Ivan Hewitt_Y5 | Unit 14 | Bartlett School of Architecture by UNIT 14

IVAN HEWITT YEAR 5

UNIT

Y5 IH

INTEGRATED URBAN STADIA

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IVAN HEWITT YEAR 5 Y5 IH

ivan.hewitt.19@alumni.ucl.ac.uk @ih7.15

I NT E G R AT E D U R B A N S TA D I A Oslo, Norway

ituated in Oslo, Norway, integrated urban stadia responds to problems regarding the interface between stadia and the surrounding urban fabric and seeks to propose solutions to the barrier between a typically idle structure and its surrounding contexts.

A resulting structural system has been deployed in the form of a large-span cantilevering roof able to meet the requirements of atmospheric conditions and negate heavy loading from snowfall.

Stadia have changed over time in response to significant events such as the rise of football and other sports, the introduc-tion of television and the phenomenon of hooliganism, however the overall form has not changed a great deal since the Colosseum (70-80 AD). The site's specific location in Filipstad is a large central area currently used for the port of Oslo and has many redundant spaces which detach it from the city. It is located along the waterfront where the recent Fjordbuyen (Fjord City) initiative has begun to promote the transition from industrial waterfront to vibrant social spaces for the public. The site is surrounded by highly differential contexts from local residential zones to dense urban areas. These conditions require the stadium to react differently on each side and find ways to achieve greater continuity and encourage more frequent use of spaces outside of specific stadium events. Earlier research into aircraft and marine structures considered the efficiency and precision of the structural materials. This research informed prototype experiments with folded sheet metal, whereby the use of perforations and folding could enable efficient use of sheet metal in this context.

Section A

Tectonic Investigation: Folded Sheet Metal

Dope -

1 000 Metal & Alloys

Dope is a varnish used to coat the fabric parts of aeroplanes. It tightens the fabric, strengthening the airframe and making it waterproof.

Glasses

The highest quality dope was made using cellulose acetate.

100

Specific Stiffness (MN m kg-1)

British Emailite in Willesden and Titanine in Colindale were two local dope producers.

Ceramics

Hardwoods -

Aeroplane propellers needed to be strong and were traditionally made from layers of hardwood.

Porous Ceramics

Composites

1 Wood & Wood Products

Copper, Tin & Aluminium -

Polymere

These metals were suitable for aeroplane manufacture as they were light in weight and did not rust.

0.1 Foams

Electrical components were made from copper. Mixing copper and tin produced bronze, used to make engine bearings. Aluminium was used in engine construction to reduce weight.

Rubbers

0.01

100

1 000

10 000

Specific Strength (kN m kg-1)

Iron & Steel -

Iron and steel were used to strengthen aeroplane structures and ot make aircraft engines, guns and bomb casings.

Material Selection Timeline

Although both metals are strong, they are also heavy.

Fiberglass Composites Magnesium Alloys

Wood

1900

1920 Alumium Alloy

Carbon-fibre composites

Superalloys

1940

1960

Radar Absorbing Materials

1980 Metal Matrix Composites

High-Strength Steel Titanium Alloys

Spruce -

2000

Sitka spruce was ideal for military aeroplane manufacture. It was light, strong and didn’t splinter when hit by any bullets.

Glare Reinforced Carbon-Carbon

Native to the west coast of America, the wood was shipped across the Atlantic for use by Allied air forces. In 1917, the US Army set up the Spruce Production Corps to help meet demand.

Current Commercial Aircraft Materials

Linen -

Linen, produced from the flax plant, was used to cover the wings and fuselage of aeroplanes. The best flax came from Russia, Belgium and Ireland.

Plywood -

Plywood had been identified as a suitable material for aircraft construction before the First World War. Made from several layers of thin wood, it was lightweight and strong.

Steel (10%)

Other (5%) Fiberglass

Titanium (15%)

Composites (50%)

Aluminium Titanium Carbon Sandwich Composite

Aluminium (20%)

Carbon Laminate Composite (Materials used in Boeing 787 body)

Aircraft Material Initial Research Wood and fabric enabled early flight and responded to the demands for the time and the available resources. Over time with aircraft development it has run parrael with the resources available and developments of engines. As aircraft have surpassed sound barriers, engineers had to overcome extreme strength and thermal resistance challenges with the use of increasingly sophisticated materials. Today, manufacturers are developing advanced composites to build the aircraft of the future.

A two-seat fighter reconnaissance biplane designed during the First World War. The F2B’s streamlined shape and powerful RollsRoyce Falcon engine gave it a very high performance.

1917 - 1932

BRISTOL F2B FIGHTER

1928 - 1940

WESTLAND WAPITI

1930 - 1944

HAWKER HART

1939 - 1944

BRISTOL BLENHEIM

1941 - 1963

DE HAVILAND MOSQUITO

1951 - 2006

ENGLISH ELECTRIC CANBERRA

1969 - 1994

HAWKER SIDDELEY BUCCANEER

1980 - 2018

PANAVIA TORNADO

2003 - 2018

EUROFIGHTER TYPHOON

A large biplane of mixed wood and metal construction. It was used by the RAF between First and Second World Wars in several roles incluidng bombing and reconnaissance.

A fabric covered metal biplane, the Hawker Hart light bomber was faster than most of its contemporaries. The Hart’s Rolls-Royce Kestrel engine contribruted to its streamlined form and high performance.

The Blenheim was a huge technical advance over the biplanes it replaced. The Blenheim, a twin-engine monoplane of all-metal construction, remained the RAF’s fastest bomber for several years.

The Mosquito was orginally designed as a high-speed unarmed bomber with a wooden construction. It was extremely fast and highly versatile, and was also adapted as a photographic-reconnaissance aircraft, night-fighter and fighter-bomber.

The Canberra, the RAF’s first jet bomber, was unarmed and relied on speed to avade defending fighters. Its excellent high-alittude performance made it a very effective photographic-reconnaissance aircraft.

The Buccaneer was originally designed for naval use but served the RAF as a low-level strike and reconnaissance aircraft. It had a reputation for being rugged and dependable.

The Tornado is highly adaptable and can carry out a number of roles. Its variable geometry ‘swing wing’ allows it to operate effectively at both high and low speeds.

Distinctive ‘canard’ forewings and the delta-shaped main wing make the Eurofighter Typhoon ideal for entering and seizing control of enemy airspace. A multi-role version, the upgrade FGR4, is used for air policing and peace support missions.

