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FOREST CITY: CHINESE CULTURAL COMPLEX
DOUGLAS QIMING YANG YEAR 5
UNIT
Y5 DQY
RE-IMAGINE CHINESE TIMBER FRAME
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All work produced by Unit 14 Cover design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher.
@unit14_ucl
DOUGLAS QIMING YANG YEAR 5 Y5 DQY
douglas.yang.18@alumni.ucl.ac.uk @unit14_ucl
R E-I M AG I N E C H I N E S E T I M B E R F R A M E FOREST CITY: CHINESE CULTURAL COMPLEX Forest City, China
C
ontext/ Brief: The One Belt One Road Initiative has resulted in numerous China invested infrastructural and cul-tural projects globally. During contextual research, it is found that Malaysia and Singapore have large Chinese descendant population, and they are the countries received most Chinese investment. Forest City (Fig. 2), situated in-between Malaysia and Singapore is among one of those. It is criticised this mega residential project is mainly di-rected to Chinese buyers, instead of focusing on the local’s interests. To respond, this building project proposes a Chinese cultural complex on the fourth island, serving as a hub for all people with Chinese roots or cultural inter-ests to experience and celebrate the Chinese heritage. Research Topic: The early research focuses on the history and the design of traditional Chinese timber frame. Dou-gong (brackets and blocks), is recognized as the most important structural component in Chinese architecture.Its structural and constructional principles are examined in depths and three principles are concluded: 1, Dougong performs efficiently as a structural component, providing earthquake proof function; 2, all component in Dougong and Chinese timber frame are highly standardized and can be calculated from one base unit; and 3. Chinese timber frame can be parametric.
of standardized cross laminated components. All components are prefabricated in China then shipped on site to assemble. Situated in the site context, this project brings the traditional Chinese architectural language into a foreign tropical environment. Environmental strategies are examined closely to adapt the original Chinese architecture form into a new system that can deal with the local climate in the most efficient way. With China’s ambition to amplify their global influence, it is inevitable that more Chinese funded infrastructure in foreign land will appear. As a result, this project offers a new colonial architecture typology that is elegant, efficient, and can be appreciated. This project also aims to offer an architectural solution to ease the tension between the locals and the Chinese investors by delivering a project that is made in China and beneficial to the everyone.
Design Objectives: The three principles are further tested in digital tools to generate tectonic fragments. It is this project ambition to translate and re-interpret Chinese timber frame into a new timber structural system that can be implemented on large-scale infrastructure. The proposed system is constructed from a set
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RE-IMAGING CHINESE TIMBER FRAME FOREST CITY: CHINESE CULTURAL COMPLEX
Douglas QM Yang Unit 14 YR5 March Design Portfolio Bartlett School of Architecture 2019/20
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RE-IMAGING CHINESE TIMBER FRAME FABRICATING A CHINESE FOREST CITY
Portfolio Structure
Section 1: Research Topic- Chinese Timber Frame 1.1 Tenon & Mortise Joinery 1.2 Chinese Architecture Overview 1.3 Dougong (Brackets & Blocks) 1.4 Chinese Architecture Standards (Song Construction Manual) 1.5 Generative Chinese Architecture 1.6 Tectonic Studies
Section 2: Context/ Brief- A New Colonial Architecture Typology 2.1 Chinese One Belt One Road 2.2 Chinese Investment in Southeast Asia 2.3 Colonial Architecture 2.4 Site - Forest City, Malaysia 2.5 Malaysian Chinese Cultural Scene 2.5 Brief - Chinese Cultural Complex
Section 3: Design Development: Reimagine Chinese Timber Frame 3.1 Translating Dougong 3.2 Structure Prototype 3.3 Cluster Development 3.5 Masterplan Development 3.4 Spatial Typologies 3.5 Detail Development
Section 4: Design Proposal: Chinese Cultural Complex 4.1 Landscape Interface Series 4.2 Long Section 4.3 External Views 4.4 Internal Views 4.5 360 Views
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SECTION 1 RESEARCH TOPIC CHINESE TIMBER FRAME
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Straight Tenon 直榫
Cogged-scarf Tenon 楔釘榫
Modern Tenon 現代榫 T-shaped Circular Joint 圓材丁形接合
Modern Tenon 現代榫 T-shaped Block Joint 方材丁形接合
Modern Tenon 現代榫 T-shaped Three Block Joint 方材丁形接合
Modern Tenon 現代榫
Swastika Joint 欑接卍字
Joint of Round Timber 圓材角接合
Zongzi Angle Tenon 粽角榫
Pipestem-shaped Tenon 挖煙袋鍋 Overlord Pillar 霸王棖
Cross-shaped Joint 十字棖 Mortise-bearing Frame Member 抹頭
Cross of Three Timber 三材接合 Leg-encircling Joint 裹腿棖
Silver-ingot Tenon 銀錠榫
Legs through the Panels 腳足貫穿面
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Swallow-tail Tenon 燕尾榫
Inserted Shoulder Tenon 插肩榫
CHINESE WOOD JOINT MORTISE & TENON 榫卯 2
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Cogged-scarf Tenon 楔釘榫
T-shaped Circular Joint 圓材丁形接合
T-shaped Block Joint 方材丁形接合
T-shaped Three Block Joint 方材丁形接合
Swastika Joint 欑接卍字
Zongzi Angle Tenon 粽角榫
Overlord Pillar 霸王棖
Mortise-bearing Frame Member 抹頭
Leg-encircling Joint 裹腿棖
Legs through the Panels 腳足貫穿面
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Inserted Shoulder Tenon 插肩榫
CHINESE WOOD JOINT MORTISE & TENON 榫卯 3
9
-1000
-500
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
辽 LIAO 金 JIN 五代 Five Dynasties 北魏 North WEI 十国 Ten K.doms
十六国 Sixteen Kingdoms 西晋 Western JIN
秦 QIN 周 ZHOU
新 XIN
殷商 SHANG
春秋战国 Spring/ Autumn Period
南宋 Southern SONG 东晋 Eastern JIN
东汉 Eastern HAN
宋齐梁陈 South Kindoms
隋 SUI
唐 TANG
北宋 Northern SONG
元 YUAN
明 MING
清 QING
三国 Three Kindoms
西汉 Western HAN
Temple of Heavan, Beijing, A.D 1406-1420 Library, Huayen Temple, Shanxi. A.D 1038
Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City, Beijing, A.D 1697
YangHe Lou, Zhengding, Hebei A.D 1260
Chuzu An, Shaolin Temple, Henan A.D 1125 Nanchan Temple, Mount Wutai, Shanxi. A.D 782
Rear Audience Hall, Forbidden City, Beijing, A.D 1420
The Mountain Resort, Chengde, Beijing, A.D 1708
Main Hall, Beiyue Temple, Hebei A.D 1270
Front Hall, ShanHua Temple, Shanxi A.D 1118-1148
Main Hall, FoGuang Temple, Mount Wutai, Shanxi. A.D 857
Sacrificial Hall, Tomb of Empror Yongle, Beijing, A.D 1420
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75
90
105
120
135
Gate of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City, Beijing, A.D 1894
150
60
60
45
45
30
30
15
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HISTORY & GEO-LOCATION OF CHINESE TIMBER FRAMES 0
0
60
10
4
75
90
105
120
135
150
0m
Main Hall, Foguang Temple A.D 857
50m
Main Hall, Shanhua Temple A.D 1040
Library, Huayen Temple A.D 1038
Song Standard A.D 1103
Chuzu An, Shaolin Temple A.D 1125
Front Hall, Shanhua Temple A.D 1118-43
Main Hall, Jintu Temple A.D 1124
Main Hall, Beiyue Temple A.D 1270
Yanghe Lou, Zhengding A.D 1260
Sacrificial Hall, tomb of the Emporor A.D 1415-26
Rear Audience Hall, Forbidden City A.D 1615
Supreme Harmony Hall, Forbidden City A.D 1697
Supreme Harmony Gate, Forbidden City A.D 1894
EVOLUTION OF CHINESE TIMBER FRAME 歷代木構演變
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1. Columns (Internal, Main, and Secondary) are defined on the plinth.
