Matthew Needham_Y4 | Unit 14 | Bartlett School of Architecture by UNIT 14

MATTHEW NEEDHAMYEAR 4 @unit14_ucl UNIT Y4 MN

THE LIVERPOOL DOCKS

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THE LIVERPOOL DOCKS

LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND, U.K.

The site is Salisbury Dock, Liverpool. Historically one of Liverpool’s busiest docks, traders would set up stalls here - selling to locals before their import taxes were due. Thus, as an illegal marketplace, those who exchanged here would’ve been gambling their money. Consequently, it became a hub for the working class.

My brief is to design an entrepreneurial trade hub embedded within a robotic greyhound racing stadium on Salisbury Dock. The project aims to regenerate the docking area that has come to ruin, contributing to the UK’s quickly growing tech and robotic AI industry while providing a new resource for Liverpool’s social entertainment market. The historic Victoria Clock Tower that once aided sailors into the port and allowed them to adjust their clocks will now act as the timekeeper for races to begin and end.

The building is crafted around the procession of the race day events. Commencing with weighing and parading the dogs on the ‘dog walk’. Followed by placing bets on the dogs, socialising in the bars/ restaurants and trading robotic parts. The climax of the evening starts when the dogs are set onto the track and the race begins. After the race is over the dogs are auctioned off.

The building’s materiality revolves around the functionality and structuralism of steel and concrete. To support the UK’s declining steel industry, the steel and concrete will be sourced from local manufacturers in Wales and Liverpool.

MATTHEW NEEDHAM YEAR 4

Y4 MN

INTRODUCTION

The building is crafted around the procession of the race day events. Commencing with weighing and parading the dogs on the ‘dog walk’. Followed by placing bets on the dogs, socialising in the bars/restaurants and trading robotic parts. The climax of the evening starts when the dogs are set onto the track and the race begins. After the race is over the dogs are auctioned off.

Brief

A HISTORY OF LIVERPOOL - STEEL AND ENTERTAINMENT

This section explores the site of Liverpool. In recent history there have been 2 main industries that Liverpool is synonymous with: steel and entertainment. Both of which begin to define the brief of this project. Initially researching Liverpool’s long history as a port for the transatlantic slave trade. After, it’s importance in the production of steel for the industrial revolution. Finally, looking at its more recent influence on the entertainment industry and different types of entertainment.

RACING COURSE

The track of the stadium will be integrated into the fabric of the site, including many obstacles that are already on the site such as water and containers.

Areas around the site are due to be redeveloped over the next 20 years with massive investment coming from the Peel L&P Company.

CURRENT TYPOLOGY

The majority of the surrounding area is made up of commercial buildings, factories and warehouses. Some of the older, historic warehouses are being developed into flats.

CONTAINER

As the site has come to ruin it has become a storage facility for corrugated shipping containers.

DOCKING PORTS

The site is part of an intricate system of docks and canals which all connect to each other and historically allowed easy movement of materials by water.

SITE ACCESS

As the site is still part of a mainly commercial district the access routes by road to the site are very good with easy links to the motorway.

SITE STUDY

IDENTIFYING THE SITE The site is situated on Salisbury dock. The building will sit on the North edge of the site, partially over the water. PEEL L&P REGENERATION BRAMLEY MOORE DOCK A project finishing in 2026 currently underway and next door to the site which will re-home Everton football club and become their new stadium. THE RIVER MERSEY An integral part of the site is the River on which it sits, allowing water into and out of the docks. STORAGE

Liverpool is situated on the mouth of the river Mersey, at the point where it meets the busy shipping lanes of the Irish Sea - enabling it to become the north of England’s leading port.

As the city grew, the Dock area of Liverpool became a thriving, bustling focus of mercantile activity and of industrial innovation. From the docks themselves to the warehouses packed with goods, and all of the shipping offices, merchant houses and produce exchanges, new buildings and infrastructure sprang up. Much of that architecture is still visible to this day, as are the grand civic and cultural buildings that were financed by the industrial and maritime activities of the city, and which characterize the diverse St George’s Plateau and William Brown Street Cultural Quarter.

The site is Salisbury Dock, Liverpool. Historically one of Liverpool’s busiest docks, mainly for the working class. Traders would sell here before their import taxes were due. The historic Victoria Clock Tower aided sailors into the port, allowing them to adjust their clocks and provide weather warnings. The site has come to neglect over recent years.

Liverpool was also the centre of a thriving shipbuilding industry, first producing wooden ships, and then converting to iron ships in the middle of the nineteenth century, manufacturing everything from transport vessels to cruise liners.

Liverpool’s industrial heritage also extends to domestic water transport. While railways became the main arteries of industrial England in the second half of the nineteenth century, prior to their development, the canals had been the lifeblood of industry and trade, and Liverpool was at the heart of the innovations that enabled engineers and architects to connect England’s leading towns and cities with the bustling ports that brought foreign goods to English consumers and enabled the export of English products to the growing markets in the Americas and elsewhere.

It was George Blackwell, Sons & Co, based in Liverpool, that created ferrochrome: a ferroalloy of chromium and iron used mainly in the production of stainless steel. This Liverpool company, which also exported a range of other metals and alloys effectively founded the ferrochrome industry, which is today a global business, dominated by the biggest producer of ferrochrome, the Eurasian Resources Group, a thriving modern materials and materials processing company.

The diagram shows a map of Liverpool today (in 2022). The buildings highlighted and the streets named are built by money generated from the slave trade showing how the profit from the slave trade is integrated into Liverpool’s architecture today.

Liverpool is situated on the mouth of the river Mersey, at the point where it meets the busy shipping lanes of the Irish Sea - enabling it to become the north of England’s leading port.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth century, Liverpool was one of the UK’s major hubs for immigration and emigration, for slavery and for trade, between the Americas, Africa and Asia, and a vital part of the trade and military network that helped to sustain and expand the growing British Empire.

As the city grew and trade blossomed, the Dock area of Liverpool became a thriving, bustling focus of mercantile activity and of industrial innovation. From the docks themselves to the warehouses packed with goods, and all of the shipping offices, merchant houses and produce exchanges, new buildings and infrastructure sprang up. Much of that architecture is still visible to this day, as are the grand civic and cultural buildings that were financed by the industrial and maritime activities of the city, and which characterize the diverse St George’s Plateau and William Brown Street Cultural Quarter.

The centerpiece of the maritime industry in Liverpool, and one of the most significant examples of maritime architecture in the world, is Albert Dock. Built in 1841, when the slave trade was thankfully a thing of the past, and Liverpool was at the heart of a rapidly expanding trade network, the Albert Dock was a practical construction, forming the backdrop to the city’s industrial prosperity and a hub through which goods passed between the British Empire and the towns of England.

1.1 LIVERPOOL DOCKS

1949 2018

THE SITE SITE HERITAGE

D 18 2021 02 03 STJAMESST OOKSONST W HA R T E DUNCAN R ET T SAN ST O UPPER REDERI UM S T PW UPPERPITT R L ARR S RE T C o A O G T N E T P h S A T N E C I E L N W B D T E SE LST EET H N Y S R E O E W U NEL ONST E T M A TR T T R E C PT E B K T E T T E S E N D K CHENS REE GIBERTSTREE R E L F R T PW A O ST MESSTREET S SR D K T E T T JORDAN T E NORFO K S RE T S N E K R M A A S D C C a h R L by U BO PL E M UN RE T C E S E O P J R D S R A fo he P e r o m ng L CE P T R N W L A TR U O S LA E S EE R A S L H B H ST G R R T D S N T U E R YS P TR T Y S O O T N T R R B ew e y S D R T A b S W RW CK TR N C A b 2 1 T S A O S D U AN T A P T T W L P R ME T S EE R S B A T T R R L T CK T A M IL ST EE E GR NA Y W M BR D A T E H R PE RY TR ET L C R W M A H H S ta R R S ch H A T N N H S ou h F e r y E R A A Y L T E B W E E A Z D P N V A O N W A C W TR W ST NH P ST EE R U A 7 1 0 8 A561 A 036 E N C M K W a pp ng O STREET A C O Q WNALLST E h b Q N C N L H R E R K L W AR O W W PI G R Q E N WH R M T H E R G T W A H F I E xh b on A C O A T R G K E M A L R H S G M S L P S T BLU DELLSTREET T R T N R HURSTSTREET N N D W A Y H R A M A N S S C WOOD REET T RW BO S REET ALEYSTREET EELS RE T DUKES RE T E N H D ST N SS O E T S N Y W L R B u S a R A TTST O R T SU ST P T E O T O R A S P S S R Y R LVERST P L HA E S T H R Q A E E H H T B A E K R E T E TAB Y REET N E A E E T T R R CORNHL T CA N P AC A U P E D M O A O R L D R E N R T N K S S R E E A T S O D ASTS T HO I T O O FAZAKERL ST N E L S B O N A G A GHF DSTREET D ER R G T G ORGEST D E G o O f ce s W O B I O T R S E T W T R A ORMONDST R T P W T S R G O N A EDMUNDS S A S W K U B XTETHSTRE T R E S S S U W A E O D EEDSSTREET BACK DS H M R O Y 5 A 5 C N S h p T P D R T N W Q AY D A L N Sta M R F y us N A RUM DPL D E TH STR T N L MOO T P COVENTGAR N LA N WATER S RE T U O E O M N S L H S C NA A O LE RD OREE U D P N R T e m na E R T E S M PW A F S S F e ry RA T C O S F 7m A57 m A50 0 6 A5 A5046 B 1 2 5 505 8 R O D T O M A D R P C O G R R GA OYN S TR T N D M E O E O M A b S t S S ch A H S L MAR ON YL R S R O N C E N COC SPUR T U n v H G A R F M R E S A 1 2 C D N H R U A H UE S E L R F E I T H O S A t C e n e H I T D T U n v A O R S M C N T H L D T O NORTHSTREE T O R E A N E E A E by K C S T T H T M E O R V O O U N C R L T A E S E H M E E M T Q PW S T E E C oun R S R E S H E D N E E A C A O W E E T R M S O G R Y R W L R E O R A S L S S A RUEMA STR S S W H O W E E P B T S N A L E A D L N A G a e y K S S L T H O C R H T R U S H C U T A C O ff L O T S O P R S S O S R E A C M S T G S N W H M us R T N C MO S t B A NSWORTH ST S R M T U OP ERA H L L N O H O G E R E A T R R M A T B R DP B A E R W R A ST T A M N S T C BO TON STR ET R R M L E H H WK STR U T ME TR T O E EE T A O R P O U K S h T R N HR S R L H MM R T N N T T N O A M T O ME L M T W M N E N M A 5 O C T C O STREET R M N S E S N S NO TH JO N T AV S EET T S R HOM S T S S N LOWER CA TLE TRE A Sta E E R L D R E E R E E N H E R S E E R H GH E E L O L U T MPLE M M T R T E W T E C NGE REET R C N FFESTREET E C N I A E E R N H C R STAN EY EET E E N HAC NS HEY R H A S J O T CUMB LAND ST T E N E T T A N OGRESS CHEAPS DE S T 1 A5051 D H D N U R H L T R DC OSSST C L GE AN E RO KS L V A D T I E E A G y A R S HO L NE E O E C o OS A S A M us P S P PW E R O B K G S C U U O N R K S c T B R Y TR E M poo u L Sta N N BEN ON TREE BOLDST ET E A M O C E S E P M N T R W E CRO PER STRE C N R G S A E C D OO L T BOLD TREET F ET REET S R S S D E W W S T m03 S S D E S T N E S E O P E PR NG IE D N P E S M S S D O A N B TT B E A H C F S O R T H N W AK F D T S M T E R H F D R C K R B O B W K M S U n v N 01 m 0 A504 A 5038 3 A 3 3 1m518 A 05 1 8m 1 0 7 1 6 7 5 A561 6 A 037 A562 3 B5 A 9 A A 80 8 0 A S h M a s T D W pp ng S t am e s M S t J M t G d M d g C on e o B y V g S o k b S e S p a y R y g Q ue e n D o k C a g P k u M d & S d D Co D oc k D k S M ud & S nd d k Q -W pp g S th B dg W S S y S g B dg W nd u b ne W a pp ng k dg C P M a s C g H M a H y A be tD o D k B D M A S h t C g d B dg C h C D k tt S b P N H n e C P k D o c k D o c k P H C H d Q T M em W M em W M W a M em M H d D k k h d D k M em M e qua J h S t J ohn M e y unne s S h pp g C R gh P C P a k C P k F B M em D e rby S qua e C h P a k C t h C F B S qua re y P B h N G d S a e 1 7 5 0 0 © C d d h 20 1 O d S 1 00 2 2 OR EDUCAT ONAL USE ON Y HISTORY OF LIVERPOOL

Rice, silk, sugar, tobacco Manufacturedgoods, luxuries

Fish,

powder,Rum,iron,guntools

LIVERPOOL TRADE ROUTES

From 1500 to 1900 trading ships set out from the port of Liverpool towards Africa’s west coast. When they arrived they bought people in exchange for goods and loaded them onto the ships. They then sailed across the Atlantic to the Americas. The Africans that survived the journey were sold here and enslaved into labour. From here the ships returned to Liverpool with manufactured goods and luxuries. Through the profit of the slave trade Liverpool developed good transport networks and infrastructure. Canals, roads and railways were built all through the North-West of England to connect Liverpool to regions of Manchester, Lancaster, Sheffield and Leeds.

PORT IN THE TRANSATLANTIC

LIVERPOOL AS A

SLAVE TRADE

flour Enslaved people Guns, iron, cloth, beer Gold, ivory, spices,

Enslaved people, sugar

HISTORY OF STEEL IN THE NORTHWEST - LIVERPOOL

The British share of world production plunged to 29% for pig iron and 22.5% for steel, and little was sent to the U.S. The U.S. was now the world leader and Germany was catching up to Britain. Britain had lost its American market, and was losing its role elsewhere; indeed American products were now underselling British steel in Britain.

The UK is producing 10.4 million tonnes of steel

The steel industry is nationalized. This brought together the UK’s 14 main steel producing companies, putting around 90% of British steel-making into public ownership and allowing the reshaping of the industry after years of insufficient investment.

After reduced demand in the early 1990s, a partial recovery in 1993 and 1994 led to increasing price levels, and British Steel returned to profit.

Britain accounted for 47% of world production of pig iron, a third of which came from the Middlesbrough area and almost 40% of steel. 40% of British output was exported to the U.S., which was rapidly building its rail and industrial infrastructure.

Entrepreneurship was lacking; the government could not persuade the industry to upgrade its steel plants. For generations the industry had followed a patchwork growth pattern which proved inefficient in the face of world competition.

The UK is producing 28.3 million tonnes of steel

British Steel and Koninklijke Hoogovens of the Netherlands merge to create the Corus Group, creating the biggest steelmaker in Europe and the third largest in the world.

Corus, Britain’s biggest steel-maker confirms that 6,050 jobs will be cut at plants across the country

The UK is producing 17.8 million tonnes of steel

1988

Margaret Thatcher privatises BSC, a move which heralded a sharp decline in the industry.

The UK is producing 9.7 million tonnes of steel

2021

2015

Steel Company bosses indicate their company will not make a profit in the coming year due to low steel prices. Three major plants close and around 20,000 jobs in the industry are lost.

HISTORY OF LIVERPOOL

1860 1400’ s 1819

1875 1970

1896

1999 2001 1993

1913 1990 2010

1940 1967

LIVERPOOL AS AN ENTERTAINER

The city of Liverpool has historically been known for its entertainment. This is a city that founded the Beatles with their culture carried through to the present day. Liverpool’s social scene is regarded as one of the best in the UK. It has the most museums in the UK outside of London, many well known theatres and productions - such as Blood Brothers, and it’s exuberant night-life.

NORTH-WEST CULTURE

The North West of England has commonly been much more working class than the South and this division in social status is still seen today. This has thus had an influence on the culture. While hunting was and still is popular for the rich, horse racing became an evolution of the sport much more popular for the middle class, and dog racing more for the working class as it was much cheaper.

AINTREE RACECOURSE

Aintree developed initially as an industrial town. Factories could expand across the flat open land and its close proximity to Liverpool Docks allowed good transport links. Factories require workers and the town expanded with a growing population that it needed to entertain. With horse-racing a popular sport in Liverpool from Tudor times, Aintree racecourse was developed in 1829 and has become the home of the grand national. With the effects of Covid-19 and growing concern of animal welfare, the sport has seen a decline in popularity.

Owners, Trainers and Jockey Reception Taxi Rank Grandstands Lodge Winners Enclosure Owners Pavillion Restaurant Weighing Room Statue VIP Marquee Parade Ring and Horsewalk Winners Bar Stands Stands Stands Car Park Stands Aintree Pavillion (Music, Food, Drinks) Restuarant and Bar Pavillion West Tip Seats West Tip Bar 1.5 PRECEDENTS SECTION 1: BUILDINGS, FORMS & SYSTEMS SS E K N W D T E N O F T P T E L R R N E S H W E O K E E F T N S S M T U R R N R A b U U T H g N R R A E S W W S b P L S K D H W M Y L D H G W A V W W O T A C M p g O O L C N W W P N R S H T U A H G P N T H S R T W M O RWA O E E L R E N N R S P R T O S Y R V S P K E A T N N U A M O R C O S A R E G T G W O R W M D W O T S A DM N B X E D T E S A A N R O D R M O RD A W U O O O S A F A 7 A5 6 A 8 M D N H Y U C S U O H U S L M N D O R S N C T M T V T T E D N M H M W E B N E R C O R D MU A SWO O P O O W H R M K R U N M M E M O S M N T NO AV E S T N OW A R E R E D R H H L M W H C Y T N H MB D T C P D 1 A D O C T y A E M S T S B DS T O W P E T E E R D W W m3 D P F N W D DM R O m 5 0 A5 5 1 5 B 0 M M G y b d Q -W B p g g g p g D k M B H A M C d W P Q M M p M B D by S u nc B © d b 2 S 0 R D C N L U O Y

SILVERSTONE RACECOURSE

Studying Silverstone racecourse we see that each viewing-stand has a relationship to the track. The different turns allow for a different excitement. E.g. the Maggots-Becketts section of corners allow drivers to achieve much higher speeds than the Luffield corner. Moreover the stands on the Hamilton Straight hold great views over the start/finish line and into the pit stop - where most time is lost. In this way, the different stands can be priced accordingly to how much value they add to the race and how much enjoyment they hold while watching the race. Thus each seat can be priced. Furthermore, this study is useful because the Liverpool Docks site are not evenly circular as a race track so will have different corners and thus different levels of excitement.

Taking inspiration from different racecourses I have adapted the track in my project to run around the docks of the site. This aims to integrate the proposal seamlessly into the site. With it becoming part of the urban landscape and part of daily life as the site developes and becomes more residential to house the growing Liverpudlian population.

TRACK LAYOUT Grandstand Exclusive Enclosure Wheelchair Accessible Viewing General Admission Viewing Inner Track Walking Route Street Zone Entertainment Village Main Stage F1 Fanzone Sports Zone Heliport and pleasure flights Campsite Campsites Start/Finish F1 Paddock Hotel Family Zone Concert Zone

Museum Disco and Bar MAGGOTS BECKETTS Viewing area with live DJ

STRAIGHT LUFFIELD

HAMILTON

LIVERPOOL WATERS PROJECT

1.2 FUNDING AND INVESTMENT 2 7m 5 m 25m 3 1m 2 5m 2 6m 2 4 2 5 m 40 m m5 m5 1 5m S ta Po l F S ta C o ege C omm un ity L ve rpoo 1 7m 2 0m Am b S a S ch U n iv 1 2m Catho c Notre Dame Co ege C ou rt PW M s U n v S hoo M ls tead Po S ta S ch PW 2 6m e B ram ey S andon H a lf d D p F y M oo re D o ck a N e son D o ck S t d D o ck D epo T ide D o ck H u sk isson o D epo t W k D epo d s C o l ngw ood o n p D o ck L l a L S tan ey D o ck n a C D o ck v e S a S a l sbu ry e 8m 5 m G ov t O ff ces 8m PW L H M D o ck W M W T ra fa lga r 7m 5 m m5 m03 Pav Po S ta L by M u s PW A t G l s MLW C anada D o ck D epo t 8m F S ta W o ks Cu s O fs Fac to ry D epo t 7m 7m 10m Birket S ch Le isu re C en tre S ch S ch PW PW PW 4 5 U A rts C en tre U n iv Sh p M u s Termina PW C oun O ffs 7m St 1 0m S ubw ay Ferry(Passenger) V au xha ll C a r P a rk W a M em V iaduc t T nne ( D s ) M as W a t e r l oo A S ha s Les e G a dens C a r P a k M M as t G rea H om e S tree D s r c t C en t e S ubw ay M a rke t ndustr a Centre K ingsw ay FB M as Chadw ck Cour FB s ndus r a P a rk H usk isson B ranch D ock (N um be r 1 ) P pg S a Liverpool C ana s de Sw ng B idge Port of P a rk P a rk B eacon W nd Tu rb ne V age P er Head Sal sbury S ew age Lock B ounda y The S andon B dge A an c E s a e M ud D ock Tow ng P a h Connec Bus ness B eacon T o w n g P a h S ubw ay Je y T de D ock W e s W a t e r l oo S ubw ay P rn ce s P ace New Ha P rn ce s C a P a rk D o ck D o ck P r nces H a lf M d D ock Dock K ngsw ay Tunne W a l asey Tunne / E as W a te r oo S hopp ng C en re R ecyc ng B eacon C anada B ranch Lang on D ock H usk isson B eacon B eacon C anada B ranch D ock N um be 2 ) H usk sson B ranch C onveyo D ock N um be r 3 Sw ng M d Lock D ock S e C onveyo rs W nd Tu b ne D ock (N um be r 3 B r i dge B eacon D ock FB P pe l nes S andh ills C onveyo r W o k ngs C onveyo R e cyc ng S e C onveyo rs R ec rea on E ve r on P a rk F r a y G round M em M em M em M em l FB s Owners: Peel L&P Architects: Arup Scheme Worth: £5.5 billion Construction Started: 2018 Estimated Completion:2048 Site: Liverpool Docks Redeveloped Area: 1.2 million square metres of property, plus 15,000 hectares of land and water FUNDING: Liverpool Waters The Site Bramley Moore Stadium Residential Development Road Transport Routes Sea Transport Routes

PRIVATE SECTOR SHAREHOLDERS INVESTORS SPONSORS PUBLIC SECTOR LOCAL COUNCIL GOVERNMENT TAX RELIEF

The tech industry is one of the UK’s biggest emerging industries with it valued at $586 billion in 2020. Despite Covid-19, 2021 saw the biggest ever investment into UK tech - £29.4 billion, up 2.3 times from the previous year. Seemingly it has become the way forward for UK manufacturing, replacing the old steel industry which is in decline..

0 3 6 9 12 15 0 2 4 6 8 10 2011 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Domestic UK Sweden Investment from outside UK Germany France Netherlands Switzerland Israel Spain Rate of change from previous year (%) Investment ($B) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Rate of tech GVA (Gross Value Added) change from previous year (%) Tech Ecosystem Value by Country ($B) 2020 586 Domestic and Investment from Outside the UK UK TECH PERFORMANCE

UK TECH GROWTH AND PERFORMANCE

SPONSORSHIP DEALS

Different sponsors can fund the different racing teams ‘dogs’. In return they will become sponsors of the team and will get to influence the design of the dogs livery. Thus they will get free advertisement. The main companies that will most likely be interested in this are those selling their parts at the trade hub in the stadium. Having a sponsorship deal with a winning dog will attract more costumers to buy their products. Moreover the teams can show off new technical advancements, promoting products which people may buy for their own dogs to compete.

COST BREAKDOWN

Sponsors will also be able to pay one off monetry sums to be included in the livery design. The cost break of this is as shown. It will vary depending on size, scale and position of the dogs. Areas around the head and chest of the dog will be more expensive than those around the legs as you will be more likely to see these and are the areas that the cameras will focus on more.

£15,000 - £20,000

£10,000 - £15,000

£5,000 - £10,000

£1,000 - £5,000

BETTING

Betting is a big part of the sport and as such, licensed companies will be allowed to organise bets, with a share of the profits distributed to the stadium owners

BETTING AND SPONSORSHIPS

INITIAL DRAWINGS

Form Explorations

INITIAL SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS

This section explores the folding of planes using different sets of spatial conditions. Constraining the planes using varied principles allowed for different types of spaces to reveal themselves. These spaces played with the notions of compression and expansion. The materiality adopted for these experiments was metal, in particular steel.

Exploring the different possibilities of folding a plane/surface. One plane can allow us to enclose space in two dimensions - if bent into a cylinder. With two planes we can enclose space fully in three dimensions. Moreover a plane’s rotation can define space very differently.

PLANES AND SURFACES

FOLDING IN TWO DIRECTIONS

Through folding a plane multi-directionally we can create an infinite variety of enclosures, surfaces and shelters. The aim of the following series of constructs was to limit myself to two folding directions, to keep the forms as simple extrusions which could be repeated and easily joined together to develop macro scale complexes.

FOLDING IN TWO DIRECTIONS

Exploring spatial quality we can visually observe the difference between space compressed horizontally and space compressed vertically. The compression of space in either plane can create the impression of looking through the space rather than looking at it. They allow for different purposes.

Deregulating the explorations to folding in any direction we can see how the lessons learned on a micro scale with singular planes, rotating and bending in only one direction can build up much more complex forms when combined with other surfaces. Hence giving the space a much more complex quality.

FOLDING

The surfaces are created from a series of planes aimed to compress space, allowing us to create stepped geometry and structure. The surfaces are flexed to act as both walls and ceilings within the space. They compress space to an infinite point where they join. This could be used on both a micro and macro scale.

STRUCTURAL FOLDING

Two spaces can join in an infinite number of different ways, similarly to the joining of two planes. Creating a singular space, separating it into two pathways and then joining these pathways up to create choice of movement in a direction. Looking at the spacial forms which contain and compress the space while also diverting it and us.

THE MEDIUM OF JOINING SPACE

THE MEDIUM OF JOINING SPACE AT DIFFERENT LEVELS

The joining of two levels is often achieved through stairs or elevators. Using ramps to create a space which is connected to more than one level. Creating an interweaving structure connected through interesting and unique pathways which celebrate the space rather than just permit movement to the required destination.

The maximum opening space in all 3 directions would be best resolved with no planes (or just one ground plane). therefore, allowing a maximum opening space with just two planes, looking in 2 spacial directions. Openings effect the visual perception of space in the way they can light a room and thus allow shadows to be cast. They are the connection between the inside world and the outdoors.

STUDY OF OPENINGS

The corridor connects 2 spaces. Testing out constructing a four-way linkage which connects the paths at a central point with the aim of de-constructing it in order to find forms and spaces that would otherwise have been overlooked. This is a study of joinery and linkage in materiality and in spacial quality. Looking at how we can connect multiple spaces.

SPATIAL CONNECTIONS

Design

INITIAL FRAGMENTS

Using the brief of a greyhound racing arena, the design began by exploring different types of stadia and seating. Thus, experimenting into how we can integrate the seating and the stage as one to enhance the viewer experience.

ENCLOSURES AND MATERIALITY

Spaces can be enclosed through horizontal and vertical planes. Stairs are the in-between: they create a traversable space both horizontally and vertically. Standing anywhere on the stairs the space creates the impression of an enclosure. Materiality impacts spacial quality through reflecting light. Spaces which reflect light well (white surfaces and reflective materials) will often be perceived as having more available space.

STUDY OF OPENINGS

While horizontal planes allow movement along its surface, staircases allow movement between planes. This staircase conventionally creates a threshold between planes but unconventionally forms a barrier between spaces on the ground plane which then reconnect through the staircase. The space underneath and on the stairs becomes much more inhabitable. It is a staircase that for once invites people not to move.

THE STAIRCASE

Abstractions of metal planes which create spacial quality through: compression and expansion of space, relationship between the inside and outside, reflection and materiality, control of light and shadow.

STUDY OF SPATIAL QUALITY

THE

MEDIUM OF JOINING SPACE AT DIFFERENT LEVELS

Grandstand

Auction Hall

Start/Finish

Clubs/Live music

Parade Ring and Weighing Room

Market

Bars/Restaurants

Clock Tower

Docking for cruise ships

SITE MASSING

Technical Design

STRUCTURAL EXPLORATIONS

This project begins by exploring steel and the construction methods of steel in Foster’s Renualt Distribution Centre. This is reinterpreted into a structure which fits around the needs of a dog racing track, aiming to facilitate the enjoyment of watching the most exciting parts of the race as well as becoming a street for trading, betting and drinking.

Exploded Axonometric Drawing Axonometric drawing of a single module Axonometric drawing of 4 modules joined LAYOUT

PRECEDENT SRUDY: RENAULT DISTRIBUTION CENTRE

DETAILING

Connecting piece between the steel mast and the steel beams. And between the steel beams and the cables. Connecting piece between the steel beams and the steel cables - to ground and pole top Detail of the top of the steel mast and conection to steel cables. Elevation of steel column with cable ties to ground and steel structure Connecting piece between the underside cables and the steel bracing

Secondary Structure - vertical beams transfer the load of the wall to the ground

Compression

Tension

Live Load - Snow and rain is a varying load on the roof, carried by the primary structure

Dead Load - The primary structure must support the non varying loads: the roof and itself

Primary Structure - A frame supported by cable transfers the live and dead loads through the corner columns to the ground

Shear Load - Cables in tension resist forces from the wind

EXPLORATIONS

BENDING MOMENT

Diagram showing the main weaknesses of the structure as well as its dead and live loads,

TENSION AND COMPRESSION

Diagram showing which parts of the structure are in compression and tension and how the structure is stressed.

RESOLVED STRUCTURE

HEAVY STEEL PLATE STRUCTURE

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM DE-CONSTRUCTION

A system designed to be constructed and deconstructed

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

WASTED DOCKS

The docks in Liverpool, notorious for building up much of the city’s economy through trade has been left to ruin.

Peel L&P are investing to regenerate the docks and restore their former glory.

TRACK VIEWING

The best places to view the track are where the track is most exciting: corners and bends taken at high speeds, jumps over the water, the pit stops. Therefore the seating is arranged around these focal points following the tracks curvature and flow.

TRADE HUB

Reclaiming the old trading docks and the old trade hub typology, the stadium facilitates the sale of goods and services in an integrated market. It promotes the sports technology and allows sponsors to sell mechanical parts which they advertise on the track with their robots.

SEATING

The seating fits around the track and reacting to it and allowing for the most exciting parts of the course. The pricing of the seating can also vary on these factors, allowing all types of backgrounds and class of people to enjoy the event.

ROOF

The roof provides form where the building does not, reacting to the seating and structure. It creates a harmonious threshold between the indoor and outdoor spaces of the design, allowing shelter from the external conditions: wind, rain snow, and sun where necessary.

2 4 6 8 10

RACE COURSE

Salisbury dock will become part of a new urban racing landscape, with the track running through open pedestrianised streets on the site. The track is shaped by the fabric of the site.

ACCESS

Access to the stadium links the outskirts of the city with the old dock, creating a physical and metaphorical bridge between the two. The docks also allow access from the River Mersey on the site’s West. People can watch the event from the exclusivity of their boat or from their cruise ship.

INNER STREET

The trade hub creates a bridge on the dock, running over a canal lock and connecting the main street with the pedestrianised inner street of the stadium. This permits easy movement around the site and into the stadium, as well as on and off the track which integrates seamlessly into the street-stadium environment

STRUCTURE

The structure is defined by the seating and the trade hub spaces, moulding around them to create an efficient yet aesthetic structural system. It is left a bare-bone structure to increase the design’s flexibility and efficiency.

COMBINED ASSETS

Combined together these separate elements create my building, reacting to the site and the track to generate the best viewing and spatial experience of the event.

1.0 BUILDING GENESIS

1 3 5 7 9 SECTION 1: BUILDINGS, FORMS & SYSTEMS

SEATED VS STANDING

The way the stadium is laid out can depend on how people watch the game: seated or standing. Standing allows for much higher capacities and creates a more intense environment, while seating permits a more family orientated environment.

TYPES OF STADIA

Looking at traditional types of stadia. We can see how each stadium is adapted to a different purpose - each for a different sport. From curved stands to straight stands they allow the viewer to watch the sport slightly differently. For instance a baseball arena often only has one stand which curves behind the batter, allowing for the best view. Moreover, the height of the stadiums vary. A cricket stadium requires more light than a football stadium as the game plays through a full day. Thus, the grandstand heights are lower.

DOUBLE TIERED STADIA WITH INTEGRATED ROOF

This is the traditional typology that my design aims towards. The ground plane morphs into the stands and the stands create a diagonal wall to define the space underneath them. This space can be utilised and allow for much of the building’s programme. Moreover the tiers get steeper the higher up you go to allow a line of sight onto the track.

1.4 STADIA TYPOLOGY SECTION 1: BUILDINGS, FORMS & SYSTEMS

EXISTING DOCK FOUNDATIONS

The site of Liverpool Salisbury dock was constructed in 1848 and has been since made into a UNESCO Heritage Site. As such careful consideration has been made for the construction of the stadiums foundations into the original dock foundations

SECTION 2: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 5 2 1 4 16 14 15 17 3 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 6

2.0 FOUNDATIONS

1 13 7 2 14 8 3 5 15 16 9 11 17 4 6 10 12 Relief pipes Crane track foundations Altar Ship blocking Gravel foundations Pipe cutoff wall Drainage pipe Concrete block retaing wall Cement blocks Electrical conduits Reinforced concrete Filter course Steel column-concrete beam connection Flooding and drainage culvert Crane track Concrete concourse level Pipe tunnel and service gallery

SECONDARY STRUCTURE

RAMPS

Allowing circulation and disabled access through all levels

FLOORS Ground Floor, Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3

SEATING

Transitioning from Level -1 to ground floor and Level 1 to 3

CUT THROUGH

Showing the transition of the ramps to each level and an encompassing of the seating as a wall around the internal floors

STADIA SKIN

SECONDARY STRUCTURE SECTION 2: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

The pre-cast concrete risers act as a skin against weather for the partially-covered interior spaces. Using the fact that a staircase can protect against the elements in both dimensions horizontally and vertically. While the pre-cast concrete slab flooring protects against the elements vertically.

Level 1 Level 1 Sub Ground Floor Sub Ground Floor Level - 1 Level - 1 Ground Floor Ground Floor Level 2 Level 2 Level 3 Level 3 Pre-cast Concrete Slab Pre-cast Concrete Tier Risers Roof Roof Concrete Steel

Steel MATERIALITY

Corrugated

PART-SECTIONAL MODEL

STADIUM SEATING AND INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION

This part-section shows the usage of space under the seating for the trade hub and their tectonic resolution.

1 7 8 9 12 11 10 2 1 9 5 2 10 6 3 11 12 7 4 8 4 5 6 3 Pre-cast concrete cladding Steel beam-steel column connection Retaining wall foundations Pre-cast concrete unit Tempered glass railing Vertical and horizontal steel mullions Steel connection riser Precast concrete unit (hollow core) Steel beam-concrete column connection Steel column-concrete beam connection Pre-cast concrete steps Insulation

STEEL - CONCRETE RELATIONSHIP

STEEL-CONCRETE FLOOR

PRE-CAST CONCRETE UNITS

Pre-cast units can be solid core or hollow core and may be supported on the top flanges of beams or on the bottom flanges of Asymmetric Slimflor Beams

COMPOSITE SLABS

Composite slabs have concrete cast on top of corrugated steel decking and commonly are supported by the top flange of downstand beams.

SHALLOW FLOORS

Shallow floors are usually made up from deeply corrugated steel decking filled with concrete and supported by ASB’s.

STEEL-CONCRETE CONNECTIONS

STEEL COLUMN TO CONCRETE BEAM

In-situ reinforced concrete wall to floor connection with a steel base plate anchoring a steel I column.

CONCRETE COLUMN TO STEEL BEAM

In-situ reinforced concrete column with an encased profile to connect to a steel I beam.

1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5

Bottom

In situ- concrete In situ- concrete Bottom flange of ASB Top flange Shear connector (studs) Pre-cast hollow core concrete Anchor bolts Encased profile Flange stiffener Steel beam reinforcement In-situ concrete Concrete finish in-situ Base plate Corrugated steel deck Corrugated steel deck Steel beam reinforcement Steel beam reinforcement Steel beam reinforcement In-situ concrete slab Steel beam reinforcement

flange of ASB

ORTHOGRAPHIC DETAILS

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION GROUND FLOOR FIRST FLOOR SCALE 1:20 Skirting Board 80mm PolishedConcrete Finish with Underfloor Heating 80mm Rigid Insulation 210mm In-situ Reinforced Concrete 50mm Blinding 200mm Hardcore Layer Concrete Foundations Damp Proof Membrane 10mm Gap between Cladding and Ground Lean Concrete Drainage Pipe Damp Proof Membrane Protective Coating Metal Drip Flashing Sealed to Face of Panel with Rubber Sealant 80mm Polished Concrete finish with Underfloor Heating 40mm Impact Sound Insulation 200mm In-Situ Reinforced Concrete 250mm Rigid Insulation 250mm Panel Fasteners at 500mm Centres Aluminium Fixing Rail and Cavity Perforated Steel Drained and Ventilated Rainscreen Hook on Cassette: Thickness: 35mm Length: 3000mm Width: 200mm With a 2mm gap between Panels Locating Clip on Vertical Mullion 25mm Diameter Steel Extruded Top Rail, Silicone fixed to Glass Structural Toughened and Heat Soaked Glass Setting Block 210mm In-Situ Reinforced Concrete Slab Stainless Steel Trim around Continuous Metal Clamping System M12 Bolts at 500mm centres

ORTHOGRAPHIC DETAILS

ORTHOGRAPHIC SCALE 1:20

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PARAPET PLAN Aluminium Supports Metal Flashing PIR Board Insulation Hook on Cassette Parapet Coping Corten Steel Drained and Ventilated Rainscreen Hook on Cassette: Thickness: 35mm Length: 3000mm Width: 200mm With a 2mm gap between Panels Vertical Mullion with Locating Clip 250mm Rigid Insulation 200mm In-Situ Reinforced Concrete 250mm Panel Fasteners at 500mm Centres Corten Steel Wrap-Around Corner

CONSTRUCTION AND DECONSTRUCTION

STEEL FRAME

Long span steel frame using bolted connections and steel cased foundations

STEEL

MULLIONS

Running on the inside of the steel frame to hold the ceiling and cladding

THE RESTAURANT AND BAR AREA

This shows the build up of the bar/ restuarant part of the project. This part of the building can be expanded and deconstructed as the need for it changes over coming years.

The form of this structure allows easy dissasembly and reassembly. The steel I frame structure is in parts external to the building allowing access to bolted joints for extension. Furthermore the joins are exclusively bolted connections and not welded connections. Thus the steel can be recycled and reused if dissasembled. The foundations are also anchored into a steel casing around the column base and not the floor. The containter would consist of sand with a thin concrete layer ontop.

Guttering

Concrete cladding

Glass windows

CONCRETE FLOOR

Pre-cast concrete slabs laid over each layer of the steel structure by crane

CONCRETE CLADDING Attached to the mullion fixings over the interior ceiling and exterior soffits

Glass fixings

Service pipes and cables

Insulation

Steel mullions

Concrete floor

Steel framing

MODULES AND SERVICES

This shows the make up of the integration of services and conduits within the building structure, Moreover this is the order that the different modules should be installed.

RESTAURANT/BAR

CONSTRUCTION

PLAN

CORRUGATED STEEL ROOF

ROOF DESIGN

EXPERIMENTATION OF FORM

The form of the roof becomes a structural property which allows it to be more leightweight, versatile and provide lateral stability accross the steel structure.

ROOF STRUCTURE

Intermittent pitching increases the surface area of the roof, incresing its strength and its carrying capacity

Water drains down to the outer edge and then back inward towards the centre where it is collected and reused.

Roof pitch at 25° to allow 1.8 meters of room height underneath at the tallest point

Roof apex

4 5 6

1 2 3

Roof eaves

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

The roof should be constructed with panels higher up overlapping those below. Thus panels should be layed starting from the lowest point (eaves) and working up towards the top of the roof (apex). This method prevents leaks as the water flows over instead of under the seam.

COMPONENTS AND ASSEMBLY

With many corrugated steel roof sheets being different sizes, each piece should be prefabricated and cut to the specified dimension in the facotry. This will allow greater ensure of quality before being assembled on site.

The corrugated steel sheets will be bought with a profile of 19mm high, 12meters length and a maximum cover width of 990.6mm once laid. The sheet material will be made from galvanised steel with an eco grey primer.

SECTION 2: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

ROOF CONSTRUCTION 1 2 3 Corrugated steel roof sheeting Steel ridge flashing Gasket sheet metal screw Steel C purlins Steel I beam primary structure 11° 25° Max width 990.6 120 80 180 80 200 Min width 80 Length 12000 30 Pre-fabricated edge detail. Made from galvinsied steel with an eco grey primer All dimensions in mm

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

COMBINED STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

SINGULAR ELEMENT A singular steel frame which runs along the body of the building DUAL ELEMENT Two steel frames with a concrete walled chamber in between providing horizontal stability Integrated elements creating a laterally and horizontally braced structural system. DETAIL ELEMENT The steel frame interacting with the foundations and internal ground planes

PART-SECTIONAL MODEL

EXTREMITIES

2022 Equinox’s 20 March, 15:33 23 September, 01:03 2022 Summer Solstice 21 June, 10:13

SOLAR ANALYSIS

2022 Winter Solstice 21 December, 21:47

LIGHTING DESIGN HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP’S VS LED LAMPS The stadium and track must be lit at night to entertain and permit races throughout the evening. High Pressure Sodium lamps LED (Light Emitting Diode) lamps

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE 1 4 7 10 2 5 8 11 3 6 9 12 SECURING SITE TRACK + ACCESS EXCAVATIONS FOUNDATIONS STRUCTURE CLADDING LOWER SEATING UPPER SEATING ROOFING WALLS PIT-STOP STRUCTURE SERVICES + INTERIOR

CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY

CONCRETE STEEL FRAME PRE-FABRICATED CONSTRUCTION Coke Oven Blast Furnace Direct Reduction BOF Convertor Ladle Metallurgy Rolling Mill Casting Beams Bars Sheet Etc Electricity, Oil, Gas Electricity, Oil, Gas Electricity Electricity Steel Crude Steel O2 Oil, Natural Gas Liquid Iron Reduced Iron Steel Scrap Natural Gas Iron Ore Limestone Coke Coal Slabs, Billets Alloying Elements Electric Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Unloading the precast concrete Lifting the steel structure into position Craning the pre-cast concrete onto the steel structure Bolting down the structure with an electric torque wrench Fixing the riser onto the steel structure Attaching to secondary structure and building envelope

Showing how the precast concrete seating slabs would lifted and constructed on site. Showing how the precast concrete seating slabs would lifted and constructed on site.

RENEWABLE RESOURCES

ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Lithium ion battery Charging station Converter Solar panels SOLAR ENERGY The building’s main energy source will come from solar panels that sit on top of the corrugated steel roof. Electricity will mainly be used for lighting, battery charging, betting screens and restaurant/bar services.

THERMAL MASS

With the trade centre of the building half submerged underground it will be heated by the surrounding ground which will act as a layer of insulation for the building.

LONG LIFE MATERIALS

The material palette of concrete and steel has been chosen for it’s durability, reliability and long lasting life span, which although short-term may be high in C02 emissions, will be much reduced in the long term.

SUDS DRAINAGE

A SUDS drainage system will be implemented in the building equipped with geo-cellular cells for storm water storage installed at basement surface level.

NATURAL VENTILATION

The main courtyard of the space is left open, half shielded by the roof. This allows natural ventilation of the innermost space. Moreover the stands also have full use of the natural ventilation with will be emphasised by the sea breeze.

High pressure from North

PEDESTRIANISATION

The main street becomes internalised into the building, providing a fully pedestrianised environment to invite people into the building.

Warm air from Jet stream

Wind from Irish Sea

ENERGY MANAGEMENT

DRAINAGE VENTILATION AND HEATING

GROUND DRAINAGE DETAIL

Natural Turf Root Zone Fibrelastic Fibres Undersoil Heating Din Pitch Drainage Layer Drainage Pipes Binding Layer NATURAL VENTILATION

Warm air Cool air Collected rainwater Hot water Sunlight

A detail of the drainage system which would remove water on the racing track.

AND WATER RELIEF

Final Drawings

SKYLINE VIEW

Looking South at a view of the Liverpool skyline and docks. The proposal is situated on site looking over the river mersey and the old, now deteriorated (but soon to be redeveloped) dockland.

LONG SECTION

SHORT SECTION

LANDSCAPE INTERFACE: STREET HUB

INTERNAL VIEW: UPPER BAR AND BETTING AREA

INTERNAL VIEW: THE ‘DOG WALK’

INTERNAL VIEW: INNER STREET

EXTERNAL VIEW: THE PADDOCK INTERNAL VIEW: THE PADDOCK

INTERNAL VIEW: TRADE HUB EXTERNAL VIEW: THE GRANDSTAND

General Arrangement

SITE PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN 2 4 5 7 9 10 3 1 2 3 7 5 9 4 8 6 10 Salisbury corner Docking The ‘dog walk’ Lower grandstand Start/finish line Main entrance Trade hub Bridge Pit stop and paddock Steel shipping containers

FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1 2 6 7 8 9 10 3 10 Salisbury corner Docking The ‘dog walk’ Lower grandstand Start/finish line Main entrance Lower bar and betting area Bridge Pit stop and paddock Steel shipping containers

SECOND FLOOR PLAN 2 4 5 7 8 9 10 3 1 2 3 7 5 9 4 8 6 10 Salisbury corner Docking The ‘dog walk’ Upper grandstand Start/finish line Bridge Viewing platform Bar/restaurants Pit stop and paddock Main entrance

1 2 5 4 7 8 10 11 12 11 10 12 Pit stop and paddock Start/finish line Lower grandstand Upper bar and betting area Lower bar and betting area Bar/restaurants Trade hub Upper grandstand The ‘dog walk’ Drinking hall Viewing platform Docks

2 6 7 10 8 11 12 1 2 3 7 5 9 11 4 8 6 10 12 Street entrance Corrugated steel roof Bridge Trade hub Lower bar/betting area The ‘dog walk’ Lower grandstand Bar/restaurants Drinking hall Upper bar/betting area Upper grandstand Victoria tower

Appendix

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

This section shows the steps and measures that have been taken along the design journey. It shows my process of experimentation and the development of my design from early concepts to the final structure.

SOUTH-WEST VIEW WEST VIEW

SITE MASSING N

P ers P ectives

Auction and Dog-walk Bar + Betting Bar + Betting Shop Grandstand Grandstand Track Track Pit-Stop Bar + Restaurant

All work produced by Unit 14

Unit book design by Charlie Harriswww.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

@unit14_ucl UNIT

SPATIAL TECTONIC 2022

PG14 is a test bed for architectural exploration and innovation, examining the role of the architect in an environment of continuous change. We are in search of the new: leveraging technologies, workflows and modes of production seen in disciplines outside our own. We test ideas systematically by means of digital as well as physical drawings, models and prototypes. Our work evolves around technological speculation with a research-driven core, generating momentum through the astute synthesis of both. Our propositions are ultimately made through the design of buildings and in-depth consideration of structural formation and tectonic constituents. This, coupled with a strong research ethos, generates new and unprecedented, viable and spectacular proposals.

The focus of this year’s work evolved around the concept of ‘Spatial Tectonic’. This term describes architectural space as a result of the highest degree of synthesis of all underlying principles. Constructional logic, spatial innovation, typological organisation, and environmental and structural performance are all negotiated in an iterative process driven by architectural investigation. These inherent principles of organisational intelligence can be observed in both biotic and abiotic systems, in all spatial arrangements where it is critical for the overall performance of any developed order. Ultimately such principles suggest that the arrangement of constituents provides intelligence as well as advantage to the whole.

Through a deep understanding of architectural ingredients, students generated highly developed architectural systems in which spatial organisation arose as a result of sets of mutual interactions. These interactions were understood through targeted iterations of spatial models, uncovering logical links while generating ambitious and speculative arrangements. Sequential testing and the enriching of abstract yet architectural systems were the basis of architectural form - communicating the relationship of all logical dependencies, roles and performances within the system.

UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harriswww.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2021 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

Thanks to: ARUP, ALA, DKFS, knippershelbig, RSHP, HASSELL, Seth Stein Architects, ZHA, Expedition Engineering