Aircraft Requirements Timeline

The development of aircraft was aided by the experimentation of applying different materials to aid performance. Through-Life Costs

Flight Range Damage Tolerances

Weight & Strength

1900

1920 Weight, Stiffness & Strength

1940

Corrosion Resistance

1960

Creep Resistance For Jet Engines

Wood Metal

Radar Absorbing Properties

1980

2000

Acquistion Costs Life Extension

Supersonic Transport Fuel Consumption

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

RAF Aircraft Timeline Initial Research Tracing the developments of aircraft throughout the 20th century up to the 21st century. The two wars in the 20th century were a catalyst for innovation and saw a dramatic development amongst aircraft. The materials and structures developed in parralel to the developments found in the engines to handle the speeds.

Airframe Design Initial Research Developments in airframe design ran parallel with increases in engine power. Early engines lacked power so the weight of the airframes needed to be kept as low as possible. These lightweight, wooden structures were often not very strong, so there was always a risk that an aircraft could break up in flight. Increased engine power allowed for the use of stronger materials and better construction techniques.

01. Aircraft structure: Truss with canvas

02. Aircraft structure: Truss with corigate plate

Attachment method: Stitching/ glue

Skin Type: Fabric

03. Aircraft structure: Monocoque construction

Attachment method: Glue/bending/steaming

Skin Type: Timber

04. Aircraft structure: Semi-Monocoque construction

Attachment method: Riveting

Skin Type: Metal

05. Aircraft structure: Geodetic construction The cantilevered wings design removed the need for external bracing, which kept the wings from collapsing in flight.

Dutch designer Gerald Fokker used welded metal (steel) tubing in Germany for the airframe.

P51 Mustang Study Initial Research The aircraft’s three-section, semi-monocoque fuselage was constructed entirely of aluminum to save weight. The P-51D, which provided the US Army Air Forces with a high-performance, high-altitude, long range fighter that could escort heavy bomber formations all the way to Berlin and back. The exploded drawing reveals the amalgamation of the skin, airframe, engine and services. The precision and effiency of planes meant that every part of the plane was for a specific use, to avoid too much weight or alterations to the design which would impact the aerodynamics.

B C E

Assemby Components Key: 1 2 3 4 5

Fuselage Wing Tail end Covering frame Exploded view

Assemby Components Key: Leading edge Spars Ribs Keel Stringers Formers

P51 Mustang Key: A B C D E F G H I J

Spinner Nose cowl Center spar & gear support Landing gear fairing Wing Fairing fillet Wing Pilot seat Armour plate Cnopy

P51 Mustang Assembley Initial Research Acknowledged as one of the finest American wartime fighter due to its superiority with speed, range and maneuverability. Stressed skin with aluminium. lofted mathematically using conic sections. This resulted in a smooth fuselage with low drag surfaces. The Mustang had another unique feature: its fuselage was divided into 5 sections – forward, center, rear fuselage, and two wing halves which made assembly during production very efficient.

Section cuts that explore the variation throughout the complex structure of the Lockheed Martin F35 II. Each specific design responds to a specific requirement such as storage for the engine/fans or for the speed and agility performance.

EE FF GG

Fin fuel tank

Tailpipe activator Wheel bay Rudder activator Auxiliary vent doors

3-bearing swivel nozzle

Lift fan doors

Martin-Baker MK 16 ejection seat

Rudder pedals Radar

Diverter in lift position Split duct air intake Radar Roll nozzle ducts Lift fan drive shaft

Leading edge flap actuators

Lower lift fan door

Valve box nozzle

Forward fuel tank

Oxygen under forward tank

Weapon bay door with mounted mossile

Lift fan clutch

The CWA is a major structural component and represents approximately one quarter of the aircraft’s fuselage. Aircraft wings are attached to the CW during final assembly.

Lockheed Martin F35 II Initial Research The Lightning fifth-generation combat aircraft operates alongside the Typhoon. A multi-role machine, Lightning is capable of conducting air-to-surface, electronic warfare, intelligence gathering and air-to-air missions simultanteously. The Lockheed Martin is cable of reaching speeds of Mach 1.6 and reaches altitudes of 50,000ft.

Key A. Stringer plate B. Channel beam C. Web frame D. Bulkhead E. Bulkhead stiffeners F. Tube Pillar G. Wood deck planking H. Casing top I. Funnel casing stiffeners J. Steel plate K. Rivet connections L. Center girder M. Air hole N. Girder plate O. Keel plate

F C

D E

K J

O L

Anatomy of RMS Queen Mary Initial Research The ship structure utilises the strength and ductility of sheet metal to withstand forces of gravity and water pressure. As a result of the significant forces, the hull must withstand longitudinal bending, making it primarily longitudinally structured, while also considering transverse strength needs. The techniques used in naval design and fabrication can aid the advancement of sheet steel structures within the realm of architecture.

Tectonic Experiment Tectonic Study

01. Simplified flow of stresses in singly folded plate.

02. Slab action.

03. Plate action.

02. Folded sheet adds rigidity

01. Single surface sheet bends under own weight.

and can support weight and gravitational load.

03. Folded sheet buckles

04. Lateral support stiffens folded sheet, thus it can carry greater weights.

with added weight with no lateral support.

Compression

04. Truss (frame) action

Tension

High stress point

Structural Folding Initial Research Structural folding is an efficient structural system that can utilise the high performance characteristics of sheet metal. The rigidity of the folds increases the strength of the sheet meaning ultra-thin sheets can be used for the structure.

Folded Sheet Metal Prototype Tectonic Study Devloping folded sheet metal prototypes can then be run through a digital stress analysis software called Karamba. This identifies high and low stress areas of the structure which can then inform areas to perforate the sheets to reduce material usage and weight.

Sheet A with no perforations 78KN/m3 x 81.8m2 x 0.01m =

Total weight: 63.8KN

Sheet B with perforations 78KNm3 x 74.2m² x 0.01m =

Total weight: 57.9KN

Perforation Experiment Tectonic Study After initial tests using Karamba to identify the stress lines on the structurally folded prototypes visually, perforations using the Grasshopper plugin to generate perforation patterns on the folded sheets. The prototypes perforation patterns can occur in areas with low stress, reducing the total weight from 63.8kN to 57.9kN.

Folded Sheet Metal Prototype Tectonic Study Folding sheet metal can allow for continuous structures whereby the skin is used both structurally and as an architectural finish. The columns folds are very intense, increasing the rigidity, where as the roof opens up the folds and affords areas to perforate which allows for the cantilever

Section B

Brief Investigation: Stadia

Collosseum

Colosseum [70-80 AD]

One of the first main arenas which founded stadium systems such as the tier system, ticketing and was well known for the efficient crowd control.

Entertainment

Circus Maximus [6th Century BC]

Cricus Maximus

Circus Maxmimum was an ancient Roman chariot-racing stadium and mass entertainment venue in Rome, Italy. It could accomodate 150,000 spectators.

Jousting [11th - 14th Century]

Jousting is a martial game or hastilude between two horseriders wielding lances with blunted tip and used temporary timber structures for the spectator stands.

Calcio fiorentino [16th Century]

An early form of football which was entertainment for wealthy italians. The sport saw the development of temporary stadium structures that would occupy plazas.

White City [1908]

Built for the summer Olympics and could hold 93,000 spectators of which 68,000 were seated spectators. It hosted swimming, speedway, boxing, show jumping, athletics, stock car racing, concerts.

Jousting

Capacity

Football in Great Britain [20th Century]

The surge in popularity of football in Great Britain in the 20th Century saw a huge rise in large stadia being built.

Calcio fiorentino

Televised Football [Mid 20th Century]

The introduction of televising football lead to the use of floodlights to improve televised viewing, which lead to the focus on spectator experience.

Spectator Experience

Health & Safety [1989]

The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 lead to increased health and safety measures such as removing standing in stadiums.

Stadia has become heavily econimically driven with huge sums being spent on stadia. Facilities such as restaurants, museums and retail are often incorporated in modern stadia to maximise profits.

Commercial Focus

21st Century Stadia

Televised Football

Football in Great Britain

Maximum Spectators

21st Century Stadia [21st Century]

Integrated Urban Stadia [21st Century]

Rethinking the future of stadia in cities to continue the development of stadia.

Stadium Evolution Brief Investigation

The next phase of stadia evolution will rethink the typical independent structures that sit idly on the perimeter of cities in sync with the current spectator experience and desires. Stadiums have gone through multiple phases ever since the collosseum in Rome. The evolution has been responsive to significant events. The current stadia is heavily based around the economics and commercialization.

Rome Colosseum Brief Investigation In Rome, the Colosseum certainly holds all sorts of potential for political and cultural studies, but from a pure stadium design, the 157-foot-tall 50,000-seat venue could certainly pass a design board today. The 80 entrances—76 of them were numbered and four were considered grand entrances—led to tiered seating based squarely on social hierarchy, with the seats farthest from the action left for those of less social standing.

50,000

Spectators

Entrances

Plan.

Section.

Elevation. Masts

Ropes Velarium

50m

156m

189m

Colosseum Fragment Key A B C D E F G H

Retractable roof Masts Tier 4 (Women & Plebeians) Tier 3 (Intermediate Seating) Tier 3 (Intermediate Seating & Foyer) Tier 2 (Equestrians & Knights) Tier 1 (Senators/Premium Seating) Hypogeum & Supporting Structure

Rome Colosseum Brief Investigation The design of the Colosseum is extremely efficient with regards to the flow of people with the design of the vomitareum and enables tens of thousands of spectators to watch events. The seating arrangement was responsive to social class, starting with the wealthy spectators at the lower tiers, building up to the poorer at the top.

Cost:

Tottenham Hotspur Stadium (2019)

Hospitality Hospitality Area Area Hospitality Hospitality Area Area

Capacity:

£1,000,000,000

80,000

Hospitality Hospitality Concierge Concierge Hospitality Hospitality LoungeLounge

Hospitality Concierge Hospitality Concierge

Call Track Call Track

Olympic Park Stadium (2012)

Cost: Capacity:

£486,000,000

60,000

21st Century Stadia Brief Investigation Two relatively new stadiums explored through section to reveal the program systems within the stadium structure.

01. Height

02. Facade

The height of stadiums often has an imposing effect and disproportionate scale towards the surrounding environment.

The facades are barriers towards the outside spaces of the stadium limitting the relationship of spaces and exempt from visual connections from outside.

03. Surrounding Ground Plane The surrounding ground plane is often vacant and underused space for example car parks. This leads to wasteful space and limitted activity.

04. Tier System The tier system still follows the same hierarchy as the collosseum, which fits a specific capacity. This isn’t a flexible way of designing and only allows the seating zones to be used during events within the stadium.

05. Program

06. Costs

With the huge stadiums comes maximum two programs which consist of the sporting event and concerts. This leaves the stadium with limitted use around the main events, which can equate to no more than a few hours a week.

The costs of stadiums can be huge often surpassing £1billion. If such a huge investment goes into the infrastructure, it would be beneficial to be more inclusive and have more offerings.

Issues Regarding Stadia Brief Investigation The diagrams explore a typical stadium design and identifies the negative features which lead to it being an underused and unintegrated infrastructure with the surrounding environment.

Atlanta 1996 -

Lake Placid 1980 -

The Games turned a profit, helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights. There were more than 26 venues.

Montreal 1976 -

Berlin 1936 -

Existing infrastructure from the 1932 Winter Olympics was deemed suitable for hosting. It was repurposed for Federal Correctional Institution, Ray Brook.

There were over 27 venues at the Montreal Olympics. Many citizens regard the event as a financial disaster for the city as it faced debts for 30 years after.

The village of 22 venues was repurposed for the Wehrmacht into the Olympic Döberitz Hospital & Army Infantry School & was used as such through WW2.

$ 2.8 Billion

$ 495

Million

Billion

$ 1.7

Billion

Grenoble 1968 There were five other venues surrounding Grenoble used as sporting venues. The venues were divided into four different places.

$1 Billion

Olympic Legacy Brief Investigation Often the investment from a Games is used to create an Olympic legacy for the host country, but sometimes sites end up as abandoned ghosts of former tournaments. Thus, highlighting the importance of putting an emphasis on how the new infrastructure additions can be better integrated for future uses, otherwise the support for hosting the olympics may significantly decrease over the coming years. Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Urban Area Rural Area

Rio De Janeiro 2016

Sarajevo 1984

Events took place at eighteen existing venues, nine new venues constructed specifically for the Games, and seven temporary venues.