2. Primary Dougong are constructed on top of each column.
3. Beams are placed on top of the brackets supported by the Dougong beneath.
4. Timber frames are placed on top of the beams to shape out the roof.
5. Secondary Dougong are placed on top of the beams, inbeween the primaries.
6. Roof structures are secured on top of the load bearing beams.
Dougong (Brackets and Blocks)
CHINESE TIMBER-FRAMED ARCHITECTURE 中式大木構
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6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 12 22 13 21
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14
Dougong
15 19
16
18
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23
1. Flying Rafter 2. Roof Tiles 3. Eave-Rafter 4. Jixin Dou (Central Bracket) 5. San Dou (Side Bracket) 6. Eave-Purlin 7. Rafter Hiding Board 8. Luohan Fang, Outer Beam 9. Zhutou Fang, Top of Column Beam 10. Jinkou Fang, Inner Beam 11. Shuatou, End of Beam 12.Transfer Bracket 13. Ang 14. Huatouzi, Tip of the Beam 15. Transfer Bracket 16. Hua Gong, First Tier Cross Block 17. Base Bracket 18. Nidao Gong, First Tier Parallel Block 19.Guangzi Gong, Second Tier Outer Block 20, Man Gong, Second Tier Block 21. Beam 22. Qifu Gong, Beam Top Block 23. Column 24. Qin, Top of the Base 25. Column Base 26. Plinth
Column 24 25
Column Base
26 Plinth
DOUGONG (BRACKET&BLOCK) THE CHINESE ORDER 斗拱與柱式 7
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唐 TANG A.D 857
PURPOSE I: SUPPORTING EXTENDED ROOF STRUCTUR
遼 LIAO A.D 984
These set of inclined blocks act a system. The roof weight landed o internal end of the block would c supporting force for the extende roof structure.
宋 SONG A.D 1008
PURPOS
金 JIN A.D 1143
Each bracke block comp various dire
Each set of Dougong collects load from th beam, then transfer into the columns
元 YUAN A.D 1250
明 MING A.D 1504
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清 QING A.D 1776
EVOLUTION OF DOUGONG
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歷代斗拱演變
PURPOSE I: SUPPORTING EXTENDED ROOF STRUCTURE
PURPOSE II: INCREASING INTER-COLUMN DISTANCE
By adding on tiers of ‘dougong’, the distance between the side of each set of ‘dougong’ would be shortened. Therefore, large inter-column distance could be achieved by creating large dougong set.
These set of inclined blocks act as a lever system. The roof weight landed on the internal end of the block would create supporting force for the extended out roof structure.
PURPOSE III: EARTHQUAKE-PROOF
Each bracket acts as a bearing in-between each block component, allowing free movement to various directions during earthquakes.
1. Columns are fixed on the base
2. All Dougongs create a ‘flexible layer’ between the roof and the columns.
3. Each set acts as a non-fixed bearing
4. each brackets also creates fiction to cancel-out the earthquake force
Roof load is transferred down the slope Each set of Dougong collects load from the beam, then transferred into the columns
Columns pass down all the load into the base
DOUGONG STRUCTURE STUDY 斗拱結構 9
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CORNER
INTERVAL
COLUMN
INTERVAL
INTERVAL FAMILY 平身科
COLUMN TOP FAMILY 柱頭科
CORNER FAMILY 角科
CONNECTED FAMILY 溜金科
CANTILEVERING FAMILY 平座科
DOUGONG CLASSIFICATION 斗拱分類
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COLUMN
WOOD PLANAR: It is used to smooth the wood surface.
CHISEL: Wooden mortise is chiselled out using these set of tools
WOOD SHOVEL: there are flat and round mouthed Shovels with different sizes. they are used to create shaped edges
SAW: Tensioned thread is fixed on one side, and steel blade on the other side.
MAKING OF DOUGONG COMPONENTS 木作工具 11
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DOU (Brackets) 斗
LING GONG (Side Block) 令拱
HUA GONG (Cantilever Block) 華拱
GUAZI GONG (Base Block) 瓜子拱
MAN GONG (Upper Block) 慢拱
DOUGONG COMPONENTS 斗拱構件
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ANG (Inclined Block) 昂
SHUATOU (Head) 刷頭
INCLINED BLOCK 昂 (ANG)
Interval/Column Top Use
HEAD 耍頭 (SHUATOU)
External Head
Corner Use
Internal Head
Corner Use with Extension Block Internal Head(corner)
UPPER BLOCK 慢拱 (MANGONG) SIDE BLOCK 令拱 (LINGONG) Internal Use
External Use
Bottom Use CANTILEVERING BLOCK 華拱 (HUAGONG) BASE BLOCK 瓜子拱 (GUAZI GONG)
Bottom Use
Internal Use Corner Use
External Use
With Head
Bottom Use
Cross Bracket
Central Bracket
Corner Base (Square)
Column Base(Square)
Corner Base (Circular)
Column Base(Circular)
COLUMN 柱 (ZHU) Inclined Bracket
Side Bracket
BRACKETS 斗 (DOU)
BASE BRACKETS 櫨斗 (DOU)
COMPONENT STANDARDIZATION 構件 All components used in a Dougong set are highly standardized and regulated in the ‘Song Manual’-the first official construction document in Chinese history published in year 1103.
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GRADE I
11 BAY PRIMARY HALL
GRADE II
9 BAY PRIMARY HALL
7 BAY PRIMARY HALL
GRADE III
5 BAY PRIMARY HALL
7 BAY SECONDARY HALL
GRADE IV
5 BAY PRIMARY HALL
5 BAY SECONDARY HALL
GRADE V
3 BAY LARGE SECONDARY HALL
GRADE VI
3 BAY PRIMARY HALL
3 BAY SMALL PRIMARY HALL
3 BAY SMALL SECONDARY HALL
GRADE VII
GRADE VIII
3 BAY SMALL HALL
SMALL OCTANGULAR PAVILION
OCTANGULAR PAVILION
RECTANGULAR PAVILION
SMALL RECTANGULAR PAVILION
MATERIAL GRADING & CHINESE ARCHITECTURE HIERARCHY
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建築等級 In ‘Song Manual’, it is regulated different grade of materials shall be chosen for architectures serving different purposes. The size difference in each ‘grade’ is used as the base unit to control the scale of the whole architecture
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE STANDARD 建築標準
Two standards (Song & Qing) were published in Chinese history, both following the principle that all components’ dimension can be derived from the base unit, the ‘grade’ of material.
4 Parts
6 Parts
Carve 栔
15 Parts
Material 材
10 Parts
1 inch=3.12cm
0.6 Inch
0.55 Inch
33 Parts BASE BLOCK
8 Parts
6 Parts 9 Parts
0.4 Inch
0.35 Inch
1/9 H 1/3 H 1/9 H
6 Parts
10 Parts 4 Parts
4 Parts
72 Parts 8 Parts
UPPER BLOCK 10 Parts
Carve Material
6 Parts 3 Parts 9 Parts
6 Parts
4 Parts
9 Parts
23 Parts
3 Parts
Inclined Block
1 Parts 92 Parts
4 Parts
1/9 H
Carve Material Carve Material
9 Parts
8 Parts
8 Parts
0.3 Inch
3 Parts
10 Parts
20 Parts
0.44 Inch
4 Parts
62 Parts 8 Parts
SIDE BLOCK
0.48 Inch
30 Parts 30 Parts 30 Parts 30 Parts 30 Parts 25 Parts 23 Parts Back Inclined Head Block
3 Parts
10 Parts
33 Parts
0.5 Inch
Carve Material
1/3 H
12 Parts
Building Centre Line
Top of Roof
SONG STANDARD 宋 營造法式
1/3 H
1/10 H 8/1000D
One Interval Dougong is Set In-between Columns
H=2/3 D
1/20 H Two Interval Dougong is Set In-between Central Bay
1/40 H
Column Centre Line Rear Purlin
D=Distance from top of roof to Rear Purlin Each column is raised gradually from the centre towards the corner
SONG Roof Inclination Calculation Rule
W=1 GAP
H=2 GAP GRADE V
There are 11 grades in QING dynasty and however, they had only built from Grade IV
GRADE VI
GRADE VII
GRADE VIII
GRADE IV
GRADE III
GRADE XI
GRADE X
GRADE IX
11 Gap
11 Gap
GRADE II
1 Gap
GRADE I
1.24 Gap
1 Gap 0.8 Gap 0.4 0.8
2 Gap
1 Gap
0.4 0.8 0.4
1.4
2 Gap 2 Gap 1
0.4 Gap 6.2
2 Gap
2
2 Gap
1.2
1.2 Gap 2
0.4 Gap 3 Gap
3 Gap
2 Gap
1
0.6 Gap 3 Gap 3 Gap 3 Gap 3 Gap 3 Gap 3 Gap
7.2
Centre Line 1 2
3 Gap
19.2 Gap 19.2 Gap
9.2
19.2 Gap
24 Gap
9/10
8/10
QING STANDARD 清 工程做法則例 Four Interval Dougong is Set In-between Columns
6-8 Interval Dougong is Set In-between Central Bay-columns
7/10 21 Gap 5/10
Four Interval Dougong is Set In-between Side Bay-columns
Side Bay
Central bay
QING Roof Inclination Calculation Rule
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Second Bay = Main-1 Foot 次閒
Main Bay ≤ 18 Feet 心閒
Hall Way Depth= 2 x Beam Depth
1 Song Foot=31.2 cm
Beam Depth≤6 Feet
Third Bay=Second Bay 梢閒
Internal Depth= No.Beam x Beam Depth
Side Bay=Hall Way 盡閒
Hall Way 側廊
BEAM REG 造梁法
PLAN VIEW 平面圖
Centre Line 中綫
Veritical Ridge 垂脊
Inclined Ridge 戧脊
Horizontal Ridge 圍脊 Inclined Ridge 戧脊
One interval Dougong is installed inbetween each Column top Dougong
Gable 山墻
Base 明臺
Height of Base= 5x C material grade heigh
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FRONT ELEVATION 正立面
LONG SECTION 縱剖面
Song Standard 營造法式
After researching into the standards of building from the Song dynasty, this drawing is produced to conclude all the architectural principles that I find useful. According to the standards, the dimension of the Dougong components, Dougong, the height of the column, the dimension of the building can all be calculated from a single base unit. Therefore, Chinese timber frame could be parametric.
TIMBER ROOF STRUCTURE TYPOLOGY 木構架類型
NO HALL WAY 無廊歇山式
FOUR JUMP SEVEN TIERS 四跳七舖做 ROOF DETAIL 屋面局部
TWO JUMP FIVE TIERS 兩跳五舖做
Top Column 瓜柱 Top Beam 平梁 Fourth Beam 四槫栿
Eave Rafter 檐椽
Hump 駝峰
6 Parts
Sixth Beam 六槫栿
15 Parts 12 Parts
Circular Beam 槫
30 Parts
25 Parts
30 Parts
25 Parts
Circular Beam Base 槫墊板
GULATION
Chosen ht
WITH HALL WAY 有廊歇山式
25 Parts 28 Parts 4 Parts COLUMN TOP 柱頭收分
42 Parts
1/9 H 10 Parts Each 1/9 H
10 Parts Each
Top Beam 平梁
10 Parts Each 42 Parts
Circular Beam 槫
Fourth Beam 四槫栿 42 Parts
Eave Purlin 60 Parts
Roof Overhang (External)= 0.6x Overhang(Internal)
Bottom Beam 乳栿
Roof Overhang (Internal)= 9x Rafter D
Hall Way Column 檐柱
Tenth Beam 十槫栿
COLUMN BASE 柱底側脚
Eave-Rafter 椽
Column Centre
Roof Overhang 飛椽 Each column base is moved from its head towards external side 0.008 H, and towards corner of the building 0.01 H.
Raised height of Roof=1/3 Distance from Purlin to end Beam
D H=1/3 D
Rafter Diametre 6 parts
Sixth Beam 六槫栿 Eighth Beam 八槫栿
Column Head Support 托脚
Bottom Beam 乳栿
Architrave 闌額
External Wall Column 殿身檐柱
Internal Column 殿身内柱
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FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION
RAMMED EARTH FOUNDATION PROCESS
地基處理
First layer of pure soil added with depth of 5 inch (15.6 cm)
After pestling the depth should reduce to 3 inch (9.4 cm)
A layer of soil and crock mixture is added with depth of 3 inch (9.4 cm)
After pestling this layer should reduce to 1.5 inch (4.7 cm)
The foundation is excavated 5 feet to 10 feet (1 feet = 31.2cm) below ground level depending on soil condition Column
Pestling Soil
Stone Slabs Column Base
Rammed Earth Foundation
Column Foundation
Base
Pure Soil Layer
Ground Level Foundation
Soil Crock Mixture Layer
New soil would be filled into the excavated space. Each square feet requires two ‘loads’ of soil (prox. 120kg). Each layers of soil filled requires to be rammed three times, pestling 6 times, 4 times, and two times respectively.
Pure Soil Layer
BASE CONSTRUCTION
台明砌築 The part above ground is called the base. Most of Chinese timber architectures are built on an elevated masonry base to prevent corrosion. CORNER STONE 角石
Corner Stone 角石
Base Piece 土襯石
Side Piece 陡板石
Edge Piece 階條石
Back Bricks Column Foundation Soil Wall 階條石 磉墩 攔土墻
COLUMN BASE
Filled Soil 填土
Column Base 柱頂石
Four Types of Column Base
柱頂石 A typical column base stone The width and the depth of the base block is twice the diameter of the column’s. The depth is half of the width. The height of the column plate is 1/10 of the height of the base block.
Flip Plate 覆盆式
Flip Block 覆斗式
Drum 鼓式
Square Block 基座式
Column 柱
Column Plate 覆盆
Base Block 方石
CHINESE TIMBER FRAME FOUNDATION 地基處理
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One Tier
Two Tiers
Three Tiers
Four Tiers
Origin One Tier
Tier
Dougong
Origin Pt
Output
One Tier Two Tier Three Tier Four Tier Five Tier Six Tier Seven Tier
Five Tiers
Six Tiers
Seven Tiers
Grasshopper Generated Dougong 參數化斗拱
Grasshopper is used to script and generate different tiers of dougong according to the Song standard.
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PROTOTYPE #1
DOUGONG ABSTRACTION
原型測試
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PROTOTYPE #2 ROOF ABSTRACTION
原型測試 21
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Spatial Opportunity #1: Three Tiers
Spatial Opportunity #1: Five Tiers
TECTONIC STUDY TIERS
Abstracting from the dougong’s concept of standardized component, a spatial opportunity could be achieved. Structural columns are slotted into each other to form a earthquake proof structure whereas the spatial configuration remains flexible.
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TECTONIC STUDY LINEAR
Using the previously developed tier system, arranged in a linear form, an interesting spatial tectonic was achieved. Oblique surfaces and stepped balcony can provide certain spatial opportunities.
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TECTONIC STUDY CRUCIFORM
When arrange the structures in a cruciform system, a pod is developed. the central atrium and the overhang roofs are emphasized.
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Oblique Facade Overhang Roof Connecting Bridge
Core
Drive Way
Garden Space Arriving Platform
Foundation
SPATIAL OPPORTUNITIES Tectonic moments were tested to explore the potential spatial opportunities that could be achieved by implementing the stacked timber structure. With the tapered structure it is able to minimize the building footprint while maximise the usable floor area.
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Overhang Roof
Layering Floor
Stacking Structure
Foundation
Overhang Roof
Open Terrace
Core
Drive Way
Stepping Terrace
Elevated Walkway
TECTONIC
TH
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A tectonic fragment was constructed t that could be created using the st
Overhang Roof
Garden Space
Oblique Facade
Connecting Bridge
Core
Oblique Facade
Open Terrace
Stepping Terrace
Core
Connecting Bridge
Arriving Platform
C FRAGMENT
HE STRIP
to examine the potential spatial opportunities tacking and layering structural principles.
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TECTONIC THE
The idea of the pod were tested in c individual pods to
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C FRAGMENT CLUSTER
clusters. Floors are connected in-between o create various spaces.
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SECTION 2 CONTEXT/ BRIEF A NEW COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE TYPOLOGY
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THE ONE BELT ONE ROAD INITIATIVE China’s Global Influence
The map shows the Chinese vision of establishing the one belt one road trading system, expanding their global power. Among all sectors of this initiative, southeast Asia holds great importance in both rail networking and maritime routes. China has heavily invested in Singapore and Malaysia in infrastructure and cultural sectors for the past years.
HELSINKI TALLIN
ST. PETERSBURG KIROV
RIGA
NOVOSIBIRSK
MOSCOW WARSAW ROTTERDAM
KASAN
MINSK
DUISBURG PRAGUE
HARBIN
ULAANBAATAR
BUDAPEST VENICE
CHANGCHUN
TASHKENT
VLADIVOSTOK
URUMQI ATHENS
ISTANBUL
BEIJING TIANJIN XI’AN
DALIAN
ZHENGZHOU
TEHERAN
BUSAN CHONGQING
SUEZ
YIWU
SHANGHAI
CHANGSHA
KUNMING
KARACHI DHAKA
HONGKONG
VIENTIANE CHIANGMAI
XIAMEN
NANNING
HANOI
Pan-Asia Railway Vision
BANKOK
DJIBOUTI
PHNOM PENH HO CHI MINH
COLOMBO
KELANG
MALDIVES
KAULA LUMPAR SINGAPORE
MOMBASA
SEYCHELLES
BELT & ROAD - RAIL CORRIDOR BELT & ROAD- RAIL CORRIDOR (PROPOSED) BELT & ROAD - SEA CORRIDOR
JAKARTA
Melaka Straitthe Maritime crossroad
BELT & ROAD CITIES
China’s investment in countries 2014-2018. $ billion
COUNTRIES INVOLVED IN BELT & ROAD INITIATIVE
China Countries Involved
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32 32
138
30
COUNTRIES
ORGANISATIONS
SINGARPORE
24.3
MALAYSIA
14.1
RUSSIA
10.4
INDONESIA
9.4
SOUTH KOREA
8.1
ISRAEL
7.9
PAKISTAN
7.6
Lorem ipsum
4.4 Billion
35 %
31 %
62 %
COMBINED POPULATION OF ALL CONTRIES INVOLVED
GLOBAL TRADE
GLOBAL GDP
WORLD POLUATION AFFECTED
$3 Trillion COMBINED GDP OF ALL COUTRIES INVOLVED
$26 Trillion ESTIMATED COAST OF INFRASTRUCTURE
$1 Trillion CHINA HAS PLEGED TO SPEND
PAN-ASIA RAILWAY NETWORK Connecting Beijing to Singapore
A rail network vision China proposed as part of the One Belt One road Initiative. China has agreed on investing and constructing part of the rail works. One major part of this net work is the High Speed Rail linking Malaysia’s capital Kuala Lumpur to Singapore.
INDIA
TO DELHI TO BEIJING
KUNMING
BANGLADESH
DALI
TO BEIJING
NANNING
CHINA
TO HONGKONG
XISHUANGBANNA
TO DHAKA
VIETNAM
MANDALAY
BOTEN
HANOI
MYANMAR
Halong
LAOS NAYPYITAW CHIANGMAI
VIENTIANE TAN AP
THAILAND
BAGO
YANGON KHON KAEN
PHITSANULOK PATHEIN
SAVANNAKHET
MUKDAHAN
DONG HA
THATON
BUA YAI
NAKHON RAT.
AYUTTHAYA KANCHANABURI
4000 ISLANDS
SISOPHON DAWEI
CAMBODIA
BANGKOK NAKHON PATHOM
SNUOL
PAN-ASIA RAILWAY NETWORK asean PHNOM PENH HO CHI MINH CITY
Key to Lines Central Line
Connecting: China, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore
Western Line
Connecting: China, Myanmar, Thailand
SURAT THANI
Easter Line
Connecting: China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand
India Myanmar Line
PHUKET
NAKNOM SI THAMMARAT
CA MAU
KHAO CHUMTHONG
Connecting: Delhi, India to Yangon, Myanmar
China Bangladesh Line
Connecting: Kunming, China to Dhaka, Bangladesh
SONGKLA
China Myanmar Line
Connecting: Kunming, China to Yangong, Myanmar
Myanmar Vietnam Line
Connecting: Yangong, Myanmar to Dong Ha, Vietnam
Asean Intercity Line
PADANG BESAR
TUMPAT
Connecting: Myanmar, Thailand, Combodia, Vietnam
China Thailand Line
Connecting: Kunming, China to Bangkok, Thailand
Bangkok-Malaysia Line
Connecting: Bangkok, Thailand to Penang Butterworth, Malaysia
BUTTERWORTH
MAYLAYSIA
Thailand-Laos Line
Connecting: Bangkok, Thailand to Vientian, Laos
Northern Line
Connecting: Thailand, Laos, Vietnam
Laos Intercity Line
Connecting: Major cities in Laos
MENTAKAB
Thailand Vietnam Line
Connecting: Bangkok, Thailand to Dong Ha, Vietnam
Laos Vietnam Line
Connecting: Vientian, Laos to Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
KUALA LUMPUR
GEMAS
Northeast Cambodia Line
Connecting: 4000 Island, Laos to Phnom Pehn, Cambodia
JOHOR BAHRU
Central Malaysia Line
Connecting: Southern Thailand to Southern Malaysia
Malaysia Intercity Line
SINGAPORE
Connecting: North Malaysia to Singapore
Malaysia Eastcoast Line
Connecting: KL, Malaysia to Malaysia Eastcoast Cities
INDONESIA
MAP NOT TO SCALE
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CHINESE SETTLEMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Chinese Culture Heritage
There are a significant amount of Chinese communities living in Southeast Asia today. They migrated from China over to different part of Southeast Asia in the past 200 years, brought over Chinese culture. Among which, Singapore and Malaysia has the highest percentage of Chinese descent in the total population. However, they are often mistreated in those countries as minorities.
