Nikita Norris_Y4 | Unit 14 | Bartlett School of Architecture

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FUTURE OF SIBERIA

REGIONAL GOVERNMENT CLOISTER

This project focuses on the region of YamaloNenets Okrug within the eastern half of the Russian Federation. For the past few decades, Siberia has faced a decline in investment and economic growth, leading to population decline and derelict infrastructure. This decline is further accelerated by the melting of permafrost, posing a risk to the future of Siberia and its people.

For prosperity to be achieved, this project proposes the region of Yamalo-Nenets to break away from the Russian Federation that has so far hindered its progression. Through architectural intervention, a new administrative building will be conceived as the central body for self-autonomy. This will be based off the historically successful orthodox cloister, a form of religious governance that ruled swathes of Russian land since the thirteenth century. The region of Yamalo Nenets has been chosen for its population of mostly Russian Orthodox believers, a demographic that will have greater potential of success in religious governance.

The new government cloister’s construction will lead through example, using techniques that will allow it to function within a region of permafrost and extremely harsh environment. The building will promote CLT as a new modern method of construction for the region due to the abundance of coniferous trees. A new CLT factory will be constructed for the purpose of the cloister and urban building in the future. It will also pioneer as a self efficient system, harnessing the raw power and resource of the Siberian taiga for its progression as a renewable state approaching the latter half of the 21st Century. Although a harsh landscape in the current milieu, Siberia will become the world’s new economic powerhouse within our lifetime due to global rising temperatures.

The cloister aims to solidify the validity of the new state, with the ambition of creating a new settlement around it. Due to the richness of gas and oil reserves in the region, the potential for state prosperity is achievable. The symbolic nature of the building provides an opportunity for leaving its remains as a monument to the new state, a piece of its history left for future citizens.

YAMALO-NENETS OKRUG, SIBERIA, RUSSIA

TIMBER - SYSTEM EXPLORATION

RESEARCH ARTEFACT - SHIPBUILDING ARCHITECTURE

SHIPBUILDING ARCHITECTURE - DETAIL EXPLORATION

RESEARCH ARTEFACT - GRIDSHELL ARCHITECTURE

GRIDSHELL ARCHITECTURE - FRAGMENT

CHOSEN SYSTEM - SLOTTED PLATE ARCHITECTURE

SYSTEM EXPLORATION - CONCEPT 1

SYSTEM EXPLORATION - CONCEPT 2

ARTEFACT CONCEPT PROPOSAL

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

GENERAL CONTEXT

ARCTIC CLIMATE

ARCTIC TRADE ROUTES

RUSSIAN FEDERATION - ASSETS

YAMALO NENETS - STATISTICS

INITIAL SITE INFORMATION

RUSSIAN FEDERATION - GOVERNANCE

RUSSIAN ORTHODOX RELIGION

RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH - STRUCTURE

CLOISTER GOVERNANCE

BRIEF - GOVERNANCE PROPOSAL

SECULARISED GOVERNANCE

UN - MEMBERSHIP

BRIEF - PERMAFROST

SELF RELIANCE

SELF RELIANCE - ENERGY SOURCE

FUTURE EXPANSION PROPOSAL

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY PROPOSAL

SYSTEM RESEARCH - LOCAL TIMBER

SYSTEM RESEARCH - CLT

SYSTEM PROPOSAL - SLOTTED CLT

SYSTEM OPPORTUNITY - MEGA SHINGLE

FORM REFERENCE - 1A

FORM REFERENCE - 1B

FORM REFERENCE - 2A

FORM REFERENCE - 2B

FORM INSPIRATION

FORM EXPERIMENTATION - 1

FORM EXPERIMENTATION - 2A

FORM EXPERIMENTATION - 2B

FORM EXPERIMENTATION - 3A

FORM EXPERIMENTATION - 3B

FORM EXPERIMENTATION - 3C

BUILDING GENESIS

SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT - PLAN

SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT - SECTION

MATERIAL PROPOSALS

DETAILED DESIGN

SECTIONAL STUDY

TIMBER FABRICATION A

TIMBER FABRICATION B

PLINTH FABRICATION

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE A

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE B

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

SECONDARY STRUCTURE

BUILDING LOADS STONE PLINTH LEVEL

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

ENVIRONMENT SECTIONAL STUDY

PERMAFROST

PERMAFROST - COOLING STRATEGY

THERMAL PERFORMANCE

THERMAL PERFORMANCE - ENVELOPE

FORM FACTOR

SOLAR STRATEGY

SOLAR PERFORMANCE - GENERAL

SOLAR PERFORMANCE - ATRIUM

INTERNAL VENTILATION

ATRIUM FIRE STRATEGY 05

FINAL DRAWINGS

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

FIFTEENTH FLOOR PLAN

ROOF PLAN

SECTION A

SECTION B

ISOMETRIC

FRONT ELEVATION

EXTERNAL NIGHT SCENE - ARRIVAL

EXTERNAL DAY SCENE

INTERNAL SCENE - CHURCH

INTERNAL SCENE - PUBLIC PLAZA

INTERNAL SCENE - ASSEMBLY HALL

INTERNAL SCENE - ATRIUM

No.3 Covered Slip - Chatham Royal Dockyard

Built in 1838, the No. 3 Covered Slip at The Historic Dockyard Chatham was the largest wide span timber structure in Europe at the time. Today it serves as a museum which houses an array of objects / vehicles.

The need to cover slips and docks was born out of necessity due to the impact that dry rot had on ships during construction. Designed by Sir Robert Seppings, the No.3 Slip stood at the cusp of technological change with its wide span timber cantilever roof.

Over the course of over a century the slip underwent major renovations, including the addition of a 1st floor deck for storage, the filling of the ground and re-cladding of the external treatment. As things were added over time, an irregularity in construction was born, giving a make-shift aesthetic to the structure that stands today.

The covered slip has undergone many renovations since it was built, allowing it to remain functional for 200 years.

TIMBER - SYSTEM EXPLORATION

SHIPBUILDING ARCHITECTURE - DETAIL EXPLORATION

Arrangement in Cross-Section

The slip was built in 1836 and the cover for it followed in 1838 with a roof 91 metres long and 44.5 metres wide.

By the 1850’s the slipway was no longer adequate for ships that were being constructed at the time and in 1904 a mezzanine floor was built to create a store for ships’ boats.

External Envelope Build Up

Column-Beam Connection

Column-Base Connection

Column-Beam Connection

Column-Base Connection

SYSTEM EXPLORATION

RESEARCH ARTEFACT - GRIDSHELL ARCHITECTURE

Precedent - Mannheim Mulltihalle

This page delves into the structure of the timber gridshell. The use of timber within this construction method was pioneered by the German architect Frei Otto. Using the Mannheim Multihalle as my precedent, I have developed several tests into form finding.

The Mannheim Multihalle offers wide span spaces devoid of columns for structural integrity. A multi layered hemlock lath system is implemented to achieve this.

No Bending - Square Before Compression

Bending - Rhombus After Compression

The ability to bend a gridshell structure is made possible through the change of form from a square to a rhombus.

Mannheim Multihalle - Gridshell Components

The primary structure of the gridshell is composed of two layers of hemlock laths set perpendicular to each other and stacked upon one another. Cables are placed through every sixth node for additional stiffness.

Compression Forces

For the structure to stand up the build-up is reliant on compression forces. Through this force the laths bend into a rhombus shape and slide over each other, made possible by slotted holes in the node joints.

Net Test

These tests use primary shapes to develop an understanding of the forms that are created as a result of its “net”.

Net Test

The next test uses a more complex net to create a more intriguing form. As it is not a continuous form and has points of structural weakness, timber and concrete have been used to maintain compression.

Base Detail

Concrete and steel are implemented to maintain the high compressive forces created by the lath gridshell. Connections between the lath and steel are bolted through intermediary 2 x 25mm plywood boards.

Using the idea of a roof being the primary definition of a building, there is a blurring of what is wall and roof, acting predominantly as an enclosure. This fragment takes a linear approach to form finding, using two different scales to divide space.

Fragment One

TIMBER - SYSTEM EXPLORATION

CHOSEN SYSTEM - SLOTTED PLATE ARCHITECTURE

Precedent - Theatre Vidy

Designed by Yves Weinand, this timber pavilion is constructed from CLT panels that interlock with each other, negating the need for additional materials. The complex geometrical forms that are created from it provide additional structural integrity.

Wood-Wood Interlocking System

Looking at the detailing for the theatre pavilion, the build-up incorporates a doubling of panels that interlock together with dovetail wood-wood joints. The result is unique as it acts as both a load-bearing structure and a cladding (which decreases building cost).

TIMBER - SYSTEM EXPLORATION SYSTEM EXPLORATION - CONCEPT 1

Idea 1 - Experimentation

Using the origami layout shown on the right as a starting point, the form is experimented with by use of mirroring, scale manipulation, and arrangement. The intent of this investigation is to create a continuous architecture through means of addition.

Central Test

By arranging forms around a centre point, interventions can be found when these forms clash and intervene. By merging them in this example, a walkway is created between the voids formed.

Linear Test

Taking a linear approach, the overall interior space is viewed as a whole despite their distinct repetition. Continuity is explored here as a relationship with the environment, making it seem the building folds out of the ground.

TIMBER - SYSTEM EXPLORATION

SYSTEM EXPLORATION - CONCEPT 2

Idea 2 - Experimentation

The origami pattern shown here was chosen due its repeatability along the horizontal and vertical axis., Allowing for an architectural continuity. This page proposes an all-en-composing environment similar to the works of Super Studio and Archigram.

Form Finding

Space is activated through movement and circulation.

The aim of this investigation was to explore how people could move in this environment, whether side to side or up and down.

TIMBER - SYSTEM EXPLORATION ARTEFACT CONCEPT PROPOSAL

Scale Study - Public Space

Combining the two ideas of form finding, this fragment proposes a public space along a linear axis that acts in addition to the urban space. Following a logic of folding to generate space, a multiplicity of different folding forms can be used to suit different areas of function ( but can still be read as a whole ).

Connection

The intent of this fragment was to explore the hierarchy of space / form and whether architectural landmarks / environment can be used to direct flow. An example could be to use larger forms to imply something of greater importance.

Seamless connections between spaces were used to imply a sense of continuity.

Arctic Circle

One of the harshest climates in the world, the Arctic circle and countries that neighbour it experience extremely cold temperature annually. However, with rising global temperatures, this vast region may undergo changes in population and economic potential throughout the 21st Century.

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

Global Warming

Data from the last 40 years has seen a rapid increase of melting ice in the Arctic circle due to rising temperatures. Where global warming may pose a threat to some nations, it may bring great prosperity to others.

Sea Ice Concentration (Fraction)

Sea Ice Thickness (m)

Future of the Arctic Region - Climate

Due to global rising temperatures, the northern hemisphere will begin to warm. With the melting of ice and areas of land becoming more hospitable for people, we may see new trade routes open up and a mass migration of people escaping the much warmer south.

Permafrost Temperature

Average Arctic Sea Ice Extent

Arctic Methane Emissions

Age of Arctic Sea Ice

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

The Northern Sea Route

With the melting of Arctic ice, new routes will open up for global trade, most notably the Northern Sea Route (bordering the Russian Federation). This will divert the currently volatile state of existing shipping routes through the horn of Africa, and will open up new areas of investment in other areas of the globe.

Future of the Arctic Region - Trade

Prosperity may be brought to the northern hemisphere due to the many benefits new Arctic trade routes would bring. Taking up most of the neighbouring land mass around the Arctic circle, regions in Russia will benefit most. This may include the construction of ports that may become the new cities of the future.

NEW

TRADE ROUTE OPPORTUNITY - NSR

Trade through the Northern Sea route will increase due to the many benefits it brings, most notably the decrease in distance travelled by boats (right).

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

RUSSIAN FEDERATION - ASSETS

Resources

The Russian Federation is rich in resources, may it be in mineral deposits or agricultural land. This however coincides with the lack of sufficient infrastructure to realise its full potential, most notably in Siberia where most resources are found.

FOSSIL FUEL DEPOSITS

GDP

Although larger in area and resources, Siberia makes up less than half of the country’s GDP.

STATISTICS - LACK OF PROSPERITY

Global Comparison - Road Infrastructure

Global Comparison - Railway Infrastructure

AGRICULTURAL REGIONS

Russia Exports

Russia’s main exports of gas and oil are located within Siberia, most notably the region of YamaloNenets (90%).

Relative to other global powers, Russia has incredibly poor road infrastructure. This may affect the potential ability for commerce in Siberia .

Investment (Siberia)

Investment in Siberia has declined in the 21st century, at a time where derelict soviet infrastructure needs replacing.

Similar to roads, Russia performs poorly. Majority of rail transport in Siberia is allocated to gas/oil exports.

MINERAL DEPOSITS (SOVIET DATA)

Russia - Food Production

Due to a lack of arable soil, Siberia relies heavily on food imports.

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

Regional Potential

Although situated in Siberia (less economic investment in relation to European Russia), Yamalo Nenets is rich in economic potential due to its vast resources of oil and gas. This is currently extracted by the Russian Federation but most of the money made is not reinvested back into the area, causing regional decline.

State Economy

As a region that has an excess profit of 3.74 billion US dollars annually (taking into account imports), there is great opportunity for economic prosperity in the region.

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT INITIAL SITE INFORMATION

Context

Situated next to the River Pur and one of the few road and railway connections in Yamalo-Nenets, the river peninsula is an ideal location for site access. An abundance of trees within the area provides a sustainable building material for construction.

The site is surrounded by the Siberian mountain taiga, dotted with marshes, lakes and rivers. This makes the access to site difficult and will require a strategy of self reliance.

General Context Analysis

The brief will propose a building that is fully independent in a region that is isolated and harsh. This will include access to fresh water, vegetation and other towns. A peninsula (shown above) along the River Pur fits the requirements of the brief. Due to its location, access can be gained into the Kara Sea, an aspect that is vital for global trade.

Peninsula Adjacencies

Due to strong river currents, a bay within the peninsula provides an optimum port for safe operation. The peninsula also creates natural defence against dangerous wildlife, with minor access through a choke point in the west. Although locally isolated, the nearest city Urengoi is located 25 miles away and is accessible by river.

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

RUSSIAN FEDERATION - GOVERNANCE

Centralised Governance

Currently, the Russian Federation operates as a single entity (Kremlin) that governs 17.2 millions square kilometres of Russia. Although providing many benefits, the lack of autonomous local governance creates a decline in economic prosperity (most notably Siberia).

CENTRALISED GOVERNANCE

Russian Federation

Centralised Government Administration Centre - Moscow

Governed Regions - 83

Land Area - 17.2 million km2

GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE

SIBERIA - DEMAND FOR REGIONALISM

C

P roposal - De-Centralised Government

Although there is presence of regional governments within the Russian government, they hold no true power and act in proxy to the Kremlin. This has led to decline in Siberia, leading to a growing desire for regionalism.

urrent - Centralised Government

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

RUSSIAN ORTHODOX RELIGION

Dominant Religious Body - ROC

As the dominant religion of Russia, Russian Orthodoxy plays a pivotal role in the daily lives of citizens. With a strong historical legacy of governing people, faith may provide an alternative method of governance.

RUSSIAN FEDERATION - FAITH

Russian Orthodoxy - East / West Divide

Map of Russia denoting region percentages of Orthodox (Green) and Spiritual (Red) believers. An opportunity is found in the only high percentage of orthodox believers in Siberia, The Yamalo Nenets Okrug (outlined in red).

EXTERNAL INFLUENCES

Throughout Russia’s history, the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) politically aligned to the most dominant power structure, such as the Soviet Union and the Mongol Empire.

The Russian Federation, currently led by an authoritarian party (Edinaya Rossia) holds close ties with (ROC). If a region in Russia were to be given greater autonomy, it would suggest that ties to both of these bodies would need to breakaway.

Mongolian EmpireROC (1250’s) benefits greatly from exemptions. Soviet UnionROC (1930’s) embraces Joseph Stalin and Communist Party.

ORTHODOX FAITH - POPULATION BREAKDOWN

Major Religious Groups (1991-2008)

With a population of 143 million people, Russian orthodoxy holds the majority in religious belief (72%). This has rapidly grown from 31% back in 1991. This allows for greater influence and power for the ROC within the Russian Federation.

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH - STRUCTURE

Leadership Organisation

Much like the government of the Russian Federation, the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) is heavily centralised (Eparchy of Moscow). This may lead to an imbalance of decision making, in regards to the interests of other eparchies.

PATRIARCH

- Extensive administrative powers

- No canonical jurisdiction outside diocese of Moscow

SYNOD

7 permanent members

EPARCHY (EQUIVALENT TO DIOCESE)

(261)

SELF-GOVERNING EPARCHY

Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate

Latvian Orthodox Church

Moldovan Orthodox Church

Ukrainian Orthodox Church

SMALL EPARCHY

LARGE EPARCHY EXARCHATE

BISHOP METROPOLITAN ARCHBISHOP (& BISHOPS)

METROPOLITAN ARCHBISHOP (& BISHOPS)

METROPOLITAN ARCHBISHOP (& BISHOPS)

TOTAL PARISHES (34,764)

BISHOP’S COUNCIL Only Bishops

LOCAL COUNCIL Assembly of Bishops, Clergy & Laity

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

Brief Proposal - Religious Governance

Historically, the Russian Orthodox Cloister had proved successful in governing localised regions of Russia. Cloister’s acted as miniaturised cities around the land it governed. This typology provides an opportunity of governance for the region of Yamalo Nenets.

4

Russian Orthodoxy - East / West Divide

Map of Russia denoting region percentages of Orthodox (Green) and Spiritual (Red) believers. An opportunity is found in the only high percentage of orthodox believers in Siberia, The Yamalo Nenets Okrug (outlined in red).

Following similar conventions of Russian Orthodoxy Leadership, Yamalo Nenets will be considered as an eparchy, led by a council of bishops with the archbishop as the head (each bishop acts as a constituent of a region within Yamalo Nenets). Sections of yamalo Nenets will be divided into parishes (either a town or city). Each Parish is led by a Father Superior Priest. Every person within this structure is re-elected every 4 years to ensure regional prosperity.

SELF-GOVERNING EPARCHY

ARCHBISHOP (& BISHOPS)

PARISH (126)

FATHER SUPERIOR PRIEST

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

Proposal for Prosperity

This brief proposes constitutional autonomy for the region of Yamalo Nenets. This will include breaking away from both the Russian Federation and the Russian Orthodox Church. This separation is proposed as a means to bring prosperity to the region.

BREAKAWAY REGION PROPOSAL

NEW LEGISLATION BENEFITS TO EXISTING CONCERNS

Permafrost - Infrastructure Strategy

Due to the lack of investment and deteriorating infrastructure under the current government, autonomy would allow for reinvestment.

As Yamalo-Nenets spans a large area and has poor connections, local governance will be exercised by parishes already situated in towns.

Population Increase - Migration

With a declining population, migration may be a useful short term strategy for faster prosperity in the region.

NEW

SELF-GOVERNING RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH BRANCH

List of self-governing branches of the ROC.

Ukrainian Orthodox Church

Belarusian Orthodox Church

Yamalo Nenets Orthodox Branch

Due to concerns regarding the influence that the Russian Federation has over the ROC, the brief proposes a self-governing branch to maintain state autonomy. This option has proved successful for existing branches.

Pakistan Orthodox Church

Japanese Orthodox Church

Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church

Latvian Orthodox Church

OIL / GAS STATE PRECEDENT - QATAR

State Prosperity

Income - Regional Investment

Most money made from exports is kept by the Russian Federation and is not invested back into the region. As an autonomous state, all money will be kept locally. Looking to global markets, foreign investment can benefit Yamalo-Nenets

Both Yamalo Nenets and Qatar share an equally harsh climate. However, gas and oil fields have ensured economic prosperity for Qatar, giving proof that Yamalo Nenets may prosper as well.

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT SECULARISED GOVERNANCE

Leadership Organisation

The structure of the new branch of Russian Orthodoxy will take the form of current Eparchy structures. However, governance will be split between clergy and new government bodies, creating a bipartisanal relationship. All bodies of the new state will convene at the state assembly.

YAMALO NENETS EPARCHY (CLOISTER)

SECRETARY COUNCIL

- Protects interests of state

- Key decision making

- Power to veto decisions made by Bishop’s council and Archbishop (2/3 majority)

- Each Secretary is in charge of a department

DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS & TRADE

DEPARTMENT FOR CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT

DEPARTMENT FOR EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT FOR ENERGY SECURITY

DEPARTMENT FOR FOOD & RURAL AFFAIRS

DEPARTMENT FOR HOUSING

DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN POLICY

YAMALO NENETS

TREASURY

MINISTRY OF DEFENCE

MINISTRY OF JUSTICE

DEPARTMENT FOR WORK & PENSIONS

DEPARTMENT FOR TRANSPORT

PRESIDENTIAL ARCHBISHOP

- Partial administrative powers

- No canonical jurisdiction outside eparchy of Yamalo Nenets

BISHOP COUNCIL

- Administration of religious doctrine

- Decision making over regional interests

STATE ASSEMBLY

- Body made up of Archbishop, Bishops, Secretaries, Parishes, representatives and general public

PARISH (126)

FATHER SUPERIOR PRIEST

PRIEST

State Validation

To validate the new state of Yamalo Nenets, membership to the United Nations will be proposed. Validation by other nations will ensure the success of the new state.

MEMBERSHIP CONTENTION

As a breakaway region, there are a few countries that would not recognise YamaloNenets as a self governing state (notably Russia and China). However, many states in the past have gained membership despite this. (highlighted in red).

UN MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION PROCESS

Applicant State - Yamalo-Nenets

Autonomous State

As a breakaway region of the Russian Federation, YamaloNenets will need to apply for UN membership as a means to validate its independence. Global recognition would be the first step to prosperity in the region.

1. Application (Rule 134) Yamalo-Nenets submits application to UN Secretary General. Applicant must state declaration in accordance to UN Charter.

2. Notification of Application (Rule 135)

Secretary General sends copy (information only) of application to General Assembly.

3. Consideration and Decision Thereon (Rule 136)

If Security Council recommends applicant for membership, General Assembly will consider applicant’s willing to meet charter obligations. A two-thirds vote majority is needed for a successful application.

4. Non-Recommendation (Rule 137)

If not recommended by General Assembly, application is sent back to Security Council for further consideration.

5. Notification of Decision and Date of Membership (Rule 138)

Secretary General will inform applicant of General Assembly vote. If approved, membership is effective on date of General Assembly decision.

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

Siberia - Melting of Permafrost

With rising global temperatures, the melting of permafrost poses a risk to Siberian infrastructure and land. Existing Soviet infrastructure is already starting to crumble, with little initiative to reinvest into the region. Local autonomy may prove as the only solution to this problem.

Siberia Surface Temperature Rise

Due to rising global temperatures, Siberia will experience vast swathes of land sinking due to the melting of permafrost.

RESEARCH - SIBERIAN PERMAFROST

RISK TO EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE

EFFECTS OF PERMAFROST EROSION

RISK TO SIBERIAN LANDSCAPE

PERMAFROST GROUND BUILD UP

Isolation Strategy for Siberian Climate

Due to the harsh climate of the Siberian mountain taiga, the brief proposes a modern self-reliant mini-settlement approach.

Optimal

Delivery of Goods and Food

boat

AGRICULTURAL STRATEGY

To manage a balanced diet for cloister inhabitants, crops will be grown around the building. Fertiliser will be imported to improve the poor soil content. Annual output will consist of a summer and winter crop cycle.

Summer Crop Winter Crop

Beet Wheat

Barley Cabbage

Situated next to drinkable water, this source provides water for agriculture and day to day use. It is also used to provide cooling for permafrost.

SELF RELIANCE NIKITA NORRIS2022-2024 SECTION 02 BARC0174ADVANCED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PORTFOLIO PowerUnderwater River Turbines - 3 = 300kw (powers 225 homes) (all year supply) Water Drinkable water (all year supply) Gas Pipeline extension from Urengoi (all year supply) Access to Site Accessible by - Boat (small to medium) - Reindeer Water Depth Zone highlighted not accessible by

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

SELF RELIANCE - ENERGY SOURCE

Renewable Energy Opportunity - Pur River

As part of the cloister’s self reliance strategy, a renewable energy source will be proposed. Underwater turbine technology will prove successful for the strong currents of the River Pur.

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE

ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE

Underwater Turbines

Isolated from energy infrastructure, underwater turbines will provide all energy needs for in-use operation. Annual provision is ensured due to placement at river bed (bottom of river remains liquid). Maintenance is required twice a year for the removal of flora accumulating around the cage. Three turbines will supply 37,500 kWh per month.

URENGOI GAS FIELD PROPOSED GAS PIPELINE

Generator

Yaw System

Rotor Hub

Fins

POTENTIAL IN-USE ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Proposed Gas Pipeline

Although not completely reliant on gas for operation, the proposed gas pipeline will lay ground for future expansion. Due to melting permafrost, the pipe can change height whilst remaining operational.

Cage Net (allows passage of water/stops fauna & flora passing through turbines)

Underwater cables connect turbines to building grid

Strong river current drives underwater turbines (Annual)

Triangular piles for improved stability (against current)

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT FUTURE EXPANSION PROPOSAL

Cloister - After Use

The construction of the cloister will act as the short term strategy for the governance of Yamalo Nenets. The long term goal will be to create a new administrative settlement.

NEW SETTLEMENT PROPOSAL

CLOISTER BUILDING LIFECYCLE

Settlement has linear growth following roads and river. To be managed into districts with a church at its core.

END OF LIFE STRATEGY - STATE MONUMENT

A means to validate the identity and autonomy of a new state would be a through a legacy of architecture and culture. Yamalo Nenets may start to implement this legacy by giving the government cloister a function after its use. As the birthplace of the new state, the remnants of the cloister will become a monument to the people. Stone will be the preferred material to use at the base as it has proven to be historically durable.

Remains of plinth structure to become monument to new state and cultural centre of settlement.

New administrative cloister to be situated within office sector.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY PROPOSAL

Resourcing

Although isolated from the global economy, there is a local pool of workers that will aid in the construction of the cloister. Existing heavy machinery currently used for gas fields can be transitioned to building construction.

LABOUR POOL

TRANSPORT STRATEGY

LOCAL RESOURCES

Heavy machinery can be sourced from existing port and gas field infrastructure (i.e. piling, cranes) as well as soviet era machinery within the territory.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

SYSTEM RESEARCH - LOCAL TIMBER

Mountain Taiga Biome

The southern part of Yamalo Nenets holds large swathes of coniferous trees. This type of timber creates great opportunity for constructing in CLT and Glulam.

TREE SPECIES COVERAGE

YAMALO NENETS - INDIGENOUS TREES

SIBERIAN TAIGA - CONIFEROUS TREE FAMILY

TIMBER APPLICATION

Primary Structure

CONIFEROUS TREE MOISTURE CONTENT

Secondary Structure

Spruce Tree Larch Tree Pine Tree Fir Tree

DESIGN

Material Research

To improve unwanted attributes of CLT construction, super heated steamed treated CLT and edge gluing will improve the longevity of the material during building use.

IMPROVING MATERIAL PERFORMANCE

Improving Moisture De-laminationOption Exploration

Fabrication of CLT panels will include additional improvements such as SHST timber on the outer layer of CLT panels.

Improving Shear ForcesOption Exploration

Edge gluing provides the best method of resisting shear forces in CLT, an attribute that will greatly benefit constructing in timber.

CLT MANUFACTURE PROCESS

1. Tree Sourcing

6. Planing Lamination

2. Cutting and Planing

7. Adhesive Application

3. Controlled Drying

8. Assembly

4. Strength Grading

4. Pressing and Curing

5. Finger Joining

5. Finishing and Packaging

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

SYSTEM PROPOSAL - SLOTTED

System Parameters

This page delves into the many benefits CLT construction brings, as well as the necessary strategies in ensuring its longevity.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

SYSTEM OPPORTUNITY - MEGA SHINGLE

Mega Shingle Benefits

Taking cultural inspiration from existing forms in Russian orthodox design, an upscaling of the timber shingle can provide additional insulation to the cloister within a cold environment.

Shingle PrecedentOrthodox Church

The unique form of orthodox roof shingles in Russia can be used to provide a cultural identity to the cloister.

SNOW

Material Opportunity - Pine Tar

(Traditional Manufacture)

Smoke Escape Funnel

Earth, Wood Bark Layering

Pine Wood

Pine Tar Pipe

Pine Wood Carbonisation

By Product - Pine Tar

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

FORM REFERENCE - 1A

Government Building Typology

Existing administrative buildings will inform the programme of the cloister.

Orthodox Churches

1. Tokyo Metropolitan Parliament Building (Japan)

2. Beehive Parliament Building (New Zealand)

3. US Capitol Parliament Building (Washington DC)

1.

2.

3.

2.

3.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

FORM REFERENCE - 1B

Tokyo Metropolitan Parliament Building - Public / Private Domain

The parliament building shows a distinctive separation of private/public domains within its form.

Public / Private Domain Separation

While public spaces are situated at the bottom of the building where access is easier, private spaces are situated in the upper parts of the building, where access is limited.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Russian Orthodox Church Typology

Existing Russian Orthodox churches will inform the programme of the cloister.

Orthodox Churches

1. Church of Transfiguration (Kizhi Pogost)

2. Church of the Nativity of St. Jon the Baptist (St. Petersburg)

3. Transfiguration Church (Star City)

1.

1.

2.

3.

3.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Church of Transfiguration - Holistic Building Form

The church shows a distinctive response to its surrounding environment, opting for a monolithic form that retains heat better during colder months.

Thermal Opportunity - Form Factor

Although adorned with many domes, the Church of Transfiguration maintains a regular profile in elevation and plan. This may due to the need of retaining heat in colder months. This strategy will prove useful for the design of the cloister.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

FORM EXPERIMENTATION - 1

Monastery Typology

Taking inspiration from existing cloister forms, a collection of buildings is proposed for the peninsula. Each building will serve a different function for the complex i.e. church, assembly, monitoring etc.

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PROPOSAL

Massing - System Integration

Initial Massing

Perimeter Staircores (Open Interior)

Tapered Profile (Snow Loads)

Slotted Plate System Integration

Novodevichy Convent

SITE PLAN - PROGRAMME PROPOSAL

Valdai Convent

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

FORM EXPERIMENTATION - 2A

Low Rise - Single Building Typology

Taking into account the need to retain heat in a cold climate, cloister functions will be condensed into a single building. This will also improve the human comfort levels for occupants.

ISOMETRIC MASSING

MASSING GENESIS

Stage 1 Initial Massing

Stage 5 External Canopies

Stage 2 Topographical Response

Stage 6 Light Shaft & Skylights

Stage 3 Private/Public Access

Stage 7 Security & Bell Tower

Stage 4 Assembly Hall/Church Program

Stage 8 Environmental Treatment - Roofs

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

FORM EXPERIMENTATION - 2B

Low Rise - L-Shaped Form

This page considers an L-shaped form for the cloister. This provides the option for expanding the cloister into other sections. The programme of the assembly hall and the church are clearly defined by their height.

ISOMETRIC STUDY

ISOMETRIC-2F

Linear Arrangement

A linear arrangement has been chosen for clergy accommodation due to the brief requirement of providing access to fresh air and views of the surrounding area.

ISOMETRIC-1F

ISOMETRIC-GF

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

FORM EXPERIMENTATION - 3A

Tower Typology - Stand-alone

This page explores the feasibility of a radical change in form, opting for high rise construction as opposed to low rise.

Modular construction will greatly benefit building lead times. However, it may reduce the identity of function as a unique building typology.

Taking greater inspiration from Russian Orthodox ornamentation, this design may prove unfeasable in structural integrity and delivery.

Experiment 1 - Modular Tower

Experiment 2 - Tapered Tower

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

FORM EXPERIMENTATION - 3B

Tower Typology - Tower/Base

Responding to the combined programme of the government cloister, an integrated base for the tower will define the distinction between private and public realms. This will also prove useful for the building’s structure.

EXPERIMENT - INTEGRATED

CONCRETE BASE STUDY - ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

Constructing a base

will provide ample moisture protection for a CLT constructed tower. Raised platforms will also add protection against dangerous wildlife.

made from concrete and stone

1. - Raised Viewing Platform

3. - Single Storey Narrow Platform

2. - Single Storey Wide Platform

2. - Double Storey Wide Platform

1. - Sectional Isometric Study

TIMBER BASE/TOWER

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

FORM EXPERIMENTATION - 3C

Chosen Form - Petal Tower/Base

Taking inspiration from the sloping hills of the Siberian mountain taiga, the tower’s form will be divided into eight sloping petals. The petals will act as both the envelope of the tower and the base, providing great opportunity for heat retention and structural integrity.

SITE PLAN - INITIAL ARRANGEMENT

Plan Arrangement

The tower will be situated next to the bay, providing easy access to water for goods/ human access by boat. The plan points to a radial arrangement (administrative typology) that defines the main functions of the government cloister (Assembly Hall/Church).

TOWER FORM / PROFILE ARRANGEMENT STUDIES

Isometric Fragment Study

Elevation Fragment Study

Sectional Study

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

SPATIAL

ARRANGEMENT - PLAN

Combined Typology - Administrative Influence

This page shows the design intent of the government cloister, driven by existing considerations in an administrative typology. This will be merged with religious design to create a new typology.

PRECEDENT - ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING

Analysis of existing administrative buildings show a low rise, radial arrangement, with areas of greatest importance situated within the centre of the plan i.e. Public Plaza.

Queensland Parliament Building

Radial Hierarchy

Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building

PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT

PROPOSAL - Fused Central Layout

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Combined Typology - Religious Influence

This page shows the design intent of the government cloister, driven by existing considerations in a religious typology. This will be merged with administrative design to create a new typology.

PRECEDENT - ORTHODOX CHURCH

Analysis of existing orthodox churches show a stringent hierarchy of space, separating the public domain from the private the further it goes into the church.

Holy Ascension Russian Orthodox Church

Altar holds greatest importance at back of church (separated from public domain)

Church has hierarchical linear arrangement, growing increasingly private towards the altar

Controlled access to spaces throughout plan

Nativity of Christ Orthodox Church

Altar holds greatest importance at back of church (separated from public domain)

Church has hierarchical linear arrangement, growing increasingly private towards the altar

Controlled access to spaces throughout plan

PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT

PROPOSAL - Vertical Hierarchy

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

MATERIAL PROPOSALS

Local Resources

The materiality of the tower has been greatly influenced by the materials that are locally available. This includes resources such as timber, sand, stone, grass and gravel.

MATERIAL FRAGMENT PROPOSAL

MATERIAL PALETTE

The materiality of the building is influenced by materials local to site or to the region of Yamalo Nenets. This includes timber, stone, clay, limestone, grass that can be manufactured into CLT, glulam, concrete and insulation. Harder materials to source such as steel and aluminium will be used in smaller quantities.

CLT Panels

Glulam Beams

Steel Beams

Steel Trusses Dry Grass Insulation

Aluminium Frame System

Charred Timber Cladding Pine Tar Coating

Assembly

Sectional isometric depicting composition of building elements and its relationship to building hierarchy.

DETAILED DESIGN TIMBER FABRICATION

CLT & Glulam

This page defines the process and strategy in constructing CLT / Glulam prefabricated elements.

Cross Laminated Timber Structure - Fabrication Process

Glulam Timber StructureFabrication Process

A - Super Steam Heated Treatment B - Kiln Drying C - CNCC D - Steam Bending E- Edge Gluing F - Gluing

CLT/GLULAM REPETITION

CNCC Machine (CLT/Glulam Fabrication)

Although the variation in profile, there are repeatable components within the design of the building. These duplications can aid in a more efficient work-flow and reduce production time in off-site fabrication. This allows for a faster lead time in delivery of finished components.

Refer to diagram (3.)

Steam-bending Machine (Glulam Fabrication) (SB)

(Per

Floor plates will vary in size due to varying envelope/atrium dimensions. However components within the floor plate can be repeated as shown by the diagram above.

1. Delivery and cutting.

1. Delivery and cutting.

3. Selection of timber kiln dried.

3. Finger Jointing.

5. Assembly and adhesive application.

5. Assembly and adhesive application.

2. Selection of timber super steam heated.

2. Timber kiln dried.

4. Finger Jointing.

4. Timber steamed and bent into shape

6. Dove joints cut.

6. Dove joints cut.

3. Floor Plate Repeatability

Floor)

DETAILED DESIGN

TIMBER FABRICATION

Mega Shingle Fabrication

Process of mega shingle construction, using a combination of modern and traditional methods. Special consideration is taken due to shingle size.

PINE TAR MEGA SHINGLE FABRICATION

Pine Tar Coating

Pine tar creates an impermeable layer that resists moisture (rain/snow). The coating will need to be re-applied every 2-3 years.

MEGA SHINGLE APPLICATION

SHINGLE TYPE PROFILES

8m Panel

IN-SITU SHINGLE PLACEMENT

Passive Gutter

Strategy

Application of snow shovels may degrade the coating. To mitigate this, curved panels guide water to holes at the bottom.

Vertical Application

The larger panel will be applied to vertical areas of the building envelope.

8m Panel

4m Panel

Vertical-Horizontal Application

As the building envelope begins to flatten towards the building threshold, smaller panels will be applied to allow for the increase in curvature.

1. Prepared CLT panels delivered

4. Panels laid out to dry at site (both sides)

3. Shingles sorted, packed and shipped to site

6. Shingle assembled by hand

2. Shingle panels cut using CNCC

5. Pine tar coating applied to panels (both sides)

DETAILED DESIGN PLINTH FABRICATION

Concrete & Stone Aggregate

This page defines the process of concrete/stone aggregate fabrication and the implications of its use.

PLINTH & FOUNDATION FABRICATION

Concrete Slab/Pile Structure Fabrication Process

Concrete Aggregate Plinth Structure Fabrication Process

CONCRETE & STONE AGGREGATE PROPERTIES

Repeatable Elements

- Moulds lead to repeatable components within the design. Plinth moulds can be used 10 times due to symmetrical layout.

- Simplicity of plinth forms can reduce curing time and ensure product quality.

Re-Cycling Opportunity

To reduce additional harmful quarrying, stone and sand will be extracted from existing quarries to make up 70% of the final product. Local extraction of water, stone and sand will minimise the construction carbon footprint.

Fire Resistance Properties

Concrete’s ability to resist fire provides a secured means of escape from tower levels. Concrete staircores are placed to provide protection.

Concrete - Environmental Impact

Social Impact - Material Lifetime

With a maximum lifetime of 100 years, concrete will not have to be replaced during the building’s occupation, minimising additional carbon after handover.

Social Impact - Durability

Placing concrete on lower levels protects upper levels (timber) from degradation. It is ideal for public areas that may experience damage.

Pros - Concrete has a long construction life, and can be re-purposed after the life of the original building.

Pros- Leftover stone from quarries can be re-used.

Cons- Production of concrete contributes to global warming.

Cons - Material cannot be re-used after construction.

1. Delivery (stone +sand+cement)

1. Delivery (gravel +sand+cement)

3. Moulding

3. Shuttering

2. Process & mixing

2. Process & mixing

4. Curing

4. Curing

-

-

-

- Temporary waterproofing switched for permanent roofing (staggered construction to tower)

- Construction platform continues tower progression

- External walls constructed in covered internal areas

-

-

07. Secondary Structure/Initial Tower

Roof petal glulam beams fixed

Tower construction in progress floor by floor

- Temporary Waterproofing placed to maintain timber moisture content

10. Facade & Glazing

- Staircore/lift core installed

Timber and aluminium façades fitted within building

Glazing installed (removal of all temporary waterproofing)

08. Roofing/Tower Continuation

11. Internal Fit Out

- Internal walls and ceilings installed - Fit out of lighting, services, mechanical ventilation, agriculture, and room loading. - Installation of lantern

09. Tower Finish - Continuation of roof build-up - Tower Structure and capping completed - Removal of construction platform

12. Site Cleared & Handover

Site cleared from temporary building services - Gas pipe, water turbines connected to building - Hand-over procedure undertaken

DETAILED DESIGN

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

Structural Hierarchy

This page describes the necessary strategy for supporting a CLT tower. This includes the application of a wide plinth base. This is necessary for providing a strong support within an area of permafrost.

PRIMARY STRUCTURE - SHEAR WALL SYSTEM

Primary Structure Profile

The primary structure of the Tower comprises of CLT Shear Walls, supported by steel trusses/ beams. The load of the tower is then distributed to concrete plinths and foundation.

STRUCTURAL LOAD PATHS

Tower Load Path

Tower-Plinth Load Transfer

Within the Tower, loads are transferred down through CLT/ Steel trusses and cross bracing mitigate uneven forces created by the height of the tower. Due to the height of the tower, heavy loads are distributed to staircores and plinths, that are further distributed along

01. Tower (CLT / Steel Connection)

02. Plinth (CLT / Concrete Aggregate Connection)

DETAILED DESIGN SECONDARY STRUCTURE

Supporting Components

Due to increased loads from proposing a tower typology, steel has been incorporated within the CLT shear walls to mitigate shear, buckling and torsion forces. Glulam has been chosen as a secondary component to support the tower envelope.

01. Plinth (Glulam/Concrete Connection)

02. Tower (Steel Cross Bracing Connection)

Condition No.1

DETAILED DESIGN BUILDING LOADS

External/Internal Loads

In addition to the dead and live loads a building will need support during its lifetime, a tower will come under increased strain from external elements such as wind and snow. Special consideration will be needed in regards to hydrostatic and soil loads due to the nature of building on permafrost.

Tower Typology Loads

01. - Dead Loads (Building’s Weight)

02. - Live Loads (Weight of People/Machinery)

03. - Wind Loads (Horizontal Load on Tower)

04. - Snow Loads (Vertical Load on Tower)

05. - Hydrostatic and Soil Loads (Pressure Enacted by Building Load on Ground)

TOWER STRUCTURECOMPRESSION/TENSION FORCES

TOWER STRUCTUREBUCKLING FORCES

TOWER STRUCTURETORSION FORCES

MATERIAL CHOICE - FORCE MITIGATION

DETAILED DESIGN

STONE PLINTH LEVEL

Material Choice - Concrete/Stone

This page defines the strategy of concrete/stone aggregate for the foundations and plinths. Simplified forms reduce fabrication and construction time.

RAFT & PILE SLAB FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION

Uniform

Foundation

To combat heavy loads from the tower, the foundation is laid as one form to allow for uniform load transfer.

1. CONCRETE AGGREGATE BLOCK ARRANGEMENT

2. CONCRETE PILE TO FOUNDATION CONNECTION

3. CONCRETE AGGREGATE PLINTH LINE ARRANGEMENT

Block

Raft

Block

DETAILED DESIGN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

Human Comfort - Room Designation

This page allocates the internal environmental conditions required for optimal human comfort.

DETAILED DESIGN ENVIRONMENT SECTIONAL STUDY

Considerations

Sectional isometric depicting overview of environmental considerations to building design.

Minimal glazing in tower reduces amount of heat that can escape

Passivhaus standard wall build-up ensures efficient cooling of building in summer and heating in winter (monolithic form improves form factor)

Mega shingles creates additional insulation from snow build-up (shovels) in winter & heat retention from wind flow

Atrium provides light source, minimising need for glazing on external envelope

Circular profile of building provides more uniform intake of air for ventilation as well as reduced strain on building from wind loads

Pine tar coated shingles creates waterproof barrier

Combination of mechanical ventilation / stack ventilation achieves internal positive pressure (negates hot air in summer and cold air in winter from entering building)

Cooling pipes ensure permafrost temperature throughout hotter months

Soil layer creates buffer between foundation and permafrost, mitigating conduction of heat between the two

Raised thermal line mitigates warming of permafrost and open space allows flow of cool wind

Insulated Overhang prevents formation of icicles

Underfloor heating provides low energy intensive solution in isolated environment

Overhang prevents radiation from penetrating ground floor and building during hotter months and allows radiation to penetrate during colder months

Raised ground level provides protection from flooding

Louvre reflectors provide improved atrium lighting and acoustic separation between tower sections

DETAILED DESIGN

Ground Treatment Strategy

This page proposes the strategy of constructing a tower on permafrost through the application of cooling pipes and building form.

CHOSEN PERMAFROST STRATEGY

Soil aggregate mitigates heat transfer from building to permafrost Insulated floor build up elevated from ground floor

Partially exposed ground floor allows for wind flow

PERMAFROST STRATEGY OPTIONS

Cooling pipes maintain permafrost temperature

1. Elevated Platform (Open Ground Floor)

Pros

- Improved wildlife security

- Building fabric does not warm permafrost Con

- CLT construction requires base touching ground

2. Elevated Platform (Partially Enclosed Ground Floor)

Pros

- Building fabric does not warm permafrost

- Better controlled internal environment Con

- CLT construction requires base touching ground

3. Elevated Platform (Enclosed Ground Floor)

Pro

- Controlled internal environment

Cons

- CLT construction requires base touching ground

- Ground floor may warm permafrost due to enclosed space

4. Elevated Ground (Cooling Pipes)

Pros

- Foundation can sit on ground level

- Cooling pipes moderate permafrost temp

Con

- Additional energy consumption

5. Standard Pile Construction Pros

- Foundation can sit on ground level Cons

- Ground floor will warm permafrost

- Building may collapse due to insufficient cooling

6. Elevated Platform (Preliminary Freezing)

Pros

- Building fabric does not warm permafrost

- Artificial freezing will maintain permafrost temperature

Con

- Expensive procedure

DETAILED DESIGN

PERMAFROST - COOLING STRATEGY

Ground Treatment Strategy

This page proposes the strategy of constructing a tower on permafrost through the application of cooling pipes and building form.

COOLING PIPE ANALYSIS

Pile Cooling Pipes

Cooling pipes in pile foundations are necessary to maintain the optimum temperature of permafrost during/after construction.

Internalised Refrigeration System

Refrigerated brine will be used to maintain permafrost temperatures through cooling pipes. Using a mixture of sodium chloride and water, the brine can reach a freezing point of -21.3C.

Estimate Ground Temperature

The graph shows that after 8 metres, the temperature averages at -3.5C. Therefore cooling pipes will be positioned above 8 metres to maintain -3.5C during summer.

Refrigerated Brine (Ingredients)

Sodium Chloride

(Cost Effective)

Water

(Locally Sourced)

Passive Systemics

Analysis of design strategies that influence the thermal properties of the building (internally and externally).

ROOF OVERHANG PERFORMANCE

Solar Gain

Using a 5m overhang, internal spaces receive additional solar gain during spring and autumn where the months are colder. During hotter months, the overhang blocks sunlight from entering. The large overhang is relational to site location in the northern hemisphere, where the summer sun path is lower.

ATRIUM THERMAL PERFORMANCE

Stack Ventilation

A central atrium (1) has been chosen for this design to harness stack ventilation (2). Warm air generated by underfloor heating (3) rises up to the lantern room (4), where it can either escape through vents (5) or provide additional heat for pipes (6). Cool air (7) from mechanical ventilation/ external vent system maintains an optimal environment.

Heat Retention

DETAILED DESIGN THERMAL PERFORMANCE - ENVELOPE NIKITA

This page analyses the benefits of using mega shingles on the external envelope.

ENVELOPE HEAT RETENTION

1. Weatherproof Membrane Envelope

Heat loss is greater when wind flows against the threshold of a flat envelope.

A textured envelope will disperse wind flow, creating a separation flow region that does not meet the weatherproof membrane. The shingles also act as a barrier against wind.

HEAT LOSS OPTION ANALYSIS

lost (plinth level).

With the application of shingles, the amount of heat lost by the building is minimised.

Site - Wind Flow

Opportunity

The building’s circular profile allows for efficient cool air intake for ventilation. The entrance is situated in the area of least wind direction whereas the petal envelope (vent locations) receive direct wind flow.

1. Convectional Current

2. Conduction

3. Wind Flow

5. Shingle Wind Barrier 6. Mega Shingle

2. Mega Shingle Envelope

2. Mega Shingle

1. Weatherproof Membrane The heat map diagram (left) shows areas in red where the greatest amount of heat is

DETAILED DESIGN FORM FACTOR

Heat Loss Mitigation - Tower Typology

This page shows the benefits of using a holistic tower typology for greater retention of heat in required areas and better heat dispersion in areas adjacent to permafrost.

INTERNAL FORM FACTOR PERFORMANCE

1. Lantern Room (1:3.7)

Due to the amount of heat generated by the lantern, a large surface area threshold allows for greater heat loss.

2. Monastic Cell (1:0.9)

There is a reduction in heat loss due to only two externally exposed planes (beneficial to internal thermal environment).

3. Office (1:0.6)

There is a reduction in heat loss due to only one externally exposed plane (beneficial to internal thermal environment).

4. Lounge (1:0.12)

Heat loss area is minimal as the lounge partially borders external envelope (beneficial to internal thermal environment).

EXTERNAL FORM FACTOR PERFORMANCE

Form Simplicity

A monolithic form greatly benefits the retention of heat due to a lower form factor. Minimised intrusions/extrusions for structure/windows (shown in red) mitigate an increase of surface area. Components that do extrude (i.e. shear walls) are structural and impact of additional heat loss is minimal. This strategy is essential for building in an extremely cold climate.

5. Overnight Stay (1:3.7)

As a result of elevating the external thermal build-up (permafrost strategy), heat is lost through the floor plate. Underfloor heating will be used to generate heat lost for optimal thermal environment.

6. Entrance (1:1.9)

Situated on the ground, a large heat loss area allows for the regulation of permafrost temperature.

DETAILED DESIGN SOLAR STRATEGY

Atrium Daylight Strategy

This page analyses the control of daylight throughout the year to achieve an optimal internal environment for occupants.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGY

Fin Reflectors

Due to a low angle sun path during the year, sunlight will be reflected by use of the lantern and reflective fins situated in two areas of the tower (1). This will allow light to travel further down the atrium. Depending on the angle of the sun, the fins can rotate. Mylar has been chosen due to its 98% reflectivity and lightness.

Aluminium Frame (50x50mm)

Mylar Laminated Chipboard

Mylar-Vantablack Laminated

Aluminium Fin (Light regulation/ Rotatable)

Motor Powered Pole

Light Fixture Designation

Artificial lighting will be used to achieve the correct lux levels depending on the space’s function (see 01.12 environmental considerations).

DETAILED DESIGN

SOLAR PERFORMANCE - GENERAL

Internal Thresholds

This page analyses the control of daylight throughout the year to achieve an optimal internal environment for occupants.

BUILDING THRESHOLD SOLAR RESPONSE

Solar Strategy - Seasonal Extremes

Summer Day - Overhang prevents high angle sunlight exposure, necessary for prevention of permafrost melting.

Summer Night - Overhang prevents summer night light from penetrating into building.

Winter Day - Covered external space regulates permafrost ground temperature.

Winter Night - Covered external space regulates permafrost ground temperature.

Summer - Day

Summer - Night

BUILDING THRESHOLD SOLAR PERFORMANCE (DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS)

MONASTIC CELL (TOWER)

Spring Solstice - March 21st

4. Winter Hours

Summer Solstice - June 21st

Winter Solstice - December 21st

Autumn Solstice - September 21st

REFECTORY (PLINTH)

Spring Solstice - March 21st

Summer Solstice - June 21st

Large roof overhang blocks high level sun and prevents thermal mass heating of permafrost.

Winter - Day

Covered external area provides shading during hot summers.

Raised internal space reduces external environment variance (Heating).

Winter - Night

Autumn Solstice - September 21st

Winter Solstice - December 21st

Insulated overhang prevents heat loss from facade (prevents formation of icicles).

Covered external area prevents warming of permafrost.

Raised internal space reduces external environment variance (Cooling).

ENTRANCE (PLINTH)

Spring Solstice - March 21st

Summer Solstice - June 21st

Additional insulation from snow.

Autumn Solstice - September 21st

Winter Solstice - December 21st

DETAILED DESIGN SOLAR PERFORMANCE - ATRIUM

Atrium Artificial Lighting Performance

Due to minimal illuminance in winter, an artificial lighting strategy is an integral part of the lighting strategy. Based off a lighthouse lantern, it simulates daylight inside the atrium.

CHOICE OF LIGHT SOURCE - LANTERN

Lantern Lux Analysis

Analysing only light produced by the lantern and external environment, lux levels drop relational to the amount of distance it travels down the atrium. Spatial arrangement has been organised through lux requirements. The lantern achieves 150+ lux in areas where required (i.e. monastic cells). The assembly hall and church are situated at the bottom where less light is required whereas offices are higher up.

Due to low levels of annual sunlight, a lantern has been chosen as a light source (functioning both internally and externally). The application of Fresnel lens reduces energy required to operate (up to 40%).

Fresnel lens rotated for equal light distribution

The lantern is situated at the top of the tower (1) due to amount of heat generated (up to 100oC). To regulate temperature and keep plant equipment safe, cool air will circulate from the plant room (2) and escape through roof vents (3). The lantern provides many functions such as an internal light source (4), a passive heating system (5), an indication of location for people travelling during dark months (6), and a counterweight (7). A buffer zone has been installed to regulate light paths and temperature (8), ensuring an optimal internal environment further down. Maintenance of plant and lantern will only be carried out when the lantern is off.

Mylar-Vantablack Laminated Aluminium Fin (Light regulation/Rotatable)

DETAILED DESIGN INTERNAL VENTILATION

Mechanical Ventilation Strategy

A positive air pressure strategy is appropriate for an atrium that generates stack ventilation. This will have the benefit of keeping out warm air in summer and cool air in winter.

ATRIUM - POSITIVE AIR PRESSURE

With a positive air pressure strategy, internal air has a higher density to external air. Due to an imbalance, thermal buoyancy drives air up the atrium where it escapes through vents. Air is replaced through mechanical ventilation.

SECTIONAL STUDY - VENTILATION STRATEGY

Vent positioned to hit balustrade, creating pressure separation (aiding travel of air from spaces towards atrium)

To deliver air around a large area, funnels within vents will increase flow speed as a result of higher pressure.

1. ENVELOPE VENTILATION (MECHANICAL)

Gap for air intake (shielded against rain/snow)

Slanted vent (moisture protection)

Mechanical fan

Motorised louvres (Air supply/direction regulation)

2. CEILING VOID VENTILATION

Air vent

Air supply vent

Motorised Louvres (Air supply/direction regulation)

Suspended Plasterboard

Ceiling

3. ATRIUM THRESHOLD VENTILATION

Air vent

Air supply vent

Motorised Louvres (Air supply/direction regulation)

Suspended Plasterboard

Ceiling

Only supply mechanical ventilation required (cost saving/faster installation)

= 4 per hour)

DETAILED DESIGN

ATRIUM FIRE STRATEGY

Evacuation & Smoke Mitigation

Due to the concerns of the atrium being one compartment, special considerations are taken in the evacuation of occupants during a fire.

SMOKE EXTRACTION STRATEGY

Smoke vents/HVAC’s control extraction of smoke

Lift unavailable in event of fire

Dedicated staircore compartment for fire evacuation

TOWER FIRE SCENARIOS

Dedicated smoke extraction system in staircore

Scenario 1 - Top Atrium

- Ventilation not required

- Sprinklers activated

- Smoke extracted by vents

Scenario 2 - Middle Atrium

- Partial ventilation activated

- Sprinklers activated

- Smoke extracted by vents

Scenario 3 - Bottom Atrium

- Full ventilation activated

- Sprinklers activated

- Smoke extracted by vents

- Fire barriers lowered

Supply vents guide smoke towards atrium/keep smoke within atrium

- Safest means of tower evacuation

SMOKE MITIGATIONS

Sprinklers situated on every floor to mitigate fire spread.

- Moderate risk of tower evacuation

Mechanical extract removes smoke

Supply vents guide smoke towards atrium/keep smoke within atrium

Slanted balustrade creates smoke barrier

Mechanical supply circulates fresh air

- High risk of tower evacuation

Fire barriers prevent spread of smoke outside of atrium

Vents provide controlled supply of air (accelerates extraction of smoke

Emergency Ventilation

In the event of a fire, the ventilation system will operate at full capacity to control the spread and direction of smoke. Several strategies are required for the safe evacuation of an atrium (top,right).

Vents provide controlled supply of air (accelerates extraction of smoke

Fire barriers prevent spread of smoke outside of atrium

Sprinkler System Performance Sprinklers are situated at a minimum of 1800mm to prevent cold soldering.

All work produced by Unit 14

Unit book design by Charlie Harriswww.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture

Copyright 2021

The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

CONSTRUCTED FUTURES 2023

At the center of Unit 14’s academic exploration lies Buckminster Fuller’s ideal of the ‘The Comprehensive Designer’, a master-builder that follows Renaissance principles and a holistic approach. Fuller referred to this ideal of the designer as somebody who is capable of comprehending the ‘integrateable significance’ of specialised findings and is able to realise and coordinate the commonwealth potentials of these discoveries while not disappearing into a career of expertise. Like Fuller, we are opportunists in search of new ideas and their benefits via architectural synthesis.

As such Unit 14 is a test bed for exploration and innovation, examining the role of the architect in an environment of continuous change. We are in search of the new, leveraging technologies, workflows and modes of production seen in disciplines outside our own. We test ideas systematically by means of digital as well as physical drawings, models and prototypes. Our work evolves around technological speculation with a research-driven core, generating momentum through astute synthesis. Our propositions are ultimately made through the design of buildings and through the in-depth consideration of structural formation and tectonic. This, coupled with a strong research ethos, will generate new and unprecedented, one day viable and spectacular proposals. They will be beautiful because of their intelligence - extraordinary findings and the artful integration of those into architecture.

The focus of this year’s work evolves around the concept of ‘Constructed Futures’. The term aims to describe architecture and as such fundamentally human future as the result of the architect’s highest degree of synthesis of underlying principles. Constructional logic, spatial innovation, typological organisation, environmental and structural performance are all negotiated in a highly iterative process driven by intense architectural investigation. Inspiration for inherent principles of organisational intelligence can be observed in both biotic and abiotic systems, in all spatial arrangements where it is critical for the overall performance of the developed order. Through the deep understanding of constructional principles, we will generate highly developed architectural systems of unencountered intensity where spatial organisation arises as a result of sets of mutual interactions. Observation as well as re-examination of civilisatory developments will enable us to project near future scenarios and position ourselves as avant-garde in the process of designing a comprehensive vision for the forthcoming. The projects will take shape as research based imaginative tales, architectural visions driven by speculation.

Thanks to: ALA, DaeWha Kang Design, Foster + Partners, Heatherwick Studio, Populous, RSH+P, Seth Stein Architects, ZHA, Expedition Engineering