For the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia (now Bosnia and Herzegovina), a total of nine sports venues were used.

Athens 2004 -

More than 34 venues were con structed for the Olympics in Ath Transport infrastructure was als improved such as airport and tramlines.

$ 13.1

$ 257

$ 19

Billion

Million

Billion

Torino 2006 -

Albertville 1992 -

Events mainly held in Turin, but other events (namely skiing, snowboarding, and the track sports) were held in mountainous outlying village.

The 1992 Olympic Winter Games marked the last time both the Winter and Summer games were held in the same year. More than 12 venues used.

Moscow 1980 New facilities constructed in preparation & existing facilities modified. There were more than 28 venues.

$ 4.3

$ 2.2

Billion

nhens. so

Sochi 2014 Located in the Adler City District of Sochi, Imeretinsky Valley, on the Black Sea. There were more than 12 venues housing different sports.

$ 52 Billion

Beijing 2008

Nagano 1998

Accepted by the world’s media as a logistical success. For the 2008 A total of thirty-seven venues were used.

A total of fourteen sports venues, all within Nagano Prefecture, were used.

$ 44

$ 15

Billion

Winter Olympics

Denver rejects hosting 1976 Winter Games

1976

Winter Olympics

2010

6 years prior, Denver thought hosting would be a good idea. It was Nov, 1972 DOOC served a notice to IOC that they would be unable to host due to lack of funding. There were also concerns regarding the potential impact on the environment.

Voters of Bern have firmly rejected 2010 Winter Olympics bid Almost 4 out of 5 Bernese voted no to towo Olympic related questions. Voters had been scared of supporting an Olympics due to fears about the city’s finances, pension funds and the ever0brugeoning cost of the national exhibition.

Daniel Ritterband, London 2012 Olympics Marketing

Bids to host the summer Olympics

“I think the future is for small cities of a million people where the Games can really have a

Athens 2004

transformative effect,”

Beijing 2008 London 2012 Rio de Janeiro 2016

Winter Olympics

2022

Tokyo 2020 Paris 2024 0

Norwegian conservative party opposes bid for 2022 Winter Olympics In party fighting regarding the costs and after use of hosting the olympics led to the 2022 bid being rejected. With a relatively low population the risks were much greater hosting the olympics. The ministers also disputed on which Norwegian city would host the games.

Bids

Olympic budget overruns by percentage

Avoiding “white elephants”

Montreal 1976

IOC wants to see bids from cities that already have the right infrastructure and venues in place. This is due to growing concerns about so-called “white elephants”, expensive facilities that go to waste after the Games have finished.

Lake Placid 1980 (Winter) Sochi 2014 (Winter) Lillehammer 1994 (Winter) Barcelona 1996

Summer Olympics

London 2012 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Percentage

Summer Olympics

2024

Rome 2024 Olympic bid collapses in acrimony Rome dropped its bid to host the Olympic Games in 2024, after its anti-establishment mayor Virginia Raggi, said it would be “irresponsible” to be a candidate amid fears the city would sink further in debt.

Hamburg says ‘No’ to hosting Games 51.6% of Hamburgs residents have voted against hosting the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games, argueing that the money could be better spent with the cost reaching € 11.2bn. The chairman head of the German Olympic Sports Confederation said it was clear “now it’ll be impossible to hold the Olympics in Germany for decades”.

Proffessor Zimbalist (economist) Winter Olympics

2026

Innsbruck won’t bid for 2026 Winter Games after referendum

“The rational end is to have one city that’s the permanent host of the summer Games and one that is the permanent host of the winter Games,” Prof Zimbalist says.

Innsbruck no longer plans to bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics after its promise to organize a low-cost and sustainable games failed to convince residents. 53.3% of voters rejected the ideas, with 64.41% of residents in Innsbruck saying no.

Winter Olympics

2026

Calgary voters reject city’s pursuit of 2026 Winter Olympics Residents in the Canadian city of Calgary have voted strongly against bidding to host the 2026 Winter Olympics, with more than 56% of voters rejecting the idea.

Olympic Host Uncertainty Brief Investigation Fears regarding the high costs and questions about the economic benefits are leading to fewer bids for hosting the Olympic games. Not only are there huge expenses for the direct sports, but the transport infrastructure also needs upgrading to handle the huge increase in passengers.

Erna Solberg, Primeminister

Christophe Dubi, IOC Games Director

“A big project like this, which is so expensive, requires broad popular support and there isn’t

“This is a missed opportunity for the city of Oslo and for all the people of Norway who are known

enough support for it”

worldwide for being huge fans of winter sports”

Worries concerning the total costs of hosting the 2020 Winter Olympics led to the rejection of the bid. Could stadia have a more substantial contribrtution to cities with small populations?

Figure Skating

Curling

Transport Infrastructure

Ice Hockey

Biathlon

Nordic Combined

XC Skiing

Speed Skating Short Track Accomodation

Retail Food & Hospitality

Luge Skeleton Snowboard

Ski Jumping Bobsleigh

Public Spaces

Alpine Skiing Feestyle Skiing

Oslo selected as permanent host of the winter games.

Rethinking Stadia in Oslo Brief Investigation Oslo would provide a suitable permanent host for the winter olympics due to the cities population and its current infrastructure that supports some of the olympic sports already such as Holmenkollbakken (ski jump). The challenges faced would be to integrate the venue infrastructure to the city so that it is used effectively during the time the olympics is not on. This opens up a new opportunity to explore stadia of the 21st century, whereby it becomes more integrated to the urban fabric, stepping away from the traditional, idle stadium.

Residential apartments Balconies Monorail station Monorail cart

Public spaces and footpaths

Mid pedestrian footpath

Underground highway Underground pedestrian footpath

Original Paul Rudolph LOMEX The Paul Rudolph proposal for LOMEX was never realised, but at the time was considered an extremely radical approach to organising urban flows.

Monorail

Underground highway

Public spaces and footpaths

Residential apartments

Lightwell/ ventilation

Public footpath and gardens

LOMEX Brief Investigation Pedestrian flow

Habitable spaces

Transportation

City Corridor is a proposal by Paul Rudolph as a response to Robert Moses’s grandest proposal, the Lower Manhattan Expressway (LOMEX). Rudoplh proposed to mitigate the destruction of LOMEX, enclosing it with a megastructure, containing houses, retail and offices. Moses hoped to improved the local environment by controlling noise and fumes and develop a central spine through the indoduction of a monorail and pedestrial walkways. The scheme never went ahead, however inspired many future architects.

62m

76m

Buckminster Fuller Biosphere Brief Investigation The structure stands at 62m in the sky with a diameter of 76m, It fits a seven-story exhibition building featuring the various programmatic elements of the exhibit. The structure is large and open which highlights the relationship between the indoors and outdoors.

Section C

Site Research: Oslo, Norway

68%

32%

Above tree line/ mountainous

Plains & basin

Uninhabitable

Inhabitable

NORWEGIAN SEA

Height Points Norway is well known for its mountaineous landscape, with the highest point reaching 2469m above sea level at Galdhøpiggen.

0m 50m

RUSSIA

150m 250m 500m 750m 1000m+

FINLAND

SWEDEN

GULF OF BOTHNIA

Topography Site Research Norway is a country located in Northern Europe on the northern and western parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The majority of the country borders water, inlcuding the Skagerrak inlet to the south, the North Sea to the southwest, the North Atlantic Pcean to the west, and the Barents Sea to the north.

NORTH SEA

Norway has an elongated shape, making it one of the longest and most rugged coastlines in the world, with around 50,000 islands off its coastline.

ESTONIA

The countries average elevation is 460 metres and 32 percent of the mainland is above the tree line.

DENMARK

Total Airports in Norway

98 Honningsvåg Airport, Valan Avinor, 25,385

Domestic Passengers (2007)

Mehamn Airport Avinor, 23,794

Hammerfest Airport Avinor, 194,287

27,692,217

Berlevåg Airport Avinor, 14,043 Båtsfjord Airport Avinor, 28,474

Hasvik Airport Avinor, 22,607

Vardø Airport, Svartnes Avinor, 30,107

International Passengers (2007) Lakselv Airport, Banak Avinor, 60,979

13,397,458

Vadsø Airport Avinor, 103,678

Tromsø Airport Avinor, 2,271,748 Harstad - Narvik Airport, Evenes Avinor, 755,442 Andøya Airport, Andenes Avinor, 61,510

Kirkenes Airport, Høybuktmoen Avinor, 318,194

Stokmarknes Airport, Skagen Avinor, 120,692

Alta Airport Avinor, 378,891

Leknes Airport Avinor, 136,746

Bardufoss Airport Avinor, 243,104 Svolvær Airport, Longyear Avinor, 169,278

Røst Airport Avinor, 15,631 Bodø Airport Avinor, 1,831,407

Værøy Airport Municipal

Mo i Rana Airport, Røssvoll Avinor, 120,239

Sandnessjøen Airport, Stokka Avinor, 86,676 Mosjøen Airport, Kjærstad Avinor, 73,919

Brønnøysund Airport, Brønnøy Avinor, 118,344 Rørvik Airport, Ryum Avinor, 42,510 Namsos Airport, Høknesøra Avinor, 37,260

Ørland Airport Municipal, 4,074

Sandane Airport, Anda Avinor, 44,900 Førde Airport, Bringeland Avinor, 85,479

Kristiansund Airport, Kvernberget Avinor, 299,710 Ålesund Airport, Vigra Avinor, 1,077,009 Ørsta - Volda Airport, Hovden Avinor, 111,278

Trondheim Airport, Værnes Avinor, 4,428,897 Molde Airport, Årø Avinor, 478,475 Røros Airport Avinor, 24,473

Florø Airport Avinor, 140,891 Sogndal Airport, Haukåsen Avinor, 91,145

Fagernes Airport, Leirin Avinor, 3,073

1934 Widerøe

Oslo Airport, Gardermoen Avinor, 27,482,486 Bergen Airport, Flesland Avinor, 6,113,452

Main Flight Operators

Notodden Airport, Tuven Municipal, 2,477 Sandefjord Airport, Torp Private, 1,965,558

Haugesund Airport, Karmøy Avinor, 633,712

Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik Avinor, 1,013,048

Stavanger Airport, Sola Avinor, 4,178,241

1946 SAS

1993 Norwegian Air

The De Haviiland Dash 8 is frequently used for short track runways

Aviation Site Research Air travel plays a key role in the transport infrastructure in Norway due to the terrain conditions, making it difficult and expensive to invest in building new roads and railways. 46 of airports are state owned (Avinor), with much of the passenger transport infrastructure operating at a loss. Much of the airfields are also used for strategic military, logistical and medical transportation rather than passenger routes.

Road & Rail Site Research Road and rail transport infrastructure connecting the south to the north of Norway is limited and mostly for logistical transport, such as connecting the Swedish ore mines in Kiruna with the sea for transportation. N

Road Railways Railway station

Kirkenes

Greater Oslo Population (2020)

1,100,000

Tromso

Central Oslo Population (2020)

681,067 0-49 50-999 1000-3999 4000+ (Residents per km2)

Most Populated European Cities (1mil = (1) Moscow

10,381,222

(2) London

7,556,900

(3) Saint Petersburg

5,028,000

(4) Berlin

3,426,354

(5) Madrid

3,255,944

(6) Kyiv

2,797,553

(7) Rome

2,318,895

Norway Population (2020)

)

5,430,958

Trondheim

(63) Oslo

Bergen

681,067

Stavanger

Norwegian Cities (100,000 = Oslo

681,067

Bergen

255,464

Stavanger/ Sandnes

222,697

Trondheim

183,378

Drammen

117,510

Fredrikstad/ Sarpsborg

112,464

)

Oslo

Kristiansand

93,065

Ålesund

63,441

Tønsberg

51,887

Population Density All primary and secondary regions of high population are situated along the Norwegian coastline, with approximatley one fifth living within the greater Oslo area. Each of the 4 major cities in Norway, Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger & Trondheim are located in areas where particular resources are accessible for the functioning of the local economies.

1-4 5-24 25-999 1000+ (Measured by number of people living per km2)

Oslo 59.9139° N, 10.7522° E

Stavanger 58.9700° N, 5.7331° E

Trondheim 63.4305° N, 10.3951° E

Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway. Hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. Centre for maritime industries and maritime trade in Europe. Immigration population of the city is growing at a faster rate than the Norwegian population

The cities rapid population growth in late 20thC. due to Norway’s booming offshore oil industry. Every 2 years Stavanger organises the Offshore Northern Seas, which is an exhibition and conference for the energy sector. Originally main trade sardine fishing, processing, canning & export.

Trondehim is a centre for education (NTNU). It is also a centre for tourism and culture activity. Trondheim is the administrative centre for the central area of Norway. More recently there has been an increase in high tech industry, electronics, it, software. Advanced in industry.

Density Bergen 60.3913° N, 5.3221° E

Bergen is the administrative centre of the west. Norways capital in 13th c. International centre for aquaculutre, shipping, the offshore petroleum industry and subsea technology. Centre for higher education, media, tourism and finance. Bergen port busiest in terms of both freight and passengers.

Site Research The population density in Norway is 15 per Km2 (38 people per mi2) with 83.4 % of the population is urban (4,521,838 people in 2020). In recent years there has been a sharp rise in immigration population growth in Norway.

Oslo Network Preserved Area Populated Forest Water InLand Fjord Fjord View Trajectories Commuter Towns Central Oslo (Blue/Green) Road Railway track Proposed High-Speed Rail Oslo Border Central Train Station Bus Terminal Ferry Terminal Cruise Ship Terminal Marina

Oslo is the capital city of Norway with a population reaching over 1 million. Over recent years the population has rapidly grown, largely due to immigration, as Oslo becomes a more international urban centre. Oslo is situated in a bay and due to the terrain conditions, the space is limitted for Oslo to grow outwards. Also due to the forests and mountains which are protected from development. As a result, towns and cities have becomes established outside of Oslo, whereby commuters use road, rail and water transport to get to and from Oslo for work and leasure.

Airport Freight Residential Zone Office Zone Football Stadiums Ice Hockey Arena Shopping Centres Sculpture Parks Artifical Gardens Skate Parks Inland Water Zone Outdoor Recreation Former Harbour/Shipyard/Industrial Area Culutral Institution

Oslo Border

Bordering Oslo is a mountaineous landscape which is popular with hikers during the summer months and skiers during the winter months.

Asker

Asker is a commuter town to Oslo. It takes approx. 30 mins by car to drive to Oslo.

Drammen

Drammen is one of the biggest cities in Norway situated on the outskirts of Oslo. It is also a commuter town to Oslo. It takes approx. 40 mins by car to drive to Oslo.

+ 38

Lillestrom

Nessodden

Lillestrom is a developing commuter town withplans for a new fast train to connect to Oslo

Nessodden is a commuter town to Oslo, whereby commuters often take a boat from Nessodden to Aker Brygge.

Kolbotn

Kolbotn is a commuter town to Oslo on the East side.

+ 39

Locating Stadia Brief & Site Oslo is home to only 5 stadiums with arenas, with relatively low capacity when compared to other european cities such as London, Paris and Madrid. Hosting the 2022 Winter Olympics would have brough increased funding for sports arenas to imrpove the stadium infrastructure in the capital, however due to the costs and outlook of usage of these new infrastructures with a relatively low population, Oslo rejected the bid.

03 05

06 02 04

01 Holmenkollen (70 000 cap.)

02 Ullevel Stadion (28 000 cap.)

03 Telenor Arena (25 000 cap.)

Holmenkollbakken is a large ski jumping hill located at Holmenkollen in Oslo, Norway. It has a hill size of HS134, a construction point of K-120, and a capacity for 70,000 spectators. (2010)

Ullevaal Stadion is an all seater football stadium, home to the Norwegian national team and Valerenga, with a capacity for 28,000 spectators. (2013 - latest renovation)

Multi-purpose indoor arena located at Fornebu in Bærum which serves as a venue for a variety of events. It has a capacity for 15,000 spectators for sports and 25,000 for concert. (2007)

04 Bislett Stadion (15 400 cap.)

05 Jordal Amfi (5 300 cap.)

06 Intility Stadion (16 555 cap.)

Bislett’s career as a speed skating venue ended in 1988 with the stadium optimized for athletics and football. The new stadium was built in 10 months. (2005)

Jordal Amfi (often called Nye Jordal Amfi) is an indoor ice hockey arena, located in the Jordal district of Oslo, Norway. The 5,300-spectator arena is part of the multi-sports complex. (2020)

The stadium is the home stadium for the Vålerenga Fotball, currently playing in the Eliteserien, and it has a seating capacity of 16,555 people. (2017)

1623

Oslo City Plan

1750

Oslo City Plan

1820

Oslo City Plan

1920

Oslo City Plan

2008

Oslo City Plan

Oslo Expansion Site Research Gradually over time the Oslo waterfront has grown outwards into the fjord to enable the growth of the city, creating new spaces to establish a growing city centre. Over the time the use of the waterfront has also shifted from an inudstrial working waterfront to a more developed public and service driven waterfront.

Aker Brygge

A former ship yard that went through an urban the 1980s.

Frognerstranda

A pedestrian walkway with a small restraurant. Kongen Marina is also located along Frognerstranda. The E18 road runs parrallel to Frognerstranda.

Bygødy

An area with exclusive residential and lots of land unbuilt. Bygdøy is also home to multiple museums such as the Vikingskiphuset and Norsk Folk Museum.

Tjulvholmen

A neighbourhood tha docks and artificial l hectares. It is now o

Filipstad

Currently occupied by a coffee roasting facility, container port and cruise ferry terminal. Urban renewal project ‘The Fjord City’, aims to convert the container port into a new urban area similar to Akerbrygge and Tjuvholmen.

Fjordbyen Site Research The ‘Fjordbyen’ (Fjord City) is an urban renewal project for the waterfront part of the center of Oslo, Norway. The first redevelopment was at Aker Brygge during the 1980s. Bjørvika and Tjuvholmen followed up during the 2000s, while the remaining parts of the Port of Oslo will be developed in the 2010s. The port will be relocated to Sørhavna. The main barrier between the city and the fjord will disappear when European Route E18 is relocated to the Bjørvika Tunnel.

Currently, the major investments within the Fjordbyen include the following: + + + +

Oslo Opera House Barcode Project Oslo Public Library Munch Museum

Rådhusplassen

Previously used as a road and part of European route E18, it has since 1994 served as a recreational area. The square ended up as a six-lane highway that functioned as the main east–west road through Oslo, and was part of European Route E18. With the opening of the Oslo Tunnel that connected Oslo Central Station to the Drammen Line, the Port Line became redundant, and was removed in 1983.