XIAMEN
NANNING HONGKONG
HANOI
YANGON
MANILA DA NANG BANGKOK
HO CHI MINH CITY
KOTA KINABALU
KUALA LUMPUR
SIBU SINGAPORE
JAMBI
BANJARMASIN SOUTHEAST ASIA COUNTRIES WITH MOST CHINESE MIGRATION POPULATION TODAY SHARE OF POPULATION
75%
PALEMBANG
SHARE OF GDP
75%
Singapore
JAKARTA
30%
50%
4%
70%
3%
70%
SEMARANG
Malaysia
Indonesia
CHINESE MIGRATION ROUTE IN HISTORY
Philiphines
3%
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34
Thailand
60%
REGION WITH DENSE CHINESE SETTLEMENT 34
Penang Undersea Tunnel - Contractor (partnership): China Railway Construction Corporation - Cost: RM 3.7 Billion (£ 0.7b)
Penang Second Bridge Kuantan Port Extension
- Contractor: China Harbour adn Engineering Corporation - Cost: RM 4.5 Billion (£ 0.84 b)
- Contractor (Partnership): Guangxi Beibu Gulf International Port Goup - Investment: RM 8 Billion (£ 1.5 b)
Green Technology Park - Contractor: China Nuclear Huaxing Construction Co. - Investment: RM 2 Billion (£ 0.4 b)
KL-SIN HSR Terminal - Contractor (partnership): China Railway Engineering Corporation - Cost: Estimate RM 140 Billion (£ 26 b)
KL Signature Tower - Contractor: China State Construction Engineering Corporation - Gross Development Value: RM 3.5 Billion (£ 0.65 b)
East Coast Railway - Contractor: China Communications Construction Company - Cost: RM 55 Billion (£ 10.2 b) - Currently postponed
KL-SIN HSR East Coast Railway
Xiamen Uni. Malaysia - Contractor: SinoHydro - Investment: RM 1.3 Billion (£ 0.24 b)
Kuala Linggi International Port - Contractor: China Railway Engineering Corporation - Investment: RM 12 Billion (£ 2.2 b)
Malacca Gateway - Contractor: PowerChina International - Investment: RM 15 Billion (£ 2.8 b)
Forest City - Developer: Country Garden - Gross Development Value: RM 105 Billion (£ 19.5 b)
Robotic Future City - Developer: Siasun China - Investment: RM 14.5 Billion (£ 2.7 b)
CHINA’S INVESTMENTS IN WEST MALAYSIA Malaysia is one of the countries that received the most investment from China in the past few years. However it has caused controversial conversations about whether those investment are for the newly arrived Chinese opportunists, or for the benefits of the locals. One project, the Forest City, situated in-between Malaysia and Singapore created high tensions.
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MALAYSIA’S MAY 13 RACIAL RIOT 13 MAY
1 9 69
Malays
- The riot occurred as one aftermath of the 1969 Malaysian general election. An estimation of 600 death with most of the victims Chinese was reported by Western media. the event resulted in a change in government policy that would favour Malays by the implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP)
74%
Chinese
People living in poverty were Malays in 1970s
Indians
49.3%
Poverty rate in 1970s
3.8%
Poverty rate in 2010s
Wealth Distribution
1971
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP)
1970s
- As a result of the riot, the Malaysian government implemented the NEP in 1971, protecting Bumiputera (Malays and indigenous people) rights over other ethnicities. This policy is intended to reduce poverty and restructure wealth distribution.
2010s
Bumiputera Malaysian Other Malaysian Foreigner
29 MAY
197 4
CHINA AND MALAYSIA ESTABLISH RELATION - Malaysia former Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein met China’s former leader Mao Zedong for the first time in Beijing. After the meeting, Malaysia became the first Asean country to establish diplomatic ties with communist China.
NEP ( A rt . 153)
Federal Public Service Positions
Generally, safeguard the special position of Bumiputera
Federal Scholarships etc.
Specifically, establish quotas for Bumiputera in:
Federal Trade or Business Licences Tertiary Education Enrolment
MALAYSIA ETHNICITY DISTRIBUTION
NOV
2009
The start of construction of Penang Second Bridge.
Percent of Malays <20% 20-50%
- China Harbour Engineering co. was the main contractor, and the bridge was built with a large loan from China to maintain the economic relation between the two nations.
50-80% >80%
Percent of Other Indigenous <5% 5-20% 20-50%
NAJIB TUN RAZAK VISIT TO BEIJING 03 JUN
20 0 9
>50%
- Malaysian former Prime Minister Najib Razak paid his first official visit to Beijing to celebrate 25th anniversary of the establishment of China-Malaysia diplomatic ties. The trip further strengthened ties in-between the two nations, and started the golden era of Chinese investment in Malaysia.
Percent of Chinese <10% 20-30% 30-50% >50%
Percent of Indians <1% 1-10% 10-20% >20%
50.1 % Malays
SEP
2009
China One Belt Economies One Road Economies
ANNOUNCEMENT OF ONE BELT ONE ROAD INITIATIVE -The initiative was unveiled by Chinese leader Xi Jinping, intended to construct a unified large market, including both road routes and sea routes. Malaysia and Singapore, for their strategic geographical location, become the significant nations in the sea route.
Bumiputera
11.8 %
Non-Malays Bumiputera
22.6 %
Chinese Malaysians
6.7 %
Indian Malaysians
Rail Route Road Route Sea Route
8.8 % Others
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Non-Bumiputera
MALAYSIAN CHINESE
Inequalities in Malaysia
ANNOUNCEMENT OF MALAYSIA SINGAPORE HSR
SEP
20 1 0
OCT
2012
- Malaysia former prime minister announced the proposal to construct a high speed rail line between the capital of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur to Singapore. The railway’s KL terminus, Bandar Malaysia was later announced to be backed and constructed by China railway Engineering Co.
Malaysian Chinese, refers to those who has ancestors migrated from China a few generations ago, and currently living in Malaysia, has always been treated as the minority. Certain policies in Malaysia favours the Malay communities over the Chinese and Indian communities, causing heightened tension today. All incoming Chinese investments can be an opportunity for all Malaysian Chinese to be treated as the majority.
ESTABLISHMENT OF XIAMEN UNIVERSITY, MALAYSIA - Xiamen University is the first oversea campus set by a Chinese University. The suggestion was initially made during Najib Razak’s trip to Beijing in 2011.
AUG
20 13
FOREST CITY, PLANNED TO CREATE A SMART CITY ON RECLAIMED LAND - China based real estate developer Country Garden bought over an area in the Johor Strait to reclaim four artificial island and develop residential and business projects on top.
Construction began for East coast rail link AUG
20 1 7
- This rail network linking the east and west coast of Malaysia Peninsular is a Chinese backed project, acting as part of the One Belt One Road Initiative. China Communication Construction Company was appointed as the main contractor and the construction work began in 2017, but was later on suspended.
09 MAY
20 1 8
Mahathir announced the project might be scrapped because of high cost
MAY
2 0 18
2018
Mahathir announced the project is merely postponed and cost and design were put through revision
JAN
Expected operational date
JUN
2031
MAR
20 19
SEP
20 19
MAHATHIR MOHAMAD WON THE MALAYSIAN GENERAL ELECTION - Mahathir become the Prime Minister of Malaysia for the second time. As a critic towards China’s investment, a majority of China backed projects in Malaysia were suspended shortly after he took over the government.
CHINESE INVESTMENT IN MALAYSIA UP 4 FOLD IN 5 YEARS - A total of RM 4.4 billion (1.05 USD) was invested from China into Malaysia in the first three months in 2019, making China the second biggest foreign direct investor in Malaysia, after US. China has also become Malaysia’s biggest trading partner.
U.S. INVESTMENT IN MALAYSIA UP SHARPLY AS TRADE ROW WITH CHINA GOES ON - US increased investment value in Malaysia dramatically from $113 million in 2018 to $5.62 billion in the first half of 2019
“We are not going to give visas for people to come and live here, they ( Forest City ) are not built for Malaysians” - Mahathir Mohamad Forest city is expected to house 700,000 people .
2050
2019
MAHATHIR SAYS HE’D PREFER TO SIDE WITH CHINA RATHER THAN US “ China is close to us, and it is a huge market, we want to benefit from China’s growing wealth” “Currently the U.S is very unpredictable as the things they do” - Mahathir Mohamad
JUL
Construction was suspended by Mahathir for East coast rail link.
2 0 18 APR
Suspension was lifted after cost revision and share holding restructure.
2 0 19
TRADE WAR
US$ 43.8 BILLION
US$ 57.4 BILLION
The amount of Chinese capital that invested in Malaysia over the past 10 years.
Malaysia China bilateral trade value in the first half of 2019. Record high.
422
73,000
The amount of project Chinese companies have invested in the manufacturing sector in Malaysia
Jobs were created by the Chinese investment in Malaysia
¥ 1.05 Billion USD in Q1 2019
2.75 Billion USD in Q1 2019
$
INVESTMENT
Lorem ipsum
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Paoay Church 1710 St Dominic’s Church 1587
Spanish-Philiphino Architecture
Portuguese-Sino Architecture
Colonial earthquake baroque in design
Facade is Baroque Style Roof is made with Chinese style tiling and doors are made with Chinese teak.
Using European baroque as the base with adaptations to deal with local frequant earthquakes by the use of enormous buttresses.
Ho Chi Minh City Courthouse
Georgetown Townhouse
French-Vietnam Architecture
Portuguese-Malaysian Architecture
Frech Facade with Vietnamese roof adaptation to deal with the tropical climate.
Portuguese facade element with added covered front walkway and louvre window to deal with tropical weather.
COLONIAL ARC
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38
Colonial architecture refers to an architect incorporated into the buildings in a distan situated in Asia were studied to understand architectural element with
Toko Merah 1730 Dutch-Indonesian Architecture Facade includes Dutch high sash windows and gable roofs with extended edge to deal with tropical climate.
Morgan House 1930s British-Indian Architecture Victorian architecture elements with local landscape interface.
CHITECTURE IN ASIA
ture style from the mother country that has been nt location. A Selection of colonial architecture d the relationsihip between the ‘mother countries’ h the local architectural element.
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45
Central Axis Establish Hierachy
Functions Seperating formal and informal spaces
Access Entrance at different location for differen users
Inner City Inner/outer planning ensure security & privacy
Section Cut The section cut of the Forbbiden city shows the height differences among all buildings on the central axis. The height creates the hierachy in the city and provides security measures.
THE FORBIDDEN CITY MASTER PLANNING The master planning of the Forbidden City was studied as a base for my building project. A few principle has been found to be used as reference for later designs.
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40
Court Yard Each building group forms into a courtyard
亭 (Ting)
台 (Tai)
A singular building without enclosure. Usually small scale, providing an open space for users to enjoy the view.
An open platform that is raised from the ground level, providing an opportunity for views from above.
Pavilion
Platform
0
50
100
200 m
樓 (Lou)
閣 (Ge)
Usually a heavy massing structure featuring multiple levels. With its height, this is usually the most dominant typology in Chinese masterplanning.
A secondary structure in Chinese master planning. Usually with a shorter height but a larger ground area.
Tower
0 50 Building
軒 (Xuan)
100
200 m
榭 (Xie)
Semi-opened Pavilion
Water Pavilion
Usually placed next to a featuring view in the Masterplan. The semi-opened deisgn provides both internal and external experience.
A small scale structure that is placed next to a water view and usually situates in the south side of the master-plan looking towards north.
0
50
100
200 m
0
50
100
200 m
廊 (Lang)
舫 (Fang)
A long zigzag path covered with roof structure. Usually used to connect multiple buildings.
Building structure that is placed on a platform that is made as a fake boat. The platform has three sides facing water and one side connects to the ground..
Corridor
Faux-Boat
CHINESE BUILDING TYPOLOGIES 建築類型
In traditional Chinese master planning, there are eight main typologies of architecture. All of them use the similar structure principals but are different in terms of their functionalities and spatial arrangement. They also create hierarchy in a master plan. Those typologies would be translated into my building project. 41
47
Ventilated roof space helps to cool the internal space Low thermal capacity roofing provides good insulation
Overhang roof provides shading for sunlight and rain fall
Open interior spaces with minimal partitions offers good natural ventilation
Fully openable window allow natural ventilation
Stilted house catches winds of higher velocity
SOUTHEAST ASIA VERNACULAR HOUSING TYPOLOGY Southeast Asia vernacular housing is studied to understand the environmental strategies implemented traditionally to deal with the hot and humid climate. This building project aims to combine traditional Chinese timber structure with tropical housing strategies, to develop a neo-colonial architecture typology.
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Atrium Roof Structure
Louvre Windows Shopfront
Backyard
Atrium Pond
Covered Walkway Rain water drain
Shophouse Front
SINGAPORE SHOPHOUSE A HYBRID ARCHITECTURE
When the Chinese settled in Singapore, they slowly developed a new architecture typology, combining the traditional southern China courtyard design with modifications on the facade to deal with the tropical weather. 43
49
BRIEF
Forest City Island IV: Chinese Cultural Complex The currently development of Forest City proposes mainly recidential units targeting towards mainland Chinese buyers, created tension between the new comming Chinese and the locals.
GA P
SIN
MA L
AY SIA
O
RE
As an architectural response, my building project proposes a Chinese Cultural Complex situated on Island IV in the Forest City, serving as a Cultural hub. This project aims to develop a new architecture typology that offers the opportunity for all people with Chinese roots and interests to experience and celebrated the Chiense heritage.
CAUSWAY BORDER CONTROL
RE
A
I YS LA
PO
A
M
A G
N
SI
N
-
SI
SR
H
TU
AS
BO
RD
ER
CO
NT
RO
L
KL
SITE SIN GA PO LAY RE SIA
MA
FOREST CITY DEVELOPMENT
KL - SIN HSR
0
44
Current Forest City Proposal
50
44
0.5
1
2
km
se Cultural Complex
st City proposes mainly recidential units targeting towards tension between the new comming Chinese and the locals.
uilding project proposes a Chinese Cultural Complex City, serving as a Cultural hub. This project aims to develop fers the opportunity for all people with Chinese roots and ated the Chiense heritage.
SITE - FOREST CITY ISLAND IV Interstitial Space
The Cultural Complex will be sited on the fourth island in the Forest City development, connecting Malaysia and Singapore by road, rail and sail. Masterplanning development will be studied on the isalnd, while a prototipical timber framed cluster will be designed and resolved in detail.
Ca
us
0 20
ew
ay
Bo
rd
er
Cr
os
sin
g
m
Ma
lay
sia
Sin
ga
po
re
1
N
KL
-
SI
SR
H
SIN GA PO LAY RE SIA
MA
FOREST CITY DEVELOPMENT
0
44
0.5
1
2
km
45 45
51
SHOP HOUSES
FOOD MARKETS
CHINESE EDUCATION INSTITUDES
DAILY LIFES
MALAYSIAN CULTURAL SCENE In the current Malaysia culture, Chinese heritage has a significant presence. From shop house, to food, to education systems and festive celebrations. However the heritage is preserved from a society level, but not protected by the government. This building project will serve as a Chinese government commissioned project as a give back to the local community, further appreciate those Chinese heritages.
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TO MALAYSIA
MANGROVE BEACH TIER 4: STAYING (FOUR CLUSTERS) Clusters for visitors to stay on the island for a longer period of time. They can get a full experience of different cultural programs provided on the island by staying for a few days.
RESTAURANT
HOTEL
CAFETERIA
STAFF ACCOMMODATION BEACH
STAFF AMENITY
CLUB HOUSE
SERVICE
OUTDOOR SPACE
PLANT ROOM
TIER 3: LEARNING (FIVE CLUSTERS) Clusters for visitors dedicated a longer stay on the island. They have the opportunities to learn certain Chinese related skills or experience a spiritual ceremony.
MEDITATION ROOM
TEA HOUSE
LECTURE ROOM
CLASSROOM
LIBRARY
SPIRITUAL SPACE
WOODWORK WORKSHOP SILK WORKSHOP
MEETING SPACE
OPEN SPACE
GARDEN
COOKERY WORKSHOP
PAINTING ROOM
MUSIC ROOM
TIER 2: EXPERIENCING (FOUR CLUSTERS) Clusters for visitors staying on the island up to a day. They have the chance to experience the cultural food market, visit Chinese heritage museum, or enjoy a Chinese opera show.
FOOD CENTRE
SERVICE
MARKET
BAR
OFFICE
MUSEUM
STAFF ROOM EXHIBITION EVENT SPACE VENUE CAFETERIA
THEATRE
STAFF ROOM
TIER 1: SHOPPING (TWO CLUSTERS) Clusters for the passengers staying on the island under two hours. They can have a taste of the cultural scene through shop-front and scenic walks.
CAFE ADMIN TRANSPORT
SHOPPING CENTRE SECURITY
STAFF
INFO CENTRE CONTROL ROOM
VISITOR TICKET HALL TO MALAYSIA
DEPOT SCENIC WALK
TIER 4
TIER 3
ARRIVAL HALL
TIER 2
TIER 1
TO ISLAND 1-3
TO SINGAPORE
Arrival Point TO SINGAPORE TO ISLAND 1-3
PROGRAM MAPPING The master plan is designed to offer different levels of experience for visitors. Depends on the distance to the arrival point on the island, four levels of experience are planned on the island.
47
53
54
48
SECTION 3 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT RE-IMAGINE CHINESE TIMBER FRAME
49
55
Yusuhara Wooden Bridge Museum - Kengo Kuma & Associates
Hanoi Museum - GMP Architekten
Cantilevering block extends out a fixed distance on every tier
All blocks perpendicular reamins the same on each tier
TRANSLATING DOUGONG The original Dougong structure is abstracted into a stacking system. This stacking system has been modernized precedentally in different architecutre projects.
56
50
Dougong Scale
236.25cm
56.61cm 39.38cm 56.16cm
Building Scale
3 metres
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Two scales of the stacking system are analyse in Karamba, one in Dougong scale, one in building scale. It is concluded that when scaled up, the corner of the stacked column experience large force; the cantilevered blocks receives most force and a clear path of the loads transferring through each corner on the cantilevered direction can be observed.
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TYPOLOGY #1
TYPOLOGY #2
TYPOLOGY #3
TYPOLOGY #4
Straight Columns
Straight Columns (Fillet)
Tapered Columns
Tapered Columns (Fillet)
DIAGRAM
BASE STRUCTURE
AXIAL STRESS Compression
Tension
DEFORMATION
Max. Deformation: 0.52
Max. Deformation: 0.41
Max. Deformation: 0.39
Max. Deformation: 0.35
Max. Deformation: 8.93
Max. Deformation: 8.02
Max. Deformation: 7.05
Max. Deformation: 6.96
LAYERED
AXIAL STRESS Compression
Tension
DEFORMATION
STEPPED-COLUMN STRUCTURE TEST The principle of the Dougong, stepping cantilever is tested in Karamba. As a result, the inclined stepping column will perform more efficiently than the original straight columns.
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52
Loads
Structural Test Set Up Supports
Compression Force Analysis
Tension
Stress Lines
Fragment
PRIMARY STRUCTURE As it was concluded before that the cantilevered blocks experience the most force, these structures are made primary in the prototype and they would be the focus of this test. The tensile and compressive forces could be visualized through the test.
53
59
Brackets ensure stability
Bundling Primary Column
STRUCTURAL FRAGMENT A prototypical column structure set is developed based on principles learnt from previous tests The spatial quality and the materiality of this tectonic moment is examined
60
54
ASSEMBLY FROM STANDARDIZED COMPONENTS Each prototypical primary structural system will be assembled by using a set of standardized components. Components could be categorized into roof, columns, beams, joint nodes, foundation, and pre-cast concrete floor slabs. 55
61
A: Stucture Base Joint
B: Column Top Bracket Joint
C: Corner Joint
D: Roof Bracket Joint
E: Double Column Joint
F: Crossing Beam Joint
F
D
E
B A
JOINT TYPOLOGIES Joint components that are used in a typical set are studied. Tenon and mortise joinery principle were implemented in making those joints.
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56
C
Flexible Joint with Integrated Steel Plate Bearing
Rigid Joint with Integrated Steel Dowels
Cross Lamination is implemented in making components to handle cross directional forces
JOINT DEVELOPMENT Two types of joints are developed, a fixed joint that is reinforced with steel dowels, and a semi-rigid joint that integrates steel plate bearings to transfer vertical loads and allow extra movements.
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Roof Louvre Panels
Roof Purlins
Roof Rafters
Columns & Roof Beams
Floor Beams
ROOF DEVELOPMENT
64
58
The roof is developed based on the traditional Chinese timber roof structure. The shape of the roof is designed to harvest rain water. Rain water would then be drained through the columns into the pond located beneath each pod.
1. Clearing site, excavating central ponds, laying foundations
2. Installing primary structures on first level
3. Installing floor beams on the first level
4. Installing pre-cast concrete floor slabs on the first level
5. Installing secondary columns
6. Installing structures and floor slabs on upper levels
7. Installing Roof Panels
CONSTRUCTION SEQUANCE All standardized components will be fabricated in China then shipped over on site to be assembled. As all components are standardized, all clusters can be assembled within a tight schedule.
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65
MASSING STUDIES 66
60
MASSING STUDIES 61
67
Seven Pods Typology
Three Pods Typology
CLUSTER TYPOLOGIES 68
62
Roof Level
Top Level
Fifth Level
Fourth Level
Third Level
Second Level
First Level
Ground Level
Public Stairs Public Lifts Service Lift Service Stairs
CIRCULATION STRATEGY The above diagram illustrates the circulation strategies for a typical cluster. As the primary structures are external, all circulations will be non-structural hence would be places around the cluster to create various route options for using the building.
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Arrival Platform
Public Lift
Pond
Ground Level
Pier
First Level
GA Typical Cluster
N 0
5
10
20
m
GA Typical Cluster
N 0
5
10
20
m
TYPICAL CLUSTER PLAN STUDY 70
64
Atrium
Enclosed Space
Third Level
Roof
Fifth Level
Top Level
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MASTERPLAN ITERATIONS
72
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Sketches showing planning strategies in merging artificial and natural elements together on the island. By placing different size clusters, hierarchy can be established and natural spaces are formed among clusters.
Road Rail Ferry Arrival Point
Proposed Infrastructure
Water Sceneries
Forest Mangrove Coast Beach
Landscape Interface
Walkway Connections
Main Axis
Level 1: Shopping
Public Accessible
Level 2: Experiencing
Staff Quarter
Level 3: Learning Level 4: Staying
Programme Allocation
Public & BoH
PLANNING STRATEGY Principals learnt from Chinese traditional masterplanning is implemented in this island masterplan. Accessibility, courtyard, level of privacy are emphasised through different elements.
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73
68
74
68
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Arrival Pier
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Coastal Walkway
shops
Cafe
Information Centre
Atrium
Rain Water Pond
Reception
Shops
Balcony
Forest Walkway
Train Station
Bar
Kitchen
Gallery
Food Court
0
2.5
5
10
GA Section AA m 1:200 @ A0
77
Canal and water bodies carries wind around the island
Prevailing Wind Direction
N
Landscape is designed to bring wind around clusters
Master Plan Scale: the island is planned more opened in the Southeast side to introduce the prevailing wind. Terrains are lower along the coast while in the centre of the island are higher, to allow wind to reach all clusters.
Building Scale: Each cluster is designed with environmental strategies learnt from vernacular tropical housing typologies. All pods are elvated from the ground level with a central atrium situated in the middle to bring natural ventilation to all enclosed space.
Atrium to introduce light and natural ventilation
Rain water are collected on tapered roof and transported through the columns
Large overhang to create shade
Push-out window allow maximum natural ventilation
Elevated ground level allow wind movements
Pond to store rain water while introduce breeze
ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES Environmental strategies were studied and illustrated as above. Strategies are implemented on both master-plan scale and building scale.
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Suspended Louvre Ceiling
Mechanical Fans
Push-out Louvre Windows
0
2.5
5
10
GA Section AA m 1:200 @ A0
MECHANICAL VENTILATION DETAIL
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OPEN SPACE Food Centre Playground Open Air Theatre
ENCLOSED SPACE WITH BALCONY Exhibition Shops Tea House
FULLY ENCLOSED SPACE Working Space Hotel Reception
SPATIAL T
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Different spatial typologies are developed fo ing the same structural principle, and can be
SPLIT LEVEL Classroom Office Bar
BRIDGE Connecting Multiple Pods in a Cluster
ROOF TOP Cafe Roof Garden Event Space
TYPOLOGIES
or different purposes. All space is designed followe flexibly configuration to suit different programs.
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Foundation
Rain Water Collection Pond
TYPICAL ENTRANCE FRAGMENT
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Lift Rail
Primary Structure Lift Cart
LIFT FRAGMENT
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CLASSROOM FRAGMENT
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ROOF TOP CAFE FRAGMENT 77
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FOOD CENT
86
78
TRE FRAGMENT 79
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Nature under the Roof
Enclosure Extended into Nature
Spatial Conditions
BLURRING THRESHOLD BE
The building is designed to merge within the natura both natural and artificial elements are designed to ditions are created and the threshold be
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semi-opened Balcony
Cantilevering over Nature
Nature under the Roof
Blurred Thresholds
Balcony
Enclosure
Central Atrium
ETWEEN NATURE & ARTIFICIAL
al landscape. As the whole island is artifitially reclaimed, o work with one another. Therefore interesting spatial conetween the building and the nature is blurred. 81
89
90
82
SECTION 4 DESIGN PROPOSAL CHINESE CULTURAL COMPLEX
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LANDSCAPE INTERFACE: LILY POND
84 84
92
KEY DIAGRAM
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LANDSCAPE INTERFACE: ARRIVAL CREEK
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KEY DIAGRAM
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LANDSCAPE INTERFACE: BAMBOO CANAL
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KEY DIAGRAM
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LONG SECTION : MAIN STRIP
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Singapore
Malaysia
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AERIAL VIEW
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INTERNAL VIEW 91
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FRONT ELEVATION
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360 VIEW An immersive 360 view is created to visualised the surrounding environment of the proposal, and to examined the relationship between the nature and the artificial
CLICK LINK TO VIEW: https://vrto.me/?k=bvpm
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Bibliography
Abergel, T., Dean, B., Dulac, J., (2017). Global Status Report 2017. International Energy Agency, United Nations Environment Programme. Brown, D. (2009). Maison Hermes, Tokyo: Building on the past – the ‘stepping column’ system. The Arup Journal, 44 (2), pp. 42-22 Chen, Z., Lu, W., Zhu, E., Pan, J. (2012). Structural Performance of Dougong Brackets of Yingxian Wood Pagoda under Vertical Load – Refined Finite Element Modelling. Science Technology and Engineering, 12 (4), pp. 819-824 Fang, D., Iwasaki, S., Yu, Q., Miyamoto, Y., and Hikosaka, H. (2001). Ancient Chinese Timber Architecture. I: Experimental Study. Journal of Structural Engineering, 127 (11), pp. 1348-1357 Gao, D. (2007). A Research on the Structure and Their Seismic Characteristics of Ancient Chinese Timber Buildings. Doctorate Thesis. XI’an University of Architecture and Technology. Available at: http://kreader.cnki.net/ (Accessed: 29 March 2020) Gmp Architekten. (2012). Hanoi Museum. ArchDaily. Available at https://www.archdaily.com/251694/hanoi-museum-gmp-architekten/ (Accessed: 16 April 2020) Hu, W., Han, G., Yu, H. (2011). The analysis about node stiffness of mortise and tenon in ancient building. Sichuan Building Science, 37 (6), pp. 44-47 Kengo Kuma & Associates. (2012). Yusuhara Wooden Bridge Museum. Archidaily. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/199906/yusuhara-wooden-bridge-museum-kengo-kuma-associates/ (Accessed 14 April 2020) King, W., Yen, J., Yen Y. (1996). Joint characteristics of traditional Chinese wooden frames. Engineering Structures, 18 (8), pp. 635-644 Liang, S. (2011). 中國建築史 (A history of Chinese Architecture). Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company (Originally published 1944) Li, H. (2008). Seismic Analysis of Tou-Kung in Ancient Wooden Building. M. A. Thesis. XI’an University of Architecture and Technology. Available at: http://kreader.cnki.net/ (Accessed: 28 March 2020) Li, J. (2018). 營造法式 (Song Construction Manual). Chongqin: 重慶出版社 (Originally published 1103) Pan, Y., Wang, C., Ji, C., Zhao, S. (2012). Investigation and Analysis of Seismic Damage for Chinese Ancient Timber Buildings in Wenchuan Earthquake. Building Science, 28 (7), pp. 103-106 Sui, Y., Zhao, H., Xue, J., Gong, H., and Huang, H. (2008). Experiment study on lateral stiffness of an ancient wooden Dougong. World Earthquake Engineering, 25 (1), pp. 145-147 Tian, Y. (2013). 精解中國仿古建築構造 (Dissecting Chinese traditional timber frame). Beijing: 化學工業出版社 Wang, T. (1992). 中国古代大木作静力初探 (Analysis of static force in tradtional Chinese timber frame). Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House Wang, W. (2019). 大工业时代下榫卯结构艺术的发展与传承 (Development of Tenon and Mortise in the era of mass production). 藝海, 10, pp. 112-114 Wang, Xi. (2017). Generating one kind of the Palace Style Structural Carpentry System based on Algorithmic Language. M.A. Thesis. Hebei University of Engineering. Available at: http://kreader.cnki.net/ (Accessed: 15 Feb 2020) Yang, G., Yan, C. (2011). Technology of Chinese ancient foundation. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 33 (2), pp. 450-453 Ye, M. (2015). Rethink about Wood-Joint. Time+Architecture, (6), pp. 52-55 Yuan, J., Chen W., Wang J., Shi, Y. (2011). Experimental research on bracket set models of Yingxian Timber Pagoda. Journal of Building Structures, 32 (7), pp. 66-72 Zhang, Peng., Zhao, H., Xue, J., Gao, D. (2003). Experiment research on structural performance of Dougong. World Earthquake Engineering, 19 (1), pp. 102-106 Zhang, T., (2018). 明史·舆服志四 (History of Ming). (Originally published 1739). Available at: https://zh.wikisource.org/. (Accessed: 09 March 2020) Zhao, G. (2018). 不止中國木建築 (Not only Chinese timber frame). Beijing: 中華書局 Zhou, Q., Yan, W., Guan, H., Ji, J. (2014). Research advances in Tou-kung’s Mechanical Performances of Chinese ancient Wood Buildings. Journal of Water Resources and
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UNIT @unit14_ucl
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S Y S T E M I C I M PACT
2020
T
he focus of this year’s work is the awareness that architecture can affect at deepest systemic leveland the understanding that architectural proposition is in itself a system of interrelated constituentswhere the findings of interdisciplinary systems theory apply. This knowledge opens a way to a method-driven approach that can materialize in architecture of great performance and considered expression while driving architectural authorship and novelty. We will aspire to reinstate the designer’s engagement with all aspects of the system’s constituents aiming for impactful architecture delivered by the negotiation of the interacting entities that define the unified spatial whole. Societal, technological, cultural, economic as well as political developments will propel our investigations with a deep understanding of how they interlink. This will shape our strategies and heuristics, driving synthesis. The observation as well as re-examination of civilizatory developments will enable us to project near-future scenarios and position ourselves as avant-garde in the process of designing a comprehensive vision for the forthcoming. We will find out about how human endeavour, deep desire and visionary thought interrelate while they advance cultural as well as technological means, driving civilisation as highly developed organisation. Futurist speculation inspires and ultimately brings about significant change. Supported by competent research we will aim for systemic impact and amplify found nuclei into imaginative tales with architectural visions fuelled by speculation. Our methodology employs both bottom up and top down strategies in order to build up sophisticated architectural systems and will be tailored to the individual problem. Pivotal to this process and to fight charlatanism is the concept of practical experimentation – and intense exploration through both digital and physical models that aims to assess system performance and its direct application to architectural space. The emphasis on applied research fuels the process of design and allows us to develop highly considered architectural propositions with great momentum. Thanks to: Zaha Hadid Architects, DKFS Architects, Seth Stein Architects, Orms Designers and Architects, Cundall Engineers, Knippers Helbig, DaeWha Kang Design, AL_A, Innochain, Langstaff Day Architects
All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.
UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl