrete pads constructed by the U.S. &VQ] (YVVIRXP] E PEVKI EVIE SJ ;ELME[Ì HMWGLEVKIW MXW WXSVQ[EXIV VYRSJJ XS XLI RSVXLIEWX TSVXMSR SJ XLI TEVO 9VFER WXSVQ[EXIV VYRSJJ EPWS IRXIVW +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO RIEV XLI I\MWXMRK IRXVERGI EX ;EPOIV Avenue and flows through the site south to Lake Wilson. Substantial areas of bare soil characterize the lake’s shoreline and can contribute to sediment-laden stormwater runoff entering the lake and impairing water quality.

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

1SHKMRK I\EQTPI JVSQ ;EM ÌRETERETE XEXI 5EVO 2EYM

;EPOIV &ZIRYI EX +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO [MXL PMQMXIH EGGIWW

B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S

The park is mostly vegetated. Areas of vegetation include the following species: Lemon-scented Gum, Ironwood, Sakura, McCoy Grass, Guinea Grass, and turf grass, and has been characterized as “Reforested Lakeside Vegetation” (DLNR, 2000). Many of the species are considered invasive.

±ĚĞ±ƾ»Ɛ8ŹåžĚƐ ±ƒåŹƐ{±ŹīƐa±žƒåŹƐ{Į±Ļ (1975) In 1975, DLNR prepared its ±ĚĞ±ƾ»Ɛ8ŹåžĚƐ ±ƒåŹƐ{±ŹīƐa±žƒåŹƐ{Į±Ļ, and stated that the area was well suited for development of a State Park due to its location adjacent to a large freshwater body. Of the 66 acres, 36 acres were deemed suitable for park development, while the remaining 30 acres of land were within the impoundment area (20 acres) and consisted of steep slopes (10 acres). Additionally, the siting of proposed park facilities and certain recreational activities were restricted by the utility lines and easements related to the HECO transformer yard located adjacent to the northern park boundary. DLNR stated in the plan that fishing activities should be “integrated and highlighted in the park development.” Additional park activities that DLNR proposed at the time included hiking, camping, picnicking, bicycling, non-motorized boating, and open green areas for passive recreation. Community members desired an amphitheater, petting zoo, tot play area, boating and fishing piers, sports fields, and flexible recreation space. State regulations, both in 1975 and currently, have prohibited boating in the lake other than for fishing. However, the 1975 Master Plan recommended to allow additional forms of water recreation, such as canoing and rowing. 8LI SRP] IRXVERGI XS +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO [EW PSGEXIH EX XLI RSVXL[IWXIVR FSYRHEV] SJ XLI TEVO JVSQ ;EPOIV &ZIRYI ;EPOIV &ZIRYI [EW HIWGVMFIH EW PMQMXIH HYI XS MX FIMRK E REVVS[ X[S [E] WXVIIX with reduced options for street parking. At the time of the plan preparation, there were proposals to widen Walker Avenue, which never occurred. The Master Plan identified several, additional potential pedestrian and bicycle access opportunities: an historic pedestrian bridge that spanned the gulch MR XLI RSVXLIEWX EVIE SJ XLI TEVO ERH GSRRIGXIH XLI WMXI XS ;ELME[Ì 2MHHPI GLSSP XS[EVHW 7SWI Street, and a train trestle bridge that was constructed for the pineapple spur of the historic O‘ahu 7EMP[E] IRXIVIH +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO JVSQ XLI WSYXL[IWX 9PXMQEXIP] XLI 2EWXIV 5PER TVSTSWIH XLEX the three-meter wide historic trestle be removed or barricaded to prevent pedestrian use due to its poor condition. The other historic structures were two large, concrete pads (300 feet by 100 feet and 500 feet by 100 feet) constructed be the U.S. Army and recommended to be repurposed for parking or basketball, tennis or volleyball, but ultimately DLNR proposed removal of the pads to enhance the natural setting (DLNR, 1975). However, the concrete pads were never removed. .R EHHVIWWMRK XLI STTSVXYRMX] JSV I\TERWMSR SJ +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO )137 FIPMIZIH XLEX XLI KYPGL S[RIH F] (EWXPI (SSOI EX XLI XMQI MR XLI RSVXLIEWX SJ XLI WMXI PIEHMRK XS XLI ;ELME[Ì )MWXVMGX

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

*\MWXMRK -*(4 XVERWJSVQIV ]EVH NYWX RSVXL SJ +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO

Remnants of historic pineapple spur train trestle bridge

B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S

5EVO ERH ;ELME[Ì 'SXERMGEP ,EVHIR GSYPH TVSZMHI E ƸGSRXMRYSYW XVEMPƹ JSV FSXL LMOMRK ERH FMG]GPMRK [MXLMR ;ELME[Ì 8S[R &HHMXMSREPP] E WXVMT SJ PERH SR XLI WSYXLIVR FERO SJ XLI PEOI S[RIH F] XLI U.S. Army, could extend the park boundary and ensure preservation of the natural quality of the area. &GGIWW JVSQ 7SWI XVIIX RIEV ;ELME[Ì 2MHHPI GLSSP XLVSYKL 9 &VQ] TVSTIVX] [EW I\EQMRIH The preparers of the plan indicated that the U.S. Army was willing to approve access, but could only grant a lease not to exceed fives years while a congressional act to formerly transfer the land was initiated. In documenting environmental concerns, the 1975 Master Plan identified water quality impacts related to urban stormwater runoff, stating: “The primary drainage problem with the study site consists of storm water runoff originating from a 33-acre area, located directly above the site, within XLI YVFER FSYRHEV] SJ ;ELME[Ì 8S[Rƹ 8LI 2EWXIV 5PER MRGPYHIH XLEX XLI WSMPW MR XLI EVIE [IVI WYJJMGMIRXP] WXEFPI ERH XLEX EJXIV planting any bare areas, erosion wouldn't be an issue. Additionally, soil conditions would support both cultivation and State Park-appropriate built development as the primary, interior-site soil was ;ELME[Ì WMPX] GPE] E RSR I\TERHMRK WSMP [MXL KSSH FIEVMRK GETEGMX] Three alternative proposals incorporated State Park-appropriate standards and resident needs to include trails, sheltered picnic areas, comfort stations, open recreation, caretaker cottage, internal roads, parking, and a boat ramp. Two of the plans also proposed a fishing pier to extend over the lake. The plans varied based on segregating day or night uses and the configurations of internal roads. The three alternatives followed that development of the site should adhere to the natural topography and trails should be gently graded with drainage ditches to reduce flooding risk. Since preparation of the 1975 Master Plan, DLNR constructed a caretaker’s residence, comfort station, parking areas, picnic tables, and landscaping with irrigation in 1978 (DLNR, 2003). In 2015, DLNR added additional parking areas, and a concrete path near the Walker Avenue entrance as well as refurbished the comfort station. The historic train trestle bridge no longer spans the lake but a portion of the support foundation remains on the southwestern boundary of the site. .R VIWTSRWI XS E WXIEH] HIGPMRI MR PEVKIQSYXL FEWW ;ELME[Ì 2MHHPI GLSSP TEVXRIVIH [MXL )137 in 1997 to develop a hatchery project, providing an aquaculture and educational opportunity for the students while supporting fishery management (DLNR, 1998).

Statewide Comprehensive kƣƒÚŇŇŹƐ åÏŹå±ƒĞŇĻƐ{Į±Ļ (2015) The ƒ±ƒåƾĞÚåƐ ŇķŤŹåĚåĻžĞƽåƐkƣƒÚŇŇŹƐ åÏŹå±ƒĞŇĻƐ{Į±Ļ (SCORP) outlines the needs and management concerns related to existing outdoor recreation facilities as well as future planning efforts. In

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI 1ERH ERH ;EXIV (SRWIVZEXMSR +YRH 1;(+ &GX XLI (475 QYWX FI YTHEXIH every five years and include a Wetlands Resource Plan to receive federal grant funding for outdoor recreation projects. Hawai‘i’s outdoor recreational facilities are distinguished by being located either mauka (towards XLI QSYRXEMRW SV QEOEM WIE[EVH +VIWL[EXIV 5EVOƴPSGEXIH MRPERH ERH EX XLI PS[IV IPIZEXMSRW SJ the Ko‘olau Range—provides an ideal setting for typical mauka activities, such as hiking, picnicking, camping, and gathering. And less common in Hawai‘i, the opportunity for freshwater fishing. Historically, Hawaiians relied on gathering and fishing to sustain traditional, cultural practices. Presently, gathering and fishing continue to meet both subsistence and recreational needs. The SCORP describes how during the plantation period, beginning in the mid-19th century, plantation workers were permitted to hike, fish, and hunt on plantation lands. When the plantation era ended and large landholdings were divided, there was “less access to recreation opportunities.” However, since being stocked with bass in 1910, Lake Wilson has nearly continuously provided EGGIWW XS JVIWL[EXIV JMWLMRK ERH [MXL XLI XVERWJIV SJ +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO JVSQ XLI 9 &VQ] XS XLI WXEXI in 1965, public access to fishing in Lake Wilson has been supported for over one-half of a century. With greater awareness of the health benefits associated with achieving daily physical fitness requirements, the state encourages consideration of “physical activity priorities” in facility planning ERH HIWMKR EW [IPP EW WYTTSVXMRK QYPXM QSHEP XVERWTSVXEXMSR GLSMGIW +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO PSGEXIH [MXLMR ;ELME[Ì XS[R ERH EHNEGIRX XS ;ELME[Ì 2MHHPI GLSSP SJJIVW ER STTSVXYRMX] XS MRGVIEWI access to trails and multi-use paths, supporting both walking and bicycling, which can lead to beneficial health outcomes and increased connectivity.

WETLANDS The U.S. federal government values the critical “ecological, economic, and social benefits” that [IXPERHW GER TVSZMHI ERH EPPSGEXIW 1;(+ QSRMIW XS TYVGLEWI [IXPERHW JSV TVIWIVZEXMSR ERH recreation purposes. Wetlands improve water quality by trapping and transforming pollutants, mitigate floods, and provide habitat for native biota. Additionally, wetlands support water recreation, hiking, fishing, and birdwatching. Lake Wilson is classified as a 228.30-acre wetland according to the 3EXMSREP ;IXPERHW .RZIRXSV] QEREKIH F] XLI 9 +MWL ;MPHPMJI IVZMGI

P U B L I C S U R V E Y S O F O U T D O O R R E C R E AT I O N N E E D S A 2011 national survey of fishing, hunting, and wildlife watching found that in Hawai‘i, 465,000 residents and non-residents, 16 years old and older, had fished, hunted, or watched wildlife in the WXEXI ;MXL MQTVSZIH JMWLMRK LMOMRK [EXIV UYEPMX] ERH PSHKMRK JEGMPMXMIW +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO GSYPH FIXXIV support resident and visitor needs to access fishing, gathering, hunting, and wildlife watching, while highlighting sustainable resource management.

B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S

ŴaŇŹåƐƒĚ±ĻƐĚ±ĮüƐŇüƐ ũ ũƐ±ÚƣĮƒžƐŦŁíƐķĞĮĮĞŇĻƐ ŤåŇŤĮåŧƐĚƣĻƒØƐĀžĚØƐÆĞŹÚƾ±ƒÏĚØƐŇŹƐŤĚŇƒŇďŹ±ŤĚƐ ƾĞĮÚĮĞüåƐĞĻƐ±ƐƾåƒĮ±ĻÚƐžåƒƒĞĻďØƐžŤåĻÚĞĻďƐ±ƐƒŇƒ±ĮƐ ŇüƐâĂŁƐķĞĮĮĞŇĻƐÚŇĮĮ±ŹžƐ±ĻĻƣ±ĮĮǅũŶƐ (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012) In a public survey initiated for the SCORP update, participants selected hiking, picnicking/BBQ, and wildlife watching as their “top land-based” outdoor recreation activities. In response to a question related to outdoor recreation improvements, participants desired “more trails or access to mauka lands,” and “the need for trail facilities and maintenance.” Additionally, participants indicated that cultural practices related to nature-based subsistence farming, fishing, and gathering materials for traditional arts and medicinal reasons motivated participation in outdoor recreation.

Hawaiian Ecosystems and Culture: Why :ŹŇƾĞĻďƐ{Į±ĻƒžƐüŇŹƐXåĞƐBåĮŤžƐƒŇƐ{ŹåžåŹƽåƐ Hawai‘ i’s Natural and Cultural Heritage (2009) An understanding of Hawaiian spiritual beliefs, and the reciprocal relationship between Hawaiians and the environment, should inform both larger park design goals and future management strategies as well as the incorporation of park-specific programs to support cultural practices of gathering and artmaking, including lei making, chanting, and dancing (hula). Traditional Hawaiian beliefs maintain that the spirits of gods and goddesses reside in the forests and other natural settings, landscape features, plants, and animals. This concept is known as kinolau, translated as “body forms of the gods.” As a spiritual place, where gods reside, the forest could be entered only with permission. And although modifications were made to the forested landscape prior to the 1778 arrival of the English explorers, the practice had strict controls that also extended to gathering rights related to acquiring natural materials for cultural and spiritual expression.

Ŵ ŇķåƐÆåĮĞåƽåƐƒĚ±ƒƐƽĞŹƒƣ±ĮĮǅƐåƽåŹǅƐŤĮ±ĻƒƐ žŤåÏĞåžƐīĻŇƾĻƐƒŇƐƒĚåƐB±ƾ±ĞĞ±ĻžƐƾ±žƐ ÏŇĻžĞÚåŹåÚƐīĞĻŇĮ±ƣƐŇüƐžŇķåƐžŤĞŹĞƒƐŇŹƐÚåĞƒǅũŶ &RHIVWSR +YRK ERH 2EP]

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

Today, the practice of making and giving a lei is synonymous with aloha or kindness. However, the art of lei making, and the natural materials used to make lei, have “deeper meanings in Hawaiian culture, reflecting the spiritual connection between native Hawaiians and the environment.” By wearing lei, Hawaiians could literally “touch their gods” and be “touched by” the embodied spirit of the gods. In the 1960s and 70s, there was a Hawaiian cultural renaissance that resulted in more people gathering native materials traditionally used in cultural practices, which resulted in the unforeseen consequence of further stressing already degraded native plant communities. In order to preserve native ecosystems, the authors propose “growing” the natural materials needed while supporting restoration efforts to remove invasive species. The practice of taking responsibility for the care of the environment traditionally afforded the right to sensitively collect and use natural resources. State Parks would be an ideal location to support awareness of both traditional cultural beliefs and sustainable land stewardship practices.

“A mutual dependency thus exists today ÆåƒƾååĻƐB±ƾ±ĞĞ±ĻƐåÏŇžǅžƒåķžƐ±ĻÚƐB±ƾ±ĞĞ±ĻƐ ÏƣĮƒƣŹåũƐ ǅƐƾŇŹīĞĻďƐƒŇƐž±ƽåƐĻ±ƒĞƽåƐåÏŇžǅžƒåķžØƐ B±ƾ±ĞĞ±ĻžƐĚåĮŤƐƒŇƐŤŹåžåŹƽåƐƒĚåĞŹƐÏƣĮƒƣŹåũŶƐ &RHIVWSR +YRK ERH 2EP]

Trail Planning Ŵ ĚåƐĻ±ƒƣŹåƐƒŹ±ĞĮƐĚ±žƐŤŹŇƽåĻƐĞƒžåĮüƐƒŇƐÆåƐŇĻåƐ ŇüƐƒĚåƐķŇžƒƐåýåÏƒĞƽåƐķå±ĻžƐŇüƐƒŹ±ĻžķĞƒƒĞĻďƐ īĻŇƾĮåÚďåƐ±ÆŇƣƒƐĻ±ƒƣŹåƐ±ĻÚƐķ±ĻŷžƐ åĻƽĞŹŇĻķåĻƒƐƒĚŹŇƣďĚƐĀŹžƒĚ±ĻÚƐåǄŤåŹĞåĻÏåžũŶƐ (Ashbaugh and Kordish, 1971) Trails have been the primary form of transport, communication, and sustenance—providing access to food gathering, and traditional cultural and healing practices—since the beginning of human development and continue to be popular for outdoor recreation. Trail knowledge can be passed across generations and can also include routes through streams, rivers, and lakes, known as “water trails.” Trails can be designed to educate on their surroundings and the larger relationship between

B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S

humans and the environment. In the design of trails, short-winding routes help to sustain interest. Additionally, planning an interconnected trail system with “closed-loops” that begin and end in approximately the same location, such as a parking lot or interpretive center, increase usability. In areas of sensitive habitat, elevated trails GER QMRMQM^I RIKEXMZI MQTEGXW [LMPI EǺSVHMRK STTSVXYRMXMIW XS PIEVR EFSYX GSRWIVZEXMSR MKREKI WLSYPH support trail use by providing an indication of the trail entry, length, and location of special features, ERH SV TMGXYVIW SJ MXIQW XS WII &WLFEYKL ERH 0SVHMWL 8VEMP TPERRMRK MR +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO WLSYPH strive to educate on the history of the site as a place significant in both native forest resources and plantation culture as well as to provide an opportunity for a diversity of outdoor recreation and lake access opportunities.

Ŵ Ź±ĞĮžƐžĚŇƣĮÚƐÆåƐĮ±ĞÚƐŇƣƒƐ±ĻÚƐķ±Ļ±ďåÚƐƒŇƐ üŇŹķƣĮ±ƒåƐ±ĻÚƐ±ĻžƾåŹƐ±ƐĻƣķÆåŹƐŇüƐŭƣåžƒĞŇĻžƐ üŇŹƐƽĞžĞƒŇŹžũŶƐ (Ashbaugh and Kordish, 1971)

'EWW +MWLMRK 1SHKI 5PERRMRK Reviewing sustainable tourism resources reveals commonly shared features of a low-impact, nature-based tourism facility, which include incorporating sustainable design and construction technologies, providing a program for interpretive education, improving the environment, and MRZSPZMRK XLI GSQQYRMX] )IZIPSTMRK E FEWW JMWLMRK PSHKI TVSKVEQ JSV +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO GSYPH achieve multiple goals of demonstrating low-impact, ecologically sensitive building technologies, IHYGEXMRK SR XLI LMWXSV] SJ TPERXEXMSR GYPXYVI MR ;ELME[Ì EW [IPP EW WYWXEMREFPI VIWSYVGI management, and contributing positively to restoration and stewardship efforts within the park, town, and watershed. In 2003, the World Tourism Organization stated: “Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of the present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing the opportunity for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled, while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, and biological diversity and life support systems” (Beyer, Elber, Revell, and Spring, 2005). By supporting community recreational needs, including freshwater fishing, highlighting local culture, providing a program for interpretive education, and generating revenue to WYTTSVX TEVO QEMRXIRERGI E WYWXEMREFP] HIWMKRIH FEWW JMWLMRK PSHKI PSGEXIH MR +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO could afford residents and visitors a unique State Park experience.

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

Young ‘.PMELM ERH 0SE LSWX TPERX EX -ÌPSE ËMRE

,VIIRLSYWI EX -ÌPSE ËMRE

B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S

‘Iliahi (Sandalwood) & PEVKI UYERXMX] SJ WERHEP[SSH XVIIW [EW LEVZIWXIH JVSQ XLI ;ELME[Ì EVIE HYVMRK XLI IEVP] 1800s, and more recently the community had expressed interest in the restoration of sandalwood. +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO TVSZMHIW ER MHIEP JSVIWXIH WIXXMRK JSV HIQSRWXVEXMRK WERHEP[SSH VIWXSVEXMSR It was likely that the Hawaiian Islands were covered with sandalwood when the first humans arrived (Hall, 2018). Similar to the introduction of nearly half of the early colonizing plants in Hawai‘i via the dispersal of seeds by avian species, sandalwood seeds, characterized by relatively large, olive-like fruit, were most likely carried to the Hawaiian Islands in the gut of birds. Prehistoric Hawaiians had cut and burned vegetation to grow their food and by AD 1600 had altered 80 percent of the land below 1,500 feet. However, upper forested areas and their abundant natural resources were conserved by traditional Hawaiian resource management practices, known as the kapu system (Merlin and Van Ravenswaay, 1990). 8LVSYKLSYX LMWXSV] WERHEP[SSH [EW LMKLP] ZEPYIH JSV MXW JVEKVERX LIEVX[SSH ERH EVSQEXMG SMPW +SYV endemic species comprised the source of the Hawaiian sandalwood trade in the early 1800s (Hirano, 1990). Two of the species included Santalum ellipticum and ±Ļƒ±ĮƣķƐüŹåǅÏĞĻåƒĞ±Ļƣķ, both found on O‘ahu. Santalum ellipticum typically grew as a shrub with a green flower and was found at lower elevations and along the coast. ±Ļƒ±ĮƣķƐüŹåǅÏĞĻåƒĞ±Ļƣķ was a tree with a red flower and was found at higher elevations. (Stemmermann, 1990). ‘Iliahi refers to the reddish color of new leaves, or the trees in general when they are in full bloom (Merlin and Van Ravenswaay, 1990). Sandalwood trees are considered semi-parasitic and require a host plant to grow. Through a suckerlike organ called haustoria, located within inches of the surface of the soil, the sandalwood attaches itself to the roots of one or more adjacent plants to gain nourishment. However, if the host plant is stressed, sandalwood will reverse the flow of nutrients and moisture. Koa, a fast-growing native tree, has been identified as a good host plant (Hirose-Hulbert, 2011). ;MXL ER MRXIVIWX MR WYWXEMREFPI QEREKIQIRX SJ WERHEP[SSH -ÌPSE ƵËMRE PSGEXIH SR XLI 'MK .WPERH MW a family-owned business “dedicated to restoring the native dryland forest.” Their mission statement JSPPS[W Ƹ-ÌPSE ƵËMRE MW E REXMZI -E[EMMER JSVIWXV] ERH IHYGEXMSR SVKERM^EXMSR GSQQMXXIH XS IGSRSQMG prosperity and environmental responsibility being guided by cultural values for a more sustainable -E[EMƵM ƹ 1SGEXIH SR JSVQIV GEXXPI KVE^MRK PERH -ÌPSE ƵËMRE LEVZIWXW I\MWXMRK WERHEP[SSH XVIIW deemed “dead or dying” to produce Royal Hawaiian Sandalwood Oil and forest products and then applies the proceeds to help fund their sandalwood restoration work (Inouye, 2015). UHCDC staff XSYVIH XLI -ÌPSE ƵËMRE JEGMPMX] ERH JSVIWXIH PERHW SR &YKYWX XS PIEVR JVSQ XLIMV I\TIVMIRGI MR growing and planting sandalwood as well as managing the dryland forest. Notes from the site visit to -ÌPSE ƵËMRE EVI MRGPYHIH MR XLI &TTIRHM\ MR XLI JSVQ SJ E GSQTPIXIH UYIWXMSRREMVI

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

EQ U

ITA

S O C I AL

SUSTAINABILITY

L TA

VIABLE

NO CO

MI C

ENVIR ON M

Ŵ ŇÚ±ǅŷžƐ ƣžƒ±ĞĻ±ÆĞĮĞƒǅƐĚ±žƐ ÆŹŇ±ÚåĻåÚƐƒĚåƐķå±ĻĞĻďƐÆǅƐ including three parameters: ±ĮĮƐŤŹŇĥåÏƒžƐĻååÚƐƒŇƐÆåƐžƣžƒ±ĞĻ±ÆĮåƐ environmentally, socially and åÏŇĻŇķĞÏ±ĮĮǅũƐ ĚåƐŤŹŇĥåÏƒƐĞžƐĻŇƒƐ ƒŹƣĮǅƐžƣžƒ±ĞĻ±ÆĮåƐĞüƐ±ĻǅƐŇüƐƒĚåžåƐ Ť±Ź±ķåƒåŹžƐ±ŹåƐķĞžžĞĻďũŶ (Haloa ‘ËMRE ;IFWMXI

B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S

‘Iliahi (Sandalwood) Oil Processing Plant

ERHEP[SSH SMP TVSGIWWMRK JEGMPMX] EX -ÌPSE ËMRE

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

+YVXLIV 5EVO 5VSKVEQQMRK An interest in providing facilities for multi-generational recreational activity and plantation-inspired PSHKMRK EX +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO TVSQTXIH TVIPMQMREV] VIWIEVGL MRXS XLI VIWTIGXMZI WTEXMEP VIUYMVIQIRXW equipment, etiquette, and precedent facilities for both park golf and disc golf, local State Park lodging and camping facilities, and characteristics of both plantation style and traditional Hawaiian architecture and contemporary, resilient building design. Additional source material on park golf and disc golf is provided in the Appendix.

Ŵ ŇƐžƣžƒ±ĞĻƐåÏŇĻŇķĞÏƐÚåƽåĮŇŤķåĻƒØƐŤƣÆĮĞÏĝ ŤŹĞƽ±ƒåƐŤ±ŹƒĻåŹžĚĞŤžƐƒŇƐÆƣĞĮÚƐ±ĻÚƐķ±ĞĻƒ±ĞĻƐ ĻåƾƐŤ±ŹīƐ±ĻÚƐŹåÏŹå±ƒĞŇĻƐÏŇķŤĮåǄåžƐžĚŇƣĮÚƐÆåƐ ÏŇĻžĞÚåŹåÚũŶƐ (Central O‘ahu Sustainable Communities Plan: Proposed Revised Plan, 2016.)

Divine Water at River Park (36 holes) 17 Acres

Park One Hokkaido Park (27 holes) 12 Acres

Fellow East Town Park (27 holes) 9 Acres

Asakura City River Station Harajuku Crane Park (27 holes) 8 Acres

Asahi Park (18 holes) 7 Acres

Destroyer Park (18 holes) 7 Acres

Okayama Asagoe Park (18 holes) 5 Acres

Higashi Hiroshima Fukutomi Park (18 holes) 4 Acres

Togibetsu Park (18 holes) 2 Acres

Wahiawa State Freshwater Recreational Park 66 Acres

Park golf precedent scale comparison

B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S

21 ST CENTURY PLANTATION STYLE +47 ;&-.&;Ë +7* -;&8*7 5&70 14),.3, Plantation Style ƽ Locally available material ƽ Lanai space ƽ Elevated structure ƽ Deep roof ƽ Single-wall construction ƽ Sustainable ƽ Main building and sleeping cabins ƽ Prefabricated ƽ Passive systems ƽ Eco-Tourism

Contemporary Vernacular ƽ Prefabricated ƽ Best design for local climate What to take from the original? ƽ Scale / Use ƽ Material ƽ Meaning Educational ƽ Educational component ƽ How to improve the environment ƽ A place to gather and learn ƽ Diverse users

Labor homesteads in Hawai‘i led to the development of the Hawaiian Plantation architectural style. +IEXYVIW SJ XLMW WX]PI MRGPYHI ZIVXMGEP TPERO WMHMRK WMRKPI [EPP GSRWXVYGXMSR PEVKI PEREM WTEGI [MHI LMTTIH SV FIPPGEWX roofs, and deep-bracketed eaves, built-in features, use of Douglas fir or redwood. This became a signature style in Hawai‘i in the 1970s and 1980s, and was later adopted in many other locations. As this typology was developed by the working class, it is a simple rustic style compared to the plantation owners mansions.

PAR TICULAR ROOF STRUC TURES + MATERIAL SIMPLE AND LOW PROFILE

NATURAL VENTILATION

INDOOR/OUTDOOR SPACE LANAI PROMINENT POSTS

ELE VATED FOUNDATION

Plantation-inspired lodge study

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

OUTREACH

05.14.18

08.01.18

UHCDC, DLNR, DLNR Division of Aquatic Resources,

UHCDC, DLNR, UH College of Tropical Agriculture and

4JJMGI SJ IREXSV )IPE (VY^ ;ELME[Ì +VIWL

Human Resources, Nature Conservancy

ƽ Community interest in increased shoreline access, improved water quality, and native

ƽ 1EOI ;MPWSR [EXIV UYEPMX] ERH UYERXMX]

TPERX VIWXSVEXMSR EX +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO

ƽ 'O'opu passage

08.01.2018

08.09.18

UHCDC, DLNR, UH School of Ocean and Earth Science

UHCDC, DLNR, Agribusiness Development Corporation

and Technology

ƽ 5VSTSWIH TYQTIH WXSVEKI L]HVSIPIGXVMG ƽ 1EOI ;MPWSR [EXIV UYEPMX] ERH UYERXMX] ƽ Study identified need for more reservoirs to QMXMKEXI JPSSH VMWO

dam ƽ Diversified agriculture ƽ Surface water demand

08.28.2018

09.17.18

UHCDC, DLNR, DLNR Commission on Water Resource

9-()( )137 )SPI +SSH (SQTER]

Management

ƽ -MWXSV] SJ 1EOI ;MPWSR [EXIV VIWSYVGI ƽ 1EOI ;MPWSR [EXIV UYEPMX] ERH UYERXMX] monitoring ƽ Recreational fishery management

management ƽ Interest in improving water quality through shoreline stabilization

10.11.2018

10.23.18

UHCDC, DLNR, DLNR Division of Aquatic Resources

ƽ 1EOI ;MPWSR JMWLIVMIW QEREKIQIRX

ƽ Best fishing areas closer to dam and at

ƽ Shoreline access ƽ +MWLMRK TEHW

TSMRXW EPSRK PS[IV IRH SJ XLI TEVO ƽ DLNR recommended coordinating fishing access with less-steep slopes

OUTREACH

STAKEHOLDER COORDINATION MRGI XLI MRMXMEP TVSNIGX OMGO SJJ QIIXMRK MR 2E] ZEVMSYW HMWGYWWMSRW [MXL WXEOILSPHIVW ERH PSGEP I\TIVXW LEZI MRJSVQIH XLI FEGOKVSYRH VIWIEVGL ERH EREP]WMW 2IIXMRKW [MXL )137 WXEJJ SJ XLI ZEVMSYW HMZMWMSRW MRGPYHMRK )MZMWMSR SJ XEXI 5EVOW )MZMWMSR SJ &UYEXMG 7IWSYVGIW )&7 )ITEVXQIRX SJ +SVIWXV] ERH ;MPHPMJI )4+&; ERH (SQQMWWMSR SR ;EXIV 7IWSYVGI 2EREKIQIRX (;72 provided a greater understanding of DLNR’s mission and natural resource and fishery management I\TIVMIRGI MR FSXL XLI [EXIVWLIH ERH TEVO 2IIXMRKW [MXL 9- 2ÌRSE JEGYPX] ERH VIWIEVGLIVW ERH ZEVMSYW PERH S[RIVW MRGPYHMRK XLI &KVMFYWMRIWW )IZIPSTQIRX (SVTSVEXMSR &)( )SPI +SSH (SQTER] ERH XLI 9 &VQ] IPYGMHEXIH XLI GSQTPI\ MWWYIW VIPEXIH XS [EXIV VIWSYVGI QEREKIQIRX MR 1EOI ;MPWSR ERH XLI 0EYOSRELYE [EXIVWLIH 8LI XSTMGW SJ GSRRIGXMZMX] ERH PEOI [EXIV PIZIP height—related to fishery management, irrigation water storage, and flood control—projected surface water supply and demand, stream management for native biota, and the future of the dam will continue to be critical to consider in the sustainable management of the natural and cultural VIWSYVGIW EWWSGMEXIH [MXL XLI [EXIVWLIH .QTVSZMRK EGGIWW FIX[IIR XLI ;ELME[Ì 8S[R +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO ERH 1EOI ;MPWSR [MPP RIIH XS FI JYVXLIV GSSVHMREXIH [MXL XLI ZEVMSYW PERH S[RIVW MRGPYHMRK XLI 9 &VQ] ERH )ITEVXQIRX SJ *HYGEXMSR 2IIXMRK RSXIW EVI TVSZMHIH MR XLI &TTIRHM\

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COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT (SQQYRMX] SYXVIEGL [EW E ZMXEP GSQTSRIRX SJ XLI VIWIEVGL TVSGIWW JSV XLI WXYH] SJ ;ELME[Ì ERH +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO (SQQYRMX] QIQFIVW TVSZMHIH E YRMUYI TPEGI FEWIH TIVWTIGXMZI XLEX MRJSVQIH XLI JYXYVI ZMWMSR SJ +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO 4ZIV XLI GSYVWI SJ QSRXLW XLVII WITEVEXI GSQQYRMX] IRKEKIQIRX IZIRXW [IVI GSRHYGXIH MR ;ELME[Ì ERH EXXIRHIH F] PSGEP VIWMHIRXW GSQQYRMX] SVKERM^EXMSRW FYWMRIWW S[RIVW ERH KSZIVRQIRX VITVIWIRXEXMZIW 8LI HEXE HMWTPE]IH MR XLI JSPPS[MRK event images does not necessarily reflect the number of meeting attendees as some choose not XS TEVXMGMTEXI MR EPP SJ XLI ZSXMRK EGXMZMXMIW 7IWYPXW SJ XLI ZMWMSRMRK I\IVGMWI ERH SRPMRI WYVZI] [LMGL [EW GSRHYGXIH SZIV ITXIQFIV ERH 4GXSFIV EVI TVSZMHIH MR XLI JSPPS[MRK TEKIW

+MVWX (SQQYRMX] 2IIXMRK 4R /YP] 9-()( JEGMPMXEXIH XLI JMVWX GSQQYRMX] QIIXMRK SVKERM^IH F] WXEJJ JVSQ 9-()( )137 XLI 4JJMGI SJ IREXSV )SRSZER 2 )IPE (VY^ ERH ;ELME[Ì +VIWL 8LI QIIXMRK MRGPYHIH TEVXMGMTERXW JVSQ ZEVMSYW GSQQYRMX] SVKERM^EXMSRW ERH PSGEP VIWMHIRXW 9-()( TVIWIRXIH TVIPMQMREV] JMRHMRKW EWOIH TEVXMGMTERXW XS VERO TSXIRXMEP TEVO TVSKVEQ EGXMZMXMIW ERH GSRHYGXIH E ZMWMSRMRK I\IVGMWI 8LI ZMWMSRMRK I\IVGMWI IRKEKIH GSQQYRMX] QIQFIV ERH WXEOILSPHIV TEVXMGMTERXW to share their experience through answering the following questions: What do you love about ;ELME[Ì$ ;LEX QEOIW E KVIEX TEVO$ .R XLVII WQEPP KVSYTW SZIV XLI GSYVWI SJ ETTVS\MQEXIP] SRI LSYV TEVXMGMTERXW XSSO XYVRW WLEVMRK XLIMV VIWTSRWIW [LMPI 9-()( WXEJJ VIGSVHIH XLI HMWGYWWMSR 9PXMQEXIP] EPP SJ XLI VIWTSRWIW [IVI WLEVIH ERH VEROIH F] XLI TEVXMGMTERXW 8LI 9-()( QIIXMRK QEXIVMEPW TVIWIRXEXMSR WPMHIW ERH WYQQEV] VITSVX EVI TVSZMHIH MR XLI &TTIRHM\

COMMUNIT Y OUTREACH

WHAT MAKES A GREAT PARK? $ ,*+ "&"& - &, ,*+ "&"&

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Preferred park qualities for a

Voices from the survey

Freshwater Park

ƽ +EQMP] JVMIRHP] ERH WEJI

ƽ Safe and accessible

ƽ +EQMP] WTEGI ERH RYQIVSYW EGXMZMXMIW

ƽ 'VMRK FEGO XLI LMWXSV] TPERXEXMSR GLIVV]

ƽ 9WIVW SJ EPP EKI KVSYTW YWMRK [EPOMRK TEXLW

XVIIW ƽ Cultural celebration ƽ Space for family activities

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OUTREACH

FMOI TEXLW VIGVIEXMSREP JMWLMRK IXG ƽ Well maintained amenities, assurance of safety, water recreational activities

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ƽ History

ƽ Small town feeling

ƽ "Hometown" + "old school" feel

ƽ ;ELME[Ì LEW E VMGL LMWXSV] [MXL EKVMGYPXYVI

ƽ 5PERXEXMSR GYPXYVI

ERH XLI QMPMXEV] ;ELME[Ì ERH XLI

ƽ Wet and cool environment

communities nearby have pristine areas untouched by development, and the area is YRMUYI XS SXLIV TEVXW SJ XLI MWPERH .X EPPS[W XSYVMWXW XS ZMI[ LS[ -E[EMƵM PSSOIH HYVMRK XLI XL GIRXYV]

COMMUNIT Y OUTREACH

What makes a great park?

;LEX HS ]SY PSZI EFSYX ;ELME[Ì$

ƽ ;EPOMRK 5EXLW

ƽ Community

ƽ 'MOMRK 5EXLW

ƽ 5ISTPI

ƽ 5PE]KVSYRHW

ƽ Weather

ƽ Camping

ƽ Stores and Shopping

ƽ 5MGRMGW

ƽ Nature

ƽ Sports

ƽ All the flowers and greenery

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OUTREACH

BOTH OLD NEW

78.9%

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were open to having more

considered the water

were interested in seeing

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both new things and

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COMMUNIT Y OUTREACH

PA R K A CC E S S A N D T O W N CO N N E C T I O N S 8LVSYKL XLI TEVO EGGIWW EGXMZMX] GSQQYRMX] QIQFIVW QETTIH XLIMV TVIJIVVIH VSYXI XS +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO MRHMGEXMRK XLIMV WXEVXMRK ERH TEVO IRXV] TSMRXW ERH TEXL 2SWX TEVXMGMTERXW FIKER XLIMV NSYVRI] XS

Wahiawa Fr Freshwater shw P Pa Park

+VIWL[EXIV 5EVO JVSQ XLI GIRXIV SJ XS[R ERH IRXIVIH

Please draw your p preferred f rred pa path p ath tto tthe park

XLI TEVO XLVSYKL FSXL XLI I\MWXMRK IRXV] EPSRK ;EPOIV Avenue and proposed entries: the gulch running WSYXL JVSQ XLI ;ELME[Ì 'SXERMGEP ,EVHIR E 7SWI XVIIX FVMHKI RIEV ;ELME[Ì 2MHHPI GLSSP E FVMHKI JVSQ XLI 9 &VQ] *EWX 7ERKI [LIVI XLI LMWXSVMG VEMP[E] IRXIVIH XLI TEVO ERH MR XLI ZMGMRMX] SJ XLI -*(4 XVERWJSVQIV ]EVH 5EVXMGMTERXW EPWS HIWGVMFIH XLVSYKL WOIXGLIW ERH XI\X [LEX XLI] [SYPH PMOI XS

Your Starting Point

<RXU 3UHIHUUHG (QWU\ 3RLQW WR WKH 3DUN RXU 3UHIHUUHG (QWU\ 3RLQW WR WKH 3 3D Your Path Community Member Park Path 1 Community Member Park Path 2 Community Member Park Path 3

WII YTSR EVVMZMRK EX +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO 5EVXMGMTERXW expressed their desire for signage, both educational and wayfinding; a site map; native plantings; and

Kukaniloko Birthing Stones

ZMWMXSV OMSWO WYTTSVXMRK XLI JSPPS[MRK JMWLMRK

GLMPHVIRƶW EGXMZMXMIW XS[R GYPXYVI ERH LMWXSV] TEVO IGSPSK] ERH EGXMZMXMIW EW [IPP EW TEVOMRK Kaukonahua Stream North Fork

Lake ak Wilson Dam ani Kil

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Ka Kaukona Kau aukonahu uko ukona onahua onahu a South S o out F Schofield h B Barracks ar ac a ks

Wheeler W heel Intermediate nter d tte School Sc choo

W Wheele

Lake Wilson: Wahiawa Freshwater State Recreation Area Study and Proo Client: DLNR State Parks Lake Wilson Community Charrette - 13 October 2018

OUTREACH

Naval Computer and Telecommunications A Area Master Station Pacific (NCTAMS PAC))

+HOHPDQR (OHPHQWDU\ + School

Whit Whitmore hit itmore tm tmor mo e C Community Park morre Whiittm

ue Aven

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a le Ki

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Wahiawa Botanical Garden r

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alk er Av en ue

Wahiaw Wahiawa Wahia ahiaw Middle School

a Stream Fork Fo rk k

Wahiawa Freshwater atte Park ark

er Army Airfield

of-of-Concept Design

North

Scale 0 ft

500 ft 1000 ft

2000 ft

4000 ft

COMMUNIT Y OUTREACH

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Some common topics: • &HHMXMSREP TEVO IRXVERGIW JVSQ XLI ZMGMRMX] SJ XLI KYPGL XLEX VYRW WSYXL JVSQ XLI ;ELME[Ì 'SXERMGEP ,EVHIR ERH XLI ;ELME[Ì 2MHHPI GLSSP ERH JVSQ XLI 9 &VQ] *EWX 7ERKI [LIVI XLI LMWXSVMG TMRIETTPI WTYV VEMP[E] IRXIVIH XLI TEVO • *\TERH TEVO IRXVERGI • 2YPXMTPI [EXIV EGGIWW TSMRXW EPSRK XLI 1EOI ;MPWSR XS WYTTSVX JMWLMRK ERH enjoyment of views • 2YPXMTPI TEVO PERHQEVOW • Multiple public gathering spaces to include an amphitheater • 2YPXMTPI ZMWMXSV GIRXIVW XLEX GSYPH WYTTSVX XLI TEVO FSXL IGSPSKMGEPP] ERH economically through fishing supply rentals, aquaculture, and food vending as [IPP EW WIVZI EW E WSYVGI SJ MRJSVQEXMSR SR XLI TEVO ERH XS[R • 1SHKMRK GEQTMRK STTSVXYRMX] WYTTSVXIH F] X[S SJ XLI XLVII KVSYTW • Additional plants and trees with a preference for native plants • &HHMXMSREP VIGVIEXMSREP EGXMZMXMIW MRGPYHMRK TEVO KSPJ ERH HMWG KSPJ LSVWIWLSI TPE]MRK HSK TEVO ERH GLMPHVIRƶW TPE] EVIEW

OUTREACH

Wahiawa Freshwater Park ay hw Hig eha ham me Ka

Expand parking, connectivity into park for amphitheater

eet Str do oca Av

Expanded and visually suggestive entry, covering up the power plant with trees/vegetation. A new entry that wraps around the powerplant

Horseshoe playing?

ven

al A

alk

Lanakila Pacific Wahiawa

Park must be accessible for elderly

Wahiawa Middle School

Board of Water Supply Pump Station HECO Transformer Yard

Park Entrance fishing rentals

Restrooms

visitor center

g nt in te mp ca

als nt re

Parking Lot

Kaukonahua Stream South Fork

pav

illio

Somewhere in park should be a restaurant w/ tables in front

t ten ping cam

Boat Ramp

or band stand

Kameh

I like the idea of having kayaks or such that could be rented There’s a natural te ra amphitheater as you drive ns down to the parking area. MWould be a great place for em concert or ia lF re ew ay

Need infrastructure water/sewage treatment. Sound decibals

ameha ay

Highw

Battery storage gen on-site generator to activate amphitheater & lodging

Client: DLNR State Park

Wahiawa Freshwater Park Park entry - need landscaping in front of HECO Transformer Yard - looks too industrial - need multiple rows of tall trees to look like a park

ven

Nea

alk

Lanakila Pacific Wahiawa

Wahiawa Middle School

Board of Water Supply Pump Station Park Entrance

ay hw Hig eha ham me Ka

Perhaps new revised entry?

Fruit “the Five Fingers”

Public gathering

Landmark

North

400 ft

Aquaponics, water treatment & revenue opportunity

HECO Transformer Yard

t tree oS cad Avo

Native plant educational facility

alk

Lanakila Pacific Wahiawa

Keep dogs on leash — “dog friendly area” (dog park), floral gating

Park Entrance

HECO Transformer Yard

Do not want camping. Want this site to be open at the daytime only

Parking Lot Restore sandalwood orchard (reforestation)

Kaukonahua Stream South Fork

Resurrect pineapple bridge

Boat Ramp

Park Entry Army used to build bridges here

Client: DLNR State Park Lake Wilson Community Charrette - 13 October 2018

Playground + camping area

Camping

Grills and party areas

Water access

Public gathering

Visitor center

A new boat dock

Landmark

Scale 0 ft 100 ft 200 ft

North

400 ft

800 ft

A landmark fountain

hway

Lake Wilson: Wahiawa Freshwater State Recreation Area Study and Proof-of-Concept Design

Camping / fishing on the water

meha Hig

areas should be VFloodable e ofteconcern ra ns M em or ia lF re ew ay

Kameha

hway

meha Hig

Kameha

Maybe an access pt.

side)?

A native garden with gateway with arches to enter different parts of the garden. A garden that steadily unravels to the visitor by not showing its entirety yet

Restrooms

Parking Lot

Detract main entries away from Walker Ave.

Could we activate the small patches on the adjacent spots (military Wahiawa Middle School

Board of Water Supply Pump Station

Restaurants to generate money. Closer to street side for loading trucks

Access + Landmark @ Rose St. & @ Kamehameha to attract entry points out of Walker

800 ft

“The great lawn.” I like the frisbee golf, lawn golf ideas (whole family ue activities) ven lA Nea

Restrooms

plum, lilikoi, starfruit, strawberry and guava

Camping

Wahiawa Freshwater Park

Walker, Avocado St, Kam Hi. congested after school.

Visitor center

0 ft 100 ft 200 ft

Lake Wilson Community Charrette - 13 October 2018

Water access

Scale

Lake Wilson: Wahiawa Freshwater State Recreation Area Study and Proof-of-Concept Design

t tree oS cad Avo

Park Entry Need power in park Visually suggest entry around HECO plant

Design to accommodate water level, climate change and erosion issues.

Client: DLNR State Park

Water access

Visitor center

Camping

Public gathering

Landmark

Limit the amount of boats in the water

Lake Wilson: Wahiawa Freshwater State Recreation Area Study and Proof-of-Concept Design Lake Wilson Community Charrette - 13 October 2018

Park Entry Fishing for kids. Catch and release. Remote control boats

Scale 0 ft 100 ft 200 ft

North

400 ft

800 ft

COMMUNIT Y OUTREACH

5EVO WGEPI GSQQYRMX] QIIXMRK TVIWIRXEXMSR

5EVO WGEPI GSQQYRMX] QIIXMRK WQEPP HMWGYWWMSR KVSYT

OUTREACH

5EVO GEPI (SQQYRMX] 2IIXMRK 4R /YP] 9-()( GSRHYGXIH E X[S LSYV GSQQYRMX] QIIXMRK MR TEVXRIVWLMT [MXL 'PYI >SRIW 5VSNIGX XLI SJJMGI SJ IREXSV )SRSZER 2 )IPE (VY^ ERH ;ELME[Ì +VIWL 2IIXMRK TEVXMGMTERXW MRGPYHIH VIWMHIRXW ERH VITVIWIRXEXMZIW JVSQ XLI ;ELME[Ì -MWXSVMGEP SGMIX] YVJMRK XLI 3EXMSRW ;ELME[Ì (SQQYRMX] 'YWMRIWW &WWSGMEXMSR 1EREOMPE 5EGMJMG 7SXEV] (PYF SJ ;ELME[Ì ;EMEPYE ERH ;ELME[Ì 1MSRW (PYF &JXIV E TVIWIRXEXMSR SR XLI WXEXYW SJ XLI WXYH] TEVXMGMTERXW [IVI EWOIH XS TVSZMHI JIIHFEGO SR X[S XSTMGW EMQIH EX PIEVRMRK [LEX JVYMX XVIIW KVS[ FIWX MR ;ELME[Ì ERH LS[ VIWMHIRXW [SYPH WTIRH MRMXMEP TEVO JYRHMRK [LMGL [EW JSPPS[IH F] E WQEPP KVSYT HMWGYWWMSR VIPEXIH XS XLI HVEJX +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO VIHIWMKR TVSTSWEP 4J XLI ZEVMSYW VIWTSRWIW VIPEXIH XS JVYMX XVIIW XLEX KVS[ FIWX MR ;ELME[Ì XLI VIWYPXW MRHMGEXIH EZSGEHS P]GLII SVERKI ƵYPY KYEZE QERKS QSYRXEMR ETTPI EQSRK SXLIVW 4J XLI WM\ STXMSRW JSV MRMXMEP WTIRHMRK XLEX MRGPYHIH MQTVSZI GYVVIRX TEVO IRXVERGI GSRWXVYGX SYXHSSV GSQQYRMX] XLIEXIV screen HECO transformer yard, construct shoreline fishing access, construct segments of new PEOIWMHI XVEMP ERH GSRWXVYGX WXSVQ[EXIV XVIEXQIRX [IXPERH XLI VIWYPXW VIZIEPIH XLI JSPPS[MRK XLVII options as the top-consecutive choices: construct a stormwater treatment wetland, closely followed F] GSRWXVYGX WIKQIRXW SJ RI[ PEOIWMHI XVEMP ERH GSRWXVYGX WLSVIPMRI JMWLMRK EGGIWW In three, smaller discussion groups, participants responded to the following two questions: Where HS ]SY IRZMWMSR WTIRHMRK XLI QSWX XMQI MR XLI TEVO$ &RH .W XLIVI ER]XLMRK XLEX ]SY [SYPH EHH SV IPMQMREXI MR XLI HVEJX TPER$ &JXIV IEGL TEVXMGMTERX TVSZMHIH LMW LIV VIWTSRWIW ZSXMRK SR XLI XST three preferred responses indicated where to prioritize redevelopment and what could be added ERH I\GPYHIH JVSQ XLI QEWXIV TPER 8VEMPW JIEXYVIH TVSQMRIRXP] EW TPEGIW [LIVI TEVXMGMTERXW [SYPH PMOI XS WTIRH XMQI EW [IPP EW EX JMWLMRK EGGIWW PSGEXMSRW RIEV [IXPERHW EX XLI PSHKI ERH MR TEWWMZI VIGVIEXMSR EVIEW WYGL EW XLI KVIEX PE[R YKKIWXMSRW JSV EHHMRK ERH IPMQMREXMRK JIEXYVIW of the proposed draft master plan resulted in responses to add fisheries quality improvements, MRXIVTVIXMZI TPERX IHYGEXMSR ERH E QYWIYQ ZMWMXSV GIRXIV ERH XS IPMQMREXI TEVO HMWG KSPJ ERH PSHKMRK 8LI VIWYPXW QE] EPWS FI MRHMGEXMZI SJ EVIEW [LIVI XLI 9-()( TVSNIGX XIEQ GER MQTVSZI SR GSQQYRMGEXMRK XLI ZEPYI SJ MRGPYHMRK GIVXEMR VIZIRYI KIRIVEXMRK TEVO TVSKVEQW WYGL EW TEVO disc golf and lodging to support restoration and water quality improvement efforts and the longXIVQ QEMRXIRERGI SJ XLI TEVO 2IIXMRK QEXIVMEPW XLI SYXVIEGL JPMIV ERH FERRIV TVIWIRXEXMSR WPMHIW QIIXMRK WYQQEV] ERH VIWYPXW SJ XLI WQEPP HMWGYWWMSR KVSYTW EVI TVSZMHIH MR XLI &TTIRHM\

3SZIQFIV (SQQYRMX] 5VIWIRXEXMSRW )YVMRK 3SZIQFIV 9-()( TEVXMGTEXIH MR XLI )E] EX 1EOI ;MPWSR ERH QEHI E FVMIJ TVIWIRXEXMSR of the study at the WahiawÌ ;LMXQSVI 3IMKLFSVLSSH 'SEVH 2IIXMRK .RXIVEGXMRK [MXL EXXIRHIIW EX XLI )E] EX 1EOI ;MPWSR IZIRX VIWYPXIH MR TSWMXMZI VIWTSRWIW XS XLI TVSSJ SJ GSRGITX HIWMKR (SQQIRXW TVSZMHIH F] GSQQYRMX] QIQFIVW EVI MRGPYHIH MR XLI &TTIRHM\ 4RI GSQQYRMX] QIQFIV VIWTSRHIH . [SYPH PSZI XS WTIRH QSVI XMQI [EPOMRK SR ER IPIZEXIH FSEVH[EPO XS LMWXSVMG TMRIETTPI VEMP TMIV SR Q] PYRGL FVIEO 8LMW VIRSZEXMSR [SYPH FI WYGL E [SRHIVJYP EHHMXMSR XS XLI GSQQYRMX]

COMMUNIT Y OUTREACH

WHAT FRUIT TREES GROW BEST IN WAHIAWË?

Mango! Mango! Mango! .ĭNX‫ڕ‬L Lychee

Avocado

Hawaiian Orange!

‘Ulu

Mountain Apple

Guava Mountain Apple

Lychee Apricot

Orange Lychee Hawaiian Orange

Avocado Guava Apple Banana

‘Ulu

Lychee

Guava Banana!! Avocado

Orange

Passion Fruit

Mango

Sour Sop

Avocado! Avocado!

Avocado Banana

‘Ulu Mango

OUTREACH

Lilikoi

HOW WOULD YOU SPEND INITIAL FUNDING? Improve current park entrance Signage, visitor center, planting, etc.

Construct outdoor theater Rock seating walls and grass terraces built into existing eucalyptus grove near current park entrance.

Screen HECO transformer yard Fruit trees, additional parking with bioswales, and paths.

&RQVWUXFW VKRUHOLQH ߑVKLQJ DFFHVV 6WHSV UDPSV DQG WUDLOV WR DFFHVV ߑVKLQJ SDGV ZLWK VORSH VWDELOL]DWLRQ HURVLRQ FRQWURO ZLWK native plants).

Construct segments of new lakeside trail Clear non-native plant species, construct lakeside trail loop, and rest areas.

Construct stormwater treatment wetland 5RFN ߑOOHG JDELRQ ZDOOV ZLWK FKHFN GDPV FUHDWH VWRUPZDWHU ZHWODQG EDVLQV WR WUHDW XUEDQ UXQRII with native plants and trails, etc.

COMMUNIT Y OUTREACH

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

MITIGATE POLLUTED URBAN STORMWATER RUNOFF THROUGH GREEN STORMWATER INFRASTRUC TURE

SUPPOR T DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE

PROTEC T CULTURALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES (KŪK ANILOKO)

COLLABORATIVE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT THROUGH PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN WATER QUALIT Y MONITORING + PRIORITIZING ECOLOGICAL

LAKE WILSON DAM IMPROVEMENT:

IMPROVEMENT PROJEC TS

• REDESIGN DAM TO MINIMIZE FLOODING RISK • MANAGE RECREATIONAL FISHERY • PROVIDE FOR FUTURE SURFACE WATER DEMAND

CONCEPT DE VELOPMENT

CREATE A REGIONAL BIKE PATH

UPPER FORESTED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT: • INVASIVE SPECIES REMOVAL • NATIVE HABITAT PROTEC TION

HABITAT RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT, INCLUDING RE-INTRODUC TION OF SANDALWOOD, AND VEGE TATIVE STREAMBANK STABILIZATION

KAUKONAHUA WATERSHED At the watershed scale, concept development is informed by the background research and outreach process and includes supporting forest management, water quality improvement and flood control, increasing cultural resource protection, increasing diversified agriculture and regional bicycling facilities, and involving the community in improving watershed health. The upper forested areas of the Kaukonahua watershed provide critical habitat for native species as well as support water resources. In DLNR’s “Hawai‘i Forest Action Plan 2016,” it is stated: “…our life in these islands is directly tied to the health of our forests and the role that they play in recharging our groundwater, springs, and streams.” Removal of invasive species, including feral pigs and strawberry guava trees paired with habitat protection to support populations of endangered species, is a top priority. Important forest management practices currently exist in the Upper Kaukonahua watershed with a 1,500-acre Natural Area Reserve System designation—to preserve native ecosystems and cultural resources—for the Poamoho Section of the 'Ewa Forest Reserve that lies east of the town of ;ELME[Ì )137

K A U K O N A H U A W AT E R S H E D

Kaukonahua Stream

CONCEPT DE VELOPMENT

With support for the continued management of the upper forested area, combined with erosion control TVEGXMGIW ERH YVFER WXSVQ[EXIV VYRSǺ QMXMKEXMSR XLVSYKL KVIIR WXSVQ[EXIV MRJVEWXVYGXYVI VIXVSǻX projects water quality will be improved. Additionally, seeking solutions to reduce the risk of downstream ǼSSHMRK [LMPI QEMRXEMRMRK PEOI PIZIPW XS WYTTSVX HS[RWXVIEQ ǼS[W VIGVIEXMSREP ǻWLMRK ERH EKVMGYPXYVEP demand, will be critical and could include dam improvements to better manage water levels and a WIVMIW SJ VIXIRXMSR HIXIRXMSR FEWMRW XLVSYKLSYX XLI [EXIVWLIH [LMGL GSYPH WIVZI QYPXMTPI FIRIǻXW SJ VIHYGMRK TIEO ǼS[W VITPIRMWLMRK KVSYRH[EXIV WXSVEKIW MJ YRPMRIH ERH MJ PMRIH TVSZMHMRK WYVJEGI [EXIV for agricultural irrigation. (YPXYVEP VIWSYVGI TVSXIGXMSR IǺSVXW EVI YRHIV[E] [MXL 4-&ƶW EGUYMWMXMSR SJ EGVIW WYVVSYRHMRK XLI FMVXLMRK WXSRIW EX 0ľOERMPSOS MR EW E VIWYPX SJ XLI 8VYWX JSV 5YFPMG 1ERH ERH XLI XEXI SJ -E[EMƵM TYVGLEWI SJ EGVIW SJ PERH JVSQ XLI ,EPFVEMXL *WXEXI 8LI PERHW GER SRP] FI YWIH JSV EKVMGYPXYVI ERH GYPXYVEP TVIWIVZEXMSR (SPIQER YTTSVXMRK E HMZIVWMǻIH EKVMGYPXYVI MRHYWXV] MR (IRXVEP 4ƵELY ERH XLI 3SVXL LSVI [SYPH ]MIPH QYPXMTPI FIRIǻXW MRGVIEWMRK JSSH MRHITIRHIRGI ERH WIGYVMX] VIHYGMRK IRIVK] GSWXW EWWSGMEXIH [MXL MQTSVXMRK JSSH WXVIRKXLIRMRK XLI PSGEP IGSRSQ] ERH MRGVIEWMRK [EXIV YWI IǽGMIRG] ERH WSMP GSRWIVZEXMSR A regional bicycle path, proposed in the City and County of Honolulu’s 1998 ±ĚĞ±ƾ»Ɛ ŹÆ±ĻƐ%åžĞďĻƐ {Į±Ļ, could facilitate greater choice in multi-modal travel modes for community members, reducing dependence on vehicle travel while supporting outdoor recreation. Community involvement could be incorporated in all areas of watershed planning: land use planning and natural and cultural resource management. Community members could be involved in prioritization of watershed improvement projects and collaborative, long-term environmental monitoring.

Ŵ ĚåƐüŇŹåžƒžƐŇüƐB±ƾ±ĞŵĞƐƾĞĮĮƐÏŇĻƒĞĻƣåƐƒŇƐÆåƐ ÏŹĞƒĞÏ±ĮĮǅƐĞķŤŇŹƒ±ĻƒƐƒŇƐƒĚåƐžƒ±ƒåŷžƐƾ±ƒåŹƐžƣŤŤĮǅØƐ ƣĻĞŭƣåƐŤĮ±ĻƒžƐ±ĻÚƐ±ĻĞķ±ĮžØƐƒĚåƐåÏŇĻŇķǅØƐ ÏĮå±ĻƐåĻåŹďǅƐžƣŤŤĮǅØƐŤåŇŤĮåØƐ±ĻÚƐƒĚåĞŹƐÏƣĮƒƣŹåũƐ åĻåĀƒžƐüŹŇķƐƒĚåžåƐüŇŹåžƒžƐďŇƐƾåĮĮƐÆåǅŇĻÚƐ ƾŇŇÚƐ±ĻÚƐĀÆåŹƐŤŹŇÚƣÏƒžƐ±ĻÚƐ±ýåÏƒƐ±åžƒĚåƒĞÏƐ ƽ±ĮƣåžØƐŹåÏŹå±ƒĞŇĻ±ĮƐÏŇĻžåŹƽ±ƒĞŇĻØƐĞķŤŹŇƽåÚƐ ±ĞŹƐŭƣ±ĮĞƒǅØƐÏŇŹ±ĮƐŹååüƐŤŹŇƒåÏƒĞŇĻØƐ±ĻÚƐķ±ĻǅƐ ŇƒĚåŹƐĞķŤŇŹƒ±ĻƒƐŹåžŇƣŹÏåžũŶ -E[EM M +SVIWX &GXMSR 5PER

K A U K O N A H U A W AT E R S H E D

Before

After

Rose Street facing north towards California Avenue

Before

After

Walker Avenue at Freshwater Park

Before

;EPOIV &ZIRYI JEGMRK RSVXL XS[EVHW 4PMZI &ZIRYI

CONCEPT DE VELOPMENT

After

;&-.&;Ë 84;3 .R XLI XS[R SJ ;ELME[Ì XLI GSRGITX HIZIPSTQIRX MRGPYHIW WYTTSVXMRK TIHIWXVMER FMG]GPI ERH [EXIV GMVGYPEXMSR [MXL XLI KSEPW SJ MQTVSZMRK EGGIWW XS +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO ;ELME[Ì 8S[R (IRXIV ;ELME[Ì 'SXERMGEP ,EVHIR ;ELME[Ì )MWXVMGX 5EVO ;LMXQSVI :MPPEKI 0ľOERMPSOS ERH XLI GLSJMIPH ;EMOÌRI 8VEMP VIHYGMRK ZILMGPI HITIRHIRGI ERH MRGVIEWMRK SYXHSSV VIGVIEXMSREP STTSVXYRMXMIW EW well as incorporating green stormwater infrastructure and native plant restoration into improved street, path, and trail projects to enhance cultural, social, and ecological resources. Through the incorporation of complete street principles—ensuring that all street users can safely move along and across a street—with increased pedestrian, bicycle, and green stormwater MRJVEWXVYGXYVI JEGMPMXMIW ;ELME[Ì GSYPH TVSZMHI JSV IRLERGIH GMVGYPEXMSR ERH IRZMVSRQIRXEP UYEPMX] including native habitat restoration and air and water quality improvements. A future water trail, potentially supported by ferry service, could provide a unique, public experience EPSRK 1EOI ;MPWSR ERH ER EHHMXMSREP STTSVXYRMX] XS FIXXIV GSRRIGX XLI XS[R SJ ;ELME[Ì XS ;LMXQSVI :MPPEKI ERH 0ľOERMPSOS [LMPI IHYGEXMRK SR [EXIV VIWSYVGIW 8S[R MQTVSZIQIRXW GSYPH GIPIFVEXI ;ELME[ÌƶW TPERXEXMSR LIVMXEKI XLVSYKL QEXIVMEP WIPIGXMSR ERH architectural style. Additional access to Freshwater Park could be supported by acquiring land to the south of the lake, currently occupied by the U.S. Army as well as connecting to Rose Street and the existing gulch at the northeast boundary of the site. As a majority of the land to the south of Lake Wilson lies within the airfield clear zone associated with Wheeler Army Airfield, compliance with clear zone development restrictions would need to be in accordance with Federal requirements. A multi-use path along the northern boundary of the U.S. Army East Range could increase GSRRIGXMZMX] XS +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO ;ELME[Ì 2MHHPI GLSSP 1IMPILYE -MKL GLSSP ERH XLI GLSJMIPH ;EMOÌRI 8VEMP Signage along Interstate H-1 could improve wayfinding to Freshwater Park if the area south of Lake ;MPWSR GSYPH FI YWIH XS EGGIWW XLI TEVO VIJIV XS XLI /YRI 9 &VQ] QIIXMRK WPMHIW MR XLI &TTIRHM\ JSV WMKREKI MQEKIV]

WA H I AWĀ T O W N

(SRGITX HIZIPSTQIRX JSV ;ELME[Ì 8S[R

CONCEPT DE VELOPMENT

WA H I AWĀ T O W N

7IGVIEXMSREP JMWLMRK SYVGI /SWITLMRI 'VMSRIW 9- GLSSP SJ &VGLMXIGXYVI WXYHIRX

CONCEPT DE VELOPMENT

FRESHWATER PARK At the scale of Freshwater Park, the concept development includes an improved park entrance at Walker Avenue and additional entrances—from the north via the gulch and connecting to Rose XVIIX RIEV ;ELME[Ì 2MHHPI GLSSPƴ[MXL XLI KSEPW SJ MRGVIEWMRK XLI EGGIWWMFMPMX] SJ XLI TEVO providing for outdoor recreation, celebrating local culture, strengthening community connections, and enhancing natural resources. The concept development for Freshwater Park incorporates the background research and analysis, as well as the data obtained from the stakeholder meetings and specific, place-based experience of community members, to expand on program opportunities and locate potential, future park facilities on the site. Improving the park entrance at Walker Avenue could fulfill multiple community desires to access a visitor's center, signage, gathering and performance spaces, comfort stations, native plants, and a view of park facilities, while referencing plantation culture through architectural and landscape detailing. GVIIRMRK XLI -*(4 XVERWJSVQIV ]EVH [MXL E QEWWMRK SJ JVYMX XVIIW WYTTSVXW XLI XVERWMXMSR JVSQ ;ELME[Ì XS[R XS XLI TEVO [LMPI GVIEXMRK EHHMXMSREP ZIKIXEXIH LEFMXEX [MXL EWWSGMEXIH IRZMVSRQIRXEP quality benefits, and provides near-home food production opportunities, which references ;ELME[Ì W TPERXEXMSR LMWXSV] Increased lakeside access for fishing, recreation, and picnicking via graded access paths and fishing pads could support the tradition and culture of freshwater fishing in the park and improve water quality through bank stabilization that incorporates native plant material. Developing areas of the park for lodging and multi-generational recreational activities—like park and disc golf, fishing, rowing, nature watching, and picnicking—and community gathering via an outdoor theater—could fulfill the community’s interest in accessing a variety of park facilities, celebrating local culture, and supporting long-term park maintenance through public-private partnerships. (SRRIGXMRK XS E FMG]GPI ERH [EPOMRK XVEMP ZME XLI KYPGL PIEHMRK RSVXL XS XS[R ;ELME[Ì )MWXVMGX 5EVO ERH ;ELME[Ì 'SXERMGEP ,EVHIR GSYPH TVSZMHI JSV SYXHSSV VIGVIEXMSR ERH E KVIEXIV WIRWI SJ connection between the park and town. Water quality improvement projects, including bank stabilization, erosion control, stormwater treatment wetlands, educational signage, and partnerships with local community groups and/or schools to conduct long-term, water quality monitoring and fisheries management, could provide opportunities for citizen-scientists as well as enhance environmental quality with the ultimate goal of supporting increased opportunities for water recreation in Lake Wilson that could include boating,

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

Water Access Points

Stormwater Treatment Wetlands

1SHKMRK :MWMXSV 0MSWO

Productive Landscape

5EVO )MWG ,SPJ

,EXLIVMRK TEGIW

Initial site analysis diagrams

CONCEPT DE VELOPMENT

kayaking, fishing, and swimming. Additional water access points could bring the community to the PEOI XS VIGVIEXI ERH VIPE\ XSVQ[EXIV HVEMREKI JVSQ ;ELME[Ì XS[R GSYPH FI TMTIH XS XVIEXQIRX wetlands in Freshwater Park to ensure removal of pollutants prior to entering Lake Wilson. ;ELME[Ì W WMKRMJMGERGI EW E TPEGI VMGL MR JSVIWX VIWSYVGIW [EW GMXIH EW XLI VIEWSR XLEX 0MRK 0EPÌOEYE LEH GLSWIR XLI EVIE XS GSRWXVYGX LMW 1IMPILYE LYRXMRK PSHKI 3IHFEPIO 'EWW JMWLMRK PSHKMRK and the various recreational programs at Freshwater Park could support ongoing forest restoration and the traditional practice of caring for the land.

Existing

Proposed

“HERE, CHIEFS FROM ALL THE ISLANDS ‘ENJOYED THE PRIVILEGE OF HUNTING GAME WITH THEIR KING.’” (NEDBALEK , 1984)

;ELME[Ì GSQQYRMX] KEVHIR TPERXEXMSR

Fruit orchard screen, plantation-inspired

history of stocking Lake Wilson with bass,

entry lanai, bass fishing lodge, and

ERH 0EPÌOEYEƶW 1IMPILYE LYRXMRK PSHKI

sandalwood restoration forest

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

84 2

CONCEPT DE VELOPMENT

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

86 4

CONCEPT DE VELOPMENT

PLANTATIONINSPIRED ORCHARD

SANDALWOOD RESTORATION FOREST

NATIVE VEGETATION

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

STORMWATER BIOFILTRATION

GREYWATER T IRRIGAT

88 6

CONCEPT DE VELOPMENT

STORMWATER BIOFILTRATION

FRUIT TREE AND SANDALWOOD FOREST IRRIGATION

TREATMENT AND

ION REUSE

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

PROOF-OFCONCEPT DESIGN

Proposed lake access and recreational piers

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN The proof-of-concept design for Freshwater Park includes improved park entrances, ecological restoration, plantation-inspired development to support recreation and bass fishing lodging, and an extensive trail system that provides additional water access. Taking inspiration from both the background research and analysis, as well as stakeholder outreach and community engagement, the park design responds to current needs while striving to sustain future generations of park users through enhancing on-site water and forest resources and overall connectivity between the park and town. The current Walker Avenue entrance would be improved with additional landscaping and increased density that would highlight the open park vista enjoyed from the proposed entry lanai plaza. A ZMWMXSV OMSWO [SYPH WYTTSVX VSXEXMRK I\LMFMXW EFSYX +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO ERH XLI ;ELME[Ì GSQQYRMX] as well as provide information about park activities and an additional comfort station. The existing caretaker’s residence would remain to support park maintenance and would be enhanced with a fruit orchard that screens the HECO transformer yard and additional parking areas. Near the existing entrance and comfort station, an additional community building would support cultural events in the nearby community theater—a flexible outdoor amphitheater built into the slope and shaded by an existing eucalyptus grove. The space could be used for annual events, as well as a weekly schedule of activities, such as hula, tai chi, yoga, and storytelling. The nearby lei garden would provide park visitors with access to materials for lei making and traditional cultural practices while educating on the importance of conservation. The community theater space terminates in one of several stormwater treatment wetlands that allow for exploring the flora and fauna of a native wetland while providing water quality treatment for urban stormwater runoff prior to discharging to the lake. Wetland cells are created by rock-filled gabion check dams and comprised of native grasses and groundcovers. Walking paths border the wetland and a bridge provides access to the continuous lakeside trail with two additional water access ramps. Elevated above the wetland, a wood observatory deck and boardwalk—aligned with the historic pineapple spur rail guideway—afford views to the theater, entry lanai, and lakeside picnic and BBQ area. Adjacent to the existing boat launch, a recreational gear rental kiosk provides equipment for nonmotorized water craft and fishing, which could be enjoyed from the improved, lakeside fishing platforms and pier, which mimics the alignment of the former pineapple spur rail trestle bridge that crossed Lake Wilson in the same location. A floating dock, also nearby the existing boat ramp, expands the opportunity for water recreation and supports canoe and kayak rentals. At one terminus of the lakeside trail, a covered pavilion offers a place of solitude to enjoy views of the lake and surrounding park. Further on, in the eastern portion of the park, a proposed palm-lined

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

Aerial view of stormwater treatment wetland and elevated boardwalk

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

park road provides access to a flexible lawn space, park/disc golf, bass fishing lodge, cabins, and parking. The park/disc golf support kiosks will provide additional comfort stations within the park. The two-story bass fishing lodge would be a modern plantation style building incorporating sustainable building technology with traditional detailing. A cafe and flexible event space comprise the first floor while the second floor provides seven guest rooms. A natural swimming pool, filtered by a constructed wetland, provides a central gathering space in the lodge campus that also includes 12 detached cabins and gardens. The lodge could facilitate annual bass fishing tournaments, wildlife watching throughout the year as well as be used to support hunting and restoration efforts in the upper watershed to improve water quality. Bordering the bass fishing lodge, an 18-hole park/disc golf course provides recreational opportunities for multi-generational enjoyment. A restored native forest canopy shades the course and frames looping trails that facilitate strolling throughout the area. A great lawn would serve as a flexible open space, adjacent to the lakeside trail, surrounded by native forest canopy, and accessed by several paths. The furthest east portion of the park would be dedicated to a sandalwood restoration forest, referencing the past significance of natural resources in the area. An additional access bridge and road would afford a second park entrance from Rose Street that would be secured with a gate and guard kiosk to regulate access. The alignment of the proposed "puka puka bridge" utilizes the rightof-way of the historic bridge that formerly spanned the gulch on the eastern border of the site. A PSRK XMQI ;ELME[Ì VIWMHIRX [LS LEH EXXIRHIH XLI 4GXSFIV GSQQYRMX] GLEVVIXXI I\TPEMRIH that the former bridge was named "puka puka" because of the holes or "pukas" throughout its span. 1EWXP] E JSSX [MHI XVEMP [SYPH WYTTSVX WITEVEXIH [EPOMRK ERH FMG]GPMRK TEXLW XLVSYKL XLI KYPGL XLEX PIEHW RSVXL XS ;ELME[Ì )MWXVMGX 5EVO ERH XLI ;ELME[Ì 'SXERMGEP ,EVHIR .R EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI Hawaii Outdoor Developed Area Accessibility Guidelines, accessible routes, outdoor recreation access routes, pedestrian trails, picnic tables, seating, waterspouts, and cooking surfaces would be designed to accommodate a diversity of park users. Land grading and drainage modifications to the site would be minimal. Eroded lake edges would be stabilized with erosion control blanket and native ground covers to minimize sediment transport to Lake Wilson from within Freshwater Park. 1MOI XLI Wahiawa Fresh Water Park Master Plan, the redesign proposal includes additional ZILMGYPEV EGGIWW XS TEVO PSHKMRK JEGMPMXMIW GSRRIGXMSRW XS XLI KYPGL PIEHMRK XS ;ELME[Ì )MWXVMGX 5EVO ERH XLI ;ELME[Ì 'SXERMGEP ,EVHIR EW [IPP EW XS 7SWI XVIIX MRGVIEWIH [EXIV EGGIWW JSV JMWLMRK spaces for passive recreation and gathering, trails, and additional parking to the east of the HECO transformer yard. Additionally, the proof-of-concept design emphasizes ecological improvements through water quality treatment wetlands, stormwater capture, storage, and reuse, and native forest restoration as well as referencing culturally significant themes through plantation-inspired landscapes and architectural form.

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

02 04

11 08

E X I S T I N G F R E S H WAT E R PA R K P L A N Currently, Freshwater Park includes a caretaker’s residence, comfort station, concrete path, and various seating areas near the Walker Avenue entrance and boat ramp parking area. Most of the site is undeveloped and overgrown with non-native vegetation except for existing utility easement clearings.

RT H

50’ 100’

200’

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

400’

01 Walker street entrance ;EPOIV &ZIRYI IRXVERGI 02 Caretaker’s residence (EVIXEOIVƶW VIWMHIRGI 03 HECO transformer -*(4 XVERWJSVQIV ]EVH 09

yard 04 Park comfort stations (SQJSVX XEXMSR 05 Path 5EXL 06 BBQ Area 5MGRMG EVIE 07 Boat ramp 'SEX VEQT 08 Lake Wilson 1EOI ;MPWSR 09 Historic concrete pads -MWXSVMG GSRGVIXI TEH 10 /DQDNLOD 3DFLÀF 11 Utility easement 1EREOMPE 5EGMJMG 11 Utility easement

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

01 04 02 06

09 07 08

11 12

13 18 22

19 16 18

P R O P O S E D P R O O F - O F - CO N C E P T D E S I G N P L A N The proposed proof-of-concept design for Freshwater Park includes a diversity of community gathering spaces to support outdoor recreation and cultural celebration. From the entry lanai to the WERHEP[SSH VIWXSVEXMSR JSVIWX XLI LMWXSV] SJ TPERXEXMSR GYPXYVI ERH REXMZI JSVIWX VIWSYVGIW EVI VIǼIGXIH in the plantation-inspired architecture and landscape design. Fishing and recreational gear rental OMSWOW TEVO HMWG KSPJ ERH XLI FEWW ǻWLMRK PSHKI WYTTSVX XLI SRKSMRK QEMRXIRERGI SJ XLI TEVO [LMPI EHHMXMSREP EGGIWW XVEMPW MRGVIEWI TEVO ERH XS[R GSRRIGXMZMX] XSVQ[EXIV [IXPERHW XVIEX YVFER VYRSǺ ERH HIQSRWXVEXI XLI FIRIǻXW SJ IGSPSKMGEPP] TIVJSVQEXMZI PERHWGETIW

RT H

50’ 100’

200’

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

400’

30 09 29

;EPOIV &ZIRYI IRXVERGI (EVIXEOIVƶW VIWMHIRGI -*(4 XVERWJSVQIV ]EVH

01 Walker Avenue entrance :MWMXSVWƶ OMSWO ERH PEREM 02 Caretaker’s residence (SQQYRMX] FYMPHMRK

03 HECO transformer yard 04 Visitors’ kiosk and lanai 1IM KEVHIR 05 Community theater support building 8VEMP FVMHKI 06 Community theater XSVQ[EXIV XVIEXQIRX [IXPERH 07 Lei garden *PIZEXIH FSEVH[EPO 08 Trail bridge 11 fishing/recreational gear rental 09Kiosk: Stormwater treatment wetland 12 pineapple rail pier 10Historic Elevated boardwalk 11 BBQ/picnic area ''6 TMGRMG EVIE 12 Historic pineapple rail pier 1EOI EGGIWW [MXL OE]EO GERSI HSGOW 13 .LRVN ÀVKLQJ UHFUHDWLRQDO JHDU UHQWDO *\MWXMRK FSEX VEQT 14 Lake access with kayak/canoe docks 1EOI TEZMPMSR 15 Existing boat ramp 1EOI ;MPWSR 16 Lake pavilion 18 Lakeside trail 17 Lake Wilson 19 golf + comfort 18Kiosk: Lakeside trail station 5EVO HMWG KSPJ LSPI 19 Kiosk: park/disc golf + comfort station 20 Park/disc golf (18 hole) ,VIEX PE[R EGVI 21Water Great lawn (1 acre) 22 access 22 Water access 0SƵSPEY VMHKI ZMI[ KKEXLIVMRK 23 Ko‘olau ridge view gathering 'EWW JMWLMRK PSHKI GEJI 24 %DVV ÀVKLQJ ORGJH FDIH (EFMRW YRMXW 25 Eco-cabins (12 units) ERHEP[SSH VIWXSVEXMSR JSVIWX 26 Sandalwood restoration forest +VYMX SVGLEVH 27 Fruit trees 28 Pacific 28Lanakila /DQDNLOD 3DFLÀF ,YPGL XVEMP 29 “Puka Puka” bridge entrance 30 Gulch trail Ƹ5YOE TYOEƹ FVMHKI IRXVERGI (SQQYRMX] XLIEXIV WIEX GETEGMX]

24 18

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

01 04 02 06

09 07 08

11 12

13 18 21

19 16 18

PROPOSED PROOF- OF- CONCEPT DESIGN PL AN, ELIMINATING PARK /DISC GOLF AND BASS FISHING LODGE .R XLI EFWIRGI SJ TEVO HMWG KSPJ ERH XLI FEWW ǻWLMRK PSHKI XLI TVSTSWIH TVSSJ SJ GSRGITX HIWMKR JSV Freshwater Park still provides for outdoor recreation and community gathering. However, challenges of supporting the long-term maintenance of the park may result with the exclusion of revenue-generating programs like park golf, disc golf, and lodging.

RT H

100

50’ 100’

200’

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

400’

09 26

;EPOIV &ZIRYI IRXVERGI 01 Walker Avenue entrance

02 Caretaker’s residence (EVIXEOIVƶW VIWMHIRGI 03 HECO transformer -*(4 XVERWJSVQIV ]EVH

yard 04 Visitors’ kiosk and lanai :MWMXSVWƶ OMSWO ERH PEREM 05 Community theater support building (SQQYRMX] FYMPHMRK 06 Community theater (SQQYRMX] XLIEXIV WIEX GETEGMX] 07 Lei garden 1IM KEVHIR 08 Trail bridge 8VEMP FVMHKI 09 Stormwater treatment wetland XSVQ[EXIV XVIEXQIRX [IXPERH 10 Elevated boardwalk 11 BBQ/picnic area *PIZEXIH FSEVH[EPO 12Kiosk: Historic pineapple gear rail rental pier 11 fishing/recreational 13Historic .LRVN ÀVKLQJ UHFUHDWLRQDO JHDU UHQWDO 12 pineapple rail pier 14 Lake access with kayak/canoe docks ''6 TMGRMG EVIE 15 Existing boat ramp 1EOI EGGIWW [MXL OE]EO GERSI HSGOW 16 Lake pavilion *\MWXMRK FSEX VEQT 17 Lake Wilson 1EOI TEZMPMSR 18 Lakeside trail 1EOI ;MPWSR 19 Comfort station 18 trailopen space 20Lakeside Flexible 21 Water access 19 Comfort station 22 Ko‘olau ridge view gathering +PI\MFPI STIR WTEGI 23 Sandalwood restoration forest 21 Sandalwood restoration forest 24 Fruit trees 22 Fruit orchard 25 /DQDNLOD 3DFLÀF 1EREOMPE 5EGMJMG 26 “Puka Puka” bridge entrance ,YPGL XVEMP 27 Gulch trail Ƹ5YOE TYOEƹ FVMHKI IRXVERGI

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

101

5EKIW

102

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

A A

5EKIW

S E C T I O N A -A

| OVER ALL SITE SEC TION

40'

80' F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

103

Lake Wilson

Lake access path

Historic Pineapple Rail Pier

104 PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

BBQ/Picnic Area

S E C T I O N A -A

| HISTORIC PINEAPPLE R AIL PIER

10'

20' F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

105

Elevated boardwalk

106

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

Storm

Path

mwater treatment wetland

S E C T I O N A -A

| E L E VAT E D B OA R D WA L K A N D W E T L A N D

10'

20' F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

107

Path

Community theater

108

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

Eucalyptus grove

Visitors' kiosk and lanai

S E C T I O N A -A

| CO M M U N I T Y T H E AT E R

10'

20' F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

109

5EKIW

110

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

5EKIW

B B

5EKIW

SEC TION B-B

| OVER ALL SITE SEC TION

40'

80' F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

111

Stormwater treatment wetland

112

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

Path

Park/disc golf

SEC TION B-B

| W E T L A N D A N D PA R K / D I S C G O L F

10'

20' F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

113

Bass fishing lodge

114

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

Natural pool and deck area

SEC TION B-B

| BA SS FISHING LOD GE

10'

20' F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

115

Cabins

116

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

Lakeside trail

Stabilized slope

Lake Wilson

SEC TION B-B

| CABINS AND LAKESIDE TRAIL

10'

20' F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

117

118

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE ENTRY DESIGN

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

119

120

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

V I E W O F T H E CO M M U N I T Y T H E AT E R A N D E N T R Y L A N A I

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

121

122

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

V I E W O F T H E W E T L A N D A N D CO M M U N I T Y T H E AT E R F R O M T H E E L E VAT E D B OA R D WA L K

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

123

124

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

V I E W O F L A K E ACC E S S A N D R E C R E AT I O N

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

125

126

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

B I R D ' S - E Y E V I E W O F B A S S F I S H I N G L O D G E , C A B I N S , A N D PA R K / D I S C G O L F

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

127

128

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT DESIGN

VIEW OF CABINS AND LAKESIDE TRAIL

F R E S H W AT E R PA R K

129

COST ESTIMATE

;ELME[Ì +VIWL[EXIV XEXI 7IGVIEXMSR &VIE /YRI

132

C O S T E S T I M AT E

COST ESTIMATE & GSWX IWXMQEXI [EW TVITEVIH F] / 9RS ERH &WWSGMEXIW SR 4GXSFIV FEWIH SR XLI TVSSJ SJ GSRGITX HIWMKR VIJIV XS XLI &TTIRHM\ JSV XLI +MREP YQQEV] 7ITSVX 9WMRK XLI WYQQEV] VITSVX XLI JSPPS[MRK TEKIW MPPYWXVEXI QENSV GSQTSRIRXW SJ XLI HIWMKR ERH XLIMV EWWSGMEXIH GSWX MRGPYHMRK E TIVGIRX HIWMKR GSRXMRKIRG] 8LI GSWX IWXMQEXI HSIW RSX MRGPYHI HIWMKR ERH TIVQMXXMRK GSWXW EW [IPP EW XLI GSWX XS TVITEVI ER IRZMVSRQIRXEP MQTEGX WXEXIQIRX ERH WMXI WYVZI] & XSXEP GSWX JSV FSXL XLI TVSSJ SJ GSRGITX HIWMKR TPER ERH XLI HIWMKR TPER [MXLSYX XLI MRGPYWMSR SJ E QSVI JSVQEPP] HIWMKRIH TEVO HMWG KSPJ GSYVWI ERH XLI FEWW JMWLMRK PSHKI EVI MRGPYHIH EX XLI IRH SJ XLMW WIGXMSR SJ XLI VITSVX 8LI GSWX IWXMQEXI WYQQEV] GSYPH FI YWIH JSV JYXYVI GETMXEP MQTVSZIQIRX TVSKVEQ JYRHMRK ERH XS MRJSVQ TVSNIGX TLEWMRK

C O S T E S T I M AT E

133

1. Entrance Improvements

*RXVERGI .QTVSZIQIRXW MRGPYHI :MWMXSVW OMSWO GSQJSVX WXEXMSR WUYEVI JIIX (SQQYRMX] XLIEXIV WYTTSVX FYMPHMRK WUYEVI JIIX 4YXHSSV GSQQYRMX] XLIEXIV 1MKLXMRK *PIZEXIH FSEVH[EPO [SSH TVSQIREHI XSVQ[EXIV XVIEXQIRX [IXPERH EGVI -MWXSVMG TMRIETTPI VEMP TMIV MKREKI 1IM KEVHIR 5EVOMRK )VMROMRK [EXIV WXEXMSRW IEGL MXI MQTVSZIQIRXW ERH YXMPMXMIW

134

C O S T E S T I M AT E

*WXMQEXIH EX $9,317,820

2. Screen HECO Transformer Yard

GVIIR -*(4 8VERWJSVQIV =EVH MRGPYHIW ,VMH SJ JVYMXMRK XVIIW EGVIW

*WXMQEXIH EX $1,404,000

C O S T E S T I M AT E

135

3. Fishing Access Improvements

+MWLMRK &GGIWW .QTVSZIQIRXW MRGPYHI ;EXIV VIGVIEXMSR WYTTSVX FYMPHMRK GSQJSVX WXEXMSR WUYEVI JIIX ''6 TMGRMG JEGMPMXMIW IEGL 7EQT WXITW PERHMRKW +PSEXMRK HSGO 5MIV )VMROMRK [EXIV WXEXMSRW IEGL MKREKI MXI MQTVSZIQIRXW ERH YXMPMXMIW

*WXMQEXIH EX $7,585,800

136

C O S T E S T I M AT E

4. Stormwater Treatment Wetlands

XSVQ[EXIV 8VIEXQIRX ;IXPERHW MRGPYHI XSVQ[EXIV XVIEXQIRX [IXPERHW [MXL TEXLW EGVIW 7SGO JMPPIH KEFMSR GLIGO HEQW 3EXMZI [IXPERH ZIKIXEXMSR MKREKI

*WXMQEXIH EX $3,053,700

C O S T E S T I M AT E

137

5. Shoreline Trail, Lake Access Ramps, & Slope Stabilization

LSVIPMRI 8VEMP 1EOI &GGIWW 7EQTW PSTI XEFMPM^EXMSR MRGPYHI LSVIPMRI XVEMP JIIX [MHI GSRGVIXI ;SSH GSZIVIH TEZMPMSR IEXMRK 1EOI EGGIWW VEQTW ERH PERHMRKW MKREKI PSTI WXEFMPM^EXMSR [MXL REXMZI TPERXW ERH IVSWMSR GSRXVSP QIEWYVIW EGVIW

*WXMQEXIH EX $2,235,360

138

C O S T E S T I M AT E

6. Bass Fishing Lodge

'EWW +MWLMRK 1SHKI MRGPYHIW 8[S WXSV] PSHKI [MXL KYIWXVSSQW ERH GEJI (EFMRW 5SSP [MXL [IXPERH XVIEXQIRX W]WXIQ XSVQ[EXIV VIYWI GMWXIVRW 5EXLW 1ERHWGETMRK 1MKLXMRK MKREKI MXI MQTVSZIQIRXW ERH YXMPMXMIW

*WXMQEXIH EX $17,427,600

C O S T E S T I M AT E

139

7. Park/Disc Golf

5EVO +VMWFII ,SPJ MRGPYHIW LSPI TEVO HMWG KSPJ GSYVWI EGVIW [MXL WXSVQ[EXIV VIXIRXMSR FEWMRW 1ERHWGETMRK 1MKLXMRK 5EXLW MKREKI )VMROMRK [EXIV WXEXMSRW IEGL MXI MQTVSZIQIRXW ERH YXMPMXMIW

*WXMQEXIH EX $6,117,600

140

C O S T E S T I M AT E

8. Great Lawn

,VIEX 1E[R MRGPYHIW &GGIWW VSEH ERH TEVOMRK 5EXLW 1ERHWGETMRK EGVI YTTSVX FYMPHMRKW GSQJSVX WXEXMSRW )VMROMRK [EXIV WXEXMSRW IEGL MKREKI MXI MQTVSZIQIRXW ERH YXMPMXMIW

*WXMQEXIH EX $2,112,480

C O S T E S T I M AT E

141

9. Native Forest Restoration

3EXMZI +SVIWX 7IWXSVEXMSR MRGPYHIW &GGIWW VSEH ERH TEVOMRK 1ERHWGETMRK EGVIW 8VEMP 0MSWO GSQJSVX WXEXMSR

MXI MQTVSZIQIRXW ERH YXMPMXMIW

*WXMQEXIH EX $5,539,680

142

C O S T E S T I M AT E

10. "Puka Puka" Bridge

5YOE 5YOE 'VMHKI MRGPYHIW &GGIWW VSEH ERH TEVOMRK :ILMGYPEV FVMHKI [MXL GYVFW ERH WMHI[EPOW

*WXMQEXIH EX $7,394,400

C O S T E S T I M AT E

143

Proof-of-Concept Design Plan

01 04 02 06

09 07 08

11 12

13 18 22

19 16 18

RT H

144

C O S T E S T I M AT E

50’ 100’

200’

400’

30 09 29

24 18

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Walker Avenue entrance Caretaker’s residence HECO transformer yard Visitors’ kiosk and lanai Community theater support building Community theater Lei garden Trail bridge Stormwater treatment wetland Elevated boardwalk BBQ/picnic area Historic pineapple rail pier .LRVN ÀVKLQJ UHFUHDWLRQDO JHDU UHQWDO Lake access with kayak/canoe docks Existing boat ramp Lake pavilion Lake Wilson Lakeside trail Kiosk: park/disc golf + comfort station Park/disc golf (18 hole) Great lawn (1 acre) Water access Ko‘olau ridge view gathering %DVV ÀVKLQJ ORGJH FDIH Eco-cabins (12 units) Sandalwood restoration forest Fruit trees /DQDNLOD 3DFLÀF “Puka Puka” bridge entrance Gulch trail

*WXMQEXIH EX $62,188,440

C O S T E S T I M AT E

145

Proof-of-Concept Design Plan, Eliminating Park/Disc Golf and Bass Fishing Lodge

01 04 02 06

09 07 08

11 12

13 18 21

19 16 18

RT H

146

C O S T E S T I M AT E

50’ 100’

200’

400’

09 26

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Walker Avenue entrance Caretaker’s residence HECO transformer yard Visitors’ kiosk and lanai Community theater support building Community theater Lei garden Trail bridge Stormwater treatment wetland Elevated boardwalk BBQ/picnic area Historic pineapple rail pier .LRVN ÀVKLQJ UHFUHDWLRQDO JHDU UHQWDO Lake access with kayak/canoe docks Existing boat ramp Lake pavilion Lake Wilson Lakeside trail Comfort station Flexible open space Water access Ko‘olau ridge view gathering Sandalwood restoration forest Fruit trees /DQDNLOD 3DFLÀF “Puka Puka” bridge entrance Gulch trail

*WXMQEXIH EX $41,673,240

C O S T E S T I M AT E

147

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Fishing at "Day at Lake Wilson," November 2, 2019

1 5 0 C O N C L U S I O N A N D R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the background research and analysis and outreach data the following conclusions and recommendations should be considered in the development of Freshwater Park: •

The future of water resources associated with Lake Wilson will need to consider maintaining downstream flows to support native habitat, irrigating a diversity of crops, mitigating downstream flooding, managing a recreational fishery, and improving water quality

•

Water quality improvements should be supported with proposed enhancements to Freshwater 5EVO KVIIR WXSVQ[EXIV MRJVEWXVYGXYVI VIXVSJMXW XLVSYKLSYX ;ELME[Ì 8S[R ERH YTTIV [EXIVWLIH management to protect native forest resources

•

.QTVSZIH GSRRIGXMZMX] FIX[IIR +VIWL[EXIV 5EVO 1EOI ;MPWSR ERH ;ELME[Ì 8S[R [MPP RIIH to be coordinated with various landowners, including the U.S. Army, Department of Education, Dole Food Company, City and County of Honolulu, and local residents. Additional vehicular access could be developed by restoring the former "puka puka" bridge and connecting to Rose Street. Pedestrian and bicycle access could be expanded through a gulch trail running north to ;ELME[Ì 8S[R

•

Additional recreational opportunities could activate Freshwater Park. Trails, access to fishing, non-motorized boating, park/disc golf, and spaces for gathering and cultural practices would support community needs for outdoor recreational facilities

•

Revenue-generating park programming, such as recreational equipment rentals and lodging, could support long-term maintenance funding

•

Continuing to involve the community in the development of Freshwater Park would likely result in greater public support

C O N C L U S I O N A N D R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S

151

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Appendix

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