Bjorvika

renewal during

Bjørvika is being redeveloped as part of the Fjord City plans for the Oslo waterfront. In 2010, the Bjørvika Tunnel was completed, and in 2012, Bispelokket and the rest of the remaining E18 was removed. Notable projects within the vicinity include Barcode and the Oslo Opera House.

Akershusstranda

Akershusstranda is an area between the Oslo Fjord and Akershus Fortress and Castle in Oslo.

at has reclaimed land from the fjord to build land, increasing the area from 5 to 33 occupied mostly by residential and offices.

Loenga

A 7.3-kilometer freight-only railway line. It runs from the classification yard at Loengato Alnabru Freight Terminal, typically serving twenty trains per day. It allows trains to pass from the Østfold Line to Alnabru without passing via Oslo Central Station.

Vippertangen - Revierkaia

Military facility and a stone quarry. In the 1880s there was ice skating on the fjord, including the first national championships. The construction of modern dock facilities started in 1899, and on 25 November 1905 Vippetangen was the landing place for King Haakon VII and his family when they arrived from Denmark on the Norwegian warship Heimdal to assume the Norwegian throne. The port facilities included fishing facilities, docks for international passenger ships, and a grain silo.

Kongshaven

Kongshavn is an area under the Ekeberg slope in Oslo. The area consists of the quay area between Sjursøya in the south and Loelva's outlet in the north, as well as the buildings in Karlsborgveien on the upper side of Mosseveien.

Sjursøya

The peninsula is entirely used by the Port of Oslo as a container and petroleum port, and serves as the primary oil port for Eastern Norway.

Ormsund - Bekkelaget

A small marina and facilities that include a rowing club on the waterfront of East Oslo.

+ 43

N • Central location situated along ‘Fjordbyen’, which seeks to develope the Oslo waterfront. • Situated in close proximity to a variety of existing transportation networks. • Central location with limitted arenas and stadiums within the vicinity.

Site Location Site Research

The selected site is an area along the Oslo waterfront called ‘Filipstad’. It currently serves both as a major container port and ferry terminal for the city. The site is also used for storage, coffee roasting and a temporary skate park/gym.

• Currently undergoing proposals to develope the location as its current use is underusing central urban space.

Historic Filipstad Site Research Filipstad is an area situated along the Oslo waterfront and has been very much a working waterfront well into the 2000s. It also has a public past with a small stadium for swimming and diving competitions, however was demolished in the 1930s due to pier expansion.

Current Filipstad Context Site Research The site has a prominent central location in Oslo neighbouring the waterfront. It is currently used for the port of Oslo and has many derelict areas which is disconnected from the city. The areas that surround the site are vibrant and rich Norwegian culture such as the marinas which is a popular activity amongst Norwegians. The proposed stadium will identify the surrounding context and build on design strategies to pull it into the stadium infrastructure.

04 05

A-A

Tjulvholmen

10m

Filip

20m

30m

40m

50m

Scale: 1250 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

Offices Public zone Residential Bars & Restaurants Marina Bus Terminal Skatepark Car park E-18 Highway

B-B

Filipstad

10m

0m Scale: 1250 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Offices Public zone Bus Terminal Skatepark Underground car park Cargo container bay Vacant space/storage

20m

30m

40m

50m

01 01

Frogner

pstad

01 04

Aker Brygge

Existing Site Elevation AA & BB Site Research Both sections explore the existing site context and highlights the local areas that neighbour Filipstad. The new stadium will interweave the existing sites fabric to increase daily activity around the area.

Local Side - Frogner

To the north of the site is a local area called Frogner which is occupied with family homes, gardens, parks and small amenities such as shops and cafes. The stadium will look at how this activity can be pulled into the stadium infrastructure.

Waterfront

The Oslo waterfront is an active area with the largest port in Norway and a promenade frequently used by pedestrians, cyclists and runners. There is also a large boat culture in Norway with the inhabitants frequently taking trips in the summer months.

Program key

Houses/residential ar Distrubrution centre Cruise terminal Port E-18 Highway Parks

Urban Centre - Aker Brygge

The urban centre is located to the east of the site with the closest heavily urban district being Aker Brygge. This area is full of offices, bars, restaurants and entertainment venues. The stadium will look at integrating the existing high levels of activity.

Urban Centre - Tjulvholmen

Tjulvholmen is new development consisting of luxury appartments and art galleries interwoven with small parks and waterfront promenades which are used frequently in summer months for sun bathing and watersports.

Site Analysis

rea

Train line

Restaurant

Site Research

Cafe

Bars

School

Dense social area

Library

Art gallery

The site is situated in a central urban location with one side neighbouring the centre of the city with bars, restaurants, offices and the other neighbouring the local residential neighbourhood called Frogner, which is occupied with local program such as houses, cafes, supermarkets. The stadium will respond to the different city typologies to enhance these spaces and draw people to the stadium to make it a frequently used space by the cities inhabitants.

Supermarket

Watersport area

Offices

Marina

400m

450m 51

Section D

Design Development: Integrated Urban Stadium

Integrated Stadium Concepts Design Development

Integrated Stadium Prototypes Design Development The prototypes look at how paths and platforms can merge from the surrounding urban landscape into the stadia. A key drive is to increase the activity and pull in both program and urban flows such as pedestrian, cyclists and autmotive.

Ferry dock

Tjulvholmen bridge

Promenade

Terraced gardens

Outdoor cinema

Tjulvholmen bridge

Promenade

Tjulvholmen bridge

Waterfront decking

Promenade

Casual seating

Upper stadium stand

Underground performance streets

Terraced gardens

Covered Promenade

Terraced gardens

Upper stadium stand

Underground performance streets

Promenade performance streets

Outdoor cinema

Lower stadium stand

Underground performance streets

Lower stadium stand

Upper stadium stand

Lower stadium stand

Spatial Studies Design Development

Promenade and casual seating Basketball courts

Gardens

Lower street

Stadium stand

Upper street

Sauna & natural pools

Marina

Basketball courts & gardens Casual seating

Gardens & natural pool Saunas & natural pool

Bridge into stadium

Marina seating

Marina Saunas

Lower street

Lower stadium stand

Marina

Marina access to stadium

Upper street

Gardens & natural pool

Upper stadium stand

Lower stadium stand

Upper stadium stand

Spatial Studies Design Development

Section E

Design Proposal: Integrated Urban Stadium

Integrated Urban Stadium Design Proposal

Aerial perspective showing how both the city centre and the residential zones meet the stadium. The fragmented zones offer various social opportunity, which feed of the main stadium. The fragmented paths provide different kinds of movement for the visitors, focusing on those who need faster circulation such as commuters and those who can enjoy more casual circulation such as spectators.

01 Site Allocation

02 Sunken Pitch

The site is situated on Filipstad in Oslo, Norway. The site is unique in that each side has a highly different context from local residential to city centre.

The site is excavated to sink the pitchto reduce the overall scale and reduce the ground plane interuption.

50 000m2 +

03 Activating Main Access

04 Scaling Tier System

The three main access points open up the stadium to create openess towards the stadium and reduce the barrier towards existing streets with high density.

The tier system is fragmented and reacts to site conditions. The tiers are at the highest to face away from the sun. The tiers facing the city are reduced to reduce the barrier to the public. 6pm

3pm

12pm

05 Extending Tier Outwards The tiers are extended outwards to open the stadium up and create platforms and streets that can be activated by the public to increase the overall activity in and around the stadium.

06 Waterway & Landscape Integration The fjord enters the stadium to create a marina for a unique way to watch events and integrate the popular marine activities. The landscape from the local side is pulled in to create continuity.

07 Program Integration

08 Roof System

Increased program integration provides more opportunities for different activities rather than just limited pitch events. These programs also make the site more connected such as connecting via cycle highway and bridging over the canal.

The roof system is fragmented to be responsive to the overall fragmented stadium design. Some areas would prefer coverage whilst others not.

Key Moves Program Strategy

Scope Of Works Design Proposal

50m N

100m

200m

400m

Aerial Roof Plan Design Proposal

50m N

100m

200m

400m

Roof Plan Design Proposal

Stadium Section Design Proposal

Integrating City Streets Office/City Centre Side

Integrating Marine Activity Waterfront/Port Side

Services

Sheet Metal

Roof Gutter

Lightweight Cover

Stiffeners

Perforated Sheet Metal

Lighting

Services

Roof Typical Module Structural System

Spectators View Looking towards the city

Integrating Waterfront Promenade Waterfront/City Centre Side

01 Typical Stadium Corner The corner of stadiums is often deemed to be an unpopular zone for spectators with poor visibility. This provides the opportunity to rethink to find a solution that allows for the stadium to become more integrated with the city.

02 Removing Stadium Corner The corner is removed which removes the barrier between the stadium and the surrounding street network. This move instanstly brings the outside of the stadium in and can provide an opportunity for innovative design strategies.

Restaurants Public Zone/Park

Pedestrianised Street

Shops Bridge Pedestrianised Street

Restaurant Public Zone

03 Integrated Corner Extended platforms and bridging occupies the spaces generated by removing the corner of the stadium which can be facilitated by programs such as restaurants and shops. This provides a unique way to spectate events but also activates the stadium during hours when events aren’t on.

Stadium Corner Strategy Design Proposal

Restaurant View

Integrating Surrounding Streets

10m

20m

30m

50m

100m

Section AA 16

10m

20m

Section BB

30m

50m

100m

Stadium General Sections 1:700 21

Section Key

BB AA

01. Residential zone 02. Train station 03. Parks 04. 7-a-sdie football pitch 05. Retail/cafes/banks 06. E-18 highway 07. Autonomous vehicle hub 08. Private spaces 09. Playing field 10. Perfomance and outdoor cinema 11. Fish market 12. Fish and wine bar 13. Cycle highway 14. Promenade 15. Canal

16. Saunas 17. Pools 18. Marina 19. Basketball courts 20. Commentator box 21. Oslo street food market 22. Car park

Appendices

Tectonic Experiment Tectonic Study

Cladding Structure

Similar to aircraft design, material decisions are made to assure overall performance, thus with the steel design in areas where possible lighter materials can be used to cover the structural elements, such as timber or aluminium.

D E

Key A B C D E F G

Steel Connection point Steel Cap Steel Rib Steel Stringer Folded Sheet Steel Steel Stringer Mig Welded Sheet Steel

Fragnent Tectonic

Roof

Design

Fragment

n Development

Adjacent residential

Activate train line

E-18 Highway enters underground tunnel

Marina

Public sun water sport

Site Analysis Site Research

Port of Oslo

Highlighting key zones in the existing site context to inform the integrated stadiums integration strategy, with each corner of the site being highly differential.

+ N

Bus terminal

Public plaza

Ferry terminal

Site Location

+bathing &

Public promenade Promenade & restaurants

Office zone

+ Marina

t zone

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2021 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

UNIT @unit14_ucl

I N N E R F O R M 2 0 2 1

G14 is a test bed for architectural exploration and innovation. Our students examine the role of the architect in an environment of continuous change. As a unit, we are in search of new leveraging technologies, workflows and modes of production seen in disciplines outside our own. We test ideas systematically by means of digital and physical drawings, models and prototypes. Our work evolves around technological speculation and design research, generating momentum through astute synthesis. Our propositions are ultimately made through the design of buildings and the in-depth consideration of structural formation and tectonic constituents. This, coupled with a strong research ethos, generates new, unprecedented, viable and spectacular proposals. IAt the centre of this year’s academic exploration was Buckminster Fuller’s ideal of the ‘The Comprehensive Designer’: a master-builder who follows Renaissance principles and a holistic approach. Fuller referred to this ideal as somebody who is able to realise and coordinate the commonwealth potentials of his or her discoveries without disappearing into a career of expertise. Like Fuller, PG14 students are opportunists in search of new ideas and architectural synthesis. They explored the concept of ‘Inner Form’, referring to the underlying and invisible but existing logic of formalisation, which is only accessible to those who understand the whole system and its constituents and the relationships between. This year’s projects explored the places where culture and technology interrelate to generate constructional systems. Societal, technological, cultural, economic and political developments propelled our investigations and enabled us to project near-future scenarios, for which we designed comprehensive visions. Our methodology employed both bottom-up and top-down strategies in order to build sophisticated architectural systems. Pivotal to this process was practical experimentation and intense exploration using both digital and physical models to assess system performance and application in architectural space. Thanks to: DaeWha Kang Design, DKFS Architects, Expedition Engineering, Hassel, Knippers Helbig, RSHP, Seth Stein Architects, University of Stuttgart/ ITKE and Zaha Hadid Architects.

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2021 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl