South Shore Promenade and Coastal Open Space Network Study: Resilience and Connectivity by Design

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November 2020

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Contents ......................................................

05

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

07

Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

08

Research Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Outreach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Project Area Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Overview ,QYHQWRU\ 0DSV :DLNĨNĨ 6KRUHOLQH ,QWHUYHQWLRQV

Living Shorelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RQFHSW 6RXWK VKRUH 6FDOH /RQJ 7HUP 9LVLRQ

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39 40

43 44 46 78

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South Shore Promenade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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South Shore Project Report

118 120 122

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Note: This report summarizes academic proof-of-concept design research and serves as a visionary educational tool intended to foster dialogue about future planning along the urban south shore of Oahu. This document explores possible long-term coastal scenarios and speculative living shoreline design solutions. Moreover, this report does not serve as a traditional planning document.

Catalytic Site #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 128 132 138 156 166 176 196 216 236 248

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Catalytic Site #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 258 264 268 288 298 306 320 334 340

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Catalytic Site #3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 350 356 360 380 390 398 418 432 438

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Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 455 457 487

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3

Acknowledgements 7KLV UHSRUW ZDV PDGH SRVVLEOH ZLWK IXQGLQJ IURP WKH State of Hawai‘i.

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23

Honolulu Waterfront Master Plan

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Figure 2. Map of Existing Paths & Planned Projects from Diamond Head to Chinatown

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PROJECT AREA INVENTORY: Historic Shoreline 1933

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PROJECT AREA INVENTORY: Historic Shoreline 1969

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DIAM DI AMON OND ON D HE HEAD AD TO KA AKA KAAK AKO: O: O:

6+2 25( 5 /,1( 1( ( 0.25

0..5 0.5

Miles iles

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

51

PROJECT AREA INVENTORY: Historic Shoreline 1998

Shoreline Development 1899 condition IURP 7D\ORU -DV 7

ÀOO IURP 86*6

ÀOO from 0XUDED\DVKL

ÀOO IURP 86*6

2FHDQ Ocean )LVKSRQGV Fishponds 6WUHDPV 6WUHDPV &RDVWOLQH Coastline

+,& +, &. . .$0 $0 ),(/' $0 ,(/' ' $1' 1' 3($5/ ($5/ ($ 5/ +$ $5 5%2 25 5

6+ 6+25 6+25 25(/ (/,1 ,1( 1( 0.25 0 .2 25

0...5 0 5

Mile Miles iles

Shoreline 1899Development condition IURP 7D\ORU -DV 7

ÀOO IURP 86*6

ÀOO from 0XUDED\DVKL

ÀOO IURP 86*6

Ocean 2FHDQ Fishponds )LVKSRQGV 6WUHDPV 6WUHDPV Coastline &RDVWOLQH

$,53 325 2 7 $5($ 6+25(/,1( 0.25 5

52

0.5

South Shore Project Report

Miles

Shoreline Development 1899 condition IURP 7D\ORU -DV 7

ÀOO IURP 86*6

ÀOO from 0XUDED\DVKL

ÀOO IURP 86*6

2FHDQ Ocean )LVKSRQGV Fishponds 6WUHDPV 6WUHDPV &RDVWOLQH Coastline

.$.$ $$. $ 2 72 $,53257 577

6+2

25( (/,,1( 0.25 0.2 5

0.5

Miles

Shoreline 1899Development condition IURP 7D\ORU -DV 7

ÀOO IURP 86*6

ÀOO from 0XUDED\DVKL

ÀOO IURP 86*6

Ocean 2FHDQ Fishponds )LVKSRQGV 6WUHDPV 6WUHDPV Coastline &RDVWOLQH

DIAM DI AMON OND ON D HE HEAD AD TO KA AKA KAAK AKO: O: O:

6+2 25( 5 /,1( 1( ( 0.25

0..5 0.5

Miles iles

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

53

PROJECT AREA INVENTORY: Base 1 (Existing)

%DVH /DQG %XLOGLQJ )RRWSULQWV 6WUHDPV )UHVK :DWHU 2FHDQ 7RSRJUDSK\ IHHW

%DWK\PHWU\ IHHW

&RDVWOLQH

HICKAM FIELD AND PEARL HARBOR 0.25

0.5

Miles

%DVH /DQG %XLOGLQJ )RRWSULQWV 6WUHDPV )UHVK :DWHU 2FHDQ 7RSRJUDSK\ IHHW

%DWK\PHWU\ IHHW

&RDVWOLQH

AIRPORT AREA 0.25

54

0.5

South Shore Project Report

Miles

%DVH /DQG %XLOGLQJ )RRWSULQWV 6WUHDPV )UHVK :DWHU 2FHDQ 7RSRJUDSK\ IHHW

%DWK\PHWU\ IHHW

&RDVWOLQH

KAKAAKO TO AIRPORT 0.25

0.5

Miles

%DVH /DQG %XLOGLQJ )RRWSULQWV 6WUHDPV )UHVK :DWHU 2FHDQ 7RSRJUDSK\ IHHW

%DWK\PHWU\ IHHW

&RDVWOLQH

DIAMOND HEAD TO KAKAAKO 0.25

0.5

Miles

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

55

PROJECT AREA INVENTORY: Base 2 (Existing)

Base 2 /DQG %XLOGLQJ )RRWSULQWV 6WUHDPV )UHVK :DWHU 2FHDQ 7RSRJUDSK\ IHHW

%DWK\PHWU\ IHHW

&RDVWOLQH

HICKAM FIELD AND PEARL HARBOR 0.25

0.5

Miles

Base 2 /DQG %XLOGLQJ )RRWSULQWV 6WUHDPV )UHVK :DWHU 2FHDQ 7RSRJUDSK\ IHHW

%DWK\PHWU\ IHHW

&RDVWOLQH

AIRPORT AREA 0.25

56

0.5

South Shore Project Report

Miles

Base 2 /DQG %XLOGLQJ )RRWSULQWV 6WUHDPV )UHVK :DWHU 2FHDQ 7RSRJUDSK\ IHHW

%DWK\PHWU\ IHHW

&RDVWOLQH

KAKAAKO TO AIRPORT 0.25

0.5

Miles

Base 2 /DQG %XLOGLQJ )RRWSULQWV 6WUHDPV )UHVK :DWHU 2FHDQ 7RSRJUDSK\ IHHW

%DWK\PHWU\ IHHW

&RDVWOLQH

DIAMOND HEAD TO KAKAAKO 0.25

0.5

Miles

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

57

PROJECT AREA INVENTORY: Shoreline Condition (2018)

Shoreline Condition 3LHU -HWW\ HWF %ULGJH %HDFK 9HJHWDWHG (GJH 3RRO )ORDWLQJ 'RFNV 5RFN :DOO +DUG 9HUWLFDO (GJH Other

HICKAM FIELD AND PEARL HARBOR 0.25

0.5

Miles

Shoreline Condition 3LHU -HWW\ HWF %ULGJH %HDFK 9HJHWDWHG (GJH 3RRO )ORDWLQJ 'RFNV 5RFN :DOO +DUG 9HUWLFDO (GJH Other

AIRPORT AREA 0.25

58

0.5

South Shore Project Report

Miles

Shoreline Condition 3LHU -HWW\ HWF %ULGJH %HDFK 9HJHWDWHG (GJH 3RRO )ORDWLQJ 'RFNV 5RFN :DOO +DUG 9HUWLFDO (GJH Other

KAKAAKO TO AIRPORT 0.25

0.5

Miles

Shoreline Condition 3LHU -HWW\ HWF %ULGJH %HDFK 9HJHWDWHG (GJH 3RRO )ORDWLQJ 'RFNV 5RFN :DOO +DUG 9HUWLFDO (GJH Other

DIAMOND HEAD TO KAKAAKO 0.25

0.5

Miles

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

59

PROJECT AREA INVENTORY: 1m SLR + Hurricane/Tsunami Surge

*,6 GDWD XQDYDLODEOH IRU DUHD DERYH GDVKHG OLQH

P 6/5 Hurricane / Tsunami Inundation 6HD /HYHO 5LVH 7VXQDPL +XUULFDQH

HICKAM FIELD AND PEARL HARBOR 0.25

0.5

Miles

P 6/5 Hurricane / Tsunami Inundation 6HD /HYHO 5LVH 7VXQDPL +XUULFDQH

AIRPORT AREA 0.25

60

0.5

South Shore Project Report

Miles

P 6/5 Hurricane / Tsunami Inundation 6HD /HYHO 5LVH 7VXQDPL +XUULFDQH

KAKAAKO TO AIRPORT 0.25

0.5

Miles

P 6/5 Hurricane / Tsunami Inundation 6HD /HYHO 5LVH 7VXQDPL +XUULFDQH

DIAMOND HEAD TO KAKAAKO 0.25

0.5

Miles

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

61

PROJECT AREA INVENTORY: Tsunami Evacuation Zone

Tsunami Evacuation 7VXQDPL (YDFXDWLRQ =RQH ([WUHPH 7VXQDPL (YDFXDWLRQ =RQH

HICKAM FIELD AND PEARL HARBOR 0.25

0.5

Miles

Tsunami Evacuation 7VXQDPL (YDFXDWLRQ =RQH ([WUHPH 7VXQDPL (YDFXDWLRQ =RQH

AIRPORT AREA 0.25

62

0.5

South Shore Project Report

Miles

Tsunami Evacuation 7VXQDPL (YDFXDWLRQ =RQH ([WUHPH 7VXQDPL (YDFXDWLRQ =RQH

KAKAAKO TO AIRPORT 0.25

0.5

Miles

Tsunami Evacuation 7VXQDPL (YDFXDWLRQ =RQH ([WUHPH 7VXQDPL (YDFXDWLRQ =RQH

DIAMOND HEAD TO KAKAAKO 0.25

0.5

Miles

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

63

PROJECT AREA INVENTORY: Sea Level Rise

Sea Level Rise )W 5LVH )W 5LVH )W 5LVH

HICKAM FIELD AND PEARL HARBOR 0.25

0.5

Miles

Sea Level Rise )W 5LVH )W 5LVH )W 5LVH

AIRPORT AREA 0.25

64

0.5

South Shore Project Report

Miles

Sea Level Rise )W 5LVH )W 5LVH )W 5LVH

KAKAAKO TO AIRPORT 0.25

0.5

Miles

Sea Level Rise )W 5LVH )W 5LVH )W 5LVH

DIAMOND HEAD TO KAKAAKO 0.25

0.5

Miles

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

65

PROJECT AREA INVENTORY: Flood Zones

Flood Zones $() $ $( $2 9( ' ;6 ;

HICKAM FIELD AND PEARL HARBOR 0.25

0.5

Miles

Flood Zones $() $ $( $2 9( ' ;6 ;

AIRPORT AREA 0.25

66

0.5

South Shore Project Report

Miles

Flood Zones $() $ $( $2 9( ' ;6 ;

KAKAAKO TO AIRPORT 0.25

0.5

Miles

Flood Zones $() $ $( $2 9( ' ;6 ;

DIAMOND HEAD TO KAKAAKO 0.25

0.5

Miles

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

67

PROJECT AREA INVENTORY: Parks

Parks )HGHUDO State of Hawaii &LW\ DQG &RXQW\ RI +RQROXOX 8QLGHQWLÀHG

HICKAM FIELD AND PEARL HARBOR 0.25

0.5

Miles

Parks )HGHUDO State of Hawaii &LW\ DQG &RXQW\ RI +RQROXOX 8QLGHQWLÀHG

AIRPORT AREA 0.25

68

0.5

South Shore Project Report

Miles

Parks )HGHUDO State of Hawaii &LW\ DQG &RXQW\ RI +RQROXOX 8QLGHQWLÀHG

KAKAAKO TO AIRPORT 0.25

0.5

Miles

Parks )HGHUDO State of Hawaii &LW\ DQG &RXQW\ RI +RQROXOX 8QLGHQWLÀHG

DIAMOND HEAD TO KAKAAKO 0.25

0.5

Miles

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

69

PROJECT AREA INVENTORY: Public Landowners

Public Landowners )HGHUDO State of Hawaii &LW\ DQG &RXQW\ RI +RQROXOX 'HSDUWPHQW RI +DZDLLDQ +RPH /DQGV

HICKAM FIELD AND PEARL HARBOR 0.25

0.5

Miles

Public Landowners )HGHUDO State of Hawaii &LW\ DQG &RXQW\ RI +RQROXOX 'HSDUWPHQW RI +DZDLLDQ +RPH /DQGV

AIRPORT AREA 0.25

70

0.5

South Shore Project Report

Miles

Public Landowners )HGHUDO State of Hawaii &LW\ DQG &RXQW\ RI +RQROXOX 'HSDUWPHQW RI +DZDLLDQ +RPH /DQGV

KAKAAKO TO AIRPORT 0.25

0.5

Miles

Public Landowners )HGHUDO State of Hawaii &LW\ DQG &RXQW\ RI +RQROXOX 'HSDUWPHQW RI +DZDLLDQ +RPH /DQGV

DIAMOND HEAD TO KAKAAKO 0.25

0.5

Miles

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

71

PROJECT AREA INVENTORY: Large Private Landowners

Large Private Landowners 7KH 4XHHQ (PPD )RXQGDWLRQ .DPHKDPHKD 6FKRROV +DZDLLDQ (OHFWULF &RPSDQ\ &DVWOH &RRNH 5RPDQ &DWKROLF &KXUFK &KXUFK -HVXV &KULVW /'6

HICKAM FIELD AND PEARL HARBOR 0.25

0.5

Miles

Large Private Landowners 7KH 4XHHQ (PPD )RXQGDWLRQ .DPHKDPHKD 6FKRROV +DZDLLDQ (OHFWULF &RPSDQ\ &DVWOH &RRNH 5RPDQ &DWKROLF &KXUFK &KXUFK -HVXV &KULVW /'6

AIRPORT AREA 0.25

72

0.5

South Shore Project Report

Miles

Large Private Landowners 7KH 4XHHQ (PPD )RXQGDWLRQ .DPHKDPHKD 6FKRROV +DZDLLDQ (OHFWULF &RPSDQ\ &DVWOH &RRNH 5RPDQ &DWKROLF &KXUFK &KXUFK -HVXV &KULVW /'6

KAKAAKO TO AIRPORT 0.25

0.5

Miles

Large Private Landowners 7KH 4XHHQ (PPD )RXQGDWLRQ .DPHKDPHKD 6FKRROV +DZDLLDQ (OHFWULF &RPSDQ\ &DVWOH &RRNH 5RPDQ &DWKROLF &KXUFK &KXUFK -HVXV &KULVW /'6

DIAMOND HEAD TO KAKAAKO 0.25

0.5

Miles

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

73

PROJECT AREA INVENTORY: Proposed Rail 3HDUOULGJH

+DODZD $ORKD 6WDGLXP

3HDUO +DUERU 1DYDO %DVH

Proposed Rail 3URSRVHG 5RXWH 3URSRVHG 5DLO 6WDWLRQ 0LOH 5DGLXV 0LOH 5DGLXV

HICKAM FIELD AND PEARL HARBOR 0.25

0.5

Miles

+RQROXOX $LUSRUW

+RQROXOX $LUSRUW

Proposed Rail 3URSRVHG 5RXWH 3URSRVHG 5DLO 6WDWLRQ 0LOH 5DGLXV 0LOH 5DGLXV

AIRPORT AREA 0.25

74

0.5

South Shore Project Report

Miles

/DJRRQ 'ULYH

0LGGOH 6WUHHW

+RQROXOX $LUSRUW

/DJRRQ 'ULYH

0LGGOH 6WUHHW .DOLKL

.DSDODPD ,ZLOHL

&KLQD 7RZQ

'RZQWRZQ &LYLF &HQWHU Proposed Rail 3URSRVHG 5RXWH 3URSRVHG 5DLO 6WDWLRQ 0LOH 5DGLXV 0LOH 5DGLXV

.DNDDNR $OD 0RDQD

KAKAAKO TO AIRPORT 0.25

0.5

Miles

&LYLF &HQWHU .DNDDNR $OD 0RDQD

Proposed Rail 3URSRVHG 5RXWH 3URSRVHG 5DLO 6WDWLRQ 0LOH 5DGLXV 0LOH 5DGLXV

DIAMOND HEAD TO KAKAAKO 0.25

0.5

Miles

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

75

PROJECT AREA INVENTORY: Shoreline Pedestrian Circulation

Shoreline Pedestrian Circulation 6LGHZDON +DUGVFDSH &URVVZDONV 8QSDYHG SDWKZD\V 3HDUO +DUERU %LNH 7UDLO 3ULYDWH 0LOLWDU\ 3DWKV 3ULYDWH 0LOLWDU\ 3DUNV

HICKAM FIELD AND PEARL HARBOR 0.25

0.5

Miles

Shoreline Pedestrian Circulation 6LGHZDON +DUGVFDSH &URVVZDONV 8QSDYHG SDWKZD\V 3HDUO +DUERU %LNH 7UDLO 3ULYDWH 0LOLWDU\ 3DWKV 3ULYDWH 0LOLWDU\ 3DUNV

AIRPORT AREA 0.25

76

0.5

South Shore Project Report

Miles

Shoreline Pedestrian Circulation 6LGHZDON +DUGVFDSH &URVVZDONV 8QSDYHG SDWKZD\V 3HDUO +DUERU %LNH 7UDLO 3ULYDWH 0LOLWDU\ 3DWKV 3ULYDWH 0LOLWDU\ 3DUNV

KAKAAKO TO AIRPORT 0.25

0.5

Miles

Shoreline Pedestrian Circulation 6LGHZDON +DUGVFDSH &URVVZDONV 8QSDYHG SDWKZD\V 3HDUO +DUERU %LNH 7UDLO 3ULYDWH 0LOLWDU\ 3DWKV 3ULYDWH 0LOLWDU\ 3DUNV

DIAMOND HEAD TO KAKAAKO 0.25

0.5

Miles

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

77

352-(&7 $5($ ,19(1725< :DLNĨNĨ 6KRUHOLQH ,QWHUYHQWLRQV

Littoral Cells Cell Boundary Line Channels Seawalls + Breakwaters Groins

WAIK WA KIK IKI SHOR SHO SH OR REL ELIN LINE IIN NE IN INTE TERV RVE EN NTI TIO ON NS 0.25 .25 25 2 5

0.5 0.5 5

1

Miles Mile Miles i es ile

Vocabulary List Feature

Purpose

(IIHFW

%UHDNZDWHU

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Description

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South Shore Project Report

Built Intervention Inventory (:DLNĨNĨ) Year Start

Year End

Littoral Cell

Intervention

Description

1890

.ŞKLņ

6HDZDOO

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1899

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1900

.DSL¶RODQL

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1901

5R\DO +DZDLLDQ

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1906

5R\DO +DZDLLDQ

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1907

.DSL¶RODQL

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1909

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1909

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1909

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1909

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1910

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1911

1919

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1911

1919

)RUW 'H5XVV\

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1913

)RUW 'H5XVV\

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1913

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1914

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1914

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1914

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1916

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1916

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1916

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1916

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1916

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1917

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1919

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1939

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1924

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1924

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1924

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1925

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1925

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1925

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1926

1929

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1926

1929

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1927

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1927

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1927

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1927

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1920

1928

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1928

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1929

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1929

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1929

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1930

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1934

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1935

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University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

79

Year Start

1951

80

Year End

Littoral Cell

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1939

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1939

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1939

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1945

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1945

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1951

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1951

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1970

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1952

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1954

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1954

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1954

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1956

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1956

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1956

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1956

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1956

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1957

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1957

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1958

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1959

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1962

1964

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1962

1964

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1962

1964

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1962

1964

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1962

1964

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1963

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1963

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1963

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1963

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1963

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1963

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1969

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1969

1971

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1969

1971

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1972

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1969

1972

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1970

1975

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South Shore Project Report

Source

Year Start

Year End

Littoral Cell

Intervention

Description

1972

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1972

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1972

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1975

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1975

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1975

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1975

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1976

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1975

1985

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1975

1985

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1981

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1985

1992

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1991

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2000

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2001

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2001

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2001

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2002

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2004

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2006

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2011

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2012

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Source

Natural Events Inventory (:DLNĨNĨ) Year Start

Littoral Cell

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Intervention

Description

1837

$OO

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1868

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1937

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1946

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1952

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1957

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1959

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1960

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1964

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1982

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1992

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2010

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2011

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Source

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

81

SOUTH SHORE PROMENADE: Site Inventory Sources Site Inventory Data Sources: 1899 7D\ORU -DV 7 KWWS ZZZ ROGPDSVRQOLQH RUJ PDS UXPVH\ 1933 (Honolulu Quadrangle, Ewa Quadrangle, Waipahu Quadrangle) 86$&( 8 6 &RDVW DQG *HRGHWLF 6XUYH\ 8 6 *HRORJLFDO 6XUYH\ 86*6 8 6 $UP\ $LU &RUSV KWWSV HYROV OLEUDU\ PDQRD KDZDLL HGX KDQGOH 1969 (Honolulu Quadrangle, Ewa Quadrangle, Waipahu Quadrangle) 0XUDED\DVKL .XZDKDUD )XMLPXUD $ZDL KWWSV HYROV OLEUDU\ PDQRD KDZDLL HGX KDQGOH 1998 (Honolulu Quadrangle, Ewa Quadrangle, Waipahu Quadrangle) 86*6 KWWSV HYROV OLEUDU\ PDQRD KDZDLL HGX KDQGOH Base %XLOGLQJ )RRWSULQWV &LW\ DQG &RXQW\ RI +RQROXOX 'HSDUWPHQW RI 3ODQQLQJ DQG 3HUPLWWLQJ KWWS JLV KLFHQWUDO FRP JLVBOD\HUBOLVWBE\BWRSLFBFDWHJRU\ KWPO

6WUHDPV &LW\ DQG &RXQW\ RI +RQROXOX 'HSDUWPHQW RI 3ODQQLQJ DQG 3HUPLWWLQJ KWWS JLV KLFHQWUDO FRP JLVBOD\HUBOLVWBE\BWRSLFBFDWHJRU\ KWPO HGLWHG E\ 8+&'& 2FHDQ RQO\

86*6 (DUWK ([SORUHU KWWSV HDUWKH[SORUHU XVJV JRY KLJK UHVROXWLRQ RUWKRLPDJHU\

7RSRJUDSK\ 62(67 KWWS ZZZ VRHVW KDZDLL HGX +05* PXOWLEHDP SURGXFWV SKS H[WUDFWHG OLQHV IURP D UDVWHU LPDJH HGLWHG E\ 8+&'& %DWK\PHWU\ 62(67 KWWS ZZZ VRHVW KDZDLL HGX +05* PXOWLEHDP SURGXFWV SKS H[WUDFWHG OLQHV IURP D UDVWHU LPDJH HGLWHG E\ 8+&'& &RDVWOLQH 6WDWH RI +DZDL¶L 2IÀFH RI 3ODQQLQJ KWWS SODQQLQJ KDZDLL JRY JLV GRZQORDG JLV GDWD H[WUDFWHG IURP 86*6 'LJLWDO /LQH *UDSKV HGLWHG E\ 8+&'& 1m SLR + Hurricane / Tsunami Inundation 3DF,226 KWWS ZZZ SDFLRRV KDZDLL HGX VKRUHOLQH VOU KRQROXOX

Tsunami Evacuation 3DF,226 KWWS ZZZ SDFLRRV KDZDLL HGX VKRUHOLQH VOU KDZDLL

Sea Level Rise 12$$ 6HD /HYHO 5LVH 'DWD 'RZQORDG KWWSV FRDVW QRDD JRY VOUGDWD

Flood Zone 6WDWH RI +DZDL¶L 2IÀFH RI 3ODQQLQJ KWWS SODQQLQJ KDZDLL JRY JLV GRZQORDG JLV GDWD

Parks 6WDWH RI +DZDL¶L 2IÀFH RI 3ODQQLQJ KWWS SODQQLQJ KDZDLL JRY JLV GRZQORDG JLV GDWD

Public Landowner 6WDWH RI +DZDL¶L 2IÀFH RI 3ODQQLQJ KWWS SODQQLQJ KDZDLL JRY JLV GRZQORDG JLV GDWD

Large Private Landowner 6WDWH RI +DZDL¶L 2IÀFH RI 3ODQQLQJ KWWS SODQQLQJ KDZDLL JRY JLV GRZQORDG JLV GDWD

82

South Shore Project Report

Littoral Cell Research Data Sources: %HDFKSHGLD RUJ 6KRUHOLQH 6WUXFWXUHV KWWS ZZZ EHDFKDSHGLD RUJ 6KRUHOLQHB6WUXFWXUHV /DVW 0RGLÀHG 6HSWHPEHU

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118 South Shore Project Report

Sand Island, including State Recreation Area Honolulu Harbor Kakaako Waterfront Park Ala Wai Promenade

Kewalo Basin Harbor

Ala Wai Community Park

Ala Moana Park

Ala Wai Elementary School

Ala Wai Golf Course

Ala Wai Boat Harbor Hilton Lagoon Fort DeRussy Royal Hawaiian Kuhio Beach

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Jefferson Elementary School Honolulu Zoo

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Waikiki Marine Life Conservation Area

Kapiolani Regional Park

Sand Island, including State Recreation Area

Ala Wai Community Park Ala Moana Park

Ala Wai Elementary School

Ala Wai Golf Course

Ala Wai Boat Harbor Hilton Lagoon

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120 South Shore Project Report

Mapunapuna Business District Fort Shafter Keehi Lagoon Beach Park

Kahauiki Village

Keehi Boat Harbor

Honolulu Harbor

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Aloha Tower Daniel K. Inouye International Airport

Sand Island, including State Recreation Area

Honolulu Harbor Kakaako Waterfront Park Kewalo Basin Harbor

Mapunapuna Business District Keehi Lagoon Beach Park

Kahauiki Village

Keehi Boat Harbor

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Daniel K. Inouye International Airport

Sand Island, including State Recreation Area

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122 South Shore Project Report

Waimalu Neighborhood Park

Neal S. Blaisdell Park

Loko Paaiau Fishpond

Aiea Bay Recreation Area

Richardson Field Pearl Harbor Visitor Center

Halawa Stream Makalapa Crater

Joint Base Pearl Harbor - Hickam

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Hospital Point

Hickam Bike Path

Hickam Field

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Aiea Bay Recreation Area

Richardson Field Pearl Harbor Visitor Center

Halawa Stream

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Hospital Point

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Catalytic Site #3 Pearl Harbor Visitor Center Richardson Field Aiea Bay Recreation Area

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Catalytic Site #2 Keehi Lagoon Keehi Lagoon Beach Park Kahauiki Village Kalihi Kai Industrial Area

Catalytic Site #1 Ala Wai Canal Ala Wai Golf Course Ala Wai Community Park Ala Wai Boulevard

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

View of Diamond Head from Ala Wai Golf Course (Photo: Diane Moore/UHCDC) 126 South Shore Project Report

Catalytic Site #1

Background Analysis Program Plans Transects Detail Plans + Sections Section Perspectives Eye-level Renderings Bird’s-eye Renderings University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 127

CATALYTIC SITE #1: Background

&DWDO\WLF 6LWH $OD :DL *ROI &RXUVH $OD :DL (OHPHQWDU\ 6FKRRO $OD :DL &RPPXQLW\ 3DUN $OD :DL &DQDO $OD :DL %RXOHYDUG DQG :DLNĨNĨ .DSDKXOX 3XEOLF /LEUDU\

Site Overview Site Context The Ala Wai Canal Watershed extends from the Ko‘olau Range to Mamala Bay. Its ridge and valley system includes Makiki, Mąnoa, and Pąlolo streams, all of ZKLFK ÁRZ WR WKH $OD :DL &DQDO D PLOH ORQJ PDQ PDGH ZDWHUZD\ SODQQHG DQG FRQVWUXFWHG GXULQJ WKH V WR drain extensive coastal wetlands for the development of WKH :DLNĨNĨ GLVWULFW /RFDWHG DW WKH ORZHU SODLQV RI WKH ZDWHUVKHG DQG KLJKO\ YXOQHUDEOH WR FRDVWDO ÁRRGLQJ the project site and its context are of great complexity in terms of physical, biological, and cultural attributes.

Site Description /RFDWHG ZLWKLQ :DLNĨNĨ FDWDO\WLF VLWH LQFOXGHV WKH $OD Wai Golf Course, Ala Wai Elementary School, Ala Wai Community Park, Ala Wai Canal, Ala Wai Boulevard, and WKH FXUUHQW VLWH RI WKH :DLNĨNĨ .DSDKXOX 3XEOLF /LEUDU\ 128 South Shore Project Report

&DWDO\WLF VLWH LV ]RQHG 3 *HQHUDO 3UHVHUYDWLRQ DQG is within the Diamond Head Special District, with some makai parcels, Ala Wai Canal and Ala Wai Boulevard, ZLWKLQ WKH :DLNĨNĨ 6SHFLDO 'LVWULFW 7KH &LW\ DQG &RXQW\ /DQG 8VH 2UGLQDQFH VWDWHV ´7KH SXUSRVH RI WKH preservation districts is to reserve and manage major open space and recreational lands and lands of scenic and other natural resource value.” The objectives of the Diamond Head Special District include preserving public views of Diamond Head and restricting building heights.

7KH ´:DLNĨNĨ 6SHFLDO 'LVWULFW 'HVLJQ *XLGHOLQHVµ

DLP ´DW UHVWRULQJ WKH EDVLF DSSHDO RI D pedestrianfriendly environment,” which includes within the district DQG LPSURYLQJ SHGHVWULDQ DFFHVV ´ERWK SHUSHQGLFXODU and parallel, to the beach and Ala Wai Canal,” while HPSKDVL]LQJ DQ LPSRUWDQFH WR ´LPSDUW D +DZDLLDQ VHQVH RI SODFH µ 5HODWHG VHFWLRQV RI WKH /DQG 8VH 2UGLQDQFH RI

relevance to the project are included in Appendix B. Shoreline Conditions +LVWRULFDOO\ WKH DUHD FXUUHQWO\ NQRZQ DV :DLNĨNĨ ZDV D ODUJH ZHWODQG ERUGHUHG E\ D ´QDUURZ WKLQ ULEERQ RI FDUERQDWH VDQGµ DW WKH VKRUH :LHJHO (DUO\ Hawaiians developed the area into a rich, productive ODQGVFDSH FRPSULVHG RI WDUR ÀHOGV OR¶L NDOR ÀVK ponds, and gardens, fed by the waters from the Pi’inaio, ¶ĄSXDNĒKDX DQG .XHNDXQDKL 6WUHDPV WKDW GUDLQHG 0ąQRD DQG 3ąOROR 9DOOH\V ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR VXSSRUWLQJ agriculture and aquaculture, the wetlands functioned DV D QDWXUDO ÀOWHU RI VHGLPHQW DQG SURYLGHG KDELWDW IRU native waterbirds, such as the Hawaiian stilt, Hawaiian coot, Hawaiian moorhen, and Hawaiian duck, all federally listed as endangered. The area served as the VHDW RI JRYHUQPHQW IRU DSSUR[LPDWHO\ \HDUV SULRU WR .DPHKDPHKD ,·V GHFLVLRQ LQ WR UHORFDWH WR .RX WKH former name for Honolulu) near the modern-day harbor.

7KURXJKRXW KLVWRU\ WKH DUHD RI :DLNĨNĨ ZDV NQRZQ DV D place of healing, hospitality, and recreation (Kanahele, 1995).

An extensive wetland agricultural system was thought WR EH HVWDEOLVKHG LQ WKH :DLNĨNĨ DUHD GXULQJ WKH UHLJQ RI .DODPDNXD FLUFD ,Q WKH V PDQ\ RI WKH OR¶L NDOR DQG ÀVK SRQGV KDG EHHQ QHJOHFWHG GXH WR WKH introduction of western diseases that decimated the SRSXODWLRQ DQG DEDQGRQPHQW RI ÀHOG ZRUN WR VXSSRUW the sandalwood trade and to attend missionary schools (Kanahele, 1995). Wetland agriculture had a resurgence LQ WKH V ZKHQ &KLQHVH DQG -DSDQHVH LPPLJUDQWV former sugar plantation workers, leased lands to grow ULFH UDLVH PXOOHW PLON ÀVK DQG HYHQWXDOO\ GXFNV +LEEDUG DQG )UDQ]HQ

'UDLQDJH LVVXHV EHJDQ LQ WKH DUHD LQ WKH V ZLWK LQFUHDVHG XUEDQL]DWLRQ DQG URDG GHYHORSPHQW +R¶RNXOHDQD //& ,Q UHVSRQVH LQ WKH 3UHVLGHQW RI WKH %RDUG RI +HDOWK / ( 3LQNKDP SURSRVHG WR FUHDWH D ZDWHUZD\ WR IHHW LQ GHSWK IHHW LQ ZLGWK DQG DSSUR[LPDWHO\ PLOHV LQ OHQJWK³WR SURYLGH ´SURSHU VXUIDFH GUDLQDJH µ 3LQNKDP·V GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH ZDWHUZD\ IROORZHG ´7KH ODJRRQ VWDUWV ÀIW\ IHHW ZLGH DW WKH %HDFK DGGLWLRQ ZLGHQV JUDGXDOO\ WR IHHW SDVVHV WKURXJK .DSL¶RODQL 3DUN WKH ÀHOGV XQGHU 0F&XOO\ VWUHHW DQG WXUQLQJ JRHV XQGHU .DOąNDXD $YHQXH DQG PDNHV to sea through the Ala Moana long bridge.” Additionally, several bridges would cross the waterway (Pinkham,

+RZHYHU ZKHQ FRQVWUXFWHG WKH $OD :DL &DQDO GLG not connect to the ocean near Kapi‘olani Park nor include DXWRPDWLF WLGH JDWHV LPSDLULQJ LWV QDWXUDO ÁXVKLQJ DELOLW\ Three bridges were constructed. However, the issue of connectivity along the canal could be attributed to a ODFN RI ERXOHYDUGV ´ERXOHYDUGV ZHUH QHYHU FRPSOHWHG for its entire length and thus the potential of the canal as a park has been considerably diluted” (Hibbard and )UDQ]HQ

Related Planning Efforts In preparation for the eventual construction of the Ala :DL &DQDO LQ WKH 7HUULWRULDO *RYHUQPHQW EHJDQ DFTXLULQJ SURSHUWLHV PDXND RI WKH SURSRVHG FDQDO feet) for Territorial Fair Grounds. A Territorial Fair would celebrate local agriculture and food independence as reliance on mainland food supplies was a concern at the time. A small golf course, either six- or nine-hole, differing LQ VL]H DFFRUGLQJ WR WZR VRXUFHV +R¶RNXOHDQD //& DQG 6WHSKHQVRQ H[LVWHG PDXND RI WKH $OD :DL &DQDO IURP WKH HDUO\ V %\ WKH 7HUULWRULDO )DLU &RPPLVVLRQ KDG H[SDQGHG WKH JROI FRXUVH WR KROHV ,Q WKH V VHYHUDO SODQV WR UHGHYHORS WKH JROI course site proposed mixed-use development to include KRXVLQJ *RYHUQRU 6DPXHO .LQJ·V SODQ LQFOXGHG D DFUH SDUN DFUH HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VLWH DFUH FKXUFK VLWH D OLEUDU\ KRWHOV D DFUH VKRSSLQJ FHQWHU DQG DFUHV IRU KRWHO DQG DSDUWPHQW XVH However, redevelopment plans were not implemented, and in 1959, the City and County of Honolulu received administrative control of the Ala Wai Golf Course with the restriction that the land could only be used as a golf course or it would revert to State jurisdiction. In 1951, WKH :DLNĨNĨ .DSDKXOX 3XEOLF /LEUDU\ ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG RQ over two acres of the Fair Grounds/Ala Wai Golf Course, and in 1953, Ala Wai Elementary School was established RQ VL[ DFUHV RI WKH $OD :DL 3DUN HZD RI WKH 0ąQRD 3ąOROR 'UDLQDJH 'LWFK 6WHSKHQVRQ

7KH $OD :DL *ROI &RXUVH KDV EHHQ FLWHG DV WKH ´EXVLHVW golf course in the world” by several sources, (Acson, DQG 86$&( +RZHYHU DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH Enterprise Services Director, the number of golfers using WKH FRXUVH KDV VWHDGLO\ GHFOLQHG RYHU WKH SDVW \HDUV for a variety of reasons, including the sport’s expense, time-consuming nature, and challenge to master. Since ZKHQ WKH 1DWLRQDO *ROI )RXQGDWLRQ GHVFULEHG WKH FRXUVH DV WKH ´PRVW KHDYLO\ SOD\HG KROH UHJXODWLRQ University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 129

IDFLOLW\ LQ WKH ZRUOGµ WR WKH QXPEHU RI URXQGV SOD\HG DQQXDOO\ KDV GHFUHDVHG E\ QHDUO\ SHUFHQW ,Q DQ HIIRUW to attract more visitors, the city has recently partnered with Topgolf Hawai‘i to develop a golf-entertainment FRPSOH[ GRXEOLQJ WKH VL]H RI WKH GULYLQJ UDQJH WKURXJK D \HDU OHDVH ZLWK WKH RSWLRQ WR UHQHZ XS WR \HDUV 2QH QHLJKERUKRRG ERDUG PHPEHU FULWLFL]HG WKH GHFLVLRQ by stating that a commercial project is misplaced on ODQG ]RQHG IRU SUHVHUYDWLRQ DQG UHVHUYHG IRU RSHUDWLQJ D PXQLFLSDO JROI FRXUVH 'LQJHPDQ

2WKHU UHFUHDWLRQDO IDFLOLWLHV LQ WKH DUHD LQFOXGH WKH $OD :DL &RPPXQLW\ 3DUN ÀHOGV DQG VHYHUDO FDQRH ODXQFK DUHDV used by various, local canoe clubs (halau). According to '/15 WKH $OD :DL &DQDO ´VXSSRUWV WKH VLQJOH ODUJHVW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI FDQRH FOXEV LQ WKH 6WDWHµ '/15

Parts of the Ala Wai Canal are listed as a historic property on the Hawai‘i Register of Historic Places, State Inventory of Historic Properties, and eligible for inclusion on the 1DWLRQDO 5HJLVWHU RI +LVWRULF 3ODFHV GXH WR LWV UROH LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI :DLNĨNĨ The Ala Wai Canal receives the majority of surface UXQRII IURP WKH 0DNLNL 0ąQRD 3ąOROR DQG $OD :DL watersheds, including the lands mauka to the Ko‘olau 0RXQWDLQ 5LGJH DQG PDNDL WRZDUGV :DLNĨNĨ %HDFK DQG WKH WKUHH YDOOH\V RI 0DNLNL 0ąQRD DQG 3ąOROR ZKLFK discharges to Mamala Bay at the Ala Wai Boat Harbor.

The contributing waterbodies include the Makiki Stream, +DXVWHQ 'LWFK 0ąQRD 3ąOROR 'UDLQDJH &DQDO .DSDKXOX Drain, and several storm drain outfalls.

Considered an estuary, as its characteristic brackish waters have a connection to the ocean, the Ala Wai &DQDO SURYLGHV KDELWDW IRU QDWLYH MXYHQLOH ÀVK LQFOXGLQJ Hawaiian freshwater goby (‘o‘opu spp.) and serves as a migratory pathway for native amphibious species. The HVWXDULQH LQÁXHQFHV ZLWKLQ WKH 0ąQRD 3ąOROR 'UDLQDJH Canal extend to around halfway between Date Street and .DSL¶RODQL %RXOHYDUG DW .DLPXNĨ +LJK 6FKRRO 86$&(

Due to erosion associated with the loss of native plant species in the upper watershed conservation areas, common pollutants present in urban stormwater runoff, and the stagnant nature of the canal, the Ala Wai Canal has been listed as an impaired waterbody by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and State Department 130 South Shore Project Report

of Health. Sedimentation, especially just below the MXQFWLRQ ZLWK WKH 0ąQRD 3ąOROR 'UDLQDJH &DQDO KDV decreased the capacity of the canal over time. Periodic GUHGJLQJ RI VHGLPHQW LQ WKH FDQDO DQG WR HQKDQFH LWV GUDLQDJH IXQFWLRQ KDV EHHQ FRQGXFWHG E\ '/15 USACE Ala Wai Canal Flood Risk Management Study ,Q 86$&( SUHSDUHG WKH ´$OD :DL &DQDO )ORRG 5LVN 0DQDJHPHQW 6WXG\µ WR PLWLJDWH ÁRRG ULVNV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK D \HDU ÁRRG HYHQW SHUFHQW FKDQFH RI occurring in any given year), in the 19-square mile Ala :DL :DWHUVKHG 'DPDJHV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK D \HDU ÁRRG HYHQW DUH HVWLPDWHG DW ELOOLRQ 2I WKH VHYHUDO ODUJH ÁRRGV WKDW KDYH RFFXUUHG PRUH UHFHQWO\ LQ WKH DUHD WKH 0ąQRD 9DOOH\ ÁRRG UHVXOWHG LQ PLOOLRQ LQ GDPDJHV IURP D WR SHUFHQW FKDQFH ÁRRG In its original design, the Ala Wai Canal provided drainage EHQHÀWV WKDW DOORZHG IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI :DLNĨNĨ +RZHYHU WKH FDQDO ZDV QRW GHVLJQHG IRU ÁRRG FRQWURO DQG OLHV ZLWKLQ WKH \HDU ÁRRG LQXQGDWLRQ ]RQH 86$&( IRXQG WKDW WKH $OD :DL &DQDO FRXOG FRQWDLQ D SHUFHQW ÁRRG HYHQW ,Q WKHLU VWXG\ 86$&( FRQVLGHUHG WKH FUHDWLRQ RI DQ DGGLWLRQDO FDQDO RXWOHW DW :DLNĨNĨ %HDFK QHDU WKH natatorium, consistent with the original design proposal, but concluded the alternative infeasible due to land cost and availability. Additionally, USACE acknowledged that implementing green stormwater infrastructure WHFKQLTXHV WR LQFUHDVH LQÀOWUDWLRQ DQG UHXVH WKURXJKRXW the watershed, managing stormwater runoff at its source, would help to mitigate the water quality and quantity issues, but planning and implementation of watershedZLGH GHFHQWUDOL]HG JUHHQ VWRUPZDWHU LQIUDVWUXFWXUH would be outside the scope of the USACE study. Finally, USACE acknowledged that sea level rise might pose an DGGLWLRQDO WKUHDW³FRQWULEXWLQJ WR LQFUHDVHG ÁRRGLQJ LVVXHV³LQ WKH ZDWHUVKHG The USACE study proposed construction of several debris and detention basins throughout the watershed along ZLWK WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI FRQFUHWH ÁRRGZDOOV WKDW UDQJH up to four feet in height along one or both sides of the Ala Wai Canal. USACE estimated that without the debris and GHWHQWLRQ EDVLQV WKH FRQFUHWH ÁRRGZDOOV DORQJ WKH $OD Wai Canal would need to be 14 feet in height to mitigate ÁRRGLQJ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK D \HDU ÁRRG HYHQW 7KH 86$&( SURMHFW KDV EHHQ FULWLFL]HG E\ PHPEHUV RI WKH

community for its reliance on hardened solutions and a ODFN RI WUDQVSDUHQF\ SXEOLF RXWUHDFK 6FKDIHUV

,Q 86$&( LVVXHG D QRWLÀFDWLRQ RI GHVLJQ PRGLÀFDWLRQV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH )ORRG 5LVN Management Study. After updating data and working to engage the community further in the discussion of the project, changes are being recommended, including DOWHULQJ WKH GHVLJQ RI PLWLJDWLRQ IHDWXUHV LQ 8SSHU 0ąQRD Valley and removing features in Upper Makiki and Palolo Valleys that would have impacted private property, as well as at the Ala Wai Canal, extending barriers up Palolo Stream to Date Street to protect Ala Wai Elementary and ‘Iolani Schools and using earthen berms instead of walls ZKHUH VSDFH SHUPLWV 86$&(

A recent Civil Beat article describes the desires of a JUDVVURRWV JURXS 3URWHFW 2XU $OD :DL :DWHUVKHG WKDW KDV ÀOHG VXLW DJDLQVW 86$&( GXH WR WKHLU FODLP WKDW the project lacks compliance with the required state environmental impact review process. The group wants WKH ÁRRG PLWLJDWLRQ GHVLJQ WR LQFOXGH ´QDWXUH EDVHG watershed restoration and protection, given current built conditions, consistent with ahupua’a principles and 1DWLYH +DZDLLDQ FXVWRPV DQG SUDFWLFHV µ ,Q RUGHU IRU WKH project to advance, USACE must partner with the city and VWDWH +RQRUH

The Future of Golf 1DWLRQDO VWDWLVWLFV UHODWHG WR JROI VKRZ D JHQHUDO decline in the number of players in America with over D SHUFHQW GURS LQ OHVV WKDQ D GHFDGH IURP WR 7KH FRQFOXVLRQ LV WKDW $PHULFDQV DUH WRR EXV\ to play golf and that the demographic and culture have changed. For example, golf is no longer an alternate ORFDWLRQ IRU EXVLQHVV GHDOV 2I WKH DSSUR[LPDWHO\ JROI FRXUVHV LQ WKH 8 6 KDYH FORVHG LQ WKH ODVW GHFDGH DQG VLQFH JROI FRXUVHV KDYH EHHQ FRQYHUWHG WR SXEOLF SDUNV *UHHQ

Recently, Miami Beach, a community aggressively pursuing adaptation strategies to mitigate sea level rise LV SURSRVLQJ WR FRQYHUW D ´SRSXODU FLW\ RZQHGµ JROI FRXUVH LQWR D ZHWODQG ´HFR GLVWULFW µ &RQVXOWDQWV GHYHORSHG WKUHH alternative proposals that include retaining golf function while adding more water-adsorptive features, replacing nine holes with a constructed wetland and recreation center, or transforming the entire 145-acre site into a DFUH ZHWODQG SDUN 2QH QHHGQ·W ORRN IDU IRU ORFDO

SUHFHGHQW DV LQ RQ )ORULGD·V *XOI &RDVW D SULYDWH FRQVHUYDQF\ JURXS SXUFKDVHG DQ ´DJLQJµ JROI FRXUVH DQG FRQYHUWHG LW LQWR D :LOGÁRZHU 3UHVHUYH DQG DFUH ZHWODQG 2QH 0LDPL %HDFK &RPPLVVLRQHU VWDWHG ´,I we’re truly serious about dealing with climate change then everything is on the table, including the golf course” and added that it if certain city lands were not included in the discussion then it would be an empty effort +DUULV :LWK WKH FRPELQHG WKUHDW RI VHD OHYHO ULVH DQG FDWDVWURSKLF ÁRRGLQJ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK D ODUJH VWRUP event, the city and state should be considering the future costs of maintaining the Ala Wai Golf Course.

Summary As an alternative to parts of the USACE Ala Wai Canal Flood Risk Management Study, the proof-of-concept design for FDWDO\WLF VLWH UH LPDJLQHV WKH $OD :DL *ROI &RXUVH DQG portions of the Ala Wai Canal waterfront as hybrid-type, public open space systems that will perform ecologically and provide connected, resilient place amenities.

The next step in accessing whether a project similar to the proposed proof-of-concept design for catalytic site ZRXOG EH ZLGHO\ VXSSRUWHG UHTXLUHV HQJDJLQJ WKH community, which is beyond the scope of this study.

However, through multiple stakeholder meetings, which included representatives from various city and state agencies, the study strives to raise awareness of the need for adaptation planning that is inspired by traditional, cultural practices while considering a combination of gray and green, or nature-based infrastructural solutions, as well as being inclusive of the community’s needs. Please UHIHU WR $SSHQGL[ $ 3URMHFW 1RWHV IRU D UHFRUG RI PHHWLQJ minutes.

1DWLYH +DZDLLDQ DFWLYLVW KLVWRULDQ DQG DXWKRU *HRUJH .DQDKHOH ZURWH DERXW :DLNĨNĨ ´,WV VXUYLYDO DV ZHOO DV LWV prosperity as a center of hospitality lies in the perpetuation RI LWV XQLTXHQHVV³LWV VHQVH RI SODFH³DQG WKLV XOWLPDWHO\ comes from its being Hawaiian.” Throughout history, the themes of cultural practice, environmental stewardship, and economic growth have shaped development of the :DLNĨNĨ DUHD 6LQFH WKH V DQ HPSKDVLV RQ HFRQRPLF growth took precedence over local food production and environmental stewardship. Going forward, planning HIIRUWV IRU WKH :DLNĨNĨ DUHD VKRXOG VWULYH WR LQWHJUDWH culture, environment, and economy to preserve and restore its function and beauty for future generations to enjoy.

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Catalytic Site #1: Parcel Information Ala Wai Canal

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134 South Shore Project Report

Ala Wai Community Park

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University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 135

CATALYTIC SITE #1: Historic Hydrology and Cultural Land Use %DVHG RQ D VHULHV RI KLVWRULF PDSV LQ WKH YLFLQLW\ RI FDWDO\WLF VLWH WKLV DQG WKH IROORZLQJ SDJH RI WKH UHSRUW JUDSKLFDOO\ highlight how dramatically the freshwater, brackish water, and saltwater hydrology of the area, as well as land uses, GHQVLWLHV FLUFXODWLRQ DQG GHYHORSPHQW KDYH FKDQJHG RYHU WKH FRXUVH RI WKH SDVW \HDUV :KDW XVHG WR EH DQ ecologically performative and resilient landscape has largely been converted into a dense, monofunctional urban fabric.

Earlier maps reveal the patterns of streams and natural springs used by Hawaiians to support food production, both ÁRRGHG ÀHOG DJULFXOWXUH DQG ÀVK SRQGV DQG WUDGLWLRQDO SUDFWLFHV 1DWLYH +DZDLLDQ KLVWRULDQ *HRUJH .DQDKHOH ZURWH ´,I WDUR KDG EHHQ MXVW DQ RUGLQDU\ SODQW LWV GLVDSSHDUDQFH IURP :DLNĨNĨ PLJKW QRW KDYH PDWWHUHG VR PXFK EXW WDUR ZDV WKH VWDII RI OLIH ZKRVH YHU\ LPDJH ZDV WKH NLQR ODX WKH ERG\ IRUP RI .ąQH WKH &UHDWRU WKH XPELOLFXV WR WKH EHJLQQLQJV RI WKH +DZDLLDQ SHRSOH ,W V\PEROL]HG WKH ELQGLQJ OLQN EHWZHHQ WKH JRGV WKH DOL¶L WKH SHRSOH DQG QDWXUH LQ DOO LWV PDQLIROG IRUPV :KHQ WDUR GLVDSSHDUHG VR GLG +ąORD WKH RQH FRQVWDQW WKDW OLQNHG HYHU\ JHQHUDWLRQ RI :DLNĨNĨDQV VLQFH WKH DUULYDO RI WKH ÀUVW VHWWOHUV PRUH WKDQ \HDUV DJR µ %\ WKH HDUO\ ·V D JULG RI VWUHHWV LPSRVHG RQ IRUPHU DJULFXOWXUDO DUHDV DQG ZHWODQGV UHÁHFWV WKH JURZLQJ FXOWXUH RI DXWRPRELOH WUDYHO DQG LQFUHDVHG SRSXODWLRQ JURZWK )LVK SRQGV ZKLFK

1893

GRWWHG WKH VKRUHOLQH LQ :DLNĨNĨ ZHUH GUDLQHG DQG ÀOOHG WR H[SDQG FRDVWDO lands available for development. In WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH $OD :DL Canal further increased developable land. Initially planned to have two outlets, project budget constraints prevented a second outlet, and the canal terminated at Kapahulu Avenue.

6KRUWO\ DIWHU ÀQDOL]LQJ WKH $OD :DL Canal, the coastline was expanded seaward with the construction of Ala Wai Boat Harbor in 1935.

Issues associated with beach erosion as a result of development too close to the shoreline, as well as water TXDOLW\ DQG ÁRRGLQJ FRQFHUQV KDYH SODJXHG WKH DUHD VLQFH WKH ·V Efforts to engineer solutions to VXSSRUW :DLNĨNĨ DV D ZRUOG FODVV tourist area will continue to challenge developers, the city and county, and the state. Despite the radical changes in hydrology and land use throughout LWV KLVWRU\ :DLNĨNĨ KDV EHHQ NQRZQ DV D VLJQLÀFDQW SODFH RI RFHDQ UHFUHDWLRQ DQG UHWUHDW³LQLWLDOO\ IRU WKH Hawaiian ruling class and currently for visitors from across the globe and residents. The future of a sustainable :DLNĨNĨ ZLOO QRZ QHHG WR DGGUHVV WKH themes of climate-change resilience, ecosystem performance, connectivity, and placemaking.

136 South Shore Project Report

1893 Water Catalytic Site #1

Historic Hydrology and Cultural Land Use Source: http://www.avakonohiki.org/maps-kona.html

1912

1912 Water Catalytic Site #1 1893 Shoreline

Historic Hydrology and Cultural Land Use

Source: http://ags.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/HonoluluMapDove1912.pdf

1933

1933 Water Catalytic Site #1 1893 Shoreline

Historic Hydrology and Cultural Land Use Source: https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/49306

1953

1953 Water Catalytic Site #1 1893 Shoreline

Historic Hydrology and Cultural Land Use Source: https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/54160

2017

2017 Water Catalytic Site #1 1893 Shoreline

Historic Hydrology and Cultural Land Use Source: https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/basic/

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 137

CATALYTIC SITE #1: Analysis 7KH IROORZLQJ VHULHV RI DQDO\VLV PDSV IRU FDWDO\WLF VLWH V\QWKHVL]H DQG LQWHUSUHW LPSRUWDQW GDWD REVHUYDWLRQV DQG FRQFOXVLRQV GUDZQ IURP WKH LQYHQWRU\ SS

DQG UHVHDUFK SS SKDVHV RI WKLV VWXG\ By highlighting key site opportunities and constraints, these sets of maps aid in the development of both proposed site programming and subsequent proof-ofconcept design solutions.

Similar in structure to the project research, this analysis summary documentation for FDWDO\WLF VLWH RUJDQL]HV the maps according to the project’s overarching guiding principles and categories of 1) climate-change UHVLOLHQFH HFRV\VWHP SHUIRUPDQFH FRQQHFWLYLW\ and 4) placemaking.

For each of these four categories, the report includes FDWDO\WLF VLWH DQDO\VLV PDSV WKDW KLJKOLJKW VHOHFWHG project-relevant aspects in their existing and proposed conditions (opportunities and challenges).

7KH ÀUVW Climate-Change Resilience PDS SS 141) focuses on the site’s man-made hydrology, as well as conventional water-related infrastructural systems, DQG WKH IRRW DQG IRRW 6/5 H[SRVXUH DUHDV )ORRG models for Honolulu indicate that parts of the Ala Wai *ROI &RXUVH ZLOO EH DPRQJ WKH ÀUVW DUHDV LQ WKH FLW\·V urban center to be regularly affected by sea level rise.

7KH VXEVHTXHQW ´&OLPDWH FKDQJH 5HVLOLHQFH &KDOOHQJHV 2SSRUWXQLWLHVµ PDS SS VKRZV WKH H[WHQW of projected inundation associated with sea level rise DQG ÁRRG HYHQWV DV ZHOO DV WKH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR LPSURYH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DQG ÁRRG FRQWURO ZLWK OLYLQJ VKRUHOLQH systems such as green stormwater infrastructure that can include storage and reuse. Areas predicted to UHPDLQ UHODWLYHO\ ´GU\µ LQ FOLPDWH UHODWHG HYHQWV FDQ be expanded for habitable mixed-use spaces through adaptive practices of landscape buffering and elevating development and critical infrastructure.

The Ecological Performance analysis map (pp. 144 OLVWV VH OHFWHG H[LVWLQJ NH\ VSHFLHV IDXQD DQG ÁRUD

and land uses, highlighting existing green stormwater infrastructure and wetlands. As indicated in the subsequent, related challenges and opportunities map SS HFRORJLFDO OLQNDJHV FDQ SURYLGH FULWLFDO habitat and migration corridors for native species, while 138 South Shore Project Report

improving water quality, increasing biodiversity, and expanding open space, as well as access to freshwater, brackish water, and saltwater.

With the return of more wetlands to the overall area, the opportunity to support native species and traditional cultural practices of food production can increase UHVLOLHQF\³FOLPDWH UHODWHG HFRORJLFDO DQG VRFLDO The Connectivity PDS SS JUDSKLFDOO\ isolates existing non-automobile circulation elements, revealing patterns of complimentary public transit, bicycle, and path facilities and gaps. The subsequent FKDOOHQJHV DQG RSSRUWXQLWLHV PDS SS

LGHQWLÀHV RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU RYHUFRPLQJ H[LVWLQJ EDUULHUV greater walkability and bicycle circulation and improved multi-modal transit systems and connections. /DVWO\ WKH VHW RI WZR Placemaking-themed analysis PDSV IRU FDWDO\WLF VLWH SS IRFXVHV RQ cultural aspects and public, people-centric amenities such as uses, gathering places, landmarks, destinations, land use, and views. The challenges and opportunities map highlights how these existing assets might be enhanced through additional destinations that can KLJKOLJKW WKH DUHD·V VLJQLÀFDQFH DV D SODFH RI QDWXUDO beauty, historic and cultural tradition, and recreation.

This report section includes the following drawings: Analysis plans • Climate-change Resilience: existing conditions • Climate-change Resilience: challenges + opportunities • Ecological Performance: existing conditions • Ecological Performance: challenges + opportunities • Connectivity (non-automobile circulation): existing conditions • Connectivity (non-automobile circulation): challenges + opportunities • Placemaking: existing conditions • Placemaking: challenges + opportunities

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CATALYTIC SITE #1: Program The following proof-of-concept program plans and TXDQWLWDWLYH GLVWULEXWLRQ GLDJUDPV IRU FDWDO\WLF VLWH begin to reveal the evolution of the proposed design over time, from existing site conditions at current sea levels (MHHW), followed by a near-term design scenario that accommodates a 3-foot sea level rise (expected around mid-century), and a proposed long-term design LQWHUYHQWLRQ WKDW DFFRPPRGDWHV ÁRRGLQJ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK D IRRW VHD OHYHO ULVH IRU WKH SXUSRVHV RI WKLV VWXG\ expected around the end of the century).

7KH H[LVWLQJ VLWH FRQVLVWV ODUJHO\ RI WKH KROH $OD :DL Golf Course, the Ala Wai Elementary School buildings and grounds, the Ala Wai Community Park with its YDULRXV VSRUWV ÀHOGV VPDOO FRPPXQLW\ FHQWHU FOXE house, jogging trail and parking, the Ala Wai Canal itself, Ala Wai Boulevard, and the grounds and building of the :DLNĨNĨ .DSDKXOX 3XEOLF /LEUDU\ Public non-automobile circulation is limited along the Ala Wai Canal’s mauka bank, adjacent to the golf course.

And although there is a path at the Ewa-end of the Ala Wai Community Park near the canoe halau, the path does not support a direct, connected, and comfortable walking and bicycling experience.

The near-term proof-of-concept program proposes to UHGXFH WKH JROI FRXUVH WR D KROH FRXUVH³ORFDWHG LQ D SDUW RI WKH VLWH OHVV VXVFHSWLEOH WR IRRW 6/5 ÁRRGLQJ³ which includes the currently proposed Top Golf driving UDQJH DQG WR H[SDQG H[LVWLQJ ZHWODQG DQG ÁRRG SURQH DUHDV UHIHU WR WKH FDWDO\WLF VLWH 9LVLW 1RWHV LQ $SSHQGL[ $ WR DFKLHYH PXOWLSOH EHQHÀWV RI LQFUHDVHG climate resilience, ecosystem performance, connectivity, and placemaking.

A wetland education center, located on an elevated hybrid landform, serves as a hub for school students from the vicinity, the local community, and visitors. Multiple YLHZLQJ SODWIRUPV FDSLWDOL]H RQ YLHZV RI WKH ZHWODQG $OD Wai Canal, and Diamond Head. Stormwater runoff will be used for golf course and park irrigation, achieving water, HQYLURQPHQWDO DQG HQHUJ\ EHQHÀWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK QR longer pumping groundwater sources.

2YHUDOO QRQ DXWRPRELOH FRQQHFWLYLW\ LV LPSURYHG ZLWK widened pedestrian promenades, public access along the entire length of the mauka bank, and a bridge across the Ala Wai Canal at the terminus of University Avenue.

156 South Shore Project Report

$ SURGXFWLYH K\EULG ZHWODQG HPSKDVL]HV WKH LPSRUWDQFH of local culture while supporting the proposed community food hub through the reintroduction of traditional ÁRRGHG ÀHOG DJULFXOWXUDO SUDFWLFHV $ VW FHQWXU\ SXEOLF PHGLD FHQWHU KRXVHV WKH IRUPHU :DLNĨNĨ .DSDKXOX /LEUDU\ DQG SURYLGHV DGGLWLRQDO community space, serving as an anchor of cultural expression and community cooperation.

7KH ORQJ WHUP SURJUDP IRRW 6/5 VFHQDULR SURSRVHV WR eliminate the golf function completely in order to expand wetland and productive landscape and development areas. Additional recreational opportunities will be provided with sand volleyball courts, an indoor sports facility, pocket parks, and canoe docks as well as further development of walking and bicycling paths.

Increased climate resilience will be provided with the H[SDQVLRQ RI WKH SURSVRHG HOHYDWHG K\EULG ODQGIRUP³D ZLGH ODQGVFDSHG PXOWL SXUSRVH VXSHU GLNH ³ GHWHQWLRQ basins and treatment ponds, increasing public access and development potential, decreasing threats associated with rising sea levels, and improving water quality, ecosystem services, and biodiversity.

7KH TXDQWLWDWLYH GLVWULEXWLRQ GLDJUDPV RUJDQL]H ODQG use and site program elements to show evolution over time from existing site conditions, through near-term LQWHUYHQWLRQV IRRW 6/5 DQG XOWLPDWHO\ DW WKH ORQJ WHUP SURSRVDO IRRW 6/5 7KH FRORUV DQG WH[WXUHV RI WKH diagram relate to the overarching project categories of climate-change resilience (blue), ecosystem performance (green), connectivity (pink), and placemaking (yellow). $V FDQ EH H[SHFWHG WKH GLYHUVLW\ RI ODQG XVH LQWHQVLÀHV over time to increase climate resilience and ecosystem performance while supporting greater opportunities for connectivity and placemaking. Impervious surfaces, denoted in shades of gray, reduce over time, supported by increases in public transportation and walkability. Water quality and habitat biodiversity improve with an increase LQ ÁRRGDEOH ZHWODQG DUHD WKDW DOVR FDQ EH XWLOL]HG IRU WUDGLWLRQDO DJULFXOWXUDO SUDFWLFHV 2SSRUWXQLWLHV IRU walking and bicycling increase over time with additional promenade paths, sidewalks, and bridge designs.

Recreational and social gathering spaces also expand, supporting a spirit of health and community well-being as well as future cultural celebrations.

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Program plans • Existing site elements, paths, and programs (at current MHHW) • 3URSRVHG QHDU WHUP VLWH SURJUDP HOHPHQWV IW 6/5 VFHQDULR

• 3URSRVHG ORQJ WHUP VLWH SURJUDP HOHPHQWV IW 6/5 VFHQDULR

3URJUDP GLDJUDPV GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG TXDQWLÀFDWLRQ

• Basic existing site programs by categories (at current MHHW) • 3URSRVHG QHDU WHUP VLWH SURJUDPV E\ FDWHJRULHV IW 6/5 VFHQDULR

• 3URSRVHG ORQJ WHUP VLWH SURJUDP E\ FDWHJRULHV IW 6/5 VFHQDULR

Long term Near term Existing

+ 6ft + 3ft + 0ft (MHHW)

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 157

Existing Program

Playground

Canoe halau

Parking lot Ala Wai Elementary School

Park amenities Fields

Parking lot Field

Dog park Community garden Canoe halau Hausten Ditch Ala Wai Canal Parking lot

South Shore Project Report

Ala Wai G

Board of Water Supply pump Iolani School Trail

Golf Course (18 hole)

Recycling center + Parking lot Golf course maintenance facility

Business building

Driving range

Club house Parking lot Stormwater outlet Canoe halau Waikiki-Kapahulu Public Library

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

Near-term Program

Ou

Wetland view

Wetland education c

Canoe halau

Ala Wai Elementary School

Transportation Field

Transportation Productive hybrid wetland (Loi) Playground

Field Pla Playground

Community garden Transportation

Ala Wai Canal Widened pedestrian promenade Community food hub South Shore Project Report

Canoe halau

Wetland (ecological priority zon

Viewing platform Elevated community park Mixed-use (2-4 stories)

utdoor classroom

wing platform

Driving range (Top Golf)

center

ne)

Underground parking

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University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

Long-term Long-term Program

Ou

Wetland education c + Ala Wai Elementary S Community food hub Elevated hybrid landform Canoe docks

Detention basin + productive landscape Canal bank park

Canal pocket parks Ala Wai Canal

Widened, elevated pedestrian promenade South Shore Project Report

Canoe docks

Wetland (ecological priority zon

Viewing platform

Mixed-use (residential towers)

Elevated community park

Mixed-use (2-4 stories) Water treatment ponds (ecological priority zone)

utdoor classroom

center School

ne)

Underground parking

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University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

・Low ecosystem performance and lack of biodiversity

68.0%

・Large areas dedicated to monofunctional uses

18.5%

Existing

golf cource water features Hausten ditch Ala Wai golf course (18 hole)

・Large impervious surfaces (e.g., roads, parking lots)

Ala Wai canal

・Very few places and destinations, poor connectivity

・Increase in ecosystem performance and ecological linkages

39.5%

・Diversification of uses

32.8%

Near term

・Increase in places, destinations and connectivity infrastructure

constructed wetland Hausten ditch golf cource water features Ala Wai golf course (9 hole)

wetland

Ala Wai canal

・Fewer impervious surfaces

・Multi-purpose hybrid-type open spaces and uses with overlapping categories, biodiversity ・High ecosystem performance, connected habitats

42.5%

Long term

South Shore Project Report

treatment pond

wetland

・Few hard surfaces remain, predominance of performative and absorptive/floodable or productive green infrastructure

Ala Wai canal

・Increase in blue space (water) and waterfront access; water quality improvements

elevated boardwalk

urban greenscape

wetland detention basin Ala Wai blvd

wetland islands

wetland

canal bank park

public space

productive hybrid wetland

wetland marsh Hausten ditch productive landscape

outdoor recreation area residencial mixed-use 1 community food hub food truck lot public media center education center + school residencial mixed-use 2 Ala Wai blvd other

public path rooftop green space

elevated hybrid landform B

public path rooftop green space

public sidewalks wetland viewing platforms pavilion space university bridge elevated hybrid landform A

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

0.8%

21.0%

8.6%

27.1%

other

existing buildings public media center community food hub new maintenance facility Ala Wai blvd

top golf

public sidewalks wetland viewing platforms university bridge elevated hybrid landform

golf course paths

Ala Wai blvd

loi community garden elevated boardwalk

wetland

wetland bank

wetland

wetland islands

community park

4.4%

14.8%

8.5%

golf cource community park kapahulu businesses Ala Wai elementary school library

Ala Wai elementary school golf course facilities community park library kapahulu businesses other Ala Wai blvd

golf course paths

public sidewalk

library lawn

curbside greenery

community park

7.0%

2.1%

4.4%

CATALYTIC SITE #1: Plan Overview 7KH FRPSOHWH VHW RI FDWDO\WLF VLWH SURRI RI FRQFHSW design illustrations featured in this report include overall site plans, transect drawings (wide, isometric FURVV VHFWLRQV GHWDLOHG SODQV DQG VHFWLRQV ]RRPHG in section perspective drawings, as well as perspective bird’s-eye view renderings of the overall site. For all of the drawing types listed above, the study includes sets of sequential representations of existing (current MHHW), SURSRVHG QHDU WHUP IRRW 6/5 VFHQDULR DQG SURSRVHG ORQJ WHUP IRRW 6/5 VFHQDULR FRQGLWLRQV $ VHULHV RI LOOXVWUDWLYH H\H OHYHO SHUVSHFWLYH YLHZV IXUWKHU YLVXDOL]HV how future users would experience the proposed longWHUP GHVLJQ YLVLRQ IRU FDWDO\WLF VLWH 7KH WUDQVHFW DQG VHFWLRQ SHUVSHFWLYH ORFDWLRQV ]RRP LQ to important aspects of the overall catalytic site design WKDW KLJKOLJKW VLJQLÀFDQW LQVWDQFHV RI FRDVWDO UHVLOLHQFH accommodations, such as edge conditions or transitions IURP ODQG WR ZDWHU³W\SLFDO VROXWLRQV WKDW PLJKW DOVR EH applicable to other parts of the overall project area.

These sets of conceptual drawings illustrate the design application of criteria and concepts that evolved from the research, analysis, and programming phases of the project (above).

Existing Plan As mentioned in greater detail in the program summary DERYH FXUUHQWO\ FDWDO\WLF VLWH LQFOXGHV WKH $OD :DL Canal, Ala Wai Golf Course area, Ala Wai Elementary School and ground, Ala Wai Community Park, Ala Wai %RXOHYDUG DQG WKH :DLNĨNĨ .DSDKXOX 3XEOLF /LEUDU\ location. The site supports recreational, educational, and cultural uses with views of Diamond Head and the Ko‘olau Range. However, the site currently lacks in resilience, ecological performance, and connectivity. A vast portion of this large site is currently dedicated to DQ KROH JROI FRXUVH³D PRQR IXQFWLRQDO XVH RI SXEOLF ODQG WKDW EHQHÀWV UHODWLYHO\ IHZ DQG KDV WUHPHQGRXV potential.

Near-term Plan 7KH QHDU WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ RI FDWDO\WLF VLWH seeks to incorporate concepts related to climate-change resilience, ecosystem performance, connectivity, and placemaking in a balanced way, with the intent to create a performative landscape that can adapt to dynamic IXWXUH HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV $ DFUH FRQVWUXFWHG 166 South Shore Project Report

wetland replaces nine holes of the Ala Wai Golf Course WR SURYLGH ÁRRG FRQWURO ZDWHU TXDOLW\ LPSURYHPHQWV DQG HFRV\VWHP HGXFDWLRQDO DQG UHFUHDWLRQDO EHQHÀWV Inspired by the kapa tradition, triangular-shaped ODQGIRUPV QRW RQO\ SURYLGH FXOWXUDO VLJQLÀFDQFH EXW also varied, long riparian edge-conditions and habitat to support native species. An elevated, hybrid landform frames the site along Date Street and Kapahulu Avenue and allows for mixed-use development, including places for outdoor gathering and education, while responding to changing sea levels.

With the goals to improve water quality and reuse, a treatment wetland is proposed for the Kapahulu storm GUDLQ RXWIDOO UHPRYLQJ SROOXWDQWV DQG PLWLJDWLQJ ÁRRG risks as well as supplying water for golf course irrigation.

Recreational activities are supported by a variety of PXOWL SXUSRVH ÀHOGV DQG SOD\JURXQGV FDQRH KDODX IDFLOLWLHV DQG QHZ FRQWLQXRXV ZDWHUIURQW SURPHQDGHV³ IUDPLQJ WKH $OD :DL &DQDO RQ ERWK VLGH³WKDW DOORZ IRU pedestrian and bicycle circulation and varied views along the canal. The spring-fed Hausten Ditch provides for wetland agriculture, continuing the legacy of a productive ODQGVFDSH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK KLVWRULF :DLNĨNĨ Long-term Plan 7KH ORQJ WHUP GHVLJQ RI FDWDO\WLF VLWH EXLOGV XSRQ WKH ÀUVW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ SKDVH DQG HOLPLQDWHV WKH golf function completely. The past golf course site now features a low-impact, self-sustained, vibrant mixeduse development along its Date and Kapahulu edges, FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ VXVWDLQDELOLW\ FRQQHFWLYLW\ RSWLPXP environmental and public health, and cultural tradition.

Wastewater and stormwater are treated and reused on VLWH /RFDO XUEDQ DJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWLRQ FRQWULEXWHV WR food security, while recreational facilities allow for leisure activities, exercise, and play. The site accommodates H[SHFWHG ÁRRGLQJ DQG ULVLQJ VHD OHYHOV ZLWK H[SDQGHG SHUIRUPDWLYH ZHWODQGV ÁRRGHG W\SH DJULFXOWXUDO V\VWHPV and wide, adaptive, multi-purpose elevated landforms. ,QLWLDWHG LQ WKH QHDU WHUP SODQ WKH DFUH ZHWODQG naturally transforms as water quality improves, erosion and sedimentation processes occur, and ecological performance and biodiversity increase.

Important views to Diamond Head and the Ko‘olau Range are preserved. Elevated boardwalks provide opportunities for new wetland and wildlife views.

This section of the report features the following proof-of-concept design drawings: Overall site plans • &DWDO\WLF 6LWH ² H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• &DWDO\WLF 6LWH ² SURSRVHG QHDU WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5 VFHQDULR

• &DWDO\WLF 6LWH ² SURSRVHG ORQJ WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5 VFHQDULR

Catalytic Site #1

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 167

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Club House

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BWS pump station

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Canoe Halau

Productive hybrid wetland Community food hub

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University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

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+relocated Ala Wai Elementary School

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University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

CATALYTIC SITE #1: Plan - Water Flow Diagrams ,Q WKH FDWDO\WLF VLWH DUHD WKH KLVWRULF K\GURORJ\ KDG been radically altered with increased development that led to the draining of widespread coastal wetlands, FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH $OD :DL &DQDO DQG ÁRZ PRGLÀFDWLRQV WR VWUHDPV &XUUHQWO\ XUEDQ VWRUPZDWHU UXQRII ÁRZV WR FKDQQHOL]HG VWUHDPV DQG WKH PXQLFLSDO VWRUP VHZHU V\VWHP OHDGLQJ WR FRQFHQWUDWHG HURVLYH ÁRZV ZLWK OLWWOH to no pollutant removal treatment. The Ala Wai Golf Course is irrigated by pumped, increasingly brackish groundwater.

The near-term plan proposes to replace nine holes of the Ala Wai Golf Course with a constructed wetland that ZRXOG SURYLGH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DQG TXDQWLW\ EHQHÀWV DV well as enhance ecosystem performance. Stormwater runoff would be slowed and pollutants removed prior to discharge into the Ala Wai Canal. Green stormwater UHWURÀWV IRU H[DPSOH LQ WKH IRUP RI UHSODFLQJ LPSHUYLRXV roof surfaces with absorptive green roofs and underground storm sewer infrastructure with at grade bioswales, allow for urban runoff to be retained largely

where it falls, which mitigates the transport of sediment and pollutants commonly found in an urban context as ZHOO DV UHGXFHV ÁRRG ULVN In this proposal, the irrigation of the Ala Wai Golf Course transitions to reusing stored surface runoff water to achieve sustainability goals such as water and energy savings associated with no longer pumping groundwater.

At Hausten Ditch, a productive hybrid wetland reduces ÁRZV WR WKH $OD :DL &DQDO SURYLGLQJ ERWK FXOWXUDO DQG ÁRRG PLWLJDWLRQ HFRORJLFDO EHQHÀWV The conceptual long-term plan achieves greater water TXDOLW\ DQG ÁRRG UHGXFWLRQ EHQHÀWV WKURXJK LQFUHDVHG JUHHQ VWRUPZDWHU LQIUDVWUXFWXUH UHWURÀWV VHGLPHQW deposition in the constructed wetland, and treatment ponds in the area of the proposed mixed-use development at Kapahulu Avenue. Surface water reuse for traditional agricultural practices and tide gates further mitigate ÁRRGLQJ ULVN

channeli chan cha cch hanne han h ha a annelized anneli nne n nneli ne ne ellillized elize lizze ze zed ed d + FRQF FR FRQ FRQF R RQ QFHQWU QF QFHQWU FHQWUDWHG HQW HQ HQWUDWH HQWU QWUDW DWHG DW WHG WHG HG ÁRZ ÁÁR RZ RZ No e No exist existin existing xis xistin isting istin ttiin ing trea ing treatm treat ttr rrea reatmen eatmen ea atmen tme tme tm men m en e ent nt nt ffo or u urban urb urba rban rba rb ban runo rrunoff ru runof unof noff off. off ffff.

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Existing 174 South Shore Project Report

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Long term University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 175

CATALYTIC SITE #1: Transects :KHQ XVLQJ WKH WHUP ´WUDQVHFW µ WKLV UHSRUW UHIHUV WR wide, isometric cross-sectional design drawings. These types of illustrative graphics allow for the effective two-dimensional representation of complex spatial FRQÀJXUDWLRQV DQG ZDWHU OHYHOV UHODWLYH WR VXUURXQGLQJ built structures and ground conditions. The transect ORFDWLRQV VHOHFWHG IRU FDWDO\WLF VLWH IRFXV LQ RQ important features of the proof-of-concept plans. In many LQVWDQFHV WKH\ YLVXDOL]H HGJH FRQGLWLRQV RU WUDQVLWLRQV from land to water or from one program element to DQRWKHU³RIWHQ IHDWXULQJ W\SLFDO GHVLJQ VROXWLRQV WKDW DUH also applicable in other parts of the overall project area.

7KH IROORZLQJ WKUHH WUDQVHFW VWXGLHV IRU FDWDO\WLF VLWH demonstrate site programmatic changes in more detail over the various periods of time: existing (current sea OHYHO DW 0++: QHDU WHUP IRRW 6/5 VFHQDULR DQG ORQJ WHUP IRRW 6/5 VFHQDULR

The Ala Wai Canal and Golf Course transect reveals the proposed evolution of Ala Wai Boulevard from a PXOWL ODQH YHKLFXODU ULJKW RI ZD\³FXUUHQWO\ GRPLQDWHG E\ KHDY\ DXWRPRELOH XVH DQG WKUHDWHQHG E\ ÁRRGLQJ IURP ODUJH VWRUPV DQG FRDVWDO KD]DUGV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK FOLPDWH FKDQJH³LQWR D JHQHURXV DQG DWWUDFWLYH elevated pedestrian and bicycle promenade that JUDGXDOO\ SULRULWL]HV QRQ DXWRPRELOH FLUFXODWLRQ RYHUDOO connectivity, water access, water quality improvements, DQG FOLPDWH UHVLOLHQFH WKURXJK D UDLVHG SURÀOH WKDW VHUYHV as a wide super dike and conduit for future utilities along WKH QRUWKHUQ HGJH RI :DLNĨNĨ In this concept, the buildings and streets makai of the $OD :DL &DQDO DQG $OD :DL %RXOHYDUG :DLNĨNĨ ZRXOG QHHG WR EH UHWURÀWWHG WR DEVRUE ÀOWHU VWRUH DQG UHXVH stormwater in order to clean and reduce the quantity of runoff entering the canal and conserve water and energy associated with pumping and moving potable water.

Critical urban infrastructure, building systems, and circulation elements would have to be elevated off the ground over time through thoughtful adaptation design.

2Q WKH PDXND VLGH RI WKH $OD :DL &DQDO WKH SURSRVHG constructed wetland restores unrestricted, public recreational access and ecosystem performance to parts of the current mono-functional golf course space.

The promenade’s boardwalk design not only promotes connectivity but also frames the initial, near term architectonic layout of triangular landforms inspired by 176 South Shore Project Report

kapa tradition and allows for observation of the natural VRIWHQLQJ RI ODQGIRUPV RYHU WLPH WKURXJK HURVLYH ÁRRGLQJ events and sediment deposition. The elevated pedestrian promenade along the mauka edge of the canal serves as an attractive public open space amenity, allowing for the XQKLQGHUHG ÁRZ RI ZDWHU DQG SURWHFWLQJ WKH SURSRVHG wetland habitat from disturbances by humans and pets.

The $OD :DL &DQDO DQG +DXVWHQ 'LWFK transect drawing sequence reveals the opportunity to reintroduce a multi-faceted, productive, and ecologically performative ODQGVFDSH LQ :DLNĨNĨ WR VXSSRUW UHVLOLHQF\ FRQQHFWLYLW\ cultural traditions, and community cooperation.

Similar to the previous transect, which cuts throught the canal in a differet location (see map to the right), these drawings also show the proposed transformation of Ala Wai Boulevard into a pedestrian-friendly water front DPHQWLW\ DQG PXOWL SXUSRVH :DLNĨNĨ VXSHU GLNH The proposed long-term scenario in this area phases in an elevated canal bank park on the mauka side of the Ala Wai (located on top of a wide, elevated hybrid landform), to protect the existing development to the QRUWK IURP IXWXUH ÁRRGLQJ The .DSDKXOX $YHQXH DQG *ROI &RXUVH transect sequence illustrates the change in golf function and growing of the elevated land edge along Kapahulu over time. The proposed near-term scenario shows how Top Golf and a 9-hole Ala Wai Golf Coursn safely remain in WKLV DUHD ZKLFK LV OHVV SURQH WR LPPHGLDWH ÁRRGLQJ RYHU the upcoming few decades, while Kapahulu begins to transform into a complete, resilient street right of way WKDW SULRULWL]HV KXPDQV RYHU FDUV 7KH WUDQVHFW VHTXHQFH KLJKOLJKWV KRZ³LQ WKH ORQJ WHUP³ the Date Street and Kapahulu edges of catalytic site DUH EHLQJ FRQYHUWHG LQWR PXOWLSXUSRVH RFFXSLDEOH landforms that incorporate elements of gathering spaces/placemaking functions and locale-appropriate, sustainable urban mixed-use development. In this scenario, the proposed Ala Wai wetlands and ponds become part of the new development’s off-grid water and food systems.

This report section includes the following proof-of-concept design drawings: 6LWH WUDQVHFWV [1] • $OD :DL &DQDO DQG *ROI &RXUVH WUDQVHFW ² H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• $OD :DL &DQDO DQG :HWODQG WUDQVHFW ² SURSRVHG QHDU WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

• $OD :DL &DQDO DQG :HWODQG WUDQVHFW ² SURSRVHG ORQJ WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

> @ • $OD :DL &DQDO DQG +DXVWHQ 'LWFK WUDQVHFW ² H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• $OD :DL &DQDO DQG +DXVWHQ 'LWFK WUDQVHFW ² SURSRVHG QHDU WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

• $OD :DL &DQDO DQG +DXVWHQ 'LWFK WUDQVHFW ² SURSRVHG ORQJ WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

[3] • .DSDKXOX $YH DQG *ROI &RXUVH WUDQVHFW ² H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• .DSDKXOX $YH DQG *ROI &RXUVH WUDQVHFW ² SURSRVHG QHDU WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

• .DSDKXOX $YH DQG 8UEDQ $JULFXOWXUH WUDQVHFW ² SURSRVHG ORQJ WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

[2]

Catalytic Site #1

[1] [3]

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 177

[Transect 1] Existing: Ala Wai Canal + Golf Course • $OD :DL &DQDO FXUUHQWO\ WKUHDWHQHG E\ ÁRRGLQJ FOLPDWH UHODWHG FRDVWDO KD]DUGV DQG VHYHUH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ impairments • 7KLV SRUWLRQ RI $OD :DL *ROI &RXUVH DPRQJ ÀUVW DUHDV LQ +RQROXOX WR EH UHJXODUO\ DIIHFWHG E\ ÁRRGLQJ GXH WR VHD level rise • Current mono-functional Ala Wai Golf Course use restricts public access along the mauka bank of the Ala Wai Canal • $OD :DL %RXOHYDUG FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ PXOWLSOH ODQHV RI DXWRPRELOH WUDIÀF DXWRPRELOH SDUNLQJ DQG QDUURZ crumbling sidewalks along the Ala Wai Canal

Ala Wai Golf Course

Ala Wai Canal

South Shore Project Report

1

ft

Ala Wai Blvd.

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Transect 1] Near term: Ala Wai Canal + Wetland • /DUJH VFDOH JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG OLYLQJ VKRUHOLQH systems (e.g., wetlands) improve water quality, reduce ÁRRG ULVN DQG SURYLGH PXOWLSOH VXVWDLQDELOLW\ EHQHÀWV • Conversion of golf course into 9-hole facility allows IRU H[SDQVLRQ RI ZHWODQG KDELWDW UHGXFLQJ ÁRRG ULVN improving water quality and ecosystem services, strengthening recreation, placemaking, and cultural traditions

Wetland obser

• South Shore Promenade (mauka branch) provides continuous pedestrian and bicycle circulation along the northern bank of the Ala Wai Canal • Reduction in automobile parking and travel lanes along Ala Wai Boulevard facilitates widening and elevating the promenade, improving resilience and connectivity

Ala Wai Canal

South Shore Project Report

1

ft

rvation platform

Wetland

South Shore Promenade (mauka branch)

Ala Wai Blvd.

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Transect 1] Long term: Ala Wai Canal + Wetland • :HWODQG QDWXUDOL]HV DQG DGDSWV RYHU WLPH LQFUHDVLQJ LQ FDSDFLW\ WR ZLWKVWDQG ÁRRGLQJ DQG LPSURYLQJ ZDWHU quality, habitat performance, value, and biodiversity • Elevated boardwalk (mauka branch of South Shore 3URPHQDGH DOORZV IRU XQKLQGHUHG ZDWHU ÁRZ SURWHFWV wetland habitat from disturbance, and provides pedestrian and bicycle access along the northern bank of the Ala Wai

Wetland obser

• Elevated Ala Wai Boulevard reduced to one shared YHKLFXODU WUDQVLW ODQH WR SULRULWL]H SHGHVWULDQV DQG ZLGHQ FDQDO SURPHQDGH FRQYHUWHG LQWR PXOWL SXUSRVH :DLNĨNĨ dike

Ala Wai Canal

South Shore Project Report

1

ft

rvation platform

Wetland

South Shore Promenade (mauka branch)

Widened, elevated promenade $OD :DL %OYG :DLNĨNĨ GLNH

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Transect 2] Existing: Ala Wai Canal + Hausten Ditch • +DXVWHQ 'LWFK DUHD SURQH WR VWRUP DQG IW 6/5 ÁRRGLQJ • $OD :DL &RPPXQLW\ 3DUN XQGHUXWLOL]HG DQG WKUHDWHQHG E\ ÁRRGLQJ DQG RWKHU FOLPDWH UHODWHG FRDVWDO KD]DUGV • Public jogging path along mauka bank of canal ends at WKH 0ąQRD 3ąOROR 'UDLQDJH &DQDO • $OD :DL %RXOHYDUG FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ PXOWLSOH ODQHV RI DXWRPRELOH WUDIÀF DXWRPRELOH SDUNLQJ DQG QDUURZ crumbling sidewalks along the Ala Wai Canal

Ala Wai Community Park

Ala Wai Canal

South Shore Project Report

1

ft

Al

Hausten Ditch

a Wai Blvd.

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Transect 2] Near term: Ala Wai Canal + Hausten Ditch • *UHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH HOHPHQWV H J ÁRRGDEOH WDUR SDW ches and softened canal edges) improve water quality, UHGXFH ÁRRG ULVN DQG SURYLGH PXOWLSOH VXVWDLQDELOLW\ DQG KDELWDW EHQHÀWV • 5HLQWURGXFWLRQ RI SURGXFWLYH ÁRRGHG ÀHOG DJULFXOWXUH • South Shore Promenade (mauka branch) provides continuous pedestrian and bicycle circulation along the northern bank of the Ala Wai Canal • Reduction in automobile parking and travel lanes along Ala Wai Boulevard facilitates widening and elevating the promenade, improving resilience and connectivity

/R¶L NDOR

Ala Wai Community Park

South Shore Promenade (mauka branch) Ala Wai Canal

South Shore Project Report

1

ft

W (A

Widened, elevated promenade Ala Wai Blvd.)

Hausten Ditch

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Transect 2] Long term: Ala Wai Canal + Hausten Ditch • Multi-purpose, wide, landscaped dike increases climate resiliency, connectivity, and placemaking; canal bank park provides attractive new public open space amenity • )ORRGHG ÀHOG DJULFXOWXUH DQG ZHWODQG HGJHV DORQJ FDQDO LPSURYH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ UHGXFH ÁRRG ULVN DQG SURYLGH PXOWLSOH VXVWDLQDELOLW\ DQG KDELWDW EHQHÀWV • Elevated boardwalk (mauka branch of promenade) DOORZV IRU ZDWHU ÁRZ SURWHFWV ZHWODQG KDELWDW IURP disturbance, and provides pedestrian and bicycle access /R¶L NDOR

• Elevated Ala Wai Boulevard reduced to one shared YHKLFXODU WUDQVLW ODQH SULRULWL]HV SHGHVWULDQV ZLGHQHG FDQDO SURPHQDGH PXOWL SXUSRVH :DLNĨNĨ GLNH

Elevated hybrid landform

South Shore Promenade (mauka branch) Ala Wai Canal

South Shore Project Report

1

ft

W $

Widened, elevated promenade $OD :DL %OYG :DLNĨNĨ GLNH

Hausten Ditch

Canal bank park

Wetland park

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Transect 3] Existing: Kapahulu + Golf Course • Mono-functional Ala Wai Golf Course use restricts public access • .DSDKXOX $YHQXH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ PXOWLSOH ODQHV RI EXV\ DXWRPRELOH WUDIÀF DXWRPRELOH SDUNLQJ DQG QDUURZ sidewalks • Honolulu Board of Water Supply ground water pump VWDWLRQ³VRXUFH RI LQFUHDVLQJO\ EUDFNLVK JROI FRXUVH LUULJDWLRQ ZDWHU³UHF\FOLQJ FHQWHU DQG VXUIDFH SDUNLQJ lot are highly unattractive

Driving ra

KROH $OD :DL *ROI &RXUVH

BWS pump station

South Shore Project Report

1

ft

ange

Recycling center

Kapahulu Ave.

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Transect 3] Near term: Kapahulu + Golf Course • Conversion of Ala Wai Golf Course into 9-hole facility, incorporating new Top Golf driving range • First phase of elevated hybrid landform along Kapahulu to increase resiliency and lay groundwork for future sustainable mixed-use development • *UHHQ LPSURYH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ UHGXFH ÁRRGLQJ ULVN DQG provide water and energy savings

Top

• Reduction in automobile parking and lanes along Kapahulu Ave allows for sidewalk widening and stormwater infrastructure, improving resilience and connectivity

9-hole Ala Wai Golf Course

Elevated hybrid landform

South Shore Project Report

1

ft

p Golf

Widened pedestrian realm + store front Kapahulu Ave.

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Transect 3] Long term: Kapahulu + Urban Agriculture • Conversion of golf course into performative wetlands and living shoreline systems, improving water quality, UHGXFLQJ ÁRRGLQJ ULVN SURYLGLQJ HFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV • Productive landscape elements bring cultural, educaWLRQDO VXVWDLQDELOLW\ IRRG VHFXULW\ DQG KDELWDW EHQHÀWV • Multipurpose, occupiable landform along Kapahulu incorporates sustainable urban mixed-use development, public gathering spaces, and recreational opportunities ZKLOH LQFUHDVLQJ QHLJKERUKRRG ÁRRG UHVLOLHQF\

Treatment w

• Kapahulu Ave converted into a complete and resilient public right of way that facilitates multi-modal transit FRQQHFWLYLW\ ZKLOH SULRULWL]LQJ KXPDQV RYHU DXWRPRELOHV

Breadfruit orchard

Elevated hybrid landform

South Shore Project Report

1

ft

etland

Productive hybrid wetland (lo‘i kalo)

Productive urban agricultural landscape

Mixed-use density Widened pedestrian realm + store front Kapahulu Ave.

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

CATALYTIC SITE #1: Detail Plans + Sections The following plan and section explorations for selected, NH\ DUHDV RI FDWDO\WLF VLWH ]RRP LQWR WKH SURMHFW·V three transect studies (above) to reveal human spatial dimensions; changes in land use and landform grading, productivity, and performance; and, in sections, the envisioned adaptation to projected sea level changes RYHU WLPH³H[LVWLQJ FXUUHQW 0++: QHDU WHUP IRRW 6/5 DQG ORQJ WHUP IRRW 6/5 7KLV LQ GHSWK ORRN VHHPHG DSSURSULDWH IRU FDWDO\WLF VLWH HVSHFLDOO\ LQ light of the current, ongoing community discussions about potential alternatives to the USACE’s proposed KDUGHQHG ÁRRG FRQWURO PHFKDQLVPV VXFK DV FRQFUHWH walls, in the Ala Wai Canal vicinity.

The detailed plans and sections included in pages 191 WR RI WKLV UHSRUW IRFXV LQ RQ WKH IROORZLQJ SDUWV RI WKH three trans-sectional study sites: • Typical edge condition between Ala Wai Canal and Golf Course (mauka bank) • Typical edge condition between Ala Wai Boulevard and Ala Wai Canal (makai bank in Hausten Ditch area) • Threshold between Kapahulu Avenue and current Ala Wai Golf Course (proposed elevated hybrid landform) /RFDWRU GLDJUDPV LQ WKH ERWWRP OHIW FRUQHU RI WKH GUDZLQJV highlight how the plans and sections are situated within their respective transects.

The Ala Wai Canal and Golf Course detail plans and sections for the near-term and long-term phases of development reveal the opportunity for an elevated SHGHVWULDQ SURPHQDGH DORQJ D ´VRIWHQHG µ PRUH JUDGXDO vegetated, and ecologically performative living shoreline mauka edge of the Ala Wai. The elevated boardwalk is designed to serve as an attractive public open space amenity that improves connectivity while allowing for the XQKLQGHUHG ÁRZ RI ZDWHU DQG SURWHFWLQJ WKH SURSRVHG wetland habitat from disturbances by humans and pets.

This generous mauka branch of the proposed South Shore Promenade includes a variety of outdoor gathering spaces, allowing for walking, bicycling, gathering, seating in both the sun and shade, outdoor dining, DFFHVV WR ÀVKLQJ DQG QDWLYH SODQWV DV ZHOO DV SURYLGLQJ the opportunity to observe native habitat and species, dynamic hydrologic wetland and canal systems, and the natural softening and evolution of more biodiverse wetland landforms and edges over time.

196 South Shore Project Report

The Ala Wai Boulevard detail plans and sections for the proposed near-term and long-term development show the proposed phasing of reducing vehicle lanes, raising Ala Wai Boulevard, and installing green infrastructure IDFLOLWLHV DORQJ WKH ERXOHYDUG DQG DGMDFHQW :DLNĨNĨ VWUHHW right of ways. Ala Wai Boulevard and the adjacent urban fabric will need to adapt to changing climate conditions and rising water levels. This proposal includes raising building access points, streets, utilities, and other critical infrastructure, while reducing impervious surfaces.

With the reduction in stormwater runoff, there will be a decrease in water quality impairment to the Ala Wai Canal DQG QHDUVKRUH ZDWHUV D UHGXFHG ULVN RI ÁRRGLQJ DQG D lower need for traditional storm sewer infrastructure as well as an increase in habitat, carbon sequestration, and passive cooling.

In the long term, Ala Wai Boulevard and the makai bank of the Ala Wai Canal would gradually be converted into D PXOWL SXUSRVH :DLNĨNĨ VXSHU GLNH 7KH JHQHURXV DQG landscaped promenade elevated on top of this new, wide dike along Ala Wai Boulevard provides an attractive urban waterfront amenity with a separation between walkers and bicyclists, increasing safety and overall connectivity. Additional bioswales receive stormwater runoff from paved surfaces, removing pollutants prior to discharging excess runoff to the Ala Wai Canal. Pocket parks and other gathering spaces along the promenade expand the south shore open space network and access to the Ala Wai Canal.

The Elevated Landform and Golf Course (Kapahulu Avenue edge) detail plans and sections for the nearterm and long-term phases highlight the opportunity for creating diverse, lively, and productive mixed-use development resilient to climate impacts. A variety of recreational and gathering spaces help mitigate required changes in elevation between habitable space and the DGMDFHQW ODQGVFDSH $ VHULHV RI ´DFWLYLW\µ WHUUDFHV SURYLGH for walking, bicycling, gathering, and relaxing, while VHUYLQJ DV DQ XUEDQ EDFN\DUG VDQFWXDU\ WKDW FDSLWDOL]HV on views of Diamond Head, the Ala Wai Canal, adjacent productive and ecologically performative open spaces, DQG WKH :DLNĨNĨ VN\OLQH 8UEDQ DJULFXOWXUH V\VWHPV increase food security while providing a multitude of HFRORJLFDO EHQHÀWV *UHHQ LQIUDVWUXWFXUH HOHPHQWV WUHDW runoff from paved surfaces and the building roofs that will be used to irrigate the landscape and for non-potable water demands within the mixed-use community.

This section features the following proof-of-concept design drawings: 'HWDLO 3ODQV DQG 6HFWLRQV [A] • $OD :DL &DQDO DQG *ROI &RXUVH ² H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• $OD :DL &DQDO DQG :HWODQG ²SURSRVHG QHDU WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

• $OD :DL &DQDO DQG :HWODQG ² SURSRVHG ORQJ WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

[B] • $OD :DL %RXOHYDUG ² H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• $OD :DL %RXOHYDUG ² SURSRVHG QHDU WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

• $OD :DL %RXOHYDUG DQG :DLNĨNĨ 'LNH ² SURSRVHG ORQJ WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5 [C] • (OHYDWHG /DQGIRUP DQG *ROI &RXUVH ² H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• (OHYDWHG /DQGIRUP DQG *ROI &RXUVH ² SURSRVHG QHDU WHUP FRQGLWLRQ IW 6/5

• (OHYDWHG /DQGIRUP DQG 8UEDQ $JULFXOWXUH ² SURSRVHG ORQJ WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

[B]

Catalytic Site #1 [A]

[C]

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 197

[Plan + Section A] Existing: Ala Wai Canal and Golf Course Ala Wai Canal

• Restricted public access along golf course edge • /LPLWHG FRQQHFWLYLW\ DQG ZDWHU DFFHVV • Flooding and water quality issues • /DFN RI ELRGLYHUVLW\

+ 6ft + 3ft + 0ft (MHHW

Section

South Shore Project Report

100’

8’

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

golf course green

golf course path

deteriorating canal wall

[Plan + Section A] Near term: Ala Wai Canal and Wetland Ala Wai Canal

• Elevated South Shore Promenade (mauka branch) boardwalk along Ala Wai Canal • Variety of public gathering and recreational spaces along promenade • Gradual, softened edge and constructed wetland provides FOLPDWH UHVLOLHQFH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DQG HFRV\VWHP EHQHÀWV • Architectonic landforms based on kapa tradition • 1DWLYH SODQW VSHFLHV

+ 6ft + 3ft + 0ft (MHHW)

Section

South Shore Project Report

100’

55.5’ 68.75’ 75’

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

wetland islands

South Shore Promenade (elevated boardwalk - mauka branch)

shade structues

[Plan + Section A] Long term: Ala Wai Canal and Wetland Ala Wai Canal

• Improved connectivity, water access, and waterfront • Public open space and recreational amenities • Wetland landforms demonstrate dynamic forces associated with natural hydrological and ecosystem processes • Increased biodiversity and resilience

+ 6ft + 3ft + 0ft (MHHW)

Section

South Shore Project Report

100’

53.5’

75’

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

wetland islands

South Shore Promenade (elevated boardwalk - mauka branch)

shade structues

[Plan + Section B] Existing: Ala Wai Boulevard pedestrian sidewalk

• Emphasis on vehicular circulation • Crumbling edges • 1DUURZ SHGHVWULDQ SDWK • /LPLWHG ZDWHU DFFHVV

Section

South Shore Project Report

6

6’ 10’

Ala Wai Canal

Ala Wai Canal Trail

Ala Wai Blvd.

+ 6ft + 3ft + 0ft (MHHW)

100’

10’ 10’ 4’ 7’

6.5’

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Plan + Section B] Near term: Ala Wai Boulevard pedestrian sidewalk

• 5HGXFWLRQ RI YHKLFXODU WUDIÀF ODQHV • Increased climate resilience paired with public open space amenity through phase one of raised promenade dike • 2SSRUWXQLW\ WR SKDVH SURWHFWLRQ RI FULWLFDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH • Green infrastructure to improve water quality

Section

South Shore Project Report

6

Ala Wai Canal

pedestrian promenade

bike trail

Ala Wai Blvd.

6’ 7’ 10’ 10’

+ 6ft + 3ft + 0ft (MHHW)

100’

11’

11’

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

building retrofit

• Increased non-automobile circulation and connectivity along QHZ :DLNĨNĨ VXSHU GLNH • Increased climate resilience and ecosystem performance through raised and green infrastructure • %XLOGLQJ UHWURÀWV WR PDNH SDUWV RI :DLNĨNĨ ÁRRGDEOH • Pocket parks create additional open space

Section

South Shore Project Report

access bridge

>3ODQ 6HFWLRQ %@ /RQJ WHUP $OD :DL %RXOHYDUG :DLNĨNĨ 'LNH

+ 6ft + 3ft + 0ft (MHHW)

100’

12’

6’ 5’ 5’

5.5’5.5’

11’

26.5’

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

Ala Wai Canal

canal pocket park

pedestrian promenade

running track

bike trail

bike trail

running track

pedestrian promenade

Ala Wai Blvd.

[Plan + Section C] Existing: Elevated Landform and Golf Course public parking

• Restricted public access along golf course edge • 8QGHUXWLOL]HG SXEOLF RSHQ VSDFH • 1LJKW WLPH SXEOLF VDIHW\ LVVXHV DORQJ H[LVWLQJ SDWK • At-grade parking creates large, mono-functional, impervious space

Section

South Shore Project Report

golf course green

golf course path

Lei of Parks trail

100’

12’

8’

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

pedestrian path

pedestrian path

• 2SSRUWXQLW\ WR SKDVH LQ SURWHFWLRQ RI FULWLFDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG mixed-use development along Kapahulu Avenue

urban furnLture

• Increased climate resilience paired with public open space amenity through elevated, occupiable hybrid landform

street level retail

[Plan + Section C] Near term: Elevated Landform and Golf Course

• 9-hole golf course and Top Golf retained • Integration of green infrastrutcure elements to improve water quality and provide ecosystem services

Section

South Shore Project Report

8’

8’

1

2’ 100’

6’

8’

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

golf course green

golf course path

pedestrian path

bike path

pedestrian path

• Productive and ecologically perfomative landscape elements

pedestrian path

• Monofuctional golf use eliminated

urban furnLture

street level retail

• 1HZ FOLPDWH UHVLOLHQW RII JULG PL[HG XVH PRGHO GHYHORSPHQW

residential density

[Plan + Section C] Long term: Elevated Landform and Urban Ag

• Access to improved recreation and open space amenities

Section

South Shore Project Report

8’

8’

1

2’ 6-10’

100’

6’

8’

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

urban agriculture

pedestrian path

public park

urban furnLture

pedestrian path

bike path

CATALYTIC SITE #1: Section Perspectives The following section perspective studies provide a sense of the experience in the existing conditions that contrasts with the near-term and long-term design proposals within the three transect study sites (above): Ala Wai Canal and Golf Course, Ala Wai Canal and Hausten Ditch, and Kapahulu Avenue and Golf Course.

This illustrative representation format might assist UHSRUW UHDGHUV LQ YLVXDOL]LQJ WKH SURSRVHG FKDQJHV DQG improvements over time more easily than abstract plan and section drawings. )ROORZLQJ WKH RYHUDUFKLQJ FKURQRORJLFDO RUJDQL]DWLRQDO principle introduced in earlier portions of the study, the section perspective drawings included below represent the envisioned adaptation of the urban fabric over time in three stages: existing condition (current MHHW), near WHUP IRRW 6/5 VFHQDULR DQG ORQJ WHUP IRRW 6/5 scenario).

The section perspective illustrations included in report SDJHV WR IRFXV LQ RQ WKH IROORZLQJ SDUWV RI WKH WKUHH WUDQV VHFWLRQDO VWXG\ VLWHV IRU FDWDO\WLF VLWH • Edge condition between Ala Wai Canal and Golf Course (mauka bank) • Edge condition along Ala Wai Boulevard (makai bank of Ala Wai Canal in Hausten Ditch vicinity) • Threshold between Kapahulu Avenue and current Ala Wai Golf Course (proposed elevated hybrid landform and off-grid mixed-use development) The locator plan diagram included on the opposite page highlights the section perspective drawing locations and view directions in magenta.

The set of Ala Wai Canal and Golf Course section perspectives for the near-term and long-term phases of development visually illustrate the introduction of the mauka branch of the proposed South Shore Promenade. ,Q WKLV ORFDWLRQ³DQG DORQJ WKH HQWLUH OHQJWK RI WKH QRUWKHUQ $OD :DL &DQDO EDQN³WKH SURPHQDGH UXQV DWRS a generous, elevated wooden boardwalk, hovering DERYH DQ HYROYLQJ DQG DGDSWLQJ ´VRIWHQHG µ JUDGXDO living shoreline condition. The rendered eye-level views LQFOXGHG RQ UHSRUW SDJHV WR EHORZ LOOXVWUDWH WKLV proposed new, ecologically performative and recreational wetland edge in greater detail.

The Ala Wai Boulevard section perspective drawings included below illustrate the phased development of the 216 South Shore Project Report

VWUHHW ULJKW RI ZD\ LQWR D OLYHO\ PXOWL SXUSRVH :DLNĨNĨ GLNH running along the makai bank of the Ala Wai Canal.

The proposed reduction and subsequent long-term elimination of individual automobile travel lanes along Ala Wai Boulevard allows for a focus on multi-modal transit, as well as improved pedestrian and bicycle connectivity DQG ZDWHU DFFHVV³DOO ZKLOH SURYLGLQJ ÁRRG FRQWURO IRU :DLNĨNĨ $OD :DL VLGH IDFLOLWDWLQJ WKH HOHYDWLRQ RI critical infrastructure elements and, more generally, the adjacent urban fabric’s phased adaptation to increasing climate-crisis threats over time.

The Elevated Landform and Golf Course trans-sectional sequence of existing, near-term, and long-term GUDZLQJV .DSDKXOX $YH HGJH YLVXDOL]HV WKH SURSRVHG WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI D FXUUHQWO\ XQGHUXWLOL]HG SXEOLF DVVHW into a sustainable and locale-appropriate mixed-use, off-grid model development resilient to future climate impacts.

A series of integrated buildings and activity terraces provide for living, working, shopping, eating, walking, bicycling, and gathering. Adjacent varied elements of HFRORJLFDOO\ SHUIRUPDWLYH DQG ÁRRGDEOH XUEDQ DJULFXOWXUDO open spaces provide opportunities for the integration of cultural, educational and economic activities, while increasing local food security and providing a multitude RI HFRORJLFDO DQG K\GURORJLFDO EHQHÀWV

This section of the report includes the following proof-of-concept design drawings: 6HFWLRQ 3HUVSHFWLYHV [a] • $OD :DL &DQDO DQG *ROI &RXUVH ² H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• $OD :DL &DQDO DQG :HWODQG ² SURSRVHG QHDU WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

• $OD :DL &DQDO DQG :HWODQG ² SURSRVHG ORQJ WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

[b] • $OD :DL %RXOHYDUG ² H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++:

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[Section Perspective a] Existing: Ala Wai Canal and Golf Course South Shore Project Report

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[Section Perspective a] Near term: Ala Wai Canal and Wetland South Shore Project Report

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[Section Perspective a] Long term: Ala Wai Canal and Wetland South Shore Project Report

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[Section Perspective b] Existing: Ala Wai Boulevard South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Section Perspective b] Near term: Ala Wai Boulevard South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Section Perspective b] Long term: Ala Wai Boulevard (:DLNĨNĨ 'LNH

South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Section Perspective c] Existing: Elevated Landform and Golf Course South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Section Perspective c] Near term: Elevated Landform and Golf Course South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Section Perspective c] Long term: Elevated Landform and Urban Ag South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

CATALYTIC SITE #1: Eye-Level Renderings The following renderings provide realistic, experiential views of the effective perception of the long-term design YLVLRQ IRU FDWDO\WLF VLWH IURP D XVHU SHUVSHFWLYH Highlighting increased opportunities for land- and waterEDVHG UHFUHDWLRQ QDWLYH ÁRUD DQG IDXQD DV ZHOO DV dramatically improved environmental quality and climate resilience, the renderings depict typical uses of the site.

These illustrative representations are meant to assist UHSRUW UHDGHUV DQG WKH JHQHUDO SXEOLF LQ YLVXDOL]LQJ WKH proposed improvements over time and raise awareness RI WKH PXOWLWXGH RI RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG EHQHÀWV LQKHUHQW LQ LPSOHPHQWLQJ PXOWL SXUSRVH OLYLQJ VKRUHOLQH DQG 6/5 adaptation solutions in Honolulu’s primary urban center.

7KH H\H OHYHO YLHZV LQFOXGHG LQ UHSRUW SDJHV WR YLVXDOL]H WKH IROORZLQJ SURSRVHG FDWDO\WLF VLWH SURMHFW locations: • Proposed wetland seen from new jogging and walking trail running along the Ewa edge of the site, IROORZLQJ WKH IRUPHU 0ąQRD 3DOROR 'UDLQDJH &DQDO • Canal view from Ala Wai Promenade atop the new, HOHYDWHG PXOWL SXUSRVH :DLNĨNĨ GLNH • Example of a proposed gathering space along the elevated South Shore Promenade boardwalk, overlooking wetland • Mauka branch of South Shore Promenade boardwalk, looking Ewa • Diamond Head view from elevated multi-use path along proposed Canal Bank Park (current Ala Wai Elementary School vicinity) The locator plan diagram included on the opposite page highlights in magenta the viewer locations and viewshed GLUHFWLRQ IRU WKHVH ÀYH H\H OHYHO SHUVSHFWLYH UHQGHULQJV

236 South Shore Project Report

This report section includes the following proof-of-concept design drawings: Eye-level renderings • 9LHZ :HWODQG VHHQ IURP ,RODQL 6FKRRO 7UDLO YLVXDOL]LQJ ORQJ WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

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[View 1] Wetland seen from Iolani School Trail

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[View 2] Canal view from Ala Wai Boulevard

South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[View 3] Elevated South Shore Promenade, overlooking wetland

South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[View 4] Mauka branch of South Shore Promenade, looking Ewa

South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[View 5] Diamond Head view from Canal Bank Park

South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

CATALYTIC SITE #1: Bird’s-eye Renderings 7KH IROORZLQJ WKUHH ]RRPHG RXW ELUG·V H\H YLVXDOL]DWLRQV offer a different perspective and overview summary of the GHVLJQ FRQFHSW IRU FDWDO\WLF VLWH DQG LWV SKDVLQJ RYHU time: existing situation (at current MHHW level), followed E\ QHDU WHUP SURSRVDO IRRW 6/5 VFHQDULR DQG ORQJ WHUP SURSRVDO IRRW 6/5 VFHQDULR ³DOO LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI WKH VXUURXQGLQJ QHLJKERUKRRGV RI :DLNĨNĨ .DLPXNL 0ąQRD 0ņ¶LOL¶LOL DQG $OD 0RDQD $UHDV RXWVLGH RI WKH VFRSH RI WKH SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IRU FDWDO\WLF VLWH are represented grayed out in their existing condition.

This set of drawings visually sums up how the proofRI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IRU FDWDO\WLF VLWH LQFRUSRUDWHV NH\ outcomes of the research, analysis and programming phases (above) and addresses the project’s overall goals and guiding principles.

Climate-Change Resilience As depicted in the earlier inventory and analysis maps, ÁRRG PRGHOV IRU +RQROXOX LQGLFDWH WKDW SDUWV RI WKH $OD :DL *ROI &RXUVH ZLOO EH DPRQJ WKH ÀUVW DUHDV LQ WKH FLW\·V XUEDQ FHQWHU WR EH UHJXODUO\ DIIHFWHG E\ ÁRRGLQJ GXH to the effects of sea level rise. The conceptual design IRU FDWDO\WLF VLWH SURYLGHV H[DPSOH RI WKH VHDPOHVV LQWHJUDWLRQ RI ÁRRG FRQWURO V\VWHPV VXFK DV ÁRRGDEOH landscape elements, living shorelines systems, naturebased green infrastructure solutions, and multi-purpose elevated landforms or wide, occupiable dikes into the urban fabric of the area. It demonstrates how climateUHVLOLHQW DGDSWDWLRQ GHVLJQ DQG ÁRRG FRQWURO FDQ ZRUN hand in hand with ecology, urban agriculture, connectivity, recreation, placemaking, and cultural goals.

Ecological Performance The large wetland, the softened edge along the mauka bank of the Ala Wai Canal, as well as the treatment ponds

and productive, wetland agricultural systems (kalo lo‘i) proposed in the area of the former golf course provide FULWLFDO KDELWDW IRU QDWLYH VSHFLHV ZKLOH VLJQLÀFDQWO\ increasing ecosystem services and biodiversity, and improving water quality. Further, wetlands facilitate adaptation over time by embracing variable and dynamic conditions rather than preventing them.

Connectivity The proposed elevated pedestrian boardwalk along the mauka edge of the Ala Wai serves as an attractive public open space amenity that vastly improves nonautomobile connectivity, especially when paired with the new pedestrian bridge at the University Avenue terminus, Canal Bank Park, and multi-purpose landform along Date and Kapahulu. The redesigned Ala Wai Promenade atop WKH QHZ PXOWL SXUSRVH :DLNĨNĨ VXSHU GLNH FRQWULEXWHV WR overcoming existing barriers, improving walkability and bicycle circulation as well as multi-modal transit systems and connections.

Placemaking Cultural aspects and new, people-centric amenities such as gathering places, landmarks, and destinations play important roles in the long-term redesign for catalytic VLWH 7KHVH SXEOLF VSDFHV ZDWHUIURQW SURPHQDGHV parks, and trails bear the potential to highlight the area’s VLJQLÀFDQFH DV D SODFH RI QDWXUDO EHDXW\ KLVWRULF DQG cultural tradition, and recreation. The return of wetlands and urban agricultural systems provides the opportunity for traditional cultural practices of food production, which increase climate-related, ecological, and social resilience. A large-scale modern-day urban taro farm would contribute to reviving the site’s bio-cultural VLJQLÀFDQFH DQG SURYLGH HGXFDWLRQDO RSSRUWXQLWLHV while offsetting wetland and park maintenance costs.

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CATALYTIC SITE #1

[Bird’s-eye] Existing South Shore Project Report

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CATALYTIC SITE #1

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Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park (Photo: Matt Higa/UHCDC)

256 South Shore Project Report

Catalytic Site #2

Background Analysis Program Plans Transects Section Perspectives Eye-level Renderings Bird’s-eye Renderings University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 257

CATALYTIC SITE #2: Background

Catalytic Site #2: Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park and Memorial, Kahauiki Village, and Kalihi Kai Industrial Area

Site Overview Site Context Ke‘ehi Lagoon is located between the Daniel K. Inouye International Airport and the Honolulu Harbor. A triangularshaped estuary, bordered by shallow, fringing reef to the south, Ke‘ehi Lagoon, as well as the adjacent shoreline, are under the jurisdiction of the State of Hawai‘i. The shoreline surrounding Ke‘ehi Lagoon extends for six miles with a mix of adjacent land uses, including recreational, light industrial, commercial, and low-density housing.

Despite its water quality, which is often poor due to runoff, Ke‘ehi Lagoon is used for a variety of water-based activities, VXFK DV ÀVKLQJ ERDWLQJ DQG RXWULJJHU FDQRH SDGGOLQJ +DZDL¶L·V RIÀFLDO WHDP VSRUW DV ZHOO DV WKH ORFDWLRQ RI the biennial, statewide canoe racing championships.

7KH VKDOORZ UHHI PXG ÁDWV DQG HPHUJHQW LVODQGV LQ WKH FHQWHU RI WKH ODJRRQ DUH XWLOL]HG IRU ÀVKLQJ VQRUNHOLQJ diving, picnicking, and, sadly, dumping rubbish.

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Both Moanalua Stream and Kalihi Stream terminate at Ke‘ehi Lagoon. Moanalua Stream drains the 6,778-acre Moanalua watershed, spanning from the Ko‘olau Range through urban Honolulu and the light industrial areas of Mapunapuna. Kalihi Stream remains the only stream in the urban core with a natural streambed throughout its 11.2-mile course and drains a 6.2-square mile contributing area. At its mouth, Kalihi Stream, as well as Moanalua Stream, is overgrown with invasive mangrove WUHHV DQG KDV D KLVWRU\ RI ÁRRGLQJ %RWK .DOLKL 6WUHDP DQG 0RDQDOXD 6WUHDP KDYH EHHQ FODVVLÀHG DV LPSDLUHG waterbodies due to poor water quality associated with elevated levels of nitrogen and sediment.

Site Description &DWDO\WLF 6LWH ERUGHUV .H¶HKL /DJRRQ DW WKH FRQÁXHQFH

of Moanalua Stream and Kalihi Stream. It is bounded on the north by Nimitz Highway (Route 92) and Interstate H-1.

Catalyitc site #2 consists of Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park, Ke‘ehi Lagoon Memorial Park, Kahauiki Village, a portion of the Kalihi Kai light industrial area, and surrouding water. It is zoned in the categories of Preservation and Industrial districts.

vehicular bridges. However, the bridge arrival at the Kalihi Kai industrial area is partially obstructed by a laydown yard, impeding non-vehicular travel for residents to their SODFH RI HPSOR\PHQW 7KH ÀUVW SKDVH RI WKH SURMHFW WR construct 24 homes has been completed, as well as the construction of a 150-foot high radio broadcast antenna tower on the site.

The 72-acre Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park provides for both active and passive recreation, including facilities for WHQQLV SOD\ ÀHOGV SLFQLFNLQJ ZDONLQJ SDWKV FKLOGUHQ·V SOD\ VWUXFWXUH FDQRH KąODX UHVWURRPV SDUNLQJ DQG beach access, as well as being the site for several large festivals. The elevated rail guideway associated with the HART project will be located above approximately one acre of the park, requiring nine support columns spaced at 120-foot intervals, but will not affect the current park program. In a recent City and County of Honolulu TOD planning document, Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park was characterized as “highly underutilized” and perceived by stakeholders as unsafe due to the presence of homeless people and a lack of lighting. The City and County of Honolulu expressed interest in revitalizing the park (City and County of Honolulu Department of Planning and Permitting, 2015).

DLNR manages the Kalihi Kai industrial area and tenants include light industrial and commercial businesses such as building material suppliers, construction equipment rentals, and trucking and transportation-related facilities.

Adjacent to Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park and Moanalua Stream is the 11-acre Ke‘ehi Lagoon Memorial Park that includes a war memorial obelisk, several community centers and meeting rooms, the Disabled American Veterans headquarters, a rehabilitation facility for disabled veterans, two wedding chapels, play courts and ÀHOG VPDOO SDYLOLRQV DQG D SLFQLF DUHD Kahauiki Village is a public-private partnership housing development located on the peninsula between Moanalua Stream and Kalihi Stream. When completed, the 11.3-acre site will include 144 one- and two-bedroom homes to provide housing for formerly homeless families.

The plan includes a preschool and recreational center as ZHOO DV YHJHWDEOH JDUGHQV IUXLW WUHHV DQG ÀVK IDUPV WR comprise a “plantation style community,” but the project GUDZLQJV IDLO WR ORFDWH WKH SURSRVHG JDUGHQV DQG ÀVK farms. Nearby United Laundry Services and Y. Hata & Co. Limited, located in the Kalihi Kai light industrial area, have committed to providing jobs and training for village residents. Currently, the village can be accessed by Nimitz Highway and connects to the adjacent parks and Kalihi Kai industrial areas via two parallel-running, non-

Nimitz Highway, constructed during World War II to access military facilities and the airport, is a portion of a major highway running east to west, Route 92, through Downtown Honolulu. West of Richards Street, Route 92 is known as Nimitz Highway, while east of Richards Street, SURFHHGLQJ WRZDUGV LWV WHUPLQXV LQ :DLNĨNĨ 5RXWH LV known as Ala Moana Boulevard. In the Ke‘ehi Lagoon area, Nimitz Highway is located along the former main line of the Oahu Railway and Land Company that served as the primary form of transportation until the 1930s when the increase in private automobiles and public roads led to a shift in travel mode. Nimitz Highway travels below the elevated Interstate H-1 in the vicinity of the airport.

The HART project’s elevated rail line is planned to traverse the northern edge of catalytic site #2, parallel to Interstate H-1. When completed, the medium-capacity, rail rapid transit project is expected to relieve congestion in Honolulu.

Shoreline Conditions 0XFK RI WKH FDWDO\WLF VLWH VKRUHOLQH LV FODVVLÀHG DV estuarine wetlands, occurring where fresh stream water and ocean water meet. Natural channels existed where freshwater from Moanalua Stream and Kalihi Stream prevented the growth of coral at stream mouths. Typically characterized by a diversity of habitat and used as important nursery grounds by multiple aquatic species, the estuary at Ke‘ehi Lagoon is plagued by water quality impairment issues as a result of previous dredging and ÀOOLQJ DFWLYLWLHV DQG XSVWUHDP ODQG XVH FKDQJHV Originally a shallow reef and subtidal area—no deeper than one to two meters—that extended two miles from the mouths of Moanalua Stream and Kalihi Stream, .H¶HKL /DJRRQ KDV EHHQ H[WHQVLYHO\ PRGLÀHG RYHU WKH University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 259

years. Historically, and well into the early parts of the 20th century, the shoreline was set back and dotted ZLWK H[WHQVLYH VDOW PDUVKHV DQG ÀVKSRQGV VHH map on page 268). Just mauka of the historic shoreline were lo‘i kalo, followed by sweet potatoes grown on the lands sloping up towards the nearby Army properties. It ZDV UHFRUGHG WKDW DFUHV RI ÀVKSRQGV KDG H[LVWHG LQ the Kalihi Basin in 1933, but in just a few years, by the time of World War II in 1939, taro farming and most of WKH ÀVKSRQGV KDG GLVDSSHDUHG 7KH VDOW PDUVKHV DQG ÀVKSRQGV ZHUH ÀOOHG WR H[SDQG WKH ODQG DUHD IRU WKH airport and harbor.

Between 1941 and 1945, three seaplane runways were dredged in Ke‘ehi Lagoon: 1,000-feet wide by 10-feet deep and approximately one- to two-miles in length.

Along with increased development and degradation of the upper forested conservation areas, an associated increase of pollutants reached nearshore waters, and along with the seaplane runway channels, led to a further decline in water quality due to a disruption in tidal exchange and pollutants being retained in the deeper water of the runways. Utilized only for a very short time, the sea-plane runways ceased being used by 1950.

Ironically, construction of the nearby airport Reef Runway LQ ZKLFK SODFHG GUHGJHG ÀOO PDWHULDO IURP WKH former seaplane runways, inner-triangular, shallow reef, and offshore coral areas on 1,240 acres of reef, improved ÁXVKLQJ ZLWKLQ .H¶HKL /DJRRQ VHH WLPH OLQH EHORZ

7KH KLVWRU\ RI VLJQLÀFDQW VKRUHOLQH DQG LQVKRUH PRGLÀFDWLRQV LQ WKH .H¶HKL /DJRRQ DUHD OHG WR D degradation in habitat for native species, including nearshore stream biota and endangered species, such as sea turtles and Hawaiian waterbirds. There was a decline in the number of recorded Hawaiian stilts in the area from 114 in 1971 to 33 in 1978. Destruction of nesting areas due to development and feral animals had been believed

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to contribute to this decline as well as the decrease in food sources and increase in human activity. As a mitigation to the Reef Runway construction, waterbird habitat was set aside in the inner-triangular area of Ke‘ehi Lagoon as well as in the Pearl Harbor area. The Ke‘ehi Lagoon DUHD UHPDLQV DV D VLJQLÀFDQW UHVWLQJ DQG IHHGLQJ DUHD for waterbirds, including stilt, and the inner-triangular area offers a uniquely protected opportunity as terrestrial predators cannot access the water-bound area.

Related Planning Efforts and Biodiversity and Drainage Surveys Development plans in 1989 for Ke‘ehi Lagoon threatened the inner-triangular, stilt habitat area by proposing to ÀOO QHDUO\ WKH HQWLUH DFUHV WR FUHDWH IDFLOLWLHV IRU D marina, parks, yacht racing and ocean sports complex, maritime commercial facilities, and industrial and commercial space with the goal of developing a “marine recreational industry” to stimulate economic growth along the waterfront. The DOT Harbors Division’s “Keehi Lagoon Recreational Plan Final” also included a proposal for a Hawaiian Canoe Center, where the current Kahauiki Village development stands, as well as additional marinas, boat slips, safe swimming beach, and intra-island ferry stop at Lagoon Drive. At the time, DOT planned to implement a “Water Transit System for Oahu” to service the public during peak commuting times with seven stops: Barbers Point Harbor, Ewa Marina Development (proposed), Waipahu at Middle Loch, Airport at Ke‘ehi /DJRRQ 'RZQWRZQ DW 3LHU :DLNĨNĨ LQ WKH $OD 0RDQD Boat Harbor, and Hawai‘i Kai (refer to the O‘ahu Water Transport section on page 100 for further background on the history of ferry transport planning). The 1989 plan LGHQWLÀHG PXOWLSOH H[LVWLQJ GHÀFLHQFLHV VXFK DV D ODFN RI pedestrian access between different shoreline activities, lack of signage, lack of public restrooms and facilities, ODFN RI UXOHV DQG UHJXODWLRQV DQG XVHU FRQÁLFWV DV ZHOO as the opportunity to utilize Ke‘ehi Lagoon for local and

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international-scale canoe racing events due to its central location and orientation parallel to prevailing winds.

In response to the 1989 “Keehi Lagoon Recreational Plan Final Environmental Impact Statement,” the USFWS and DLNR provided comments related to the develop of the inner-triangular area of the lagoon, which would negatively impact waterbird habitat. USFWS was also concerned with the protection of sea turtle habitat DQG WKH QHKX EDLWÀVKHU\ ZKLFK VXSSRUWHG FRPPHUFLDO WXQD ÀVKLQJ 86):6 ZDV LQ IDYRU RI WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI IDFLOLWLHV WKDW VXSSRUWHG WKH ORFDO ÀVKLQJ LQGXVWU\ As the majority of Ke‘ehi Lagoon was located in the resource subzone of the conservation land use FODVVLÀFDWLRQ WKH SHUPLWWHG ODQG XVHV LQFOXGHG UHFUH ational, educational, and research-related that require no physical facilities, marine, plant, and wildlife VDQFWXDULHV DQG UHIXJHV ÀVKLQJ KXQWLQJ HURVLRQ FRQWURO DTXDFXOWXUH DUWLÀFLDO UHHIV DQG FRPPHUFLDO ÀVKLQJ RSHUDWLRQV 7KH SODQ SURSRVHG UH]RQLQJ WKH inner-triangular area to permit industrial and commercial activities. USFWS commented that the inner-triangular

waterbird habitat areas were required as a mitigation for the construction of the Reef Runway and that the PXGÁDWV DQG VKDOORZ UHHI DUHDV ZLWKLQ .H¶HKL /DJRRQ were of “high value for migratory shorebirds.”

A 1999 Environmental Impact Assessment related to a proposal to farm black-lip pearl oysters in Ke‘ehi Lagoon found that the area rated poorly in biological health relative to other Hawaiian coastal areas due to the high turbidity and nutrients present in nearshore waters. However, native Hawaiian seagrass, an important food source for endangered sea turtles and native algae substrate, was found in abundance along reef slope edges and at the bottom of silted dredge areas. The document discussed the potential of oysters WR LPSURYH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ WKURXJK ÀOWHULQJ DQG UHPRYLQJ pollutants and that a few scattered individual black lip pearl oysters were found in Ke‘ehi Lagoon (Rogers, 1999). A more recent biodiversity survey of the area found that while coral diversity was low, there was an abundance of invasive algal species, including red algae, ÀUVW LQWURGXFHG WR 2¶DKX LQ DQG VLQFH EHFRPLQJ DQ issue for shallow shoreline areas of the south shore, as University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 261

ZHOO DV UHG PDQJURYH ÀUVW UHSRUWHG RQ 2¶DKX LQ An invasive pest In Hawai‘i, red mangrove was found to reduce habitat for native species and alter natural VKRUHOLQHV DQG ÀVKSRQGV 'HSDUWPHQW RI 'HIHQVH Legacy Resource Management Program, 2009).

Furthermore, the existing Middle Street bus transit VWDWLRQ LV SURQH WR ÁRRGLQJ DQG DV VXFK PD\ QRW EH WKH ideal location for a multi-modal transit hub that should support safe and universal access to and from the station (KITV 4 ABC Island News, 2018).

Several recently completed TOD plans relating to the .H¶HKL /DJRRQ DUHD UHYHDO H[LVWLQJ GUDLQDJH ÁRRGLQJ and pedestrian connectivity issues. The 2015 “Airport Area Transit-Oriented Development Plan Existing Conditions Report” provides an overview of drainage DQG ÁRRGLQJ LVVXHV LQ WKH /RZHU 0DSXQDSXQD LQGXVWULDO area as most of the area lies below sea level, resulting LQ ÁRRGLQJ GXULQJ KLJK WLGH DQG KHDY\ UDLQ HYHQWV 7R PLWLJDWH ÁRRGLQJ D SXPS KDV EHHQ LQVWDOOHG RQ $KXD Street. Waiwai Loop, which borders the northwestern boundary of Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park, has no drainage V\VWHP LQ SODFH DQG IUHTXHQWO\ ÁRRGV $GGLWLRQDOO\ Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park has no drainage features. :KHQ LW UDLQV UXQRII LQ WKH SDUN ÁRZV IURP LPSHUYLRXV parking surfaces to adjacent grassy areas and eventually to Ke‘ehi Lagoon.

Summary The proof-of-concept design proposal for catalytic site #2, detailed below, re-imagines the site to support landand water-based recreation and transit options, as well as vibrant, sustainable mixed-use development, while DGDSWLQJ WR D FKDQJLQJ FOLPDWH 6KRUHOLQH PRGLÀFDWLRQV WR UHVWRUH DUHDV RI KLVWRULF ÀOO ZLOO HQKDQFH HFRV\VWHP performance and provide a new stage for community gathering and bio-cultural practices related to subsistence wet farming and aquaculture.

Aolele Ditch receives runoff from Aolele Street and Ualena Street, as well as commercial and light industrial businesses along the streets in the airport area, and eventually drains to Ke‘ehi Lagoon in the southwestern ERXQGDU\ RI WKH SDUN 7KH GUDLQDJH GLWFK LV FODVVLÀHG as a wetland in the National Wetlands Inventory. The report proposes the construction of green stormwater infrastructure features to address stormwater quality impacts associated with TOD planning.

Related to connectivity, the TOD report cited a lack of features that encouraged pedestrian travel due to breaks in the sidewalk network and the absence of bus shelters, pedestrian islands on medians, street trees, and concessions. The 2017 “Airport Area TransitOriented Development Plan Public Review Draft” proposes a multi-use pathway from Waiwai Loop to the park to improve non-vehicular access and connectivity within the area and to the waterfront. The 2017 “Kalhi Neighborhood Transit-Oriented Development Plan” proposes a waterfront promenade that can be accessed in the park and via a multi-use bridge connecting to the Middle Street Station. However, neither of the promenade proposals address adaptation strategies related to projected sea level rise and the elevation and width of the waterfront promenade.

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Canoes docked by the shoreline of Ke‘ehi Lagoon (Photo: Judith Stilgenbauer/UHCDC)

Aolele Ditch (Photo: Calvin Bulan/UHCDC) University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 263

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Catalytic Site #2: Parcel Information Keehi Lagoon Beach Park + Memorial

Owner State of Hawai‘i (DLNR, DOT), City and County of Honolulu Tax parcel Number 11003239, 11003004 Area 72 acres, 11 acres State Land Use Urban Zoning P-2 SMA Included

Kahauiki Village

Owner State of Hawai‘i (DLNR Parks), City and County of Honolulu Tax parcel Number 11003003, 204, 205, 206, 207, 211, 212 Area 11.3 acres State Land Use Urban Zoning P-1, P-2 SMA Included Other aio Foundation (PPP with State and City)

Individual Businesses

Owner State of Hawai‘i (Leasing to JSR Equipment Inc., Weinberg, H & J Foundation Inc., Robert’s Central Laupahoehoe Inc., ED Yamasato Inc.) Tax parcel Number 12021036, 037, 040, 041, 042 Area 5+ acres total State Land Use Urban Zoning I-2 SMA Included

266 South Shore Project Report

Kalihi Kai Industrial Area

Owner State of Hawai‘i Tax parcel Number 12021021, 035, 039, 044, 045 Area 5+ acres State Land Use Urban Zoning I-2 SMA Included

Overgrown/ Mangrove

Owner United States of America Tax parcel Number NA Area ~10 acres State Land Use NA Zoning NA SMA NA Other Appears to be inclusive of Ke‘ehi Lagoon, making it state jurisdiction.

Kalihi Kai Industrial Area 2

Owner State of Hawai‘i, State of Hawai‘i DOT.

(also leasing to JAS W GLOVER LTD, FRANK P WHITE JR PROPERTIES, KONG ENTERPRISES INC, AMERICAN MARINE CORP, RON’S CONCRETE SPECIALISTS LTD, NANAKULI NEIGHBORHOOD HOUSING SERVICES, LANSDOWN. IAN J, PIONEER MACHINERY INC, AMRON HAWAII LLC)

Tax parcel Number

12023029, 033, 034, 035, 036, 039, 040, 043, 044, 045, 046, 047, 048, 049, 061, 063, 065, 066, 069, 072, 073, 074, 076, 078, 079, 086, 087, 089, 092, 093, 094, 095, 096, 098, 100

Area 21.5 acres State Land Use Urban Zoning I-2 SMA: Included University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 267

CATALYTIC SITE #2: Historic Hydrology and Cultural Land Use Based on a series of historic maps in the vicinity of catalytic site #2, this and the following page of the report reveal the dramatic changes in shoreline and land use development over the course of the past century. +LVWRULFDOO\ WKH .H¶HKL /DJRRQ DUHD ZDV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ D ODUJH QXPEHU RI ÀVKSRQGV WKDW ULQJHG WKH VKRUHOLQH ZKLFK was formerly located much further inland. In the late 19th century, the Oahu Railway and Land Company constructed a UDLOZD\ VSDQQLQJ RYHU WKH ODJRRQ WR VXSSRUW WKH SODQWDWLRQ LQGXVWU\ ,Q WKH HDUO\ WK FHQWXU\ GHYHORSPHQW GHQVLÀHV LQ WKH DLUSRUW DQG .DOLKL .DL OLJKW LQGXVWULDO DUHDV $V GHVFULEHG DERYH :RUOG :DU ,, GUHGJLQJ DFWLYLWLHV VLJQLÀFDQWO\ impacted the reshaping of Ke‘ehi Lagoon’s shallow reef. By the mid-20th century, the seaplane runways and adjacent VKRUHOLQH LQÀOO DQG VWUDLJKWHQLQJ FDQ EH REVHUYHG $GGLWLRQDOO\ ÀVKSRQGV QR ORQJHU H[LVWHG LQ WKH FDWDO\WLF VLWH area, and the historic railway had been replaced by Nimitz Highway. The Kalihi Kai light industrial area development extended to the south and provided vehicular access to Sand Island. The overall shoreline and adjacent land use development remained largely the same from the 1980s to 2017, and although there had been an increase in street connectivity, a severe lack of pedestrian and bicycle facilities persisted in the area, which is dominated automobiles.

Particularly those developments on KXPDQ PDGH DUWLÀFLDOO\ ÀOOHG ODQG³ like the Kalihi Kai light industrial area or parts of Mapunapuna—have been VXEMHFW WR ÁRRGLQJ RYHU WKH \HDUV and will be increasingly vulnerable to climate-related and other coastal hazard threats. In the past, water TXDOLW\ LVVXHV LQWHQVLÀHG ZLWK WKH various large-scale alterations of the nearshore area to create seaplane runways and additional development.

Despite the current water quality impairments and sense of neglect, the desire to continue the strong tradition of ocean recreation and other waterbased activities in the Ke‘ehi Lagoon area persists. In visioning a more sustainable future Ke‘ehi Lagoon and vicinity, an inclusive approach and emphasis on climate-change resilience, ecosystem performance, connectivity, and placemaking will need to be considered.

The sequence of maps included on this and the following page illustrates how the site boundaries of catalytic site #2 originally encompassed water almost in their entirety, and how dramatically humans have manipulated the area’s shoreline over the course of the past 80 years.

268 South Shore Project Report

1914

1936

1953

1983

2017

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 269

CATALYTIC SITE #2: Analysis The following series of analysis maps for catalytic site #2 synthesize and interpret important data, observations, and conclusions drawn from the overall south-shorescale inventory (pp. 43 - 83) and research (pp. 11 - 37) phases of this study.

By highlighting key site opportunities and constraints, these sets of maps aid in the development of both proposed site programming and subsequent proof-ofconcept design solutions.

Similar in structure to the large-scale project research and analysis portion for catalytic site #1, this summary documentation for catalytic site #2 organizes the analysis maps according to the project’s four overarching guiding principles and categories of 1) climate-change resilience, 2) ecosystem performance, 3) connectivity, and 4) placemaking.

For each of these categories, the report includes catalytic site #2 analysis maps that highlight selected, project-relevant aspects in their existing and proposed conditions (opportunities and challenges).

7KH ÀUVW Climate-Change Resilience map (pp. 272 273) focuses on the site’s man-made hydrology, as well as conventional water-related infrastructural systems, and 3 feet and 6 feet of sea level rise. The subsequent “Climate-change Resilience: Challenges + Opportunities” map shows the extent of projected inundation associated ZLWK VHD OHYHO ULVH DQG ÁRRG HYHQWV DV ZHOO DV WKH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR LPSURYH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DQG ÁRRG FRQWURO at existing stormwater outfalls with treatment wetlands.

Areas predicted to remain relatively “dry” in climateUHODWHG HYHQWV FDQ EH UHWDLQHG DQG GHQVLÀHG IRU KDELWDEOH mixed-use spaces through adaptive living shoreline practices and accommodations such as elevating critical infrastructure, building systems, and utilities.

The Ecological Performance analysis map (pp. 276 - 277) illustrates the parts of catalytic site #2 that are listed in the National Wetland Inventory and includes LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ H[LVWLQJ PDLQ VSHFLHV IDXQD DQG ÁRUD

and land uses, highlighting wetlands. As indicated in the subsequent challenges and opportunities map (pp.

278 - 279), removing overgrown invasive species, such as mangrove, and replacing those habitats with more diverse coastal green spaces and wetlands increases 270 South Shore Project Report

ecosystem performance and coastal resilience.

Ecological linkages and new, layered coastal ecosystems provide critical habitat and migration corridors for native species, while improving water quality, increasing biodiversity, and expanding open space, as well as access to freshwater, brackish water, and saltwater. With the return of more wetland area, the opportunity to support native species and local, traditional cultural practices of food production can increase the area’s overall resiliency—climate-related, ecological, and social.

The Connectivity map (pp. 280 - 281) graphically isolates existing non-automobile circulation elements, revealing public transit, bicycle, and path facilities and gaps. It reveals the current dominance of automobile circulation and the project area’s lack of pedestrian facilities and water access along the northern and Kalihi Kai coastlines.

The subsequent challenges and opportunities map (pp.

LGHQWLÀHV RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU JUHDWHU ZDONDELOLW\ and bicycle circulation and improved connections, as well as increased shoreline access and climate-change resilience. This study recommends that the location of the Middle Street Transit Center be re-evaluated due to LWV ORFDWLRQ LQ D ÁRRG SURQH VWUHDP FRUULGRU 7KH IXWXUH Lagoon Drive Station area could accommodate a modern, multimodal 21st-century Transit Center (connecting rail, ferry, bus, and waterfront promenades, all in close proximity to the airport), improving non-automobile connectivity and reducing the risk of disturbance to serYLFH GXH WR ÁRRGLQJ Lastly, the set of two Placemaking-themed analysis maps for catalytic site #1 (pp. 282 - 285) focuses on cultural aspects and public, people-centric amenities such as park uses, gathering places, landmarks, destinations, and views. The challenges and opportunities map highlights how existing site assets might be enhanced through additional water access points, destinations, and spaces framed by a more diverse, ecologically performative and productive living shoreline that has the SRWHQWLDO WR KLJKOLJKW WKH DUHD·V VLJQLÀFDQFH DV D SODFH RI recreation, water-based activities, and cultural tradition.

This report section includes the following analysis drawings: Analysis plans • Climate-change Resilience: existing conditions • Climate-change Resilience: challenges + opportunities • Ecological Performance: existing conditions • Ecological Performance: challenges + opportunities • Connectivity (non-automobile circulation): existing conditions • Connectivity (non-automobile circulation): challenges + opportunities • Placemaking: existing conditions • Placemaking: challenges + opportunities

Diagram of guiding project principles (organizational categories)

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 271

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CATALYTIC SITE #2: Program The following proof-of-concept program plans and distribution diagrams for catalytic site #2 begin to reveal the proposed evolution of the site from its existing conditions at current sea level, followed by a near-term design scenario that accommodates a 3-foot sea level rise (expected around mid-century), and proposed longterm interventions that accommodate a 6-foot sea level rise (expected around the end of the century).

and light industrial areas prior to discharging to Ke‘ehi Lagoon. The wetlands become an integral part of the proposed, layered living shorelines system. In the Kalihi Kai light industrial area, an elevated landform protects near-shore facilities, including a proposed live-work development adjacent to the Middle Street Station. This landscaped dike further serves as the public right of way for a new leg of the South Shore Promenade.

The existing site consists of Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park, Ke‘ehi Lagoon Memorial Park, Kahauiki Village, and a portion of the Kalihi Kai light industrial area, all VXUURXQGLQJ .H¶HKL /DJRRQ DW WKH FRQÁXHQFH RI 0RDQDOXD Stream and Kalihi Stream. The site is bounded on the north by Nimitz Highway (Route 92) and Interstate H-1.

The long-term program proposes to relocate Kahauiki Village residents to the nearby mixed-use and livework developments to increase social sustainability and inclusion. Inspired by the 1989 recreation plan for Ke‘ehi Lagoon, the site transforms to a canoe center supporting the future of ocean recreation in the area.

A large, tree-covered, pervious parking area serves the dual purpose of improving water quality and providing D ÁH[LEOH VSDFH IRU JDWKHULQJ PDUNHWV DQG ERDW WUDLOHU parking. The bus transit center relocates to the Lagoon Drive Station area to better accommodate multi-modal FRQQHFWLRQV DQG UHOLHYH H[SHFWHG ÁRRGLQJ LVVXHV QHDU Middle Street Station and reduce impervious surfaces adjacent to Kalihi Stream. As water quality is improved through a combination of nearshore treatment wetlands DQG XSVWUHDP JUHHQ VWRUPZDWHU LQIUDVWUXFWXUH UHWURÀWV the potential for restoring aquaculture to the Ke‘ehi /DJRRQ DUHD WDNHV WKH IRUP RI PRGHUQ GD\ ÀVK DQG shrimp ponds.

The near-term program (visualized on pp. 292 - 293 below) proposes to elevate portions of a redesigned Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park in order to reduce the threat of coastal hazards to the proposed Lagoon Drive Station and TOD footprint, as well as to increase ecosystem performance by removing invasive red mangrove and restoring a diversity of habitat to the shoreline, while supporting various outdoor recreation activities and varied types of water access.

The Lagoon Drive Station and HART rail alignment inspire the formal organization of a proposed new mixed-use GHYHORSPHQW WR LQFOXGH UHWDLO RIÀFH DQG KRXVLQJ VSDFH along with shared, public gathering areas.

The near-term proposal for the Ke‘ehi Lagoon Memorial Park area retains its function as a memorial space and replaces the largely impervious existing asphalt areas ZLWK D PXOWLSXUSRVH ODZQ WR SURYLGH ÁH[LEOH SXEOLF JDWKHULQJ VSDFH DQG ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DQG TXDQWLW\ EHQHÀWV as well as access to views and ocean recreation. The south shore promenade provides increased access and connectivity between transit stations, including a proposed Ke‘ehi Lagoon ferry stop, and shoreline GHVWLQDWLRQV 7KH .DKDXLNL 9LOODJH EHQHÀWV IURP WKH south shore promenade alignment and proposed “activity” park piers that further expand shoreline and lagoon access.

A series of proposed stormwater treatment wetlands facilitate water quality improvements and create additional habitat for Hawaiian stilt and native wetland species, by treating polluted runoff from adjacent urban 288 South Shore Project Report

The quantitative distribution diagrams organize land use and site program elements to show evolution over time from existing site conditions, through near-term interventions (3-foot SLR), and ultimately at the longterm proposal (6-foot SLR). The colors and textures of the diagram relate to the overarching project categories of climate-change resilience (blue), ecosystem performance (green), connectivity (pink), and placemaking (yellow). $V FDQ EH H[SHFWHG WKH GLYHUVLW\ RI ODQG XVH LQWHQVLÀHV over time to increase climate resilience and ecosystem performance while supporting greater opportunities for connectivity and placemaking. Impervious surfaces shrink over time, supported by increases in public transportation and walkability. Water quality and habitat biodiversity improve with an increase in wetland area.

Opportunities for walking and bicycling increase over time with additional promenades, activity park piers, and bridges. Recreational and social gathering spaces DOVR H[SDQG VLJQLÀFDQWO\ VXSSRUWLQJ RXWGRRU UHFUHDWLRQ water-based activities and social and cultural resiliency.

This report section includes the following program diagrams: Program plans • Existing site elements, paths, and programs (at current MHHW) • Proposed near-term site program elements (3-ft SLR scenario) • Proposed long-term site program elements (6-ft SLR scenario) 3URJUDP GLDJUDPV GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG TXDQWLÀFDWLRQ

• Basic existing site programs by categories (at current MHHW) • Proposed near-term site programs by categories (3-ft SLR scenario) • Proposed long-term site program by categories (6-ft SLR scenario)

Long term +6ft Near term +3ft ([LVWLQJ IW 0++:

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 289

Memorial Park

Existing Program

Parking lot Open space Tennis courts Support facilities Parking lot

Parking 6SRUWV ÀHOGV Beach park

Beach

Overgrown area, domimated by invasive species

South Shore Project Report

Open lawn Kahauiki Village

Radio tower Industrial lot Industrial businesses

Wedding chapel

Green space (mangrove) Industrial lot

Green space, overgrown area

Industrial lot University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

Near-term Program Open space Stormwater treatment wetland Mixed-use development Lagoon Drive Station

South Shore Promenade (beach park leg)

Wedding chapel Ferry stop

Beach park Elevated activity park piers

Ke‘ehi Lagoon

South Shore Project Report

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Kahauiki Village

Radio tower

Live-work development

Stormwater treatment wetland

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Elevated landform (Kalihi Kai dike) South Shore Promenade (Kalihi Kai leg)

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

Long-term Program Open space Stormwater treatment wetland Mixed-use development Lagoon Drive Station

South Shore Promenade (beach park leg)

Wedding chapel Ke‘ehi Lagoon Ferry stop

Beach park Elevated activity park piers

Ke‘ehi Lagoon Regatta course

South Shore Project Report

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Canoe center

Live-work development

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University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

・Large areas dedicated to mono functional uses ・Low ecosystem performance and lack of biodiversity

42.2%

Existing

・Poor connectivity

・Increase in climate-change resilience ・Diversification of uses ・Increase in ecosystem performance and ecological linkages

64.9%

Near term

runway

・Fewer impervious surfaces

Keehi lagoon

・Increase in places, destinations and connectivity infrastructure

・Multi-purpose, flexible open spaces and increased biodiversity ・Improved ecosystem performance

66.9%

Long term

South Shore Project Report

runway

・Few hard surfaces remain, predominance of performative and absorptive/floodable or productive green infrastructure

Keehi lagoon

・Increase in blue space (water) and waterfront access; water quality improvements

Kalihi stream

Moanalua stream

Keehi lagoon

・Large impervious surfaces (e.g., roads, industrial areas)

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

Kalihi Kai industrial area

beach park development

live-work sports facilities community center wedding chapel viewing deck memorial canoe center parking

canoe center

Kalihi Kai burm South Shore Promenade Kalihi Kai burm fishpond paths development paths canoe center paths live-work paths bridges ferry stop mixed-use development

live-work green space

great lawn

canoe center open space

development open space

drainage ditch waterfront open space

constructed wetland

wetland

shrimp/fishpond

4.0%

7.4%

4.0%

17.7%

Kalihi Kai industrial area Kahauiki village

live-work Kahauiki village community center sports facilities wedding chappel viewing deck memorial canoe ramp beach park development

Kahauiki village Kalihi Kai burm South Shore Promenade development paths fishpond paths live-work paths bridges ferry stop mixed-use development

Kalihi Kai burm

live-work green space

great lawn

development open space

Kahauiki village open space

drainage ditch waterfront openspace

constructive wetland

wetland

2.5%

6.6%

4.0%

22.0%

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Keehi lagoon beack park

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Industral buildings

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Memorial park

Kahauiki village

Kalihi Kai industrial area

Aolele ditch Kalihi Kai drainage ditch Memorial park pond Keehi lagoon beach park

19.4%

6.0%

2.3%

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CATALYTIC SITE #2: Plan Overview The complete set of catalytic site #2 proof-of-concept design illustrations featured in this report include overall site plans, transect drawings (wide, isometric cross sections), zoomed-in section perspective drawings, as well as perspective bird’s-eye view renderings of the overall site. For all of the drawing types listed above, the study includes sets of sequential representations of existing (current MHHW), proposed near-term (3-foot SLR scenario), and proposed long-term (6-foot SLR scenario) conditions. A subsequent set of two illustrative eye-level perspective views further visualizes how future users would experience the proposed long-term design vision for catalytic site #2.

landscape capable of adapting to future dynamic conditions.

The transect and section perspective locations zoom in to important aspects of the overall catalytic site design WKDW KLJKOLJKW VLJQLÀFDQW LQVWDQFHV RI FRDVWDO UHVLOLHQFH accommodations, such as edge conditions or transitions from land to water—typical solutions that might also be applicable to other parts of the overall project area.

The adjacent mixed-use and live-work developments increase density around the Lagoon Drive and Middle Street Stations and provide additional areas of interest for new residents, workers, and visitors. The Ke‘ehi Lagoon Memorial Park retains its function as a public PHPRULDO DQG HYHQW VSDFH ZKLOH LQFUHDVLQJ ÁH[LEOH RSHQ space and stormwater retention through the inclusion of a multipurpose lawn. The war memorial obelisk is relocated to accommodate the rail guideway. The South Shore Promenade supports increased connectivity and waterfront access, including access to rail and ferry stops. A chain of stormwater treatment wetlands provide water quality improvements as well as increased habitat for native species. In the Kalihi Kai light industrial area, an elevated, landscaped landform (Kalihi Dike) protects nearshore development and increases connectivity along the waterfront.

These sets of conceptual drawings illustrate the design application of criteria and concepts that evolved from the research, analysis, and programming phases of the project (above).

Existing Plan As mentioned in the program summary above, currently, catalytic site #2 includes Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park, Ke‘ehi Lagoon Memorial Park, Kahauiki Village, and a portion of the Kalihi Kai light industrial DUHD DOO VXUURXQGLQJ .H¶HKL /DJRRQ DW WKH FRQÁXHQFH of Moanalua Stream and Kalihi Stream. The site is bounded on the north by Nimitz Highway (Route 92) and Interstate H-1. The site currently lacks in resilience, ecological performance, water quality, and connectivity.

Large portions of it are tremendously underutilized. The largely inaccessible, overgrown Kalihi Kai waterfront houses numerous homeless encampments. Other parts of catalytic site #2 are heavily dominated by the effects RI DGMDFHQW DXWRPRELOH WUDIÀF LQIUDVWUXFWXUH Near-term Plan The near-term proof-of-concept design of catalytic site #2 seeks to incorporate concepts and program elements related to climate-crisis resilience, ecosystem performance, connectivity, and placemaking/culture in a balanced way, with the intent to create a living shoreline 298 South Shore Project Report

Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park transforms to provide an attractive and multi-faceted, user-friendly shoreline park supporting a variety of active and passive outdoor recreation spaces located along a series of elevated activity park piers that enhance waterfront access.

5HPRYLQJ ÀOO IURP WKH H[LVWLQJ VKRUHOLQH DQG XVLQJ LW WR form the foundation of these activity piers demonstrates a sustainable approach to on-site, resilient landform construction as well as a retreat of the current built VKRUHOLQH WR ´UHFODLPµ SDUWV RI WKH IRUPHUO\ ÀOOHG .H¶HKL Lagoon.

Long-term Plan The long-term proof-of-concept design of catalytic site #2 EXLOGV XSRQ WKH ÀUVW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ SKDVH DQG SURSRVHV increased inclusion and connectivity as well as resiliency.

The former Kahauiki Village becomes the site of a regional canoe center, providing space for training and canoerelated events and gatherings. Former Kahauiki Village residents are now housed and work in the area’s mixeduse and live-work developments, facilitating greater, more equitable integration within the community. Activity piers and beaches in the Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park area increase biodiversity and access to the shoreline while accommodating rising sea levels. Constructed treatment wetlands continue to provide water quality and quantity EHQHÀWV DOORZLQJ D UHWXUQ RI DTXDFXOWXUH WR WKH .H¶HKL /DJRRQ DUHD WKDW KLVWRULFDOO\ VXSSRUWHG ODUJH ÀVK SRQGV

This report section features the following proof-of-concept design drawings: Overall plans • Catalytic Site #2 – existing condition (at current MHHW) • Catalytic Site #2 – proposed near-term proof-of-concept design (3-ft SLR scenario) • Catalytic Site #2 – proposed long-term proof-of-concept design (6-ft SLR scenario)

Catalytic Site #2

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Moanalua Stream

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Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park

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Ke‘ehi Lagoon

Existing Plan

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Moanalua Stream

Multipurpose lawn

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Mixed-use development

Lagoon Drive Rail Station

Rail

South Shore Promenade (beach park leg) Beach park

Ke‘ehi Lagoon ferry and water taxi stop

Elevated activity piers

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South Shore Promenade (Kalihi Kai leg)

Wide, vegetated Kalihi Dike

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Moanalua Stream

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Mixed-use development Bus transit center Lagoon Drive Rail Station

Rail

South Shore Promenade (beach park leg) Beach park

Ke‘ehi Lagoon ferry and water taxi stop Activity piers

Lagoon Dri

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Long-term Plan

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South Shore Promenade (Kalihi Kai leg) Stormwater treatment wetlands Wide, vegetated Kalihi Dike

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CATALYTIC SITE #2: Transects When using the term “transect,” this report refers to wide, isometric cross-sectional design drawings. These types of illustrative graphics allow for the effective two-dimensional representation of complex spatial FRQÀJXUDWLRQV DQG ZDWHU OHYHOV UHODWLYH WR VXUURXQGLQJ built structures and ground conditions. The transect locations selected for catalytic site #2 focus on important features of the proof-of-concept plans. They visualize edge conditions or land-water transitions—featuring typical design solutions that are also applicable in other parts of the overall project area.

The following two transect studies for catalytic site #2 demonstrate site programmatic changes in more detail over the various periods of time: existing (current sea level at MHHW), near term (3-foot SLR scenario), and long term (6-foot SLR scenario).

The .H¶HKL /DJRRQ %HDFK 3DUN transect reveals the evolution of a currently underutilized and neglected beach park—impacted by the character of its lightindustrial surroundings, polluted runoff, and lack of users within walking distance—into a modern, vibrant and multi-faceted recreational waterfront amenity with multiple transit options in close proximity. The SURSRVHG VKRUHOLQH PRGLÀFDWLRQV DFFRPPRGDWH UDLO transit, outdoor recreation, and sustainable mixed-use development while adapting to rising sea levels.

The elevated multi-purpose park and activity piers, with their interspersed human-made beaches, form a varied and undulating shoreline that maximizes edge-conditions and supports greater resiliency and biodiversity, as well as views and safe recreational water access.

The South Shore Promenade marks the transition between mixed-use and the public waterfront park. It provides increased connectivity along the shore as well as to the various active and passive recreation spaces and nearby transit nodes.

This study proposes to replace the light industrial structures near the north-west corner of the site with a model off-grid sustainable mixed-use development WKDW LV ÁRRG UHVLOLHQW EHFRPHV SDUW RI WKH UDLO IUHHZD\ sound barrier and dike system, and houses a diversity of businesses and retail, including train station and beach park parking, on the lower levels, with residential options RQ WKH XSSHU ÁRRUV SURYLGLQJ VXEVLGL]HG WUDQVLWLRQDO 306 South Shore Project Report

housing to increase social equity and inclusivity for former Kahauiki Village residents and families. This new and attractive mixed-use model development increases the area’s residential density and creates a variety of new shoreline destinations, such as cafes and restaurants with water views, in close proximity to both Lagoon Drive Station and the proposed Ke‘ehi Lagoon ferry and water taxi landing.

The Kalihi Kai Waterfront transect sequence illustrates the opportunity to restore ecosystem performance and modern-day versions of traditional biocultural systems along this long-neglected part of the shoreline, while increasing climate resilience, access, connectivity, and providing new recreational opportunities. Removal of invasive mangroves and construction of treatment wetlands that capture the runoff from local storm sewer outfalls, and salt marshes along the edges, improve water quality in the lagoon, which supports the long-term FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI PRGHUQ ÀVK DQG VKULPS SRQGV These proposed coastal marshes, wetland chains and DGMDFHQW ÀVK SRQGV VXUURXQGHG E\ URFN ZDOOV EHFRPH part of a Hawai‘i VSHFLÀF OD\HUHG V\VWHP RI OLYLQJ shoreline elements, which, in the Ke‘ehi Lagoon area, can also include vegetated off-shore islands, black-lip pearl oyster breakwaters, and restored coral reefs.

An elevated and vegetated landform, called the Kalihi Dike, protects nearshore urban development and supports increased connectivity along the waterfront. A new shoreline path, the Kalihi Kai leg of the South Shore Promenade, runs atop Kalihi Dike and facilitates walking, ELF\FOLQJ DV ZHOO DV ZHWODQG DQG ÀVKSRQG YLHZV

This report section of the report includes the following proof-of-concept design drawings: 6LWH WUDQVHFWV [4] • Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park transect – existing condition (at current MHHW) • Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park transect – proposed near-term proof-of-concept design (3-ft SLR) • Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park transect – proposed long-term proof-of-concept design (6-ft SLR) [5] • Kalihi Kai Waterfront transect – existing condition (at current MHHW) • Kalihi Kai Waterfront transect – proposed near-term proof-of-concept design (3-ft SLR) • Kalihi Kai Waterfront transect – proposed long-term proof-of-concept design (6-ft SLR)

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[5] Catalytic Site #2

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[Transect 4] Existing: Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park • Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park underutilized and neglected due to poor water quality and lack of residential density surrounding the park • Park area vulnerable to increased climate-change-related FRDVWDO KD]DUGV VXFK DV ÁRRGLQJ • Ke‘ehi Lagoon threatened by water quality impairments

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Ke‘ehi Lagoon

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Industrial buildings

Open space

Park facilities

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[Transect 4] Near term: Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park • Mixed-use development increases residential density and creates a variety of destinations near Lagoon Drive Station and new Ke‘ehi Lagoon ferry landing

Mixed-use development

• Multi-purpose park, elevated activity piers, and adjacent beaches provide for climate resilience, enhanced ecosystem performance, and outdoor recreation • Increased water access for mixed-use development, park visitors, and the general public • South Shore Promenade increases connectivity and provides water access

non-automobile Rooftop cafe with a view

Multi-purpose park and activity pier

Ke‘ehi Lagoon

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Rail guideway

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South Shore Promenade (beach park leg)

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Transect 4] Long term: Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park • Mixed-use development increases residential density and creates a variety of new destinations near Lagoon Drive Station and new Ke‘ehi Lagoon ferry landing

Mixed-use development

• Inclusion of a diversity of housing options, e.g., providing subsidized transitional and family housing to increase inclusivity for former Kahauiki Village residents • Multi-purpose park, elevated activity piers, and adjacent beaches provide for climate resilience, enhanced ecosystem performance, and outdoor recreation • South Shore Promenade increases non-automobile connectivity and provides water access

Rooftop cafe with a view

Multi-purpose park and activity pier

Ke‘ehi Lagoon

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Rail guideway

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South Shore Promenade (beach park leg)

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[Transect 5] Existing: Kalihi Kai Waterfront • Kalihi Kai industrial area discharges stormwater runoff to Ke‘ehi Lagoon with no pollutant removal treatment • &RDVWDO DUHD SURQH WR ÁRRGLQJ • Invasive red mangroves in the Kalihi Kai industrial nearshore area negatively impact water quality and native species • A lack of public water access and pedestrian and bicycle connectivity characterize the area

Mangroves

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Drainage ditch

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[Transect 5] Near term: Kalihi Kai Waterfront • Elevated, vegetated landform (Kalihi dike) protects nearshore development and increases connectivity • Kalihi Kai Industrial Area subject to increased climatechange related coastal hazards

South Shore Promenade (Kalihi Kai leg) atop wide, vegetated Kalihi Kai Dike

• Coastal stormwater treatment wetland construction begins process of establishing living shoreline systems, SURYLGHV ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DQG HFVRV\VWHP VHUYLFH EHQHÀWV • Wetland wall serves as a multi-purpose path and breakwater, increasing access, connectivity and resiliency

Ke‘ehi Lagoon

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Industrial buildings

Stormwater treatment wetland

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[Transect 5] Long term: Kalihi Kai Waterfront • Elevated, vegetated landform (Kalihi Dike) protects nearshore development and increases coastal connectivity South Shore Promenade (Kalihi Kai leg) atop wide, vegetated Kalihi Kai Dike

• Improved water quality in lagoon allows for aquaculture systems to increase climate-change resilience, ecosystem SHUIRUPDQFH FXOWXUDO VLJQLÀFDQFH IRRG SURGXFWLRQ DQG connections to both water and land • :HWODQG DQG ÀVK VKULPS SRQG URFN ZDOOV VHUYH DV PXOWL purpose paths and break waters, increasing connectivity and resiliency • Layered, coastal living shoreline systems, paired with vegetated dike, form exemplary and locale-appropriate “soft” coastal defense

Ke‘ehi Lagoon

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Industrial buildings

Stormwater treatment wetland

Fish / shrimp pond

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CATALYTIC SITE #2: Section Perspectives The following section perspective studies provide a sense of the experience in the existing condition that contrasts with the near-term and long-term design proposals within the three transect study project sites (above): Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park and Kalihi Kai Waterfront.

This illustrative representation format might assist report readers in visualizing the proposed changes and improvements over time more easily than abstract plan and section drawings.

Following the overarching chronological organizational principle introduced in earlier portions of the study, the section perspective drawings included below represent the envisioned adaptation of the urban fabric over time in three stages: existing condition (current MHHW), near term (3-foot SLR scenario), and long term (6-foot SLR scenario).

The section perspective illustrations included in report pages 321 to 332 focus in on the following parts of the two trans-sectional study sites for catalytic site #2: • Proposed new edge condition between Ke‘ehi Lagoon and the redesigned multi-purpose beach park (view of new, human-made beach and elevated DFWLYLW\ ÀQJHU

• Edge condition along the Kalihi Kai industrial waterfront (proposed Kalihi Kai Dike, South Shore 3URPHQDGH ZHWODQGV DQG ÀVKSRQGV

The locator plan diagram included on the opposite page highlights the section perspective drawing locations and view directions in magenta.

The set of .H¶HKL /DJRRQ %HDFK 3DUN section perspectives for the near-term and long-term phases of project development visually illustrate the envisioned evolution from the existing, underutilized park into a vibrant, multifaceted, safe, and active public urban waterfront amenity that is resilient to anticipated climate-crisis effects, such as sea level rise. In this location—and along the entire length of the redesigned Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park— the South Shore Promenade boardwalk runs on slightly elevated ground, located above the 6-ft sea level rise mark (depicted near the right-hand margin of the nearterm and long-term drawings below).

The long-term section perspective rendering illustrates how the initially architectonic edges of the newly constructed activity pier park plinths (engineered 320 South Shore Project Report

IURP ÀOO H[FDYDWHG LQ RWKHU DUHDV RI WKH SDUN·V QHZ undulating shoreline) will gradually soften over time, grow more biodiverse, and function as saltmarsh habitat and protective living shoreline elements. The drawings further illustrate how the sandy beach component of the redesign allows for protected and shallow water access for all park users, while acknowledging the human-made character of these short beach segments, conceived to minimize the need for sand replenishment. Coconut SDOP JURYHV SURYLGH VSDWLDO GHÀQLWLRQ DQG VKDGH WKH beaches.

The rendered eye-level view included on report pages 236 and 237 below further illustrates this proposed new, ecologically performative and recreational beach park edge and its relationship to the promenade.

The Kalihi Kai Waterfront sequence of existing, nearterm, and long-term section perspective drawings included below illustrates the phased development of an inaccessible and neglected shoreline—prone to ÁRRGLQJ DQG RYHUJURZQ ZLWK LQYDVLYH UHG PDQJURYH³LQWR a connected, accessible, ecologically performative, and culturally meaningful system of layered living shoreline elements.

The near-term drawing visualizes the initial introduction of coastal treatment wetlands that run parallel to the shoreline and capture the runoff from local storm sewer outfalls in order to improve water quality in the lagoon, which lays the groundwork for achieving the project’s subsequent long-term goals. It further shows the new Kalihi Kai Dike, a wide, vegetated landform designed to protect nearshore development and improve water access and walkability. In this part of catalytic site #2, the South Shore Promenade runs atop Kalihi Dike.

It allows for walking, bicycling, as well as wetland and water views. ,Q WKH ORQJ WHUP D OD\HU RI ÀVK DQG VKULPS SRQGV enclosed by pervious rock walls, are added makai of the coastal wetlands. These modern-day interpretations of the traditional Hawaiian biocultural systems that used to characterize the shore of Ke‘ehi Lagoon, return a long-lost sense of place and meaning to the site, restore ecosystem performance, increase climate resilience, local food security and, at the same time, provide access to the water, shoreline connectivity, and new recreational opportunities.

This section of the report features the following proof-of-concept design drawings: 6HFWLRQ 3HUVSHFWLYHV [d] • Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park – existing condition (at current MHHW) • Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park – proposed near-term proof-of-concept design (3-ft SLR) • Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park – proposed long-term proof-of-concept design (6-ft SLR) [e] • Kalihi Kai Waterfront – existing condition (at current MHHW) • Kalihi Kai Waterfront – proposed near-term proof-of-concept design (3-ft SLR) • Kalihi Kai Waterfront – proposed long-term proof-of-concept design (6-ft SLR)

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Catalytic Site #2

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[Section Perspective d] Existing: Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Section Perspective d] Near term: Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Section Perspective d] Long term: Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Section Perspective e] Existing: Kalihi Kai Waterfront South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Section Perspective e] Near term: Kalihi Kai Waterfront South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Section Perspective e] Long term: Kalihi Kai Waterfront South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

CATALYTIC SITE #2: Eye-Level Renderings The following renderings provide realistic, experiential views of the effective perception of the long-term design vision for catalytic site #2 from a user perspective.

Highlighting increased opportunities for land- and ZDWHU EDVHG UHFUHDWLRQ DQG VLJQLÀFDQWO\ LPSURYHG environmental quality and climate resilience, the renderings depict typical uses of the site.

These illustrative representations are meant to assist report readers and the general public in visualizing the proposed improvements over time and raise awareness RI WKH PXOWLWXGH RI RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG EHQHÀWV LQKHUHQW in implementing multi-purpose living shoreline systems, SLR-adaptation solutions, and waterfront promenades in Honolulu’s primary urban center.

The eye-level views included in report pages 336 to 339 visualize the following catalytic site #2 project locations: • Redesigned Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park and South Shore Promenade seen from a rooftop cafe, located in the new mixed-use development • 6WRUPZDWHU WUHDWPHQW ZHWODQGV DQG ÀVKSRQGV viewed from the new board walk atop the elevated and landscaped Kalihi Kai Dike The locator plan diagram included on the opposite page highlights the viewer locations and viewshed directions for these eye-level perspective renderings in magenta.

334 South Shore Project Report

This report section includes the following proof-of-concept design drawings: Eye-level renderings • View 6: Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park seen from rooftop cafe - visualizing proof-of-concept design (6-ft SLR scenario) • View 7: :HWODQG DQG ÀVKSRQG YLHZ IURP .DOLKL .DL 3URPHQDGH YLVXDOL]LQJ SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ (6-ft SLR scenario)

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[View 6] Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park seen from rooftop cafe

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South Shore Project Report

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CATALYTIC SITE #2: Bird’s-eye Renderings The following three zoomed-out bird’s-eye visualizations offer a different perspective and overview summary of the design concept for catalytic site #2 and its phasing over time: existing situation (at current MHHW level), followed by near term proposal (3-foot SLR scenario), and long term proposal (6-foot SLR scenario) in the site’s context. Areas outside of the scope of the proofof-concept design for catalytic site #2 are represented grayed out in their existing condition.

This set of drawings visually sums up how the proofof-concept design for catalytic site #2 incorporates key outcomes of the research, analysis, and programming phases (above) and addresses the project’s overall goals and guiding principles.

Climate-Change Resilience The inventory and analysis maps show that large parts of catalytic site #2 will soon be regularly affected by ÁRRGLQJ FDXVHG E\ VWRUP HYHQWV DQG VHD OHYHO ULVH 7KH proposed proof-of-concept design addresses these and other coastal climate threats by retreating and reshaping the shoreline and terrain (Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park and Kalihi Kai) and layering large-scale green infrastructure V\VWHPV FRDVWDO ZHWODQGV ÀVKSRQGV VXUURXQGHG E\ rock wall breakwaters, and a wide, landscaped dike, which together form a living shoreline or “soft” coastal defense system comprised of nature-based solutions. The long-term proposal demonstrates how climate-resilient DGDSWDWLRQ GHVLJQ DQG ÁRRG FRQWURO DUH FRPSDWLEOH with ecology, dense development/TOD, connectivity, recreation, placemaking, and cultural goals.

Ecological Performance 7KH ODUJH ZHWODQGV DQG VKDOORZ ÀVKSRQGV DORQJ WKH Kalihi Kai shore, as well as the softened, vegetated

edges framing Ke‘ehi Lagoon Beach Park’s activity SLHUV SURYLGH FULWLFDO KDELWDW IRU QDWLYH ÁRUD DQG IDXQD FRQWULEXWH WR D VLJQLÀFDQW LQFUHDVH LQ HFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV and biodiversity (and thus resilience), and improving water quality. The saltmarsh edges and wetlands along the shore allow for adaptation over time by embracing variable and dynamic environmental conditions rather than preventing them.

Connectivity In the area of catalytic site #2, the new South Shore Promenade connects the proposed Ke‘ehi Lagoon ferry and water taxi landing with Lagoon Drive station, the envisioned bus/transit center, rail and transit parking, airport access, dense new mixed-use and live-work developments, new pedestrian and bicylce bridges, the regional canoe center, Middle Street Station, and over to the revived Kalihi Kai waterfront. The proposed proofof-concept design overcomes existing barriers and vastly improves non-automobile multi-modal connectivity and walkability in the vicinity.

Placemaking Numerous new site-appropriate waterfront attractions, destinations, recreational opportunties, and gathering places revitalize catalytic site #2. These new public spaces, waterfront promenades, parks, beaches, boat ramps, and trails highlight the lagoon’s natural beauty, as well as water recreation, historic and cultural traditions.

7KH UHWXUQ RI ZHWODQGV ÀVK VKULPS SRQGV DQG FODPV and oysters in the lagoon provides the opportunity for traditional biocultural land and water practices of food gathering and production. It further contributes to increasing climate-related, ecological, and social resilience and provides educational opportunities, while offsetting park and promenade maintenance costs.

Diagram of guiding project principles (organizational categories) 340 South Shore Project Report

This section features the following proof-of-concept design drawings, which summarize the design elements that are shown in greater detail above: Bird’s-eye renderings • Catalytic Site #2 – existing condition (at current MHHW) • Catalytic Site #2 – proposed near-term proof-of-concept design (3-ft SLR scenario) • Catalytic Site #2 – proposed long-term proof-of-concept design (6-ft SLR scenario)

Catalytic Site #2

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CATALYTIC SITE #2

[Bird’s-eye] Existing South Shore Project Report

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CATALYTIC SITE #2

[Bird’s-eye] Near-term proof-of-concept design (3-ft SLR) South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

CATALYTIC SITE #2

[Bird’s-eye] Long-term proof-of-concept design (6-ft SLR) South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

View of existing conditions near the mouth of Aiea Stream (Photo: Judith Stilgenbauer/UHCDC) 348 South Shore Project Report

Catalytic Site #3

Background Analysis Program Plans Transects Section Perspectives Eye-level Renderings Bird’s-eye Renderings University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 349

CATALYTIC SITE #3: Background

Catalytic Site #3: Pearl Harbor Visitor Center, ‘Aiea Bay Recreation Area, and surroundings

Site Overview Site Context $ FRDVWDO SODLQ HVWXDU\ 3HDUO +DUERU LV GHÀQHG E\ WKUHH main lochs and one smaller loch, comprised of drowned stream valleys and joined by a channel, which connects the harbor—the largest, natural harbor in the state—to the sea. Formed as a result of sea level rise at the end of the last glacial period about 15,000 years ago, the uniquely lobed shoreline developed via sedimentation from upland areas that formed the deltas dividing Pearl Harbor into the three main lochs (USFWS, 2010). A total RI HLJKW VWUHDPV ÀYH SHUHQQLDO DQG WKUHH LQWHUPLWWHQW drain approximately 109 square miles of contributing watershed area to Pearl Harbor. Historically, the area served as a major center of Hawaiian population supSRUWHG E\ QXPHURXV ÀVKSRQGV WKDW FDSLWDOL]HG RQ WKH LQÁRZ RI WLGDO ZDWHUV EULQJLQJ GHHS VHD ÀVK LQWR the harbor’s various bays as well as an abundance of 350 South Shore Project Report

VKHOOÀVK DV HYLGHQFHG E\ RQH RI WKH WUDGLWLRQDO QDPHV WR describe the area: Wai Momi, meaning “water of pearl.”

Presently, an active military base and the headquarters RI WKH 8 6 3DFLÀF )OHHW DV ZHOO DV WKH ORFDWLRQ RI D National Historic Landmark dedicated to preserving WKH PHPRU\ RI :DU LQ WKH 3DFLÀF 3HDUO +DUERU³DQG VSHFLÀFDOO\ WKH 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO³VHUYHV as the most visited tourist attraction in Hawai‘i (City and County of Honolulu, 2015). Other surrounding land uses include residential, commercial, including Aloha Stadium, which is the largest sports and entertainment venue in the state, industrial, educational, agricultural, and open space. The Pearl Harbor National Wildlife 5HIXJH VXSSRUWV D VLJQLÀFDQW SRSXODWLRQ RI HQGDQJHUHG waterbirds.

Site Description Catalytic site #3 is located along the East Loch of Pearl Harbor and includes ‘Aiea Bay State Recreation Area, ‘Aiea Stream, portions of Joint Base HickamPearl Harbor, including Richardson Field and Rainbow %D\ 0DULQD WKH +ąODZD /DQGLQJ VHFWLRQ RI WKH 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO DQG WKH 3HDUO +DUERU +LVWRULF 6LWHV 9LVLWRU &HQWHU +ąODZD 6WUHDP DQG D ERPESURRI VZLWFK VWDWLRQ +ąODZD 6WUHDP ÁRZV WKURXJK +ąODZD Valley and enters Pearl Harbor near the Pearl Harbor 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO 9LVLWRU &HQWHU ¶$LHD 6WUHDP ÁRZV through ‘Aiea town, just east of the historic sugar mill site, which operated from the early 1900’s to 1996 and was demolished in 1998, and enters ‘Aiea Bay, located in Pearl Harbor, just east of ‘Aiea Bay State Recreation $UHD %RWK VWUHDPV DUH SDUWLDOO\ FKDQQHOL]HG SULPDULO\ ZKHQ ÁRZLQJ WKURXJK GHYHORSHG DUHDV 7KH ZDWHUV RI (DVW /RFK EHWZHHQ +ąODZD DQG 3HDUO &LW\ DUH ZLWKLQ WKH jurisdiction of the U.S. Navy, restricting water access, ÀVKLQJ DQG UHFUHDWLRQ IRU VHFXULW\ UHDVRQV

included in the Pearl Harbor National Historic Landmark.

Richardson Field is separated from the shoreline by an approximately 30-foot, steep slope along its western edge.

‘Aiea Bay State Recreation Area is a four-acre state park that includes a comfort station, parking lot, shade pavilion, picnic benches, and tree-shaded open space areas along the Pearl Harbor shoreline. The Pearl Harbor Bike Path traverses through the state park.

+ąODZD /DQGLQJ LQFOXGHV WKH 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO 9LVLWRU &HQWHU DQG 866 %RZÀQ 6XEPDULQH 0XVHXP MRLQWO\ DGPLQLVWHUHG E\ WKH 8 6 1DY\ DQG National Park Service, that opened in 1980. Initially FRQVWUXFWHG RQ DFUHV RI ODQGÀOO WKH FHQWHU SURYLGHG a museum exhibit, theater, and bookstore. Just over twenty years after its construction, the foundation of the center was found to be sinking into Pearl Harbor and plans to renovate and expand the site resulted in the completion of a 17-acre complex in 2010 that includes an outdoor memorial garden, two theaters, bookstore, DQG ÁRDWLQJ GRFN IRU WKH IHUU\ WR DFFHVV WKH QHDUE\ 866 $UL]RQD 0HPRULDO

Richardson Field, constructed in 1941, is an approximately 25-acre recreational open space area bordering Kamehameha Highway. It is owned and operated by the U.S. military. Use of the recreational facilities is restricted to Department of Defense (DoD) eligible card holders: active duty military, retired military, reservists, DoD FLYLOLDQ SHUVRQQHO DQG WKHLU DXWKRUL]HG GHSHQGHQWV 7KH ÀHOG LV FXUUHQWO\ IHQFHG DQG DFFHVVHG E\ D JDWH )DFLOLWLHV include several shade pavilions, which can be rented by the day and have a grill and limited water, large grassed areas, parking, and two comfort stations. The Richardson 5HFUHDWLRQ &HQWHU LQFOXGHV WKH ÀHOG DQG QRZ FORVHG Richardson Recreation Center Pool Complex that housed a clubhouse with restrooms, locker rooms, bar, canteen, DQG GDQFH ÁRRU 'XULQJ :RUOG :DU ,, WKH 5LFKDUGVRQ Recreation Center served the recreational needs of Navy personnel through its freshwater swimming pool, WKH ODUJHVW RQ WKH LVODQG DW WKH WLPH SOD\LQJ ÀHOGV DQG facilities for baseball, softball, track, tennis, hardball, archery, boxing, and wrestling. The property is considered eligible for listing on the National Historic Register for its VLJQLÀFDQFH LQ PRUDOH EXLOGLQJ GXULQJ :RUOG :DU ,, DQG LV

7KH 5DLQERZ %D\ 0DULQD DQG 3DYLOLRQ ZDWHUIURQW DUHD offers several rental options for outdoor gatherings and ocean recreational activities to DoD eligible card holders.

The marina supports both long-term and short-term (24 hour) live-aboard wet slip rental, non-live-aboard wet slip rental, boating programs, including sailing instruction and rentals, kayak and canoe rentals, dry storage rental, a boat ramp, shade pavilion, and cabanas. Additionally, the area includes surface parking, a restaurant that is open to the general public, and the Commander of WKH 8 6 3DFLÀF )OHHW %RDWKRXVH WKDW LV VXUURXQGHG E\ fencing and accessed via a controlled gate, restricting continuous circulation along the shoreline. The Pearl Harbor Bike Path currently terminates at the Boathouse’s northern fence line.

Included in the Pearl Harbor National Historic Landmark, the two-story, concrete bombproof switch station was constructed in 1942, and remains unaltered in its current state. The shelter was constructed to prepare for another attack. It can reportedly withstand the explosive force of a potential bomb and maintain electrical and communication facilities in the event of a bombing.

Adjacent to catalytic site #3 runs the multi-lane Kamehameha Highway, a main thoroughfare serving a portion of O‘ahu’s south shore. The Honolulu Rail Transit guideway runs parallel to the highway across from Richardson Field where the Aloha Stadium Station is currently being constructed.

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Shoreline Conditions Ancient chants describe the waters of Pearl Harbor as relatively turbid due to both the natural transport of sediment by streams that discharge to the estuary and the isolation of the natural harbor that limits water exchange with the ocean. However, in the 19th century, an increase in deforestation, ranching, and hillside JUD]LQJ DV ZHOO DV WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI WKH DSSUR[LPDWHO\ 8,000-acre sugar plantation surrounding and within Pearl Harbor, led to greater, human-caused sediment loads entering streams and eventually the estuary— H[DFHUEDWHG ODWHU E\ QHDUVKRUH PRGLÀFDWLRQV³LQFOXGLQJ GUDLQLQJ DQG ÀOOLQJ RI ZHW WDUR JURZLQJ DUHDV DQG ÀVK ponds, which had provided sediment removal for over 900 years. Within the boundaries of catalytic site #3, in the vicinity of the Rainbow Bay Pavilion, existed a ÀVKSRQG .DKDNXSRKDNX SRQG GHVFULEHG DV D WKUHH acre pond enclosed by a semi-circular wall of basalt, IHHW ORQJ E\ ÀYH IHHW ZLGH DQG WKUHH DQG RQH KDOI IHHW KLJK ZLWKRXW RXWOHW JDWHV NQRZQ DV PąNąKą (Sterling and Summers, 1978).

The 2004 Aiea - Pearl City Livable Communities Plan states that pearl oysters disappeared around the 1840s due to increased sediment loads, associated with cattle ranching, entering the harbor. (City and County of Honolulu Department of Planning and Permitting, 2004). Traditional accounts vary on the cause of the disappearance of the pearl oyster. One source states that it was due to a curse, and that the oysters were returned to Tahiti, where they were purported to have come from. Another source dates the disappearance to about 1853, when Hawaiians were suffering from the VPDOOSR[ HSLGHPLF DQG ÀVK DQG VKHOOÀVK ZHUH UHSRUWHGO\ removed to Tahiti and other lands (Sterling and Summers, 1978). Stories also describe the introduction of oysters WR WKH DUHD 2QH VRXUFH VWDWHV WKDW D PR¶R ZDWHU OL]DUG goddess) traveled from Tahiti bringing the pearl oyster (Young, 2013), and another source states that in less than six months of establishing Hau tree branches, the pearl oysters were abundant (Sterling and Summers, 1978). A current effort exists to reestablish oysters in the harbor to improve water quality. The U.S. Navy, O‘ahu :DWHUNHHSHU $OOLDQFH DQG WKH 3DFLÀF $TXDFXOWXUH DQG Coastal Resources Center at the UH Hilo partnered on the project.

Since the early 20th century, military occupation led to nearly continuous alterations to the historic shoreline 352 South Shore Project Report

for the development of an active naval base and the 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO ,Q D FKDQQHO ZDV dredged to a depth of 35 feet through the coral bar at the entrance to Pearl Harbor to facilitate the growth of naval RSHUDWLRQV LQ WKH 3DFLÀF ,Q WKH V WKH 8 6 1DY\ dredged further to allow for larger vessels to operate in the harbor. In 1940, additional dredging to deepen West /RFK (DVW /RFK DQG 0LGGOH /RFK IRU PRRULQJ EDWWOHVKLSV led to the deposition of dredge material along the Ford Island shoreline, increasing the island from 334 acres to 441 acres. The naval base was attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941, which led the U.S. to enter :RUOG :DU ,, 7KH 866 $UL]RQD VXQN WKDW GD\³HQWRPELQJ over one thousand American soldiers—and has become a national memorial, dedicated in 1962 and accessible by a ferry.

The time from just prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor up until 1970 was documented as the period of poorest HQYLURQPHQWDO TXDOLW\ LQ WKH KDUERU 2QO\ IRXU ÀVKSRQGV³ out of more than 30 recorded in the early 1930s—still existed in 1970, whereas in 1903, 24 of the 43 traditional ÀVKSRQGV LQ WKH DUHD VWLOO RSHUDWHG FRPPHUFLDOO\ 'R' /HJDF\ 5HVRXUFH 0DQDJHPHQW 3URJUDP DQG &LW\ and County of Honolulu Department of Planning and Permitting, 2001). Environmental quality improved when WKH HIÁXHQW GLVFKDUJH IURP QDYDO VKLSV WR WKH KDUERU ended in the 1970s, likely as a result of the passing of the federal Clean Water Act in 1972. In addition to anthropomorphic causes of pollution, the introduction of invasive species to the harbor, including red mangrove ÀUVW UHSRUWHG LQ DQG DOLHQ VSHFLHV RI DOJDH DQG sponges have impaired recovery of environmental quality. Researchers found in 2001 that 70 percent of all invasive mangroves on O‘ahu existed at Pearl Harbor 'R' /HJDF\ 5HVRXUFH 0DQDJHPHQW 3URJUDP ,Q the past, the estuary had been listed as impaired due to elevated levels of turbidity caused by sediment. Pearl Harbor does not currently exceed State Water Quality 6WDQGDUGV +RZHYHU WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI ÀVK DQG VKHOOÀVK is not permitted due to contamination associated with pesticides and lead (State of Hawai‘i, 2016).

Related Planning Efforts The ‘Aiea - Pearl City community’s vision for the Pearl Harbor Historic Trail—a multi-use path and historic train restoration project along a 23-mile segment of the former O‘ahu Railway and Land Company’s 40 foot wide right-of-way that extended between ‘Aiea and Nanakuli—

O‘ahu Railway and Land Company route (https://www.ilind.net/2014/11/12/honolulus-original-railroad/)

began in 2000 and evolved into a 2001 Pearl Harbor Historic Trail Master Plan 0HHWLQJ QXPHURXV FRPPXQLW\ needs, which included increased access to safer paths, recreation, and the shoreline, as well as opportunities for historic and natural preservation and economic growth, the master plan aspired to provide a connection between beach parks, regional attractions, historic sites, and nature reserves along the historic corridor.

plantations, and later the military, from 1889 to 1971. In 1948, the U.S. Navy acquired the section of the railway EHWZHHQ :HVW /RFK DQG +ąODZD /DQGLQJ DQG WHUPLQDWHG train services in order to construct underground fuel lines, for defense purposes, in the corridor. In 1975, the train tracks from ‘Ewa to Nanakuli were placed on both the Hawai‘i Register of Historic Places and National Register of Historic Places.

Segments of the proposed trail plan had already been constructed, beginning in 1989, at the time the master plan was published. Additionally, in 1989, the Hawaiian Railway Society began offering public train rides along D SRUWLRQ RI WKH KLVWRULF UDLOZD\ LQ .DSROHL 7KH 0DVWHU Plan envisioned a multi-use path running parallel to the railway that would support train transit and restoration of historic stations, including the ‘Aiea Station at the FXUUHQW ORFDWLRQ RI WKH 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO Visitor Center as well as incorporating a larger network of trolleys, shuttles, and ferries to improve access to the trail and shoreline.

Although the Pearl Harbor shoreline is currently largely owned and operated by the federal government for military purposes, the U.S. Navy granted to the city easements in ‘Aiea, Pearl City, and Waipahu for the Pearl Harbor Bike Path. However, within the boundaries of catalytic site #3, the existing bike path abruptly stops DW WKH &RPPDQGHU RI WKH 8 6 3DFLÀF )OHHW %RDWKRXVH VLWH SUHYHQWLQJ D FRQWLQXRXV URXWH WR +ąODZD /DQGLQJ DQG WKH 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO 9LVLWRU &HQWHU The Pearl Harbor Historic Trail Master Plan addresses the issue of the security associated with the boathouse and suggests that there is opportunity to relocate its IXQFWLRQV WR QHDUE\ )RUG ,VODQG )XUWKHUPRUH WKH 0DVWHU Plan states that in the future, the U.S. Navy may be in the SRVLWLRQ WR ´H[FHVVµ WKH SURSHUW\ IURP +ąODZD /DQGLQJ

The O‘ahu Railway and Land Company served the transportation needs of the sugar and pineapple

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 353

WR :DLSDKX 'HSRW 5RDG EHWZHHQ 0LGGOH /RFK DQG :HVW Loch, further increasing access to the shoreline.

Both the City and County of Honolulu and State of Hawai‘i support a multi-use path running along the old rail corridor in various plans. In 2010, the DOT published the Leeward Bikeway plan which recommends continued development of a recreational trail along the historic rail corridor where the Pearl Harbor Bike Path ends in Waipi‘o.

0RUH UHFHQWO\ WKH /HL RI *UHHQ .H $ODKXOD &RDOLWLRQ KDYH been studying past planning documents and bringing attention to the desire to create a continuous, shoreline trail from Diamond Head to Ka‘ena Point (refer to Appendix A: Project Notes for meeting minutes covering the October 3, 2019 meeting between UHCDC staff and Ke Alahula Coalition).

7KH UHFHQW +ąODZD $UHD 72' 3ODQ UHSRUWV DQG $ORKD Stadium Entertainment District plan propose increased mixed-use development and residential density in the Pearl Harbor area along with the greater need for recreational and cultural amenities, shoreline access, and improved environmental quality.

The 2015 Halawa Area Transit-Oriented Development Plan Existing Conditions Report highlights the issue with restricted access to federally owned open space, VXFK DV 5LFKDUGVRQ )LHOG WKDW UHVXOWV LQ XQGHUXWLOL]HG recreational areas. Additionally, Kamehameha Highway lacks supportive pedestrian and bicycling facilities. The right-of-way does currently not include any vegetated buffers or urban forest shade canopy, generous sidewalks, and regularly spaced and/or elevated FURVVLQJV :LWK WKH QHZ $ORKD 6WDGLXP 6WDWLRQ +ąODZD

D ZD\ÀQGLQJ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR SURYLGH DFFHVV WR WKH 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO 9LVLWRU &HQWHU DQG 3HDUO Harbor shoreline aspires to increase connectivity, while highlighting the history and ecology of the area.

The 2016 Central O‘ahu Sustainable Communities Proposed Revised Plan also calls for a continuous, multiuse path along the shoreline running from Rainbow 0DULQD WR WKH :DL¶DQDH &RDVW DQG JRHV RQ WR GHVFULEH the opportunity to develop a series of shoreline parks and preservation areas along the Pearl Harbor shoreline, restoring public use and access to both active and passive recreation amenities. The plan touches on the threat of sea level rise with the guideline to increase resiliency in existing and proposed development. Finally, 354 South Shore Project Report

the plan proposes to preserve and incorporate wetlands and wildlife habitat areas into the development of passive recreation facilities.

Summary *RLQJ IRUZDUG SODQQLQJ DQG GHVLJQ HIIRUWV IRU WKH Pearl Harbor and ‘Aiea waterfront area should strive to integrate water quality improvement, climate adaptation, bio-cultural restoration, recreation, and public waterfront access to restore its ecological function, resilience, and beauty for future generations to enjoy.

The proof-of-concept design proposal for catalytic site #3, detailed below, re-imagines the area to be publicly accessible and support land- and water-based recreation and multi-modal connectivity options, supporting both visitors to the area and users from the planned adjacent mixed-use TOD development, while adapting low-lying ÁRRG SURQH DUHDV WR WKH DQWLFLSDWHG HIIHFWV RI D FKDQJLQJ FOLPDWH 3URSRVHG VKRUHOLQH PRGLÀFDWLRQV ZLOO FUHDWH layered living shoreline systems, enhance ecosystem performance and coastal resilience, and provide continuous public access and community opportunities.

“The Pearl Harbor Shoreline is an underutilized resource whose views and use are obscured by various commercial, residential and industrial developments” City and County of Honolulu Department of Planning and Permitting, 2004. Aiea—Pearl City Livable Communities Plan

Pearl Harbor Bike Path rerouting north of the Boathouse (Photo: Ariel Dungca/UHCDC)

5DLQERZ %D\ 0DULQD (Photo: Ariel Dungca/UHCDC) University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 355

Catalytic Site #3

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Catalytic Site #3: Parcel Information ‘Aiea Bay State Recreation Area and surrounding utility easements

Owner United States of America, State of Hawai‘i Tax parcel Number 98019002, 006, 99004001, 002, 003, 004, 024 Area 7.05 acres State Land Use Urban Zoning P-2, R-5, A-2, F-1 60$ Included

U.S. Military Open Space

Owner United States of America, State of Hawai‘i Tax parcel Number 99003035, 99012004, 005, 010, 011, 046, 047 Area 2.4 acres State Land Use Urban Zoning F-1 60$ Included

Richardson Field

Owner United States of America Tax parcel Number 99003029 Area 25 acres State Land Use Urban Zoning F-1 60$ Included Historic Preservation 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0RQXPHQW

358 South Shore Project Report

Rainbow Bay Marina and Pavilion

Owner United States of America Tax parcel Number 99003032 Area 5 acres State Land Use Urban Zoning F-1 60$ Included Historic Preservation 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0RQXPHQW

Pearl Harbor Historic Sites of America

Owner United States of America Tax parcel Number 99003030 Area 17 acres State Land Use Urban Zoning F-1 60$ Included Historic Preservation 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0RQXPHQW

Bombproof Switch Station

Owner United States of America Tax parcel Number 99003038 Area 0.31 acre State Land Use Urban Zoning F-1 60$ Included Historic Preservation 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0RQXPHQW

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 359

CATALYTIC SITE #3: Historic Hydrology and Cultural Land Use Based on a series of historic maps in the vicinity of catalytic site #3, this and the following page of the report reveal WKH VLJQLÀFDQW FKDQJHV LQ VKRUHOLQH FRQGLWLRQV RYHU WKH FRXUVH RI WKH SDVW FHQWXU\ Historically, the shoreline of the four-loch Pearl Harbor estuary ZDV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ QXPHURXV WUDGLWLRQDO ÀVKSRQGV ,Q RI WKHVH ÀVKSRQGV ZHUH VWLOO RSHUDWHG FRPPHUFLDOO\ LQ WKH 3HDUO +DUERU DUHD 8S XQWLO WKH V FUDE R\VWHUV VKDUN SDSLR DQG RWKHU ÀVK FDXJKW LQ 3HDUO +DUERU SURYLGHG ORFDO IDPLOLHV ZLWK WKHLU OLYHOLKRRG ,Q WKH V the introduction of invasive red mangrove dramatically changed the shoreline ecology (City and County of Honolulu 'HSDUWPHQW RI 3ODQQLQJ DQG 3HUPLWWLQJ )LVKSRQG UHPRYDO VXEVHTXHQW ÀOO DQG WKH QHJDWLYH HQYLURQPHQWDO LPSDFWV RI VXUURXQGLQJ GHYHORSPHQW FRQWULEXWHG WR VLJQLÀFDQW ZDWHU TXDOLW\ LPSDLUPHQWV LQ WKH HVWXDU\ :LWKLQ WKH ERXQGDULHV RI FDWDO\WLF VLWH H[LVWHG .DKDNXSRKDNX SRQG GHVFULEHG DV D WKUHH DFUH ÀVKSRQG HQFORVHG E\ D IRRW ZDOO RI EDVDOW 7KH SRQG DSSHDUV WR KDYH EHHQ ÀOOHG LQ WKH V DORQJ ZLWK QXPHURXV RWKHU ODQGÀOO DQG VKRUHOLQH DOWHUDWLRQV IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI DQ DFWLYH QDYDO EDVH DQG ODWHU WKH 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO In 1940, dredging to deepen West /RFK (DVW /RFK DQG 0LGGOH /RFK for mooring battleships led to the deposition of dredge material along the Ford Island shoreline, increasing WKH LVODQG LQ VL]H IURP DFUHV WR 441 acres.

In the late 19th century, the Oahu Railway and Land Company constructed a railway serving the transportation needs of the sugar and pineapple plantations, and later the military. Operation ceased in 1971. The rail right-of-way followed the shoreline along the entire length of catalytic site #3. In 1948, the Navy acquired the section of the railway EHWZHHQ :HVW /RFK DQG +ąODZD Landing and terminated train services in order to construct underground fuel lines. The construction of Kamehameha Highway and freeway connector ramps created barriers along the mauka edge of catalytic site #3 that have prevented unhindered pedestrian access to the shore. Large parts of the shoreline and adjacent open spaces, such as Richardson Field, are reserved for military use and further restrict public access.

7KH ÀOOHG DUHDV RI FDWDO\WLF VLWH DUH YXOQHUDEOH WR FRDVWDO KD]DUG WKUHDWV 360 South Shore Project Report

1914

1935

1954

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2017

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 361

CATALYTIC SITE #3: Analysis The following series of analysis maps for catalytic site #3 V\QWKHVL]H DQG LQWHUSUHW LPSRUWDQW GDWD REVHUYDWLRQV and conclusions drawn from the inventory (pp. 43 83) and research (pp. 11 - 37) phases of this study. By highlighting key site opportunities and constraints, these sets of maps aid in the development of both proposed site programming and subsequent proof-of-concept design solutions. Similar in structure to the project research, this analysis summary documentation for catalytic VLWH RUJDQL]HV WKH PDSV DFFRUGLQJ WR the project’s overarching guiding principles and categories of 1) climate-change resilience, 2) ecosystem performance, 3) connectivity, and 4) placemaking. For each of these four categories, the report includes catalytic site #3 analysis maps that highlight selected, project-relevant aspects in their existing and proposed conditions (opportunities and challenges).

7KH ÀUVW Climate-Change Resilience map (pp. 364 367) focuses on the site’s man-made hydrology, as well as conventional water-related infrastructural systems, and 3 feet and 6 feet of sea level rise. The subsequent “Climate-change Resilience: Challenges + Opportunities” map shows the extent of projected inundation associated ZLWK VHD OHYHO ULVH DQG ÁRRG HYHQWV DV ZHOO DV WKH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR LPSURYH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DQG ÁRRG FRQWURO at existing stormwater outfalls with treatment wetlands. $UHDV SDUWLFXODUO\ YXOQHUDEOH WR QHDU WHUP PXOWL KD]DUG ÁRRGLQJ LQFOXGH WKH PRXWK RI ¶$LHD 6WUHDP SDUWV RI ¶$LHD %D\ 6WDWH 5HFUHDWLRQ $UHD DQG ODUJH SRUWLRQV RI +ąODZD /DQGLQJ LQFOXGLQJ WKH 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO Visitor Center and surrounding facilities and memorial gardens. In the long-term, when sea levels rise to 6 feet DERYH FXUUHQW 0++: WKH HQWLUH ORZHU SDUW RI FDWDO\WLF VLWH ZLOO EH KHDYLO\ DIIHFWHG E\ FRDVWDO ÁRRGLQJ Stormwater outfalls into ‘Aiea Bay currently discharge untreated, polluted runoff and sediment into the estuary.

The Ecological Performance analysis map (pp. 368 - 369) illustrates the parts of catalytic site #3 that are listed in the National Wetland Inventory and includes LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ H[LVWLQJ PDLQ VSHFLHV IDXQD DQG ÁRUD

and land uses, highlighting wetlands. What used to be a healthy, productive estuary is now a polluted body of water that lacks biodiversity. As indicated in the subsequent challenges and opportunities map (pp.

370 - 371), removing overgrown invasive species, such as mangrove, and replacing those habitats with more 362 South Shore Project Report

diverse coastal green spaces and wetlands improves environmental quality and increases ecosystem performance and coastal resilience.

Ecological linkages along stream corridors connect coastal ecosystems with mauka open spaces. Layered living shoreline systems act as absorptive, “soft” defense PHFKDQLVPV DJDLQVW ÁRRGLQJ SURYLGH FULWLFDO KDELWDW while improving water quality and expanding open space, as well as access to freshwater, brackish water, and saltwater. With the return of more performative wetland area, the opportunity to support native species and local, traditional bio-cultural practices of food production increases the area’s overall resiliency—climate-related, ecological, and social.

The Connectivity map (pp. 372 - 373) reveals that large portions of catalytic site #3 are currently vastly XQGHUXWLOL]HG DQG KHDYLO\ LPSDFWHG E\ EDUULHUV WKDW prevent access and connectivity, such as Kamehameha Highway and areas of military land that are inaccessible WR WKH SXEOLF DQG LQWHUUXSW PRYHPHQW ÁRZV WR DQG DORQJ the water (see above). The Pearl Harbor memorial area DQG DGMDFHQW ORZ O\LQJ ÁDWV DUH GRPLQDWHG E\ ODUJH unattractive, hot, and impervious surface parking lots WKDW SULRULWL]H DXWRPRELOHV RYHU SHGHVWULDQV 7KH 3HDUO Harbor Historic Trail ends abruptly. With the start of rail operations and the upcoming redevelopment of 72' DUHDV DURXQG $ORKD 6WDGLXP DQG +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ tremendous opportunities exists to provide public access to and along the shoreline and facilitate walkability and multi-modal, non-automobile connectivity in the area.

Lastly, the Placemaking-themed analysis maps (pp.

376 - 380) focus on cultural aspects and people-centric amenities and uses such as gathering places, landmarks, destinations, and views. The main destination within catalytic site #3 is the Pearl Harbor memorial, the most visited tourist attraction on the island. ‘Aiea Bay state SDUN LV XQGHUXWLOL]HG GXH WR ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DQG DFFHVV SUREOHPV $GMDFHQW WUDIÀF DQG XWLOLW\ LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV dominate the character of the area. Catalytic site #3 provides numerous placemaking and cultural restoration opportunities. A redesigned memorial could serve as a PRGHO RI DQ DGDSWLYH ÁRRG UHVLOLHQW FRDVWDO DWWUDFWLRQ Opening up military facilities would provide space for multi-faceted public amenities that allow for waterfront access, highlight the history and ecology of the area, and provide ecological, social, and recreational services.

This section includes the following catalytic site #3 analysis drawings: Analysis plans • Climate-change Resilience: existing conditions • Climate-change Resilience: challenges + opportunities • Ecological Performance: existing conditions • Ecological Performance: challenges + opportunities • Connectivity (non-automobile circulation): existing conditions • Connectivity (non-automobile circulation): challenges + opportunities • Placemaking: existing conditions • Placemaking: challenges + opportunities

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University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 363

Board of Water Supply facilities HECO sub-stations facilities 3ft sea level rise 6ft sea level rise \HDU ÁRRG 86$&(

stormwater conduit stormwater structure sewer main sewer manhole

Climate-change Resilience South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

~15%

of the site will be inundated with a 3-ft sea level rise.

~52%

of the site will be inundated with a 6-ft sea level rise. stormwater outlets into Pearl Harbor/Aiea Bay

Climate-change Resilience: Challenges + Opportunities South Shore Project Report

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University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

Estuarine and Marine Wetland, E2SS3N National Wetland Inventory (NWI)

Estuarine and Marine Wetland, E2SS3N National Wetland Inventory (NWI)

Parts of Catalytic Site #3 fall within the Pearl Harbor estuary ecosystem. Native aquatic and littoral species have been KHDYLO\ LPSDFWHG E\ GUHGJLQJ DQG ÀOOLQJ LQ WKH DUHD DV ZHOO as the introduction of invasive species, particularly red mangrove. Although several coastal wetland areas exist, urban stormwater runoff and invasive red mangroves currently impair water quality (sluggish, turbid conditions) DQG LQFUHDVH WKH ULVN RI ÁRRGLQJ QHJDWLYHO\ LPSDFWLQJ ecosystem performance. The existing terrestrial open spaces lack in biodiversity and ecological linkages.

Estuarine and Marine Wetland, E2ABM National Wetland Inventory (NWI)

Estuarine and Marine Wetland, E2AB/USM National Wetland Inventory (NWI)

Estuarine and Marine Wetland, E2ABM National Wetland Inventory (NWI)

terrestrial habitat amphibious habitat aquatic habitat

Ecological Performance South Shore Project Report

Freshwater Emergent Wetland, PEM1A National Wetland Inventory (NWI)

Existing Species

Fauna

Native Hawaiian stilt (endangered) Hawaiian duck Black-crowned night heron 3DFLÀF JROGHQ SORYHU Sanderling Black-bellied plover Ruddy turnstone Wandering tattler Non-native Numerous species, including 0RQJRRVH Various bird species Dogs, cats Rodents

Flora Native 0LOR Akulikuli Seaside heliotrope Native Hawaiian sea grass Non-native Red mangrove Red algae (two species)

Aquatic Fauna Native +DZDLLDQ ÁDJWDLO 0XOOHW Coral Crabs Oysters Non-native *ROG VSRW VDUGLQH Orange keyhole sponge 6QRZÁDNH RFWRFRUDO Caribbean barnacle Asia stomatopod &RORQLDO EU\R]RDQ Fan-worms

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Soften the edge between land and water; create living shoreline Expand the areas of diverse habitat, increase biodiversity Take advantage of the large continuous green space Create better ecological corridors and linkages Remove invasive species as feasible and introduce more native/ non-invasive species &UHDWH QHDU VKRUH PXGÁDW KDELWDW DQG FRDVWDO ZHWODQG KDELWDW VXLWDEOH IRU ZDWHU VKRUHELUGV Improve water quality with green infrastructure

Ecological Performance: Challenges + Opportunities South Shore Project Report

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rail station bike path bike lane bike route bus stop bus route

Connectivity (non-automobile) South Shore Project Report

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University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

Continuous public shoreline access

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connection improvement opportunities

Connectivity: Challenges + Opportunities South Shore Project Report

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University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

large green spaces P

public / open / recreation spaces

D

destinations

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schools

C

cultural sites

Placemaking South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

P

Waterfr

+ + + + + +

A place where the local community and tourists can coexist Create a 21st-century memorial experience capable of adapting to FRDVWDO KD]DUGV Create a continuous, publicly accessible waterfront promenade Improve connections to transit options, mixed-use development, open space, and recreation 0DLQWDLQ DQG FUHDWH QHZ ZDWHUIURQW GHVWLQDWLRQV Increase the diversity of placemaking opportunities to support social, cultural, and recreational services new destinations

Placemaking: Challenges + Opportunities South Shore Project Report

Ferry stop Environmental Education Center Memorial Outlook

State park entry

Park water access

State park wetland walk

State park entry

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ront hub

Rail + overpass (mixed-use TOD development) Harbor + public water access

Memorial + public open space

Memorial Transit Hub Memorial Visitor Center

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

CATALYTIC SITE #3: Program The following proof-of-concept program plans and distribution diagrams for catalytic site #3 begin to reveal the proposed evolution of the site from its existing conditions at current sea level, followed by a near-term design scenario that accommodates a 3-foot sea level rise (expected around mid-century), and proposed longterm interventions that accommodate a 6-foot sea level rise (expected around the end of the century).

memorial, a series of coastal wetlands that facilitate water quality improvements by treating polluted runoff from adjacent urban areas prior to discharging to the estuary, and additional habitat for native wetland VSHFLHV 7KHVH ZHWODQGV DQG WKH SKDVH RQH ÀVKSRQG become integral parts of a layered and climate-resilient living shoreline system that anticipates sea level rise and LQLWLDO ÁRRG DGDSWDWLRQ

The existing site consists of ‘Aiea Bay State Recreation Area, a four-acre state park, ‘Aiea Stream where it enters the bay, portions of Joint Base Hickam-Pearl Harbor, including the restricted-access 25-acre Richardson Field and Richardson Recreation Center, the military-only 5DLQERZ %D\ 0DULQD ZLWK SDYLOLRQ ZDWHUIURQW DUHD WKH IHQFHG &RPPDQGHU RI WKH 8 6 3DFLÀF )OHHW %RDWKRXVH WKH DSSUR[LPDWHO\ DFUH +ąODZD /DQGLQJ VHFWLRQ RI WKH 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO DQG WKH 3HDUO Harbor Historic Sites Visitor Center (jointly administered by the U.S. Navy and National Park Service), large areas RI VXUIDFH SDUNLQJ DV ZHOO DV WKH PRXWK RI +ąODZD Stream. The Pearl Harbor Bike Path and Pearl Harbor Historic Trail traverse through ‘Aiea Bay State Recreation Area and terminate at the boathouse’s northern fence line. Adjacent to catalytic site #3 runs the multi-lane Kamehameha Highway, a main thoroughfare, as well as the HART rail guideway, which is currently under construction

The long-term program proposes further strengthening of the site’s new living shoreline to accommodate six feet of sea level rise, anticipated around the end of the century. As water quality improves over time through a combination of nearshore treatment wetlands and XSVWUHDP JUHHQ VWRUPZDWHU LQIUDVWUXFWXUH UHWURÀWV WKH potential for restoring aquaculture to the Pearl Harbor HVWXDU\ WDNHV WKH IRUP RI PRGHUQ GD\ ÀVK DQG VKULPS ponds (in the location of the former Kahakupohaku pond). These layered and biodiverse coastal ecosystems act as absorptive, “soft” defense mechanisms against ÁRRGLQJ SURYLGH FULWLFDO KDELWDW LPSURYH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ and expand open space, while supporting native species and bio-cultural practices of food production that used WR FKDUDFWHUL]H WKH DUHD ,Q WKLV FRQFHSWXDO ORQJ WHUP VFHQDULR WKH SKDVHG UHGHVLJQ RI WKH +ąODZD /DQGLQJ part of Pearl Harbor National memorial results in a model ÁRRG UHVLOLHQW DQG DGDSWLYH FRDVWDO WRXULVW DWWUDFWLRQ

7KH QHDU WHUP SURJUDP YLVXDOL]HG RQ SS below) proposes to provide continuous public access to and along the shore by opening all currently restrictedaccess military facilities to the public and relocating the boathouse to Ford Island. The proposed south shore promenade, consisting of an upper and lower branch, connects to the Pearl Harbor Historic Trail and provides pedestrian and bicycle access to new recreational and cultural amenities along the shore—continuing all the ZD\ WR WKH +ąODZD /DQGLQJ SRUWLRQ RI WKH 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO 7KH SURJUDP IXUWKHU LQFOXGHV D SURSRVHG VKXWWOH FRQQHFWLRQ IURP +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ WR D memorial transit hub, located at the new entrance to the Pearl Harbor visitor center. A pedestrian friendly at-grade FURVVLQJ DQG UDLO RYHUSDVV FRQQHFW WR +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ Aloha Stadium, and the adjacent TOD development.

The near-term program for the low-lying portions of site #3 includes reshaping the shoreline to accommodate SKDVH RQH RI D UH GHVLJQHG ÁRRG UHVLOLHQW 3HDUO +DUERU 380 South Shore Project Report

The quantitative distribution diagrams (pages 388 - 389) RUJDQL]H ODQG XVH DQG VLWH SURJUDP HOHPHQWV WR VKRZ evolution over time from existing site conditions, through near-term interventions (3-foot SLR), and ultimately at the long-term proposal (6-foot SLR). The colors and textures of the diagram relate to the overarching project categories of climate-change resilience (blue), ecosystem performance (green), connectivity (pink), and placemaking (yellow). As can be expected, the GLYHUVLW\ RI ODQG XVH LQWHQVLÀHV RYHU WLPH WR LQFUHDVH climate resilience and ecosystem performance while supporting greater opportunities for connectivity and placemaking. Impervious parking surfaces shrink VLJQLÀFDQWO\ RYHU WLPH VXSSRUWHG E\ LQFUHDVHV LQ SXEOLF transportation and walkability. Water quality and habitat biodiversity improve with an increase in wetland area.

Opportunities for walking and bicycling increase over time with additional, connected promenades and paths.

Recreational and social gathering spaces also expand VLJQLÀFDQWO\ VXSSRUWLQJ RXWGRRU UHFUHDWLRQ ZDWHU EDVHG activities and social and cultural resiliency.

This report section includes the following program diagrams: Program plans • ([LVWLQJ VLWH HOHPHQWV SDWKV DQG SURJUDPV DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• Proposed near-term site program elements (3-ft SLR scenario) • Proposed long-term site program elements (6-ft SLR scenario) 3URJUDP GLDJUDPV GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG TXDQWLÀFDWLRQ

• %DVLF H[LVWLQJ VLWH SURJUDPV E\ FDWHJRULHV DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• Proposed near-term site programs by categories (3-ft SLR scenario) • Proposed long-term site program by categories (6-ft SLR scenario)

Long term +6ft Near term +3ft ([LVWLQJ IW 0++:

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 381

Existing Program

0HPRULDO SDUNLQJ ORW 0HPRULDO ZDON RXWORRN

Private marina Restaurant

0HPRULDO IDFLOLW\ and open space

Boat tour dock

Narrow sidewalk 0HPRULDO SDUNLQJ ORW Private pool building Parking lot South Shore Project Report

Pearl Harbor bike path State park amenities + parking lot Open space

Private boat dock + launch Boat storage

Pavilion Boathouse

Overgrown area

Private drive access Slope with invasive vegetation Private open space

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

Near-term Program

Existing memorial facility

Public water access

0HPRULDO ZDON RXWORRN

Harbor

Existing memorial facility + open space

Light structure parking

Boat tour dock

Stormwater treatment wetland

0HPRULDO DQG SXEOLF RSHQ VSDFH

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South Shore Project Report

0HPRULDO WUDQVLW KXE

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State park entry + water access Elevated landform

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State park entry

Planted slope Open space

Upper + Lower South Shore Promenade

0HPRULDO WUDQVLW KXE UDLO RYHUSDVV and pedestrian-friendly crossing University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

Long-term Program

Ferry stop Wetland education center

Public water access

0HPRULDO ZDON RXWORRN

Harbor

0HPRULDO IDFLOLW\ and open space

Light structure parking

Stormwater treatment wetland

0HPRULDO DQG SXEOLF RSHQ VSDFH 0HPRULDO YLVLWRU FHQWHU SDUNLQJ 0HPRULDO YLVLWRU SOD]D YLHZLQJ S

South Shore Project Report

0HPRULDO WUDQVLW KXE

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State park entry + water access Stormwater treatment wetland

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State park entry

Planted slope Open space

Upper + Lower South Shore Promenade

0HPRULDO WUDQVLW KXE UDLO RYHUSDVV and pedestrian-friendly crossing University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

South Shore Project Report

CATALYTIC SITE #3: Plan Overview The complete set of catalytic site #3 proof-of-concept design illustrations featured in this report include overall site plans, transect drawings (wide, isometric cross VHFWLRQV ]RRPHG LQ VHFWLRQ SHUVSHFWLYH GUDZLQJV DV well as perspective bird’s-eye view renderings of the overall site. For all of the drawing types listed above, the study includes sets of sequential representations RI H[LVWLQJ FXUUHQW 0++: SURSRVHG QHDU WHUP foot SLR scenario), and proposed long-term (6-foot SLR scenario) conditions. A set of two illustrative eye-level SHUVSHFWLYH YLHZV IXUWKHU YLVXDOL]HV KRZ IXWXUH XVHUV would experience the proposed long-term design vision for catalytic site #3. The transect and section perspective ORFDWLRQV ]RRP LQ WR LPSRUWDQW DVSHFWV RI WKH RYHUDOO FDWDO\WLF VLWH GHVLJQ WKDW KLJKOLJKW VLJQLÀFDQW LQVWDQFHV of coastal resilience accommodations, such as edge conditions or transitions from land to water—typical solutions that might also be applicable to other parts of the overall project area. These sets of conceptual drawings illustrate the design application of criteria and concepts that evolved from the research, analysis, and programming phases of the project (above).

Existing Plan In its current condition catalytic site #3 includes the 4-acre ‘Aiea Bay State Recreation Area, the restrictedaccess military areas of the 25-acre Richardson Field and Recreation Center, Boathouse site, and Rainbow Bay 0DULQD ZDWHUIURQW WKH DSSUR[LPDWHO\ DFUH +ąODZD /DQGLQJ VHFWLRQ RI WKH 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO including the Pearl Harbor Historic Sites Visitor Center; and several large surface parking lots and streets.

Kamehameha Highway forms the site’s mauka boundary.

The site lacks severely in connectivity, resilience, ecological performance, water quality, and access. Large SRUWLRQV RI LW DUH LQDFFHVVLEOH DQG YDVWO\ XQGHUXWLOL]HG Parts of catalytic site #3 are heavily dominated by adjacent automobile and utility infrastructures, fencing, and warning signs.

Near-term Plan The near-term proof-of-concept design of catalytic site #3 seeks to incorporate concepts and program elements related to climate-crisis resilience, ecosystem performance, connectivity, and placemaking/culture in a balanced way, with the intent to create a recreational, ecologically performative, and connected living shoreline landscape capable of adapting to future dynamic 390 South Shore Project Report

conditions. The proposed south shore promenade connects the Pearl Harbor memorial and visitor center ZLWK +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ DQG WKH UHGHVLJQHG ¶$LHD %D\ State Recreation Area. Continuous public shoreline access along and across catalytic site #3 will greatly improve connections between parks, water access points, regional attractions, historic sites, as well as ecological priority and restoration areas along the historic rail corridor. The proposal incorporates a safe at-grade intersection and a pedestrian-bicycle overpass DFURVV .DPHKDPHKD +LJKZD\ WR +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ $ORKD Stadium, and the planned TOD neighborhood. New and redesigned pathways and lookout platforms allow for easy access and views along the vegetated slope between Kamehameha Highway, the upper recreational ]RQHV DQG WKH ZDWHUIURQW 7KLV SURSRVDO DUJXHV IRU D conversion of Richardson Field into a widely accessible, active, multi-use recreational public open space amenity that is no longer reserved for the military but serves visitors and residents alike. The dilapidated Richardson Recreation Center Pool Complex is removed.

0DQ\ RI WKH ORZ O\LQJ SRUWLRQV RI FDWDO\WLF VLWH ZHUH FRQVWUXFWHG RQ ODQGÀOO DQG DUH KLJKO\ VXVFHSWLEOH WR ÁRRGLQJ $V LOOXVWUDWHG LQ WKH QHDU WHUP DQG ORQJ WHUP plans below, this speculative proof-of-concept design proposes retreating the shoreline, removing parts of the ÀOO HOHYDWLQJ RWKHU SDUWV DQG VRIWHQLQJ DQG YHJHWDWLQJ land-water edges. The proposal transforms the current SULYDWH DFFHVV 5DLQERZ %D\ 0DULQD LQWR DQ DFWLYH SXEOLF waterfront for residents of abutting neighborhoods, Pearl Harbor memorial visitors, as well as Pearl Harbor bike path and south shore promenade users.

Long-term Plan The long-term proof-of-concept design of catalytic site #3 VHDPOHVVO\ EXLOGV XSRQ WKH ÀUVW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ SKDVH As mentioned in the site overview section above, the Pearl Harbor shoreline historically housed numerous ÀVKSRQGV 7KH GHVLJQ IRU FDWDO\WLF VLWH DLPV WR UHYLYH and reinterpret some of the Hawaiian biocultural landwater practices that were largely lost in the area over the FRXUVH RI WKH SDVW FHQWXU\ 7KH SURSRVHG ÀVK DQG VKULPS ponds are inspired by the ancient Kahakupohaku pond. A VHULHV RI UHLQWURGXFHG FRDVWDO ZHWODQGV ZLOO VLJQLÀFDQWO\ contribute to enhancing the redesigned waterfront’s biodiversity and improving water quality. Large-scale green infrastructure provides ecosystem services and contributes to re-establishing biodiversity and resilience.

This report section features the following proof-of-concept design drawings: Overall plans • &DWDO\WLF 6LWH ² H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• Catalytic Site #3 – proposed near-term proof-of-concept design (3-ft SLR scenario) • Catalytic Site #3 – proposed long-term proof-of-concept design (6-ft SLR scenario)

Catalytic Site #3

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 391

&203$&)/7 Boatho (not publicly accessi

Ai Rainbow Bay facilities (not publicly accessible)

Restaurant

Ford Island Bridge

866 %RZÀQ 6XEPDULQH

Pearl Harbor Visitor Center 866 $UL]RQD 0HPRULDO

Existing Plan

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University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

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Stormwater treatment wetland

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

Fishp Ai Fish and shrimp ponds Waterfront hub Boat ramp Public marina 1HZ %RZÀQ 0XVHXP Pearl Harbor Ferry and boat tours Ford Island Bridge

3HDUO +DUERU 0HPRULDO faciliy and lookout Wetland

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Long-term Plan

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Stormwater treatment wetland

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

CATALYTIC SITE #3: Transects When using the term “transect,” this report refers to wide, isometric cross-sectional design drawings. These types of illustrative graphics allow for the effective two-dimensional representation of complex spatial FRQÀJXUDWLRQV DQG ZDWHU OHYHOV UHODWLYH WR VXUURXQGLQJ built structures and ground conditions. The transect locations selected for catalytic site #3 focus on important IHDWXUHV RI WKH SURRI RI FRQFHSW SODQV 7KH\ YLVXDOL]H edge conditions or land-water transitions—featuring typical design solutions that are also applicable in other parts of the overall project area.

The following three transect studies for catalytic site #3 demonstrate site programmatic and design changes in more detail over the various periods of time: existing FXUUHQW VHD OHYHO DW 0++: QHDU WHUP IRRW 6/5 scenario), and long term (6-foot SLR scenario).

The speculative Pearl Harbor National Memorial transect study reveals the evolution of the current automobileFHQWHUHG +ąODZD /DQGLQJ DUHD LQWR D FOLPDWH UHVLOLHQW ecologically performative, and memorable waterfront memorial experience that provides a new sense of arrival DQG SULRULWL]HV WKH SHGHVWULDQ A series of unsightly, sun-exposed, and impervious VXUIDFH SDUNLQJ ORWV³XQZRUWK\ RI D ÀUVW LPSUHVVLRQ upon arrival at the most-visited and solemn tourist destination on Oahu—are converted into a vibrant and ÁRRGDEOH PHPRULDO ODQGVFDSH WUDYHUVHG E\ WKH VRXWK shore promenade. Visitors who arrive by rail reach the memorial via a short tram ride along the makai side of Kamehameha Highway. They begin their memorial MRXUQH\ DW WKH QHZ XSSHU OHYHO YLVLWRU SOD]D DQG YLHZLQJ platform, which leads guests to the re-located multilevel memorial visitor center and café. A two-story parking structure, integrated into the bluff between .DPHKDPHKD +LJKZD\ DQG +ąODZD /DQGLQJ SURYLGHV OLPLWHG YLVLWRU SDUNLQJ 2YHUÁRZ SDUNLQJ IRU WKRVH ZKR wish to drive will be available near Aloha Stadium and +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ (OHYDWRUV SURYLGH $'$ DFFHVV WR WKH coastal parts of the memorial.

7KH UHGHVLJQHG DXWRPRELOH IUHH +ąODZD /DQGLQJ memorial landscape consists of islands that are nestled between coastal wetlands and accessed via a series of elevated boardwalks, hovering above the water and protecting the evolving, biodiverse living shoreline habitat from human disturbance. The memorial islands 398 South Shore Project Report

with their vegetated, soft edges provide space for viewing platforms, shade structures, educational exhibits and signage, gathering and viewing spaces, as well as redesigned museum facilities and a ferry dock.

The +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ DQG :DWHUIURQW +XE transect reveals WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR UHYLWDOL]H DQG UHVWRUH SXEOLF DFFHVV WR WKH FXUUHQWO\ XQGHUXWLOL]HG PLOLWDU\ RQO\ 5LFKDUGVRQ )LHOG DQG 5DLQERZ %D\ 0DULQD IDFLOLWLHV $VSKDOW surfaces that service restricted areas become green and shaded public open space amenities for visitors and residents. The south shore promenade and a series of other pathways provide unhindered pedestrian and bicycle access to and along the shore. A new public park frames a community waterfront hub that activates the proposed public shore with food vendors, market stalls, DQG ÁH[LEOH HYHQW DQG JDWKHULQJ VSDFHV (DVLO\ DFFHVVLEOH IURP +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ WKH VRXWK VKRUH promenade, and Pearl Harbor Historic Trail, Richardson Field becomes an active, multi-use recreational public open space amenity that is no longer reserved for the military. Along with the redesigned and activated shoreline, it provides recreational, gathering, and cultural opportunities for memorial and stadium visitors, waterfront users who arrive by train or ferry, as well as residents of the existing and planned neighborhoods across Kamehameha Highway. New and redesigned pathways and viewing platforms allow for easy and varied access along the vegetated slope between the XSSHU UHFUHDWLRQDO ]RQHV DQG WKH ORZHU ZDWHUIURQW The ¶$LHD %D\ 6WDWH 5HFUHDWLRQ $UHD transect illustrates WKH HYROXWLRQ RI D FXUUHQWO\ XQGHUXWLOL]HG ÁRRG SURQH and neglected waterfront park—impacted by polluted UXQRII DQG DGMDFHQW WUDIÀF DQG XWLOLW\ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH³LQWR an ecological and recreational wetland park with multiple transit options and other types of destinations in close SUR[LPLW\ 7KH SURSRVHG VKRUHOLQH PRGLÀFDWLRQV UHVWRUH HFRV\VWHP SHUIRUPDQFH DQG DFFRPPRGDWH ÁRRGLQJ and sea level rise. Removal of invasive mangroves and construction of treatment wetlands that capture the runoff and sediment from storm sewer outfalls and ‘Aiea stream improve water quality in the estuary. Elevated ERDUGZDONV DOORZ YLVLWRUV WR VDIHO\ H[SORUH WKH ÁRUD DQG IDXQD RI WKH QHZ ZHWODQGV PXGÁDWV DQG ¶$LHD %D\ without disturbing wildlife. The redesigned park increases the shoreline’s climate resilience, access, connectivity, and provides new recreational opportunities.

This report section includes the following speculative proof-of-concept design drawings: 6LWH WUDQVHFWV [6] • 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO WUDQVHFW ² H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO WUDQVHFW ² SURSRVHG QHDU WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

• 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO WUDQVHFW ² SURSRVHG ORQJ WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

[7] • +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ DQG :DWHUIURQW +XE WUDQVHFW ² H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ DQG :DWHUIURQW +XE WUDQVHFW ² SURSRVHG QHDU WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

• +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ DQG :DWHUIURQW +XE WUDQVHFW ² SURSRVHG ORQJ WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

[8] • ¶$LHD %D\ 6WDWH 5HFUHDWLRQ $UHD WUDQVHFW ² H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• ‘Aiea Bay State Recreation Area transect – proposed near-term proof-of-concept design (3-ft SLR) • ‘Aiea Bay State Recreation Area transect – proposed long-term proof-of-concept design (6-ft SLR)

[8]

Catalytic Site #3

[7]

[6]

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 399

[Transect 6] Existing: Pearl Harbor National Memorial • $XWRPRELOH FHQWHUHG +ąODZD /DQGLQJ DUHD FKDUDFWHUL]HG by surface parking lots • Poor sense of arrival at a solemn memorial and the mostvisited tourist destination on Oahu • +LJK SHUFHQWDJH RI LPSHUPHDEOH DQG ORZ O\LQJ ÁRRG prone surfaces

+ąODZD /DQGLQJ VXUIDFH SDUNLQJ ORWV

South Shore Project Report

0 10

ft

Elevated rail guideway Townbound lanes of Kamehameha Hwy

Surface parking

3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO visitor center entrance

0HPRULDO JURXQGV

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Transect 6] Near term: Pearl Harbor National Memorial • Climate-resilient, ecologically performative waterfront • New memorial entrance promotes multi-modal circulation, SULRULWL]HV WKH SHGHVWULDQ DQG SURYLGHV DQ DSSURSULDWH sense of arrival

0HPRULDO YLVLWRU FHQWHU

• 0HPRULDO MRXUQH\ EHJLQV DW XSSHU OHYHO DUULYDO SOD]D DQG viewing platform, leading to multi-level visitor center and café • Living shoreline islands, nestled between coastal wetlands, accessed via elevated boardwalks, house viewing platforms, gathering places, and museum facilities

0HPRULDO FDIH

Floodable memorial landscape

Existing museum facility

South Shore Project Report

0 10

ft

Elevated rail guideway

Townbound lanes of Kamehameha Hwy

0HPRULDO YLVLWRU SOD]D and viewing platform

Parking structure South Shore Promenade

5HGHVLJQHG +ąODZD /DQGLQJ PHPRULDO JURXQGV

Elevated boardwalks

Viewing platform

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Transect 6] Long term: Pearl Harbor National Memorial • Climate-resilient, adaptive, and ecologically performative waterfront landscape accommodating 6ft seal level rise • Upper memorial entrance promotes multi-modal access, SULRULWL]HV WKH SHGHVWULDQ DQG SURYLGHV D VHQVH RI DUULYDO

0HPRULDO YLVLWRU FHQWHU

• 0HPRULDO LQFOXGHV XSSHU OHYHO DUULYDO SOD]D PXOWL OHYHO YLVLWRU FHQWHU DQG FDIp DQG ORZHU OHYHO +ąODZD /DQGLQJ memorial grounds and museum facilities • Living shoreline islands, nestled between coastal wetlands, accessed via elevated boardwalks, house viewing platforms, shady gathering places, and museum facilities

0HPRULDO FDIH

Wetlands (living shoreline)

Redesigned museum facility

South Shore Project Report

0 10

ft

Elevated rail guideway

Townbound lanes of Kamehameha Hwy

0HPRULDO YLVLWRU SOD]D and viewing platform

Parking structure South Shore Promenade

5HGHVLJQHG +ąODZD /DQGLQJ PHPRULDO JURXQGV

Elevated boardwalks

Viewing platform

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

>7UDQVHFW @ ([LVWLQJ +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ DQG :DWHUIURQW +XE • Inaccessible, military-only Richardson Field and Rainbow %D\ 0DULQD IDFLOLWLHV FUHDWH EDUULHUV DQG OLPLW FRQQHFWLYLW\ • Limited public waterfront access along and to the shore • Large, impervious asphalt surfaces shed polluted runoff and limit use and biodiversity

Impervious surfaces (parking)

5DLQERZ %D\ 0DULQD )DFLOLWLHV (not publicly accessible)

South Shore Project Report

0 10

ft

+ąODZD 6WDWLRQ

Kamehameha Hwy

Richardson Field south side (not publicly accessible)

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

>7UDQVHFW @ 1HDU WHUP +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ DQG :DWHUIURQW +XE • Richardson Field converted into public, multi-use park • 5DLQERZ %D\ 0DULQD FRQYHUWHG LQWR SXEOLF ZDWHUIURQW SDUN and community hub with food vendors, market stalls, and ÁH[LEOH JDWKHULQJ VSDFHV • South shore promenade and other new pathways provide unhindered pedestrian and bicycle access to and along the shore • 9HJHWDWHG VKRUHOLQH DQG ÁRRGDEOH JUHHQ VSDFHV SURPRWH climate resilience and ecosystem services

Path to pedestrian overpass

South Shore Promenade

Community Waterfront Hub

Living shoreline

South Shore Project Report

0 10

ft

+ąODZD 6WDWLRQ

Kamehameha Hwy

Public park

South Shore Promenade

Food vendors and market stalls

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

>7UDQVHFW @ /RQJ WHUP +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ DQG :DWHUIURQW +XE • Upper-level public, multi-use park serves TOD development • Waterfront park and community hub provide recreational and cultural opportunities and activate the area with food YHQGRUV PDUNHW VWDOOV DQG ÁH[LEOH JDWKHULQJ VSDFHV • South shore promenade, viewing platforms, and ramps provide unhindered pedestrian and bicycle access to and along the shore and across Kamehameha Highway • 9HJHWDWHG µVRIWµ VKRUHOLQH DQG ÁRRGDEOH JUHHQ VSDFHV promote climate resilience and ecosystem services

Path to pedestrian overpass

South Shore Promenade

Community Waterfront Hub

Living shoreline

South Shore Project Report

0 10

ft

+ąODZD 6WDWLRQ

Kamehameha Hwy

Public park

South Shore Promenade

Food vendors and market stalls

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Transect 8] Existing: Aiea Bay State Recreation Area • 8QGHUXWLOL]HG ÁRRG SURQH DQG QHJOHFWHG ZDWHUIURQW SDUN • Impacted by polluted runoff, poor water quality, and DGMDFHQW WUDIÀF DQG XWLOLW\ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH Aiea Bay State

• &KDUDFWHUL]HG E\ ODFN RI ELRGLYHUVLW\ DQG LQYDVLYH VSHFLHV

Aiea Bay

South Shore Project Report

0 10

ft

Recreation Area

Elevated rail guideway

Pearl Harbor Bike Path

Aiea Stream mouth

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Transect 8] Near term: Aiea Bay State Recreation Area • 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ LQWR UHFUHDWLRQDO ÁRRG UHVLOLHQW DQG biodiverse ecological wetland park • Wetlands and gradual, vegetated edges restore ecosystem performance and improve water quality in Aiea Bay

Aiea Bay State

• Elevated boardwalks allow visitors to safely explore the QDWLYH ÁRUD DQG IDXQD RI WKH ZHWODQGV PXGÁDWV DQG ‘Aiea Bay without disturbing wildlife • South Shore Promenade connects to Pearl Harbor bike path, historic trail, and nearby transit options and destinations

South Shore Promenade (wetland park branch)

Aiea Wetland Park (living shoreline)

Aiea Bay

South Shore Project Report

0 10

ft

Recreation Area

Elevated rail guideway

Pearl Harbor Bike Path

Aiea Stream mouth

Elevated boardwalks

Aiea Wetland Park

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Transect 8] Long term: Aiea Bay State Recreation Area • Wetland park adapts as sea levels rise and promotes UHFUHDWLRQDO XVHV ÁRRG UHVLOLHQFH DQG ELRGLYHUVLW\ • *UDGXDO YHJHWDWHG HGJHV DQG PDWXULQJ ZHWODQGV SHUIRUP ecologically and continue to improve water quality in bay

Aiea Bay State

• Elevated boardwalks allow park visitors to safely explore WKH HYROYLQJ QDWLYH ÁRUD DQG IDXQD RI WKH ZHWODQGV PXGÁDWV DQG ¶$LHD %D\ ZLWKRXW GLVWXUELQJ ZLOGOLIH • South Shore Promenade connects to Pearl Harbor bike path, historic trail, and nearby transit options and destinations

South Shore Promenade (wetland park branch)

Aiea Wetland Park (living shoreline)

Aiea Bay

South Shore Project Report

0 10

ft

Recreation Area

Elevated rail guideway

Pearl Harbor Bike Path

Aiea Stream mouth

Elevated boardwalks

Aiea Wetland Park

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

CATALYTIC SITE #3: Section Perspectives The following section perspective studies provide a sense of the experience in the existing condition that contrasts with the near-term and long-term design proposals within two of the transect study project sites (above): Pearl +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO :DWHUIURQW DQG :DWHUIURQW +XE DW +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ 7KLV LOOXVWUDWLYH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ IRUPDW PLJKW DVVLVW UHSRUW UHDGHUV LQ YLVXDOL]LQJ WKH proposed changes and improvements over time more easily than abstract plan and section drawings. )ROORZLQJ WKH RYHUDUFKLQJ FKURQRORJLFDO RUJDQL]DWLRQDO principle introduced in earlier portions of the study, the section perspective drawings included below represent the envisioned adaptation of the built environment over WLPH LQ WKUHH VWDJHV H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ FXUUHQW 0++:

near term (3-foot SLR scenario), and long term (6-foot SLR scenario).

The section perspective illustrations included in report SDJHV WR ]RRP LQ RQ SDUWV RI WKH IROORZLQJ WZR trans-sectional study sites for catalytic site #3: • Proposed new edge condition along Pearl Harbor 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO ZDWHUIURQW LQ +ąODZD /DQGLQJ DUHD YLHZ RI UH HQYLVLRQHG ÁRRGDEOH PHPRULDO grounds, boardwalks, viewing platforms, museum, and ferry dock) • Edge condition along new community waterfront hub DQG VRXWK VKRUH SURPHQDGH QHDU +ąODZD VWDWLRQ SURSRVHG SURPHQDGH ÁH[LEOH JDWKHULQJ VSDFHV food vendors, market stalls, and living shoreline) The locator plan diagram included on the opposite page highlights the section perspective drawing locations and view directions in magenta.

The set of Pearl Harbor National Memorial section perspectives for the near-term and long-term phases of project development visually illustrate the envisioned HYROXWLRQ IURP WKH H[LVWLQJ ORZ O\LQJ DQG ÁRRG SURQH memorial ground condition—highly vulnerable to coastal KD]DUGV GXH WR LWV SUR[LPLW\ LQ HOHYDWLRQ WR FXUUHQW 0++: OHYHOV³LQWR D ÁRRG UHVLOLHQW HFRORJLFDOO\ SHUIRUPDWLYH and adaptive waterfront memorial landscape typology that is part of a larger, connected living shoreline system.

7KH UHGHVLJQHG ÁRRGDEOH +ąODZD /DQGLQJ PHPRULDO landscape consists of raised islands, created by UHORFDWLQJ DQG UHVKDSLQJ H[LVWLQJ ÀOO PDWHULDO 7KHVH

418 South Shore Project Report

landforms rise to approximately 12 feet in elevation DERYH FXUUHQW VHD OHYHO DQG DUH QHVWOHG EHWZHHQ PXGÁDW habitats and coastal wetlands. Connected by boardwalks that hover above the water—accommodating varying water levels and protecting the habitats beneath—these living shoreline islands provide the platform for memorial spaces, viewing decks, exhibits and signage, shaded gathering places, and redesigned museum facilities.

As sea levels rise, the long-term section perspective rendering shows the phased development of a proposed new museum structure with adjacent ferry landing, where Pearl Harbor memorial tour boats, commuter ferries, and water taxis arrive. The drawing further illustrates how the landscaped edges of the memorial plinths gradually soften over time—growing more biodiverse and functioning as layers of a larger protective living shoreline and green infrastructure system.

The rendered eye-level view included on report page 434 shows this portion of the memorial from a different angle, looking down to the water from the upper-level HQWUDQFH SOD]D DQG YLHZLQJ SODWIRUP The :DWHUIURQW +XE DW +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ sequence of existing, near-term, and long-term section perspectives included below illustrates the phased development of a SXEOLFO\ LQDFFHVVLEOH DQG XQGHUXWLOL]HG ZDWHUIURQW DUHD into a vibrant and connected resilient shoreline park and community hub. The drawings show how asphalt surfaces are converted into recreational green spaces that promote climate resilience and ecosystem services.

The south shore promenade boardwalk, depicted on the right in the near-term and long-term illustrations below, along with other pathways and ramps, provide pedestrian and bicycle access to and along the shore, connecting the new waterfront hub to the Pearl Harbor Historic Trail and ‘Aiea Bay State Recreation Area to the north, the 3HDUO +DUERU PHPRULDO WR WKH VRXWK DQG +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ and Aloha Stadium, located immediately mauka.

The new public waterfront park and hub activate the area by introducing selected commercial uses, such DV IRRG YHQGRUV DQG PDUNHW VWDOOV DV ZHOO DV ÁH[LEOH multi-purpose gathering and event spaces, providing recreational opportunities and destinations for memorial and stadium visitors, users who arrive by train or ferry, and residents from across Kamehameha Highway.

This section of the report includes the following proof-of-concept design drawings: 6HFWLRQ 3HUVSHFWLYHV [f] • 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO :DWHUIURQW ² H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO :DWHUIURQW ² SURSRVHG QHDU WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

• 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO :DWHUIURQW ² SURSRVHG ORQJ WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

[g] • :DWHUIURQW +XE DW +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ ² H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• :DWHUIURQW +XE DW +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ ² SURSRVHG QHDU WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

• :DWHUIURQW +XE DW +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ ²SURSRVHG ORQJ WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ IW 6/5

Catalytic Site #3 [g]

[f]

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 419

[Section Perspective f] Existing: Pearl Harbor National Memorial South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Section Perspective f] Near term: Pearl Harbor National Memorial South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Section Perspective f] Long term: Pearl Harbor National Memorial South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Section Perspective g] Existing: :DWHUIURQW +XE DW +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Section Perspective g] Near term: :DWHUIURQW +XE DW +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[Section Perspective g] Long term: :DWHUIURQW +XE DW +ąODZD 6WDWLRQ South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

CATALYTIC SITE #3: Eye-Level Renderings The following renderings provide realistic, experiential views of the effective perception of the long-term design vision for catalytic site #3 from a user perspective.

Highlighting increased opportunities for non-automobile connectivity, waterfront access, memorial experience, ODQG DQG ZDWHU EDVHG UHFUHDWLRQ DQG VLJQLÀFDQWO\ LP proved environmental quality and climate resilience, the renderings depict typical uses of the site.

These illustrative representations are meant to assist UHSRUW UHDGHUV DQG WKH JHQHUDO SXEOLF LQ YLVXDOL]LQJ WKH proposed improvements over time and raise awareness RI WKH PXOWLWXGH RI RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG EHQHÀWV LQKHUHQW in implementing multi-purpose living shoreline systems, SLR-adaptation solutions, and continuous waterfront promenades in Honolulu’s primary urban center.

The eye-level views included in report pages 434 to 437 YLVXDOL]H WKH IROORZLQJ FDWDO\WLF VLWH SURMHFW ORFDWLRQV • 5HGHVLJQHG ORZHU +ąODZD /DQGLQJ SRUWLRQ RI 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO DV VHHQ IURP WKH QHZ 9LVLWRU 3OD]D ORFDWHG LQ WKH XSSHU OHYHO HQWUDQFH area • South shore promenade, community hub, and VKULPS DQG ÀVKSRQGV YLHZHG IURP UDPS SDWKZD\ connecting the lower portions of the waterfront with WKH UHGHVLJQHG XSSHU 5LFKDUGVRQ )LHOG +ąODZD Station, and the TOD development surrounding Aloha Stadium The locator plan diagram included on the opposite page highlights the viewer locations and viewshed directions for these eye-level perspective renderings in magenta.

432 South Shore Project Report

This report section includes the following proof-of-concept design drawings: Eye-level renderings • View 8: 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO 9LHZ IURP 9LVLWRU 3OD]D YLVXDOL]LQJ ORQJ WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ (6-ft SLR scenario) • View 9: 3URPHQDGH :DWHUIURQW +XE DQG )LVKSRQGV YLVXDOL]LQJ ORQJ WHUP SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ (6-ft SLR scenario)

Catalytic Site #3 [V9]

[V8]

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 433

[View 8] Pearl Harbor National Memorial View from Visitor Plaza

South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

[View 9] Promenade, Waterfront Hub, and Fishponds

South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

CATALYTIC SITE #3: Bird’s-eye Renderings 7KH IROORZLQJ WKUHH ]RRPHG RXW ELUG·V H\H YLVXDOL]DWLRQV offer a different perspective and overview summary of the design concept for catalytic site #3 and its phasing over WLPH H[LVWLQJ VLWXDWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++: OHYHO IROORZHG by near term proposal (3-foot SLR scenario), and long term proposal (6-foot SLR scenario) in the site’s context.

Areas outside of the scope of the proof-of-concept design for catalytic site #3 are represented grayed out. This set of drawings visually sums up how the proof-of-concept design for catalytic site #3 incorporates key outcomes of the research, analysis, and programming phases (above) and addresses the project’s overall goals and guiding principles.

Climate-Change Resilience The inventory and analysis maps show that parts of FDWDO\WLF VLWH ZLOO VRRQ EH DIIHFWHG E\ ÁRRGLQJ GXH to sea level rise. The proposed proof-of-concept design addresses these and other coastal climate threats by retreating and reshaping the terrain and creating largescale green infrastructure systems, including absorptive coastal green spaces, re-introduced wetlands, and ÀVKSRQGV VXUURXQGHG E\ URFN ZDOO EUHDNZDWHUV Comprised of nature-based solutions, these living VKRUHOLQH RU ´VRIWµ FRDVWDO GHIHQVH V\VWHPV ZLOO VLJQLÀ FDQWO\ FRQWULEXWH WR UHGXFLQJ ÁRRG KD]DUGV LQ WKH DUHD enhancing resilience, and improving the water quality of Pearl Harbor. The long-term proposal demonstrates how climate-resilient coastal adaptation design and ÁRRG FRQWURO FDQ JR KDQG LQ KDQG ZLWK JUHDWO\ LPSURYHG shoreline connectivity, placemaking, and ecosystem EHQHÀWV Ecological Performance 7KH SURSRVHG VHULHV RI FRDVWDO ZHWODQGV PXGÁDWV DQG VKDOORZ ÀVKSRQGV DV ZHOO DV WKH VRIWHQHG YHJHWDWHG

438 South Shore Project Report

edges framing the memorial islands and waterfront hub, SURYLGH FULWLFDO KDELWDW IRU QDWLYH ÁRUD DQG IDXQD OLQN existing habitats along the shore and stream corridors, FRQWULEXWH WR D VLJQLÀFDQW LQFUHDVH LQ HFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV and biodiversity, and improve water quality. They further allow for the site’s adaptation over time by embracing variable and dynamic environmental conditions, such as ÁXFWXDWLQJ ZDWHU OHYHOV UDWKHU WKDQ SUHYHQWLQJ WKHP Connectivity Large portions of catalytic site #3 are currently inaccessible to the public and act as barriers. This proof-ofFRQFHSW SURSRVDO DLPV WR VLJQLÀFDQWO\ LPSURYH PXOWL modal non-automobile connectivity and public shoreline access both parallel and perpendicular to the coast.

The new, continuous south shore promenade allows for uninterrupted public waterfront access and connects WKH 3HDUO +DUERU 1DWLRQDO 0HPRULDO ZLWK ¶$LHD %D\ 6WDWH Recreation Area and the Pearl Harbor Historic Trail. The proposed redesign further improves the vicinity’s multimodal circulation and walkability by connecting the various new and improved public waterfront amenities to the rail and TOD areas across Kamehameha Highway.

Placemaking New and improved destinations, water access, recreation, and gathering places connect to historic sites, highlight WKH DUHD·V EHDXW\ DQG JHQHUDOO\ UHYLWDOL]H FDWDO\WLF VLWH #3. The proposed design incorporates re-envisioned ÀVKSRQGV³D WUDGLWLRQDO ELRFXOWXUDO SUDFWLFH ODUJHO\ ORVW in Pearl Harbor. Reducing pollutant and sediment loads contributes to the re-introduction of black-lipped pearl R\VWHUV RWKHU VKHOOÀVK DQG QDWLYH DTXDWLF VSHFLHV LQ WKH estuary, providing opportunities for cultural celebration and future food gathering, and increasing the site’s climate-related, ecological, and social resilience.

7KLV VHFWLRQ IHDWXUHV WKH IROORZLQJ SURRI RI FRQFHSW GHVLJQ GUDZLQJV ZKLFK VXPPDUL]H WKH GHVLJQ HOHPHQWV WKDW DUH shown in greater detail above: Bird’s-eye renderings • &DWDO\WLF 6LWH ² H[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DW FXUUHQW 0++:

• Catalytic Site #3 – proposed near-term proof-of-concept design (3-ft SLR scenario) • Catalytic Site #3 – proposed long-term proof-of-concept design (6-ft SLR scenario)

Catalytic Site #3

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 439

CATALYTIC SITE #3

[Bird’s-eye] Existing South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

CATALYTIC SITE #3

[Bird’s-eye] Near-term proof-of-concept design (3-ft SLR) South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

CATALYTIC SITE #3

[Bird’s-eye] Long-term proof-of-concept design (6-ft SLR) South Shore Project Report

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center

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446 South Shore Project Report

Sources

University of Hawai‘i Community Design Center 447

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452 South Shore Project Report

Appendix

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