SAY IT RIGHT (CONFUSABLE WORDS) Навчальний посібник для учнів 9-11 класів by Українська мова. Словникові слова. (робочий словничок)

УПРАВЛІННЯ ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ КАМ’ЯНЕЦЬ-ПОДІЛЬСЬКОЇ МІСЬКОЇ РАДИ НАУКОВО-МЕТОДИЧНИЙ ЦЕНТР НАВЧАЛЬНО-ВИХОВНОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ № 17

Блєднова Наталія Олександрівна Торгунова Ірина Анатоліївна

SAY IT RIGHT (CONFUSABLE WORDS)

Навчальний посібник для учнів 9-11 класів

Кам‘янець-Подільський – 2015

Рецензент: Никитюк С.І.

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викладач англійської мови Кам'янецьПодільського національного університету імені Івана Огієнка

Блєднова Н.О., Торгунова І.А. Say It Right. Навчальний посібник для учнів 9–11 класів загальноосвітніх шкіл та шкіл з поглибленим вивченням англійської мови, ліцеїв, гімназій, коледжів, абітурієнтів, учителів і широкого кола людей, які вивчають англійську мову / Н.О. Блєднова, І.А. Торгунова. – Кам'янець-Подільський, 2015. — 79 с.

Даний навчальний посібник містить теоретичні правила вживання проблемних слів в англійській мові. Виклад теоретичного матеріалу супроводжується наявністю тренувальних вправ, що мають на меті засвоєння, розвиток і вдосконалення вмінь та навичок вживання проблемних слів. Посібник допоможе учням правильно висловлювати свої думки англійською мовою, перевірити рівень сформованості іншомовної комунікативної компетенції. З ним можна працювати у різний спосіб: самостійно або з викладачем, індивідуально або у групі. Наявність «ключів» дає можливість здійснювати самоконтроль і самокорекцію під час виконання завдань. Схвалено науково-методичною радою Кам’янець-Подільського НВК№ 17 (протокол №2 від 17.11.2015р.).

ПЕРЕДМОВА «Say it right» – це книга для Вас, старшокласники. Її мета допомогти Вам дізнатися різницю у вживанні деяких англійських слів, які часто плутають між собою. Одне українське слово може мати два чи більше слів для перекладу англійською. Але яке з них обрати? Цей посібник слугуватиме путівником у відповідно правильному вживанні лексичних одиниць. Система завдань у поданому посібнику спрямована не стільки на розвиток пам'яті, скільки на вдосконалення вмінь говоріння, читання, написання, а також на формування лексичних навичок за виконання різноманітних вправ і завдань. Вивчення кожної групи слів супроводжується поясненням за допомогою малюнків чи прикладів у контексті. Книга вміщує завдання різноманітного характеру: заповнення пропусків, добір відповідних лексичних одиниць, завдання у формі тестів, тексти жартів, загадки, тощо, що дозволяють не лише перевірити розуміння і закріпити необхідні лексичні одиниці, але й дати учням можливість висловити свою точку зору з приводу проблеми. В середині кожної теми вправи розміщено у порядку ускладнення від простого до складного - і бажано дотримуватись послідовного їх виконання. Як результат - висловлювання учнів набувають різнобічності та особистісної значущості. Не будучи тісно пов'язаним з жодним підручником, посібник тим не менше може бути гнучко вплетений в будь-який базовий курс, який використовується в процесі навчання. Посібник буде корисним випускникам шкіл для відновлення та систематизації знань у підготовці до зовнішнього незалежного оцінювання. Наприкінці посібника наведені ключі до більшості вправ та тестових завдань, які допоможуть перевірити правильність їх виконання та звернути увагу на навчальний матеріал, що потребує доопрацювання. Загалом матеріали посібника стимулюють розвиток пізнавальних інтересів учнів та сприяють підвищенню мотивації до вивчення англійської мови. 3

ABOVE, OVER You can never be too careful holding an umbrella over your head. There are three lamps above the table but only one is just over it. When reaching the Himalayas one can see great peaks above the mountains. The spaceship with a cosmonaut on board is right over our country. The mother is holding the umbrella over her daughter to protect her from the sun.

REMEMBER: Above means higher than somebody or something, oppos.â&#x20AC;&#x201D; below. Over means vertically higher, oppos. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; under.

Exercises I. Fill in the blanks with above or over. 1. Heavy clouds were hanging... the mountains but there was no rain. 2. The airplane was flying right... the river. 3. Indians usually hang fish and meat... a fire to smoke. 4. Teachers' room is somewhere ... us on the third or fourth floor, if I'm not mistaken. 5. A big bird was slowly flying ... the pines. 6. Stars glittered ... our heads. 7. Mount Kazbek is 5047 metres ... sea-level. 8. Storeys are built one ... another. 9. He picked up her three bags' and put them on the rack... her head. 10. Though clouds pass ... the Sahara Desert and raindrops really do fall from them, they never reach the ground, as the heat turns them into vapour.11. Ukrainian scientists are planning to build a manned observatory in space ... the atmosphere. 12. The dog's head appeared ... the water again. 13. At that moment he looked up and saw a squirrel sitting on the branch ... them.

II. Answer the question, using above, over, below or under. Where are the things?

ІІІ. Read the following stories and fill in the blanks with above, over, below or under. PAVLOV AT CAMBRIDGE The 19th of July 1912 was a great holiday at Cambridge University in Great Britain. Thousands of people came to see foreign scientists receive their diplomas. The thing is that the University of Cambridge, one of the oldest in the world, honours the great scientists of all countries by giving them the honorary degree of doctor. Among those who were to receive their diplomas on that day was Ivan Petrovych Pavlov, the Great physiologist. The ceremony took place in a big hall. Those who were to receive the honorary degree took their places in alphabetical order and the procession moved slowly towards the Chancellor who gave the scientists their diplomas one by one. The students watched the ceremony from the gallery. Now it was Pavlov's turn. As he was moving ... the gallery the students let down a toy dog right into his arms. (The dog, as you know, played a very important part in all Pavlov's experiments on the activity of the higher nervous system.) Pavlov looked up, saw all the young smiling faces ... him and immediately understood what they meant. He knew that when Charles Darwin was getting his doctor's degree at 5

Cambridge, the students of that time gave him a toy monkey. That was how they showed that they supported his theory of the origin of man. Now Pavlov was being honoured in the same way. That was one of the happiest moments of his life. THE SWORD OF DAMOCLES There is an old story about a Greek courtier called Damocles. He thought he would be much happier if he could be Dionysius the King, whom he envied very much. Now Dionysius heard of this and told his servants to give Damocles the King's place in the banqueting hall. Accordingly Damocles sat in the King's place and was treated in every way as if he were the King himself. All went happily until Damocles looked upwards. There ... his head he saw a sharp sword, held only by a single hair. Any slight mischance might cause the hair to break, when the sword would fall and kill him who sat... it. Damocles got no more pleasure out of the feast 6 and never again did he want to take the place of a king. Now the expression "The Sword of Damocles" is used to mean imminent danger. IV. Look at the pictures and say what ways there are of getting protection from the rain. Use the words above, over, below or under.

basket—корзина balloon— куля pilot — пілот to protect oneself — захищатися to turn upside down — догори ногами

TIME FOR FUN Teacher: What do we see over our heads in fine weather? Jimmy: The blue sky, sir. Teacher: And when it rains? Jimmy: An umbrella, sir. IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW THAT ... five or six centuries ago houses in London did not have numbers but signs' to distinguish them from each other. In giving his address a man would say, "I live in Bedford Street. There is a sign of two peacocks over the entrance to my house. At night you will see two lanterns over my balcony."

ACCEPT, EXCEPT We'll go over examples and explanations to learn the difference. Do you accept the challenge? REMEMBER: Accept is a verb that means to take or receive something that is offered. We can accept material or immaterial things. For example, you can accept a gift (which is material, tangible) or a new job (which is immaterial, intangible) This is the antonym (the opposite) of the verbs refuse or decline.

Examples: ď&#x201A;ˇ

She accepted some new responsibilities 7

- Her boss offered her some new responsibilities, and she said yes. 

Never accept a ride from a stranger! - If someone you don't know offers to take you somewhere in their car, you should never say yes. 

Oh, this present is so extravagant! I just can't accept it. - The present is very expensive, so he feels uncomfortable taking it.



To accept the package, you need to sign this form. - A signature is required to receive the package from the delivery service. 

The relay runner accepted the torch from the last runner. - The first runner passed the torch to the next runner, and he took it.

Except is a preposition that means "but not" or "other than." We use it when we want to say "everything but." This is the antonym of including. Look at the examples below to see how we use except. Examples:  The kids will eat anything except broccoli. - They will eat anything, but not broccoli.  I knew everyone at the party except the tall man in the green shirt. 8

- I knew all of the people at the party other than the tall man in the green shirt. 

I like all sports except baseball. - I like all sports other than baseball. 

We enjoy all kinds of movies, except romantic ones. - We enjoy all different kinds of movies, but not romantic ones. 

She has added all the ingredients except the eggs. - She has added every ingredient other than the eggs.

Remember that accept is a verb, but except is an preposition. Accept is an action word. It describes what a person does:  Meredith decided to accept the new cell phone plan that the company offered her. It was a good deal! - What did Meredith do? She took the plan offered by the cell phone company. Except modifies (describes it or restricts the meaning of) the sentence.  Everyone except Oscar thought the play was excellent. - Everyone other than Oscar thought the play was excellent. Everyone else thought it was excellent, but Oscar did not.

Exercises Ex. I. Complete the sentence with the word that is logical — accept or except. Select the response from the list that best completes the sentence 1. Some kids will ….. whatever you choose to give them to eat. 2. Mikey eats everything ….. his vegetables. 3. He also gladly ….. dessert 4. His mother cannot ….. his picky behavior. 5. Mikey will not eat any vegetables ….. french-fries 6. His mother ….. french-fries from her definition of "nutritional vegetables". 7. He says he would eat his vegetables ….. that he cannot stand their earthy taste 8. Now, Mikey's mom makes him vegetable soup. Mikey gladly eats his soup and finds this to be an ….. meal for an exceptional kid .

We've seen that even though these words sound the same, their meaning and use are different. Now you've got it!

ADVICE, ADVISE

These two words have a very similar spelling, but they are pronounced differently. Advice is pronounced with an "S" sound at the end. 10

REMEMBER: Advise is pronounced with a "Z" sound at the end. Advice is a noun. It talks about something someone tells you to do, because they think it is the best course of action. When we have a problem, and we don't know what to do, we ask someone for their advice. We ask them what they think is best for us to do.

Let's look at some examples of the word advice. Examples: 

You should talk to Laura. She always gives excellent advice. - Laura always knows what to do. She will tell you what the best thing to do is. 

If you need some advice about which courses to take, you can talk to the professors. - The professors can give you helpful input about which courses are best to take. 

I didn't ask for his advice, but he told me what he thought anyway! - I didn't want to know what he thought I should do, but he told me anyway. 

My advice is, always follow your heart! - What I think you should do is, follow your heart.

Advise is a verb that means to give advice. This verb must always be followed the person we are advising. In this way, it is just like the verb tell.

Michaela advises Janice to take a nice, long vacation. If we want to say exactly what the advice was, we use to right after the listener's name, like in the example above. Let's look at some more examples with this verb. Examples  The salesman advised the customer to buy the product. - The salesman told the customer it was a good idea to buy the product. 

The experts advise the president about complex situations. - The experts give him advice about complicated situations.  If you ask Donna, I'm sure she'll advise you to report the problem. - Donna will give you advice. She will tell you to report the problem.

First, remember that these two words are pronounced differently. Advice has an "S" sound at the end, and advise has a "Z" sound at the end. Also keep in mind that these two words are different parts of speech. Advice is a noun, and advise is a verb.

Exercises Ex. I. Advice or advise? Complete the sentence with the word that is logical 1. Your … was very useful, thank you a. advise b. advices c. advice 2. He … me ... cooking a very good salad. a. advised, on b. adviced, on c. advised, against 3. The lawyer … me in the subject I was interested in. a. adviced b. advises c. advised 4. If you follow your doctor’s … you will recover soon. a. advise b. advices c. advice 5. Mother … making friends with those guys. They are known to be a bad company. a. advised on b. adviced on c. advised against 14

6. It is just a friendly … you needn't follow it if you don't like. a. advice b. advise c. advices 7. Would you please … me of the forthcoming meeting? a. advice b. advising c. advise 8. Please let me know as soon as you are … of the results. a. adviced b. advise c. advised 9. Do you know anyone who can give me a professional … on divorces? a. advice b. advise c. advices 10. Your misleading … resulted in problems for me a. advise b. advices c. advice So, we've seen that even though these words are similar, their pronunciation and use are different. Now you've got it!

AFFECT, EFFECT The problem is that "affect" and "effect" are usually pronounced the same. They are homophones. Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings. It is important that you know their meanings and use them correctly in your writing! These two words can have a big effect on your writing. Using them incorrectly will affect the meanings of your sentences and confuse your readers. REMEMBER: Most of the time, you will follow these rules:  Use "Affect" as a verb meaning "to influence."  Use "Effect" as a noun meaning "the result." Affect = verb (to influence) Effect = noun (the result) Examples: 

The rain might affect their picnic. (The rain might influence/change their picnic.)

 The effect of the rain was I got wet.

(The result of the rain was I got wet.) 

The noise affected my sleep. (The noise influence my sleep.)



The effect of the noise was a lack of sleep. (The result of the noise was a lack of sleep.) 16

"Affect" is most commonly used as a verb meaning  to influence  to change something or someone  to cause strong emotions

It is a transitive verb. This means it always takes a direct object. Incorrect:  The rain will affect. (no direct object) Correct:  The rain will affect our picnic. (picnic = direct object) The word "affect" is an action. This is a good way to remember its use as a verb. Affect = Action Examples:      

The hot days affect the flowers in my garden. Your homework affects your final grade. The bad news affected everyone. This evidence will affect his criminal trial. My back pain is affecting my ability to sleep. Smoking cigarettes has affected my health.

"Effect" is most commonly used as a noun meaning "the result or consequence." 17

Examples:  

The effect of earning a college degree is a better job. Two effects of drinking alcohol are blurred vision and loss of memory.  Higher taxes have an effect on everyone.  He stopped smoking cigarettes because of the negative effects.  The snow had a negative effect on my mood. "Effect" is also sometimes used as a noun to talk about an image or sound created in movies, television, or music.  special effects  visual effects  sound effects When "effect" is used in this way, it is usually plural. Examples:   

The special effects of the movie were amazing! The animal sound effects made me feel like I was in the forest. I enjoyed the visual effects in the movie, "Star Wars."

Exercises Ex. I. Affect or Effect? Complete the sentence with the word that is logical 1. The rules will ….. some 30 million lunches served in America each school day. 2. Truly important issues that can …. your everyday lives are at stake Tuesday. 3. The ….. of reduced competition in the cellphone industry is harder to fathom. 4. Exercises are great but are time consuming and take a long time to take….. 5. To get the right ….., rooms must have areas that absorb sound and reflect it. 6. Computer games ….. the psyche of teenagers. 7. This new law….. 18

the market. 8. School achievements ….. profession. Internet ….. the whole world.

the choice of a future

Although you should be aware of these uses in case you see them in writing, please remember that these are very rare uses of "affect" and "effect."

ALONE, LONELY

"At last I've got her alone!" Every week-end Pete and his parents went to town in a car of their own. They lived in a lonely spot two miles from the village in a big cottage with woods behind. Pete liked these trips to the town, the family always had a good time there. But this time he wished to stay at home. He had an interesting book to read. "You will feel lonely," Mother said. "Oh, no! I never feel lonely with a book to read," Pete replied. So his parents left, and Pete remained alone at home.

He found the book very interesting. It told the story of the saving of the banner of a Soviet regiment surrounded by advancing fascist troops. Three men—an officer and two soldiers—were given orders to take the banner and break through the enemy encirclement. But in doing this the soldiers were killed. The officer remained alone. He hid the banner in his breast and went towards the East. For many days and 19

nights he walked through forests and swamps, taking short rests in lonely places, till at last he crossed the front line, the banner was saved. The book was finished. Tom sat alone with his thoughts. He was proud of his courageous countrymen. It grew dark. The house seemed silent and lonely. And Pete began to feel lonely. He wanted company. Just at that moment he heard the sound of brakes outside â&#x20AC;&#x201D; his parents had arrived back. REMEMBER: Alone means quite by oneself, without anyone else. Lonely means feeling sad, friendless or isolated. When used about places, lonely means remote or not often visited. Exercises: I. Insert alone or lonely in the following sentences. 1. Her friends were gone and she felt .... 2. The hikers pitched tent in a .. . spot on the shore of a little lake. 3. The sick man wanted to be left ... . 4. The child felt so .. that she wanted to cry. 5. The man asks if he can see you ... for a few minutes. 6. You cannot carry this box ..., it's very heavy. 7. When spring came, their mother would often go away, to hunt for food, leaving the bears ... in the den. 8. "Look, I am not afraid, I can go ... ," the little girl said proudly. 9. I thought he was going away because it was so ... here. 10. Every moment of his ... childhood came back to him as he looked round. 11. The house seems rather ... without children. II. Solve the riddle. 1. It lives alone between two bright stars. 2. They do not eat me alone, but cannot eat without me. What am I? TIME FOR FUN "Oh, you cruel boy!" exclaimed the grandmother. "How could you cut that poor little worm in two?" "It â&#x20AC;&#x201D;it seemed so lonely," the grandson replied.

BEAT, STRIKE

The boy is beating a drum. The hammer fell…and struck Pavel on the toe. The flowers have been beaten down by the heavy rain. Oliver Twist's master was a cruel man and beat the boy. The boxer struck the final blow.

REMEMBER: Tо beat (beat, beaten) is to give repeated blows. To strike (struck, struck) is to give a sudden or quick blow with force Exercises 2. Fill, in the blanks with to beat or to strike in the required form. 3. The woman was ... the dust out of the carpet with the stick. 2. Jemma took Arthur for a traitor and… him across the face. 3. ... the ball with your left hand and then with your right. 4. Even now teachers ... their pupils in many countries. 5. The lightning has ... a tree. 6. The referee was reaching for Rivera when he ... the last blow. 7. Scientists are studying how to eliminate the destructive tidal waves that periodically ... the Pacific coastline of the Far East. 8. Who ... the first blow? 9. Millions of meteors ... the Moon. 10. He stood under the apple-tree wondering 21

which one choose when suddenly a big red apple ... him on the head. II. Which verb to beat or to strike would you use to characterize these actions.

BESIDES, EXCEPT Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t worry! There will be many other trains besides this!

REMEMBER: Besides means in addition to. 22

Except means but not, with the exception of. Besides Olga, there are two other girls in the swimming pool.

All the girls are swimming in the pool, except Olga.

Exercises I. Use besides or except instead of the italicized parts. 1. In addition to this hobby Lena likes to paint. 2. Nobody but Kim felt comfortable in this company. 3. Mother put fruit on the table in addition to sweets. 4. Everyone has returned in time with the exception of Lena. 5. Have you any other reason in addition to this for saying she was not right? 6. He had another purpose in addition to this, in coming to that town. 7. Will you give us one more instruction in addition to this?

8. The snow covered all the ground excluding a small spot under the bench. 9. I can easily recollect the names of all the people who were present there with the exception of one. 10. There are other positive characters in this book in addition to Little Nell. II. Compile sentences about the pictures, using except or besides.

TIME FOR FUN NO SUPPORT Brown: Why do people always select the serpent as the symbol of evil? Robinson: Well, the poor thing hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t a leg to stand on. *** Politician: Congratulate me, my dear, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve been elected a senator. His wife (in surprise): Honestly? 24

Politician: Now what the devil did you want to bring up that point for?

BREAK, DESTROY

REMEMBER To break means to come into two or more pieces either on purpose or by accident. To destroy means to make useless, to put an end to something. To break a promise, a law. Exercises 4. Fill in the blanks with to break or to destroy, using the correct tense. A LACONIC ANSWER The Laçons lived in a part of Southern Greece called Laconia, and were known for their bravery and simplicity. They were just and honest, they never ... a promise or a law. One of their rules was always to speak briefly, using no more words than were needed. The best example of thjs is the reply the Lacons gave to Philip of Macedon. Philip wanted to become master of all Greece. When only Laconia remained unconquered by him he sent a letter to the brave Lacons, saying: “If I invade your country, I will … your great city.” In a few days an answer was brought to him with only one word in it “If” TIME FOR FUN THE PROOF IS A BROKEN LEG A charwoman in a City office was very proud of her skill at polishing floors. “When I started working there,” she told a friend, “the floors were in a terrible state. But now it’s quite different since I’ve been polishing them,” she added proudly. “Three men working there have fallen down. One of them is still in hospital with a broken leg.” 25

SAFE ON THE GROUND Pilot: Why weren’t you ever a pilot? Mechanic: On account of a broken neck. Pilot: But you haven’t got a broken neck? Mechanic: That’s just it. I don’t want one!

CARRY, BRING, TAKE

REMEMBER The verb to carry does not indicate direction. The verb to bring indicates direction towards the speaker or to his home. The verb to take indicates direction away from the speaker. Proverbs: He that brings good news, knocks hard. What a day may bring, a day may take away. These two words have similar meanings, but they are not the same! Each has its own special use. We’ll talk about how each one is used and check out different examples so that you understand the difference. Bring is a verb that means to carry something to or toward the speaker. It is important to remember the direction. Bring is always used when the object is moved to where the speaker is. For example, the boss can ask her secretary to bring all the reports to her office. Remember that bring is an irregular verb. The simple past is brought.

Examples:



Angela brought a friend of hers to our party last weekend. He was very nice! - Angela’s friend came to our party with her.  I can’t leave the house because I am taking care of the kids. Can you bring some food home to cook dinner? - I want you to buy food and carry it here to me at the house.  Come over today! Bring your bathing suit, because the pool is open! - When you come here, carry your bathing suit with you. 

Why on Earth did we bring the dog with us on vacation? There’s no room in the car! - Why did we carry the dog in the car to our destination?

Take is a verb that means to carry something away from the speaker or the speaker’s position. Like bring, it means to carry, but the direction is now away from the speaker, or to a place where the speaker is not located. For example, a young lady can take a picnic with her to the park. Since I am not in the park, I use take. She is carrying her picnic to a place far from where I am.

Remember that take is also an irregular verb in the simple past. The past of take is took.

Examples  If you’re going to Paris, be sure to take your camera with you! I want to see all your pictures when you come back! - Carry your camera with you when you go away to Paris. 

Here, take some food with you! We’ll never eat it all. - Please carry some food with you when you leave our house. 

The bank robber took all the money from the bank! - He stole the money and carried it away from the safe in the bank.

Remember that the difference between bring and take is the direction in relation to the speaker. If you are carrying something away from the speaker, you must use take. If you are carrying something toward the speaker, you must use bring. And that’s all there is to it! Not so hard, right? Now you’ve got it! Exercises I. Choose: bring or take 1. Can you ___ me to the station? Take bring 5. I’ve ___ my car with me. Took Brought 29

6. Would you mind ___ your newspaper over here? Bringing taking 4. She wants you to ___ her away from here. Bring take 5. When you come to my house ___ your sister with you. Bring take 6. If you go shopping, remember to ___ your credit card with you. Take bring

CAUSE, REASON

REMEMBER: A cause is that which produces an effect, which makes a thing happen. A reason is a fact which is put forward as a motive or explanation, or in order to justify some conclusion. With reason, not without reason — не без підстави to give a reason for — пояснити причину by reason of — за причиною Exercises 1. Fill in the blanks with cause or reason. 1. Carelessness is often the ... of fires. 2. He didn’t tell anyone his ... for leaving. 3. The ... of the accident is still not known. 4. The ... for his absence is illness. But what was the ... of his illness nobody knew. 5. What is the ... of lightning? 6. Though I had a lot of conversations I could not understand his ... for changing his mind. 7. The boy did not 30

know all the letters of the alphabet and was afraid the other children would make fun of him. This was the ... of his shyness. 8. Scientists attribute changes in the weather to natural ... . 9. There is no ... to suppose he will forget. 10. The ... of earthquake is the heat inside the earth. 11. What was the ... of your refusal to go there? 12. Never stay away from school without good.... 7. Give a reason for or point out a cause of the following situations as shown in the model. Model: 1. He was out of work. That’s why he lived in poverty.— The cause of his poverty was unemployment. 8. He ran so quickly that I couldn’t catch him. — The reason why I could not catch him was that he ran so quickly.

DESERT, DESSERT These two words have similar spellings, but they are pronounced differently and have different meanings. We’ll look at some examples so that you understand when to use each one. REMEMBER: Desert is a noun that means a large, dry area with few plants. Many deserts are full of sand dunes and have very few animals living in them. When we pronounce this word, the emphasis is on the first syllable: “DES-ert”. Did you know that deserts cover about one third of the Earth’s surface? That’s incredible!

Examples: 

The Sahara Desert in Africa is one of the biggest in the world. - The Sahara is a huge area with very little rain.



What survival supplies should you take with you if you are in the desert? - What do you need to survive in a place with almost no water or plants? 

Deserts are hard places to live, but they can be very beautiful. - Places with very little rain and lots of sand can have lovely landscapes. 

Camels are one of the few species specially adapted to live in the desert. - Camels are animals that are very good at living in very dry areas.

Dessert is a noun that means the sweet thing you sometimes eat after dinner, like fruit, ice cream, or cake. When we pronounce this word, the emphasis is on the second syllable: “dess-ERT”. On special occasions, like someone’s birthday, everyone can share cake for dessert! Examples: 32



It’s nice to have dessert sometimes, perhaps for a special occasion. - Having something sweet after dinner is lovely from time to time. 

In many countries, it is common to have fruit or juice for dessert. - In some places, people eat sweet fruit after a meal. 

My kids always want dessert, but we only have it a couple of times a week. - The kids always want something sweet after supper! 

Kip wanted ice cream for dessert, but maybe he ordered too

much. - That’s too much ice cream. He won’t be able to finish it! It’s important to remember that these words are spelled and pronounced differently. When you are speaking, remember that the “DES-ert” is a very dry place and “dess-ERT” is a special, sweet treat! When you are writing, be sure to use just one “s” (desert) when you want to talk about a place where it almost never rains. And, if you want to talk about that delicious treat after lunch or dinner, use two “s” in dessert. Exercises Ex. I. Desert or Dessert? Complete the sentence with the word that is logical She was emaciated from five months in desert / dessert conditions. All she wanted was ice cream - buckets of ice cream. In fact, she asked for any cold, gooey deserts / desserts full of sugar.

Eat your cabbage, Jennifer. After that, you can have some desert / dessert. Come on, think of those children in the desert / dessert who don't have many vegetables. And that's all there is to it!

EMPTY, VACANT, BLANK

REMEMBER: Empty means containing nothing, oppos.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;full; e.g. an empty match box, an empty house, an empty bottle, etc. Vacant means not in use, unoccupied or uninhabited, oppos. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; occupied, e.g. a vacant seat, a vacant house, a vacant position, etc. Blank means not written on, not marked, e.g. a blank sheet of paper, a blank page, a blank form, etc. Proverb: Empty vessels make the most noise. Exercises I. Fill in the blanks with the correct word. 1. Left by their drivers, the buses and cars stood ... in the foggy streets of London. 2. There is one more ... seat in the car. You can take it. 3. The garden was ... and silent. 4. There were villages around, but they were .... The villagers had left them. 5. Can you give me a ... sheet of paper? I'll draw the way to the station for you. 6. The streets were almost ... at that hour. 7. Pete sat looking at the ... page, he couldn't make up his mind how to begin the letter. 8. Her ... stomach reminded her it was dinner time. 9. A loud cry that came from the ... hall awakened the baby. 10. The jug is full of milk now, but it will be ... when they have finished eating their supper.

EVENT, INCIDENT, ACCIDENT 34

REMEMBER: An event is an important happening. An incident is a happening of secondary importance, an episode. An accident is an unexpected misfortune, a bad happening that causes injury, loss, suffering or death. The expression to meet with an accident can be used when speaking about people; e. g. He met with an accident during his travels. Exercises I. Insert the words event, incident, accident. 1. ... frequently happen through carelessness. 2. The book contains a number of funny .... 3.. There are very many automobile â&#x20AC;Ś. in London because the traffic is very heavy there. 4. The American War of Independence and the Great French Revolution took place while William Blake, an English poet, was young. These . . . moved him deeply, and he wrote much about them. 5. In his book Three Men in a Boat Jerome K. Jerome tells of a number of funny .... 6. If you drive carefully you will not meet with an .... 7. Then she asked about a scar on his cheek. "It was just an ..." he said. 8. Though he tried hard he could not forget the unpleasant .... 9. The launching of the first sputnik was a great ... in the life of the mankind. 10. "Shame on you, Nick, you should have read about those important ... . " 11. We laughed gaily when he finished telling us about that funny .... II. Tell the story of the pictures.

red light —червоне світло; to collide [ka'laid] —зіткнутися; to turn over—перекинутися . Render the following into English, paying special attention to the italicized words. TIME FOR FUN COMIC DEFINITION An accident — where presence of mind is good but absence of body is better.

FARTHER, FURTHER Should you say, "It is farther down the aisle"? Or should you say, "It is further down the aisle"? Is it "farther away" or "further away"? In this lesson, we you will learn the differences between farther and further. REMEMBER: We usually use farther to talk about a physical length or distance. Farther is the comparative form of far when talking about physical distance.

If you can replace the word farther with a phrase like "more miles" or "more distance", then you are probably using it correctly. Examples:  If you walk farther down the road, you will see my house. (If you walk more miles down the road, you will see my house.) 36



The school is farther down Oak Street. (The school is more miles down Oak Street.)



How much farther until we get there? (How many more miles until we get there?)



Texas is farther south than Oklahoma. (Texas is more miles south than Oklahoma.)  Move your chair farther toward the back of the room. (Move your chair more distance toward the back of the room.) 

The dog ran farther than I thought he would when I let him out of the house. (The dog ran more distance than I thought he would when I let him out of the house.) We usually use further to talk about a metaphorical distance, like a distance in time. It refers to a time or amount. Further is the comparative form of "far" when you mean "much." Further is another way of saying "additional" or "more time." Examples:  His plan needs further study. (His plan needs additional study.) 

I won't listen to this any further. (I won't listen to this for any more time.)



The teacher wants to discuss this further tomorrow. (The teacher wants to discuss this for more time tomorrow.)



I plan to further my education. (I plan to spend more time on my education.)

More tips 37

Sometimes it can be difficult to decide if you should use farther or further. Sometimes it is hard to tell if you are talking about a physical distance or a metaphorical distance. For example:  Billy is further/farther along on the exam than Janet. In this sentence, we don't know if it is a physical distance or time. Billy could be physically farther on the test if he is on page two and Janet is only on page one. Or it could mean a metaphorical distance or further through the test. Billy has spent more time on the test and has less time to finish than Janet. If you are not sure which one to use, it is best to use further because it has less restrictions. Some writing style guides and dictionaries say that it doesn't matter which one you use.

Exercises Ex. I. Farther / further exercises Decide whether you have to use farther or further: 1. How much _______ do you plan to drive tonight? 2. I just can’t go any _______. 3. Do you have any _______ plans for adding on to the building? 4. That’s a lot _______ than I want to carry this heavy suitcase! 5. The _______ that I travel down this road, the _______ behind schedule I get. 6. How much _______ do you intend to take this legal matter? 7. It’s not that much _______ to the gas station. 8. How much _______ do I have to run, coach? 9. I don’t want any ____________ explanation. 38

FAVOURITE, BELOVED

Their favourite TV programme is Karaoke, too. "What a fine writing-table! And this chair with the leather cushion looks very comfortable." "It really is! But when I work at my writing-table I like to sit on a wooden chair, the one standing in the corner." "I also have a favourite chair at home. In our family everyone has their favourite place." "I think it is the same with any family. Take ours, for instance. When Dad reads his papers in the evening he always sits in this armchair. And this couch with cushions is my granny's favourite place. She always sits here when watching TV." "But this little chair is your younger brother's favourite, isn't it?" "No, he prefers to sit on the couch, next to Granny. She won't enjoy the performance if Sasha is not sitting beside her. She starts fidgeting and wonders: "Where is my beloved grandson?" "Why does she call Sasha beloved? Doesn't she love you and Igor â&#x20AC;&#x201D; you're her grandsons too?" "Yes, she does love us, but Sasha is her favourite. Indeed, he is a very nice boy. He is loved by everyone who knows him." "That's true. I also love him."

REMEMBER: Favourite describes something or somebody we like and prefer above all others. Beloved is used when one speaks of somebody very much loved and dear. Exercises Ex. I. Fill in the blanks with favourite or beloved. 39

1. Who is your...Ukrainian poet? 2. The old man's ... place for a walk with his grandson was the onshore, where little Alec could run about in search of seashells, which he would bring to show to his ... grandfather. 3. Volkov's books are among the most... books of all the children of our country. 4. She liked Tetiana Larina, but Natasha Rostova was her ... heroine. 5. On the 8th of March men present their... women with flowers. 6. He was in a hurry because he didn't want to be lute for a lecture on his ... subject. 7.1 subscribe to many different newspapers and magazines, but my ... newspaper is Podolianyn. 8. "Oh, my ...! I was blind, your love was true," Othello sobbed over his dead Desdemona. 9. It was a... expression of Theophrastus that time was the most valuable thing that a man could spend. 10. This story has been ... reading matter for schoolgirls for many years. II. What are their favourite games and sports? Is it always easy to say? ІІІ. Write one or two sentence to each of the pictures, using the words beloved or favourite. ІV. Paraphrase each sentence, using beloved or favourite as shown in the model.

to stretch out — простягати руку occupation — заняття Model: 1. Mike says he likes Tchaikovsky most of all composers.— Tchaikovsky is Mike's favourite composer. 40

2. Mike loves his sister Nelly very much. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Nelly is Mike's beloved sister. 1. Of all his sisters Peter loved blue-eyed Vera most of all. 2. Dick prefers boxing to all other sports and games. 3. They often go to the circus to see different programmes, but they like the performances with Yuri Kuklatchov most of all. 4. The mother says she loves all her sons. 5. The cat liked to sleep in the middle of the porch. 6. Of all English poets Oleg likes Shelley most of all. 7. When he studies in the reading hall he always sits near the window. 8. My mother and I never miss the Travellers' Club TV Programme, because we like it best of all. 9. "Which kitten does the mother cat love most of all?" "But they are all dear to her." 10. Kate likes knitting most of all.

V. Play the game My Favourite. Find out what your class-mate's favourite book is (author, playwright, actor, pianist, sport, dish, occupation, record, film, song, etc.) by asking him general questions, like this (you are finding out what is your class-mate's favourite sport); "Is it a summer sport?" "No, it isn't." "Is it a winter sport?" "Yes, it is." "Is it played?" "No, it isn't." "Are special natural conditions necessary for it?" "Yes, they are." 41

"Is it snow?" "Yes, it is." "Then your favourite sport is skiing, isn't it?" "Yes, it is," Let your class-mates ask you questions to find out your favourites, too.

FEW, A FEW, LITTLE, A LITTLE

"Now, a few words for the listeners, please!" The choice of this or that word in this lesson depends entirely on what idea the speaker wishes to emphasize. Compare these pairs of sentences and see what idea is emphasized in each case: "Have you got many English books?" "No, I have got few." (not many, I wish I had more) There are few apples in the garden, because there was no rain this summer, (not many apples) "I have got few friends here." "What a pity! You must feel rather lonely." "Have you got no English books?" "Yes, I have got a few." (not very many but still I have some books) There are a few apples in the garden though there was no rain this summer, (not many, but still some) "I have got a few friends in London." "That is; very nice for you. You'll have a good time with them." entirely [m'taiali] — цілком, головним чином to emphasize ['emfasaiz] — виділити, підкреслити REMEMBER: Few means some but not many, not enough. A few is used in a positive sense: at least there are some, and some are better than none. Little and a little are used in much the same way as few and a few, with one difference: few and a few are used with countable nouns, little and a little with uncountable nouns. Compare the uses of the words little and a little. 1. "Have you got much coffee?" "No, I have got very little." "Haven't you got any coffee?" "Yes, I have got a little." (not much, but at least some) 43

2."Hurry up! Little time is left. We can miss the train." "Don't hurry up. There is a little time to spare." 3. "There is so little ink in my fountain-pen that I cannot write." "Take my fountain-pen. There is a little ink in it â&#x20AC;&#x201D; quite enough to finish your letter." Exercises I. Read these sentences, using few, a few, little, a little in place of the Italicized words. There is some, but not much milk in that bottle. 2. Not many English people speak Turkish. 3. They have not many friends here. 4. He has not much time for reading. 5. Peter has a large number of Ukrainian books but not many English books. 6. Some of the boys went by car, but most of them went by trolley-bus. 7. My sister likes some, but not much sugar in her tea, but I like a lot in mine. 8. He does not spend much money on records, but he spends' a lot on books. 9. There are some, but not many reasons for thinking she didn't tell us the truth. 10. The woman did not speak much because he was so excited. II. Fill in the blanks with few, a few, little, a little. I. There was still ... time before the lesson began. 2. He has ... knowledge of the subject. You'd better ask somebody else. 3. We got ... pleasure from the trip, the weather was bad all the time. 4. "Are there many vacant rooms in the hotel?"â&#x20AC;&#x201D; "No, there are only ... ." 5. "Why did-you put so ... sugar in your tea? It won't be sweet." 6. "Do many people know about this new shop?"â&#x20AC;&#x201D;"No, only ... ." 7. There is ... light in the room. Pull up the blinds. 8. There is still ... light here, though it is a dark room. 9. There is ... sunshine in this rainy place. 10. But the plate is not empty, there are ... plums on it. II. There are ... snakes in Britain, partly because ... snakes managed to get into that country before it became an island and partly because there is ... warmth for them there. 12. There are dozens of islands around Greece. Big islands with hundreds of thousands of people, small islands with ... thousands of people, and islands with very ... people and even with no people at all. 13. She said she wanted to buy ... rice and bread and ... oranges. 44

FOR, DURING "This only happens during the rain. But on the whole it's a very good room." "Care for a game of chess?" "Yes, certainly. But I've been out of practice for a long time." "That's nothing. I'm not very good at chess. I've only been playing it for about a year." "But I heard you did well during the school tournament. "It was sheer chance." "Then I can hope for a win? You play white. Yours is the first move... Oh, bother, there goes the bell. Let's play during the long break."

For answers the question "How long?" During answers the question "When?".

He's been playing for three hours .

...and has lost half of his hair during that time.

REMEMBER: The noun after for may have: a, an (the indefinite article) — for a long time no article (the plural form)—for two weeks a numeral — for five years some, several, and the like —for some time, for several hours The noun after during may have: the (the definite article) — during the holidays a demonstrative pronoun (this, that, those, etc.) — during this year, etc. a possessive pronoun (my, his, her, etc.) — during our trip, during his talk, etc. for ages — дуже довго, цілу вічність forever — назавжди

Exercises I. Fill in the blanks with the preposition for or during, 1) ... the lesson 8) ... his stay in London 2) ... the journey 9) ... the afternoon 3) ... hours 10) ... the last few days 4) ... most of his life 11) ... the last few weeks 5) ... two days 12) ... the storm 6) ... the football match 13) ... the meal 7) .. a century II. Say the whole sentence in English. 1. My uncle has lived in Odesa (все своє життя). 2. We have had no rain (близько місяця) 3. This museum was half destroyed (під час Великої Вітчизняної війни). 4. I shall remember my school years (назавжди). 5. He had grown terribly thin (за цей рік). 6. We talked our business (під час конференції). 7. Don't stand under a tree (під час грози). 8. It's forbidden to talk (під час уроку). I haven't seen you (цілу вічність). 9. We heard the cough of the sick man (цілу ніч). 10. It stopped snowing at last but only (на декілька годин). 11. I am afraid it will last (багато днів). 46

12. We keep sheep in this shade (взимку).

HAPPY, LUCKY

"Such luck, eh? Not a scratch on your new skis!" A: What luck running into you, Ann! I haven't seen you for ages. B: I'm very glad to see you, too. How are you getting on? You look very happy. A: And I am happy. I have just passed my English exam and got an excellent mark. B: Congratulations! You were always good at English. It's your favoгite subject.

A: Yes, I enjoy studying it and when I am successful I feel quite happy, A man is always happy if his work brings him joy. B: Yes, my idea of happiness is the same as yours. But there are people who think that only money can make a man happy. A: Nonsense! Only yesterday I read a legend about a king whose name was Midas. He was very fond of gold, and loved it better than anything else in the world, except his daughter. He was the richest man in the world, but he thought that he could not be happy until everything he touched became gold. This power was given to him. He went into the garden and everything that he touched, the trees and the flowers, turned into gold. He was very glad. His happiness knew no bounds. But when his daughter came up to him and he touched her she also turned into gold. That made him quite unhappy. "What have I done!" cried Midas in despair. "Oh, God, give me back my child, I shall never 47

want gold-again." Midas understood that gold was not the most important thing in the world. B: That's an interesting story. Where did you read it? A: In the book The Winged Words. B: Did you borrow it from the library? A: No, it's my own. I was lucky in the book lottery. B: You are a lucky thing! A: Try your luck and you'll see that you are as lucky as anyone else. REMEMBER: To be happy means to have a feeling of great pleasure and contentment, oppos. — unhappy. Lucky means fortunate, or being in good circumstances, oppos. — unlucky. bad luck— невдача: good luck — вдача to try one's luck — випробовувати своє щастя (вдачу) his happiness knows no bounds— його щастю немає меж a lucky person (thing) — везунчик Proverb: Happiness takes no account of time. (Щасливі за годинником не спостерігають) Exercises І. What is your idea of happiness? Discuss it with your classmates. What do you think of this? "The happiness of men consists in life. And life is in labour." Leo Tolstoi ІІ. Solve the riddle. Who is always happiest when he finds everything dull? TIME FOR FUN "Father," said Jimmy, running into the sitting-room, "there's a big black cat in the dining-room." 48

"Never mind, Jimmy," said the father, "Black cats are lucky." "This one is, he's had your dinner." *** Little boy. Hey, Dad, you're lucky. Father: How's that? Little boy: You won't have to buy me a lot of new school books this next year. I'll still be in the same class. Isn't that good luck? *** Two fathers, whose sons were at college, were comparing the letters they got from them. "My son is so educated now. His letters always send me to the dictionary," said one father. "You're lucky", said the other. "My son's letters always send me to the bank."

HEAR, LISTEN

These words both talk about using our ears! They can be applied to same things (music, a conversation, etc.), but they have different meanings. We'll look at explanations about what each word means and review some example sentences to see how each one works. REMEMBER: Hear is a verb that means to sense a sound with our ears. When we hear something, it is by chance. This means we are not actively paying attention or waiting for the sound.

His poor cat didn't expect the girl's scream, but he heard it! Remember that hear is an irregular verb in the simple past: heard. Examples:  I think I heard someone laughing in the apartment next door. - He wasn't expecting laughter, but the sound reached his ears. 

You will hear native speakers use lots of contractions like "can't" or "didn't." - You are not specifically expecting or waiting for these words, but people will say them. 

I heard a really interesting news story on the radio this morning. - You did not expect exactly that story, but they told it. 

Did you hear the circus is coming to town? - You did not ask about a circus, but the news reached you. 

You called earlier? I heard the telephone ring, but I didn't answer in time. - She wasn't waiting for the telephone to ring, but the sound reached her ears.

Listen is a verb that means to give your attention to a sound. When we listen, we are actively concentrating on the sound. We can listen to a sound (a song, a speech) that is in progress. This is the most common way we use listen. Or, we can listen for a sound that we are expecting. This means we are quietly waiting for the sound. 51

Examples  Please listen to the tour guide very carefully. - The speaker wants you to concentrate on what the guide says.  She likes to listen to the radio while she is at work. - She likes to turn on the radio and pay attention to the music while she works.  After this recording ends, listen for the beep. Then leave a message. - You should wait quietly, expecting the beep.  We will honk the car horn when we arrive at your building. Just listen for the horn and come down to meet us. - You should expect the car horn.  It's easier to run if you're listening to some good music! - You put on the music that you like best for exercise and pay attention to it while you run.

Remember that we hear things by chance, when we are not expecting them.

Example: The post woman heard the dog bark. She wasn't expecting that!

But, when we listen to something, we are concentrating on it. Example: The doctor is listening carefully to the boy's heart!

Exercises Ex. I. Hear or Listen? Complete the dialogue with the word that is logical – Can you ……..the birds singing in the garden? – I’m …….. , but I can’t ………anything. – We ………a terrible noise when the cars crashed in front of our house. – ………, some fine jazz music is played in the neighbour’s flat. – Have you……… the news? Peter has married a millionaire’s daughter. – Turn on the radio, please. I’d like to ……...to the news.

HOLD, KEEP

Tania is holding the letter in her hand which her class got from their friends in Bulgaria.

They keep the letters they receive from their foreign friends in a special box for everyone to read.

Boria, Lena's brother, keeps rabbits. He feeds them, cleans boxes and gives them his best attention.

Lena is holding a rabbit in her hands. This is one of her pets.

The coats are not heavy. Only one nail holds them up.

In summer they keep their dresses in cellophane "bags so that they will not be eaten by moths,

REMEMBER: To hold means to have in the hands, to support with the hand, arms, etc., or by any other means, e.g. to hold a book (a hammer, a parcel, a picture). To keep means to maintain or to preserve, e.g. to keep sheep, birds, fish, etc. To keep books on a shelf, to keep food in a frig, etc. Exercises I. Fill in the blanks with to hold or to keep, using the correct tense. Explain your choice. 1. The coat is quite wet;... it near the fire for a few minutes. 2. The eagle is ... the prey in its sharp beak. 3. Will you ... the bag for me? 4. The little girl was ... her father's hand. 5. Where do you... your tortoise? 6. A poorly- dressed man was sitting in front of the fire. He was ... his head in his hands. 7. If you ... my box a minute, I'll go and get you a chair. 8. We must not... library books more than ten days. 9. We must... the tram ticket till we are out of the tram. 10. Where do you ... your woolen dress in summer? II. Read these jokes and answer the questions following them. 1. Woman: When I use a hammer, I always hit my hand with it. What should I do to avoid that?

Workman: The only thing that I can think of, madam, is that you should hold the hammer with both hands. Did the workman give good advice? What do you think? 2. "Peter," the teacher asked, "can you tell us to what family the blue whale belongs?" "No, I can't," answered Peter, "the families that I know don't keep whales." Why don't people keep whales as pets? III. Solve this riddle: What hands cannot hold anything?

HUGE, TREMENDOUS "What are those huge baskets for?" "Just for shopping!" You know that Egyptian pyramids are among the wonders of the world. All the tourists who go to Egypt always go to see these huge monuments that surprise everyone by their size and weight. A tremendous effort was needed to build such pyramids and they were built with so few aids. It is hard to believe that huge stone blocks weighing as much as ten tons were pushed into position with levers and rollers. Each pyramid was built on a foundation of huge rocks. It is interesting to note that the huge pyramids were planned so that each edge faced a point of the compass. There is good reason to think that as well as forming the tombs of kings, these huge structures played their part in the observation of the stars and planets, which was c tremendous importance for the agriculture. REMEMBER: Huge is used to describe the great weight or size of things or animals. 55

Tremendous is used with abstract nouns, such as effort, progress, success, change, importance, difference, etc. Compare: a huge building. But a building of tremendous size.

Exercises I. Fill in the blanks with huge or tremendous. 1. A mountain stream ran down from a ... rock and near it there stood a small house. 2. There are ... holes on the surface of the moon. 3. They stood amazed at a ... rainbow in the sky. 4. A ... change has taken place in the city since we left Lt. 5. Our country has made ... progress in the exploration of cosmic space. 6. The two students of Chernivtsi University brought home from Greece a ... collection of sea animals and plants. 7. Our century has achieved a... development of chemistry and physics. 8. We used to gather on the shore to meet our mariners coming home with ... catches of Baltic fish. 9. All progressive people admire the ... political, economic, social and cultural developments that have taken place in our country since the Independence was proclaimed. 10. Our door was suddenly opened, and a ... man stood before us. 11. A ... fresh water lake has been discovered beneath the bed of the Aral Sea, the biggest natural reservoir in Central Asia. 12. This ... work took him over four years because he was often interrupted with other demands. II. Look at the pictures and correct the statements that are not true to fact. Use the words huge and tremendous where necessary. 1. On hearing the music from the street, Pif, who liked it very much, made up his mind to join the orchestra. 2. He took his small drum and followed the musicians. 3. All the instruments in the orchestra were of a small size and the musicians did not need to make tremendous efforts to play them. 4. Pif made a soft noise with his drum to accompany the playing. 5. Pif was so proud of himself that he saw nothing around him. 57

6. He didn't see the orchestra turn to the right, so Pif kept on walking straight ahead â&#x20AC;&#x201D; in small steps. 7. As Pif s playing was of tremendous importance to the orchestra his absence was immediately noticed. 8. People took little interest in what was going on. Only a huge dog was impressed by the scene. Now tell the story of the pictures with all the changes you made.

IN THE END, AT THE END REMEMBER In the end is used mostly as an idiom that means "finally," "after a long time," or, "when everything is considered." It is often followed by a comma. We use in the end to refer to a conclusion after a long process, after a lot of changes or after a lot of discussion:

Here are some sentences with this idiom: We were going to ski in Austria, then the South of France and in the end we decided to go to Italy. And then, in the end, after months of discussion they offered to buy our house. 58

We worked hard, and in the end, we achieved our goal. In the end, what really matters in a friendship is trust. At the end is used in the idiom "at the end of the day." which means something similar to in the end (= when everything is considered). However, at the end is most commonly used more literally, as a prepositional phrase followed by of, to refer to the end of a specific noun. This noun can be a physical object, a period of time, an event, a place, or something more abstract, such as one's patience.

Here are some sentences with in the end + of: At the end of his life, he had no regrets. Put a period at the end of every sentence. I pay the phone bill at the end of each month. There is a brick building at the end of the driveway.

Exercises I. Complete the sentences with the word - expression that is logical - .in the end or at the end 1…….Lucy decided to marry him. 2. Put your signature …….of the contract. 3. ……it stopped raining and we could go for a walk. 59

4. Could you tell me where the bathroom is? - There is one …..of the corridor. 5. I was thinking about going to Italy but ……I decided to go to Spain. 6. …… of the book is a bibliography and a good index. 7. Have you seen the film "……. of time?" 8. I wanted to go to the cinema but she didn´t. …… we went to the opera. 9. I would like to invite you to the museum. It is……. of the street. 10. He didn't have a well-paid job. ……. he found a better one.

II. Choose the correct answer 1. We waited for nearly an hour and __________ the end we went without her. at in on

2. The teacher set some homework ____ the end of the lesson. at in on

3. There's an eraser ____ the end of my pencil. at in on

4. My house is ____ the end of the street. at by in on

5. We were exhausted ____ the end of the journey. by in on

6. They get killed ____ the end of the film.

at in on

7. I'll love you ____ the end of time. at by to on

8. They couldn't decide which one they liked and ____ the end they didn't bother. at by in

9. They argue everything ____ the bitter end. at by in

10. I paid the fees ____ the end of the course. at in on

LEARN, FIND OUT, DISCOVER "How did mama find out you didn't really take a bath?" "I forgot to wet the soap." If you take an English dictionary and look through it, you will probably be surprised to discover that a great number of words in the dictionary have more than one meaning. So if you look up the word to learn you will find out that it means not only to study, but it may also mean to be informed or to receive information about something as in the sentence I was sorry to learn that our street football team again lost the game. In the second meaning the word to learn is very close to the words to discover and to find out. If you take a further look at these words in the dictionary, you will find out this: the word to learn denotes that the learner gets information without any or much effort on his part, while the word to discover suggests that the new information is surprising, that the learner came to understand something quite 62

unexpectedly, as in the sentence / suddenly discovered that I had left my fountain-pen in the library. Having read this introduction Peter grew interested in dictionaries. When he came home from school, he wanted to look up the word to find out in his dictionary. He took the dictionary from the bookshelf where he kept all his books and suddenly discovered that a bookworm had eaten its way from the first page to the last. Luckily it had not "eaten" the word to find out, and Peter could read that this word means to get knowledge by search or inquiry. That was exactly what Peter did. He looked up the word in the dictionary and as a result of his search he found out its meaning. Don't leave dictionaries for bookworms to feed themselves on. Read them! Use them! They are very useful.

Exercises I. Fill in the blanks with the words to learn, to find out or to discover in the required form. 1. The other part of the book tells us what young naturalists can do to ... about animals and plants living in different surroundings. 2. When Pierre Curie ... about his wife's discovery he decided to leave his own researches and to help his wife in her work. 3. I am sad to ... the news of him being ill. 4. Ring him up to ... if he is at home. 5. We suddenly ... that it was too late to catch the train. 6. Many foreign delegates come to our country to ... just what the USA is doing and report this back to their friends. 7. She ... that the whole story was untrue. 8. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interesting to ... that the legend of King Arthur is probably based on a real hero of the Britons. 9. For a long time they tried to ... something about their adopted daughter's past but to no avail. 10. Look at the time-table and you will ... the time and the place of all the lectures. 11. I am ... what really happened. II. Make up short dialogues as shown in the model. Use the phrases below instead of the italicized part. Model: Peter: Do you happen to know when the performance begins? Victor: No, but I can find out. 63

... where they are putting on the exhibition of synthetic materials? ... who the composer of the song is?

LIKE, ALIKE

REMEMBER: Like and alike mean not different, similar. Like must be followed by a noun (or pronoun), oppos. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; unlike. Alike is used predicatively (after a verb) and is never followed by a noun (or pronoun), oppos.â&#x20AC;&#x201D; different. Proverbs: alike as two peas (two-drops of milk) like a cat on hot bricks like a needle in a haystack

Exercises I. Answer the questions about the pictures below, using like or alike. Why does the man think that the child is a gifted sculptor? II. Fill in the blanks with like or alike. THE TWO BULLS It so happened that a cow had two calves so very much ... that even the cow couldn't tell them apart. The calves grew up into strong little bulls but they remained much ... each other. One day they went to a smith and asked him, "Tell us why everyone has different names except us?" The smith showed them a piece of iron and asked, "What's this?" "That's a horseshoe," the bulls answered in chorus. The smith held out another horseshoe. "And what is this called?" "That's a horseshoe, too!" the bulls again spoke.... 64

"That's right," said the smith. "They look ... and that's why they are called by the same name: horseshoe." "But it can happen that one horseshoe lies around without being of any use and loses its lustre, while the other shines because of all the work it does. So the first one will be called "Rusty", while people call the other one â&#x20AC;&#x153;Brilliantâ&#x20AC;?. III. Do you remember: 1. What other birds do not use their wings for flying, like penguins? 2. What bird roars like a lion, hisses like a snake and kicks like a horse? 3. What creatures have no eyelids, like fish? TIME FOR FUN ALIKE Dick: Why is a loaf of bread like the sun? Nick: I don't know. Dick: Because it's not light until it rises. LIKE HIS FATHER'S HANDWRITING Teacher (examining homework): Jim, this looks like your father's handwriting. Jim: No wonder, I used his fountain-pen. *** Betty was being taken to the museum by his auntie. They went into the Egyptian room, and there saw a mummy. Betty asked what it was. "That's someone's mummy, dear," answered auntie. "Oh, auntie, I'm glad my mummy's not like that!" *** New Maid : How do I announce dinner? Do I say "Dinner is ready" or "Dinner is served"? Mistress: If it is like it was yesterday say "Dinner is burnt." Lady (in the theatre): Pardon me, sir, does my hat bother you? Gentleman behind: No, but it bothers my wife, she wants one like it. 65

LOOSE, LOSE Even though these two words have a similar spelling, their pronunciation is different. Loose has a long "ooh" sound and ends with an "S" sound. Lose also has a long "ooh" sound, but it ends with a "Z" sound. We'll go over examples and explanations to learn the difference. REMEMBER: Loose is an adjective that is the antonym of tight. Our clothes can be loose, or a part of a machine can be loose. This means that the part is not tight in its place. Emily likes to wear loose, comfortable clothes when she goes running. Let's look at some examples with loose. Examples:  You should buy shoes in a very precise size. If they're too loose on your feet, they won't be comfortable. - Your shoes should be exactly the right size. If they are too big, they will be uncomfortable.  I think the telephone cord is loose. It is moving a lot, and the sound is not very clear when I talk. - The telephone cord is not tightly secured in the telephone.  In many countries, it's common to see people wearing loose clothes because of the climate or traditions. - In many places, people wear clothes that are not tight because of the climate or local customs.

Loose can also mean informal or not strict when we are talking about rules, guidelines, or laws. Let's look at an examples of this meaning. Example:  The rules about the arrival time are pretty loose. As long as your work is done, you can come to the office when you prefer. - The rules about the arrival time are not strict, as long as you do your work. Lose Lose is a verb that means to be unable to find. We use it when we don't know where we left an object. Remember that lose is an irregular verb. The simple past of lose is lost.

Henry lost his file! He doesn't know where he saved it. Examples  If you lose the keys, it will be a big problem. I don't have another copy. - If you forget where you put the keys, it will be a problem.  Don't lose this ticket. You will need it to pick up your coat later. - Don't forget where you left this ticket. 68

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Oh no, I lost my earring! Do you see it anywhere? - I can't find my earring! We can also use lose when we are talking about a game or sports. In this context, it is the antonym of win. Melanie really doesn't like to lose at tennis! Poor Bob! First, remember that these two words are pronounced differently. Loose has an "S" sound at the end, and lose has a "Z" sound at the end. Also remember that loose is an adjective, and lose is a verb.

Exercises Ex. I. Loose? Correct or Incorrect? 1. Select your response from the list that best completes the sentence.

He will loose his pants if he doesn't pull them up.

She likes to wear loose clothes.

Can you loose the shoe laces a little more? They're too tight. 69

Did you loose something?

5. everywhere.

They have kittens that are running loose

6. exercise.

A person can loose weight through diet and

10.

There are some loose puzzle pieces on the table.

He's working too hard. In fact, he's loosing it.

Where did I loose my keys?

He is loosing his belt. 70

We've seen that even though these words have a different meaning and pronunciation. They can be tricky, but now you've got it!

OFFER, SUGGEST REMEMBER: We suggest a plan or an idea. We offer some object, or help, or work (a job). We may offer to help somebody. In such cases the action is done by the person who makes the offer. The verb to suggest is never followed by an infinitive. Exercises I. Insert the proper word in the required form. 1. The plan which you ... is very interesting and we shall try it. 2. Who has ... him the job? 3. Mother ... that I took along an umbrella because it looked as if it was going to rain, 4. The host ... that we should sing a song, or play some merry games. 5. No one ... him help. 6. Peter ... that we should go skiing after dinner. 7. The man nodded to his visitor and ... him a seat. 8. The coach ... that we should walk another two miles and then have a rest. 9. They ... him money for the picture but he refused to sell it. 10. My friend ... that we should play a game of tennis. 11. The boy ... the old woman to carry her basket. 12. The school doctor ... that I should see the dentist. 13. Do you know who ... the idea of going to the seaside? 14. The builder ... a new and more effective method of laying bricks. 15. 1 refuse to take anything he ... me. 16. My friend ... to go to the station to find out when our train would start and ... that I should take care of the things. II. Make up sentences, using to suggest or to offer.

OWNER, MASTER, HOST REMEMBER: Owner is one who owns, has something as his property. Host (hostess) is one who receives and entertains guests. Master (mistress) is one who has control or authority. Proverbs: to be one's own master to be the master of one's destiny to be the master of the situation Exercises Đ&#x2020;. Fill in the blanks with the correct word. 1. Who is the ... of this bicycle? May I borrow it for a while? 2. I can do as I like, I am the ... here. 3. Man is the ... of his own destiny. 4. The ... asked us if we should like to have tea in the garden. 5. "A very rich man must be the ... of that yacht," thought a poor boy looking dreamily out to sea. 6. Many years passed and still the dog remembered his old .... 7. "No, I won't sell it," said the ... of the picture. 8. We told our ... that we could not stay for supper as we had to catch a train. 9. I won't give these things to you. I don't know if you are the ... . I'll take them to the lost-and-found office.10. "I want those three bags in the corner. Are you their ...?" 72

PULL, DRAW, DRAG REMEMBER: To draw (drew, drawn) means- to move something from one place to another. To pull means to move with a quick motion. It is often followed by an adverb or a preposition to indicate direction, e. g. to pull into a room, to pull on one's stockings, to pull out a tooth, to pull off gloves, etc. To drag means to draw (or pull something) with great force or difficulty.

Don't pull her by her plaits.

The man pulled the string and the bell rang.

The horse is dragging a heavy load.

We could hardly drag our feet, we were so tired. 73

Exercises I. Fill in the blanks with the correct words. 1. The ant was trying to ... a big piece of grass to the anthill. 2. When the boy came to himself he ... the pilot out of the broken cabin and helped the other five passengers. 3. The crying child was ... his mother by the sleeve but the woman did not move. 4. The speaker ... out a handkerchief and wiped his face. 5. They ... nearer the fire and began to sing. 6. The boy ran toward the train ... his sister with him. 7. As the well was not deep it was not difficult to ... water. 8. The child did not want to walk, the mother had to make every effort to ... him with her. 9. "Don't ... my hair, you hurt me." 10. The dentist ... my tooth out so quickly that I had no time to cry. 11. "Mike, get up, or I'll ... you out of bed." 12. "Do you see this string? If you ... it, you can shut the window." II. Here are some short stories in pictures. Tell these stories, using the verbs to pull, to draw or to drag.

TIME FOR FUN "Pardon me for a moment, please," said the dentist to the patient, "but before beginning this work I must have my drill." Good heavens!" exclaimed the patient irritably, "can't you pull out a tooth without a rehearsal?"

SEAT, PLACE, ROOM

REMEMBER: Room means space that might be occupied or is occupied. A seat is something for sitting on â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a chair, a bench, a place for a spectator in a theatre or for a passenger in a bus. A place is a particular part of space, a particular spot on a surface, the usual position for a person or thing, e.g. to put everything in its place. Exercises I. Read the text and explain the reason for the use of the italicized words. You know that English buses are called double-deckers because they are double-decked. They have seats both inside and on the top. Here are some things you may hear on a bus in London; "Full up inside. Plenty of seats on top." "No more seats on top. Plenty inside." ****

A very stout lady was complaining to a bus inspector at a busy stopping place, "That conductor has been rude to me. He was telling the people the bus was full up, but when I got off, he said, "Room for three inside." One wet day a woman with a dog got on a bus. It was a very big dog and its feet were very dirty. The woman said: "Oh, conductor, if I pay for my dog, can he have a seat like the other passengers?" The conductor looked at the dog, and then he said, "Certainly, madam, he can have a seat like all the other passengers, but like the other passengers, he must not put his feet on it." 75

ІІ. Fill in the blanks with the correct word. 1. A man came in and sat on a ... , ... in the back row. 2. To Sharply, miners were heroes, and a pit a ... of wonder. 3. “Maidan” is a sacred ... to our people. 4. The party will be in our party – hall where there is a well-equipped small stage and... for a hundred or more. 5. The drifting ice-floe was so small that there was no ... for even a light plane. 6. People used to bring them wool from far-away ... .7. We have found ... for one more article in our wall-newspaper. 8. Mother asked me to nail a new shelf to the kitchen wall to make more ... for utensils. 9. There are two ... in the balcony; you may take them. 10. If I were in your ... I would let her alone. 11. "Make ... for me, will you?" said Pavel. 12. There are no more chairs, so you must use that box as a ... . 13. What splendid . . . ! We'll be able to see everything from here. ІІІ. Talk about 1) your classroom, 2) your flat. Say if they are roomy. Use this structure There is (there is no) room for ... Model: There is room for another table in our classroom. There is no room for another cupboard in our kitchen.

UNDER, BELOW

"No hitting below the belt, please."

The whole of the landscape (the forest, the hills, the buildings) is below the helicopter, but only a small portion of it (a truck and the people near it) is under the helicopter.

under a tree

under his feet

under the window

below sea-level below the mountain REMEMBER: Under shows position, vertically lower than something else. Below means lower but not in a vertical direction. Exercises I. State in one word the position of the things or people in each picture: Below or under? II. Fill in the blanks with below or under. 1. Don't stand ... the crane, it's dangerous. 2. The dogs helped to find the people buried ... the snow. 3. But the teeth of the fox did their part, and soon the large bird fell down dead upon the rocks.... 4. Shall I also write the post- office number ... the address? 5. It was good to sleep .,. a roof again, but they were up early in the morning, ready to start work. 6. Unless you travel to the equator you will never see this star, as it is always... the horizon. 7. The Caspian Sea is more than 28 meters... the level of the oceans. 8. They stood on deck ... the tent admiring the banks. 9. In the cellar... the ruins they suddenly heard a soft meadow 10. The bodies of seals do not give off much heat because they have a thick layer of fat... their skins. 11. Hang the picture ... the map.

III. Complete the following word combinations with below or under. Then use these combinations in sentences of your own. 1) to lie ... the tree; 2) to be ... sea-level; 3) to hide ... the umbrella; 4) to see a river far ...; 5) to swim ... the water; 6) to find grass ... fresh snow; 7) to see clouds ...; 8) to hide oneself... a table; 9) to write ... the line; 10) to have a spot right... the left eye; 11) to carry ... the arm; 12) to sit... a tent; 13) to live one storey .... IV. Make up stories about these pictures. The questions may help you to do it. 1. Where does Pif like to have a sleep? 2. Does his uncle allow him to sleep on the bedspread? 3. Does he find a way out? Where does he sleep now? 4. Is he having a quiet sleep? Why not?

1. Which man attracts everybody's attention? (broad-brimmed hat - капелюх з широкими полями) 2. Why do people smile when they look at the man? 3. Why did everyone wish to be near the man when it started raining?

V. Read the jokes and retell them in indirect speech. A soldier got on the bus with a bomb under his arm, sat down and calmly put it on his lap. 78

"What's that you're holding?" asked the conductor. "It's an unexploded bomb. I got the order to take it out of town," was the answer. "You idiot," said the worried conductor. "You don't want a thing like that on your lap â&#x20AC;&#x201D;put it under your seat." "I spent 8 hours over my history book last night." "Eight hours!" "Yes, I left it under my bed when I went to sleep."

IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW THAT ...the water spider takes its own air with it under the surface of water.

ANSWER KEY ABOVE, OVER Ex. I. 1. Over above 2. Over 3. Over 4. Above 5. Over 6. Above 7. Above 8. Over 9. Above 10. Over 11. Above 12. Above 13. Over above Ex. III. 1. Under, above, over, under ACCEPT, EXCEPT Ex. I. 1. accept (willingly take) 2. except (but not) 3. accepts (willingly takes) 4. accept (regard as proper or normal) 5. except (but) 6. excepts (excludes) 7. except (only that) 8. acceptable ADVICE, ADVISE Ex. I. 1.c 2.b 3.c 4.c 5.c 6.a 7.c 8.c 9.a 10.c AFFECT, EFFECT Ex. I. 1.affect 2.affect 3. effect 4. effect 5. effect 6. affect 7. affect(ed) 8. affect ALONE, LONELY Ex. I. 1. lonely 2. lonely 3. alone 4. lonely 5. alone 6. alone 7.alone 8. alone 9. lonely 10. lonely 11. lonely BEAT, STRIKE Ex. I. 1. Beating 2. Struck 3. Strike 4. Beat 5. Struck 6. Struck 7. Strike 8. Struck 9. Strike 10. Struck BESIDES, EXCEPT Ex. I. 1. besides 2. except 3. besides 4. except 5. besides 6. besides 7. besides 8. except 9. except 10. besides BREAK, DESTROY Ex.I. broke, destroy CARRY, BRING, TAKE 80

Ex. I. 1.take 2.brought 3.bringing 4.take 5.bring 6.take CAUSE, REASON Ex. I 1. cause 2. reason 3. cause 4. reason, cause 5. cause 6. reasons 7. cause 8. causes 9. reason 10. cause 11. reason 12. cause DESERT, DESSERT Ex. I desert, desserts, dessert, desert EMPTY, VACANT, BLANC Ex. I 1. empty 2. vacant 3. empty 4. empty 5. blank 6. empty 7. blank 8. empty 9. empty 10.empty EVENT, INCIDENT, ACCIDENT Ex. I 1. accidents 2. incidents 3 accidents. 4. events 5. incidents 6. accident 7. accident 8. incident 9. event 10. events 11. incident FARTHER, FURTHER Ex. I 1 farther 2. farther 3 farther 4. further 5.further 6. farther 7.farther 8. further 9. further FAVOURITE, BELOVED Ex. 1. 1. Favourite 2. Favourite 3. Beloved 4. Favourite 5. Beloved 6. Favourite 7. Favourite 8 Beloved 9Favourite 10. Favourite FEW, A FEW, LITTLE, A LITTLE Ex. I 1. a little 2. few 3. few 4. little 5. few 6. a few 7. a little 8.little 9. a few 10. a little Ex. 11 1. a little 2. little 3. little 4. few 5. little 6. few 7. little 8.a little 9. little 10. few 11. few, few, little 12. a few, few 13. a little, a few FOR, DURING Ex. I. 1. During 2. During 3. For 4. For 5. For-6. During 7. For 8. During 9. During 10. For 11. During 12. During 13. During Ex. II. 1. For all is life 2. For about a month 3. During the Great Patriotic War 4. For ever 5. During this year 6. During the conference 7. During the thunderstorm 8. During the lesson 9. For ages 10. During 81

the whole night 11. For a few hours 12. For many days 13. During the winter. HAPPY, LUCKY Ex. II. a knife – grinder HEAR, LISTEN Ex. I. – I’m listening, but I can’t hear anything. – We heard a terrible noise when the cars crashed in front of our house. – Listen, some fine jazz music is played in the neighbour’s flat. – Have you heard the news? Peter has married a millionaire’s daughter. – Turn on the radio, please. I’d like to listen to the news. HOLD, KEEP Ex I. 1. Hold 2. Holding 3. Hold 4. Holding 5. Keep 6. Holding 7. Hold 8. Keep 9. Keep 10. Keep Ex II. 1. "I can't make out what has happened to my fountain-pen. It won't write." "You are holding it the wrong way. Let me show you how you should hold it." 2."Will you please hold my overcoat? I'll put on my cap." "Certainly. You'll hold my overcoat too, won't you?" 3. "Where do you keep Rex?" "In the corridor. And where do you keep your hedgehog?" "In a box on the balcony, so far. But soon I'll take it to the woods." 4."Why do you keep one more kitten?" "To make company for the first one." 5."Do you know how to hold the oars?" "Yes, of course. Let me show you." Ex. III. The hands of a clock HUGE, TREMENDOUS Ex. I. 1. Huge 2. Huge 3. Huge 4. Tremendous 5. Tremendous 6. Huge 7. Tremendous 8. Huge 9. Tremendous 10. Huge 11. Huge 12. Tremendous. 82

IN THE END, AT THE END Ex I. 1. In the end Lucy decided to marry him. 2. Put your signature at the end of the contract. 3. In the end it stopped raining and we could go for a walk. 4. Could you tell me where the bathroom is? - There is one at the end of the corridor. 5. I was thinking about going to Italy but in the end I decided to go to Spain. 6. At the end of the book is a bibliography and a good index. 7. Have you seen the film "At the end of time?" 8. I wanted to go to the cinema but she didn’nt. In the end we went to the opera. 9. I would like to invite you to the museum. It is at the end of the street. 10. He didn't have a well-paid job. In the end he found a better one. Ex II 1in 2.at 3.on 4.at 5.by 6.at 7.to 8.in 9to 10at LIKE, ALIKE Ex. II. alike like alike alike alike like LOOSE, LOSE Ex. I. 1. Incorrect → “He will lose his pants.” [verb] ("experience them falling down") 2. Correct → "She likes to wear loose clothing." [adjective] ("not tight") 3. Incorrect → "Can you loosen the shoe laces a little more?" [verb] ("make loose, not tight") 4. Incorrect → “Did you lose something?” [verb] ("misplace") 5. Correct. “They have kittens that are running loose everywhere.” [adjective] ("free") 6. Incorrect → “A person can lose weight…” [verb] ("decrease, lower") 7. Correct. "There are some loose puzzle pieces…" [adjective] ("unattached") 83

8. Incorrect → “He is losing it.” [verb] ("going crazy or getting angry") 9. Incorrect → “Where did I lose my keys?” [verb] ("misplace") 10. Incorrect → “He is loosening his belt.” [verb] ("making it less tight") OFFER, SUGGEST Ex. I. 1. suggested 2. offered 3. suggested 4. suggested 5. offered 6. suggested 7. offered 8. suggested 9. offered 10. suggested 11. offered 12. suggested 13. suggested 14. suggested 15. offers 16. offered, suggested OWNER, MASTER, HOST Ex. I. 1. owner 2. master 3 master 4. host (hostess) - 5. owner 6. master 7. owner 8. host 9. owner 10. owner PULL, DRAW, DRAG Ex. I. 1. drag 2. dragged 3. pulling 4. drew 5. drew 6. pulling 7. draw 8. drag 9. pull 10. pulled 11.pull 12. pull SEAT, PLACE, ROOM Ex. II. 1. seat 2. place 3. place 4. seats 5. room 6. places 7. room 8. room 9. seats 10. place 11. room 12. seat 13. seats UNDER, BELOW Ex. I. 1. Under 2. Under 3. Below 4. Under 5. Under 6. Below 7. Below 8. Under 9. Under 10. Under 11. Under Ex. II. 1. Under 2. Below 3. Under 4. Below 5. Under 6. Under 7. Below 8. Under 9. Under 10. Under 11. Under 12. Under 13. Below

REFERENCE LITERATURE AND SOURCES 1. Đ&#x2019;.D. Graver "Advanced English Practice". - Oxford University Press, 1999. - 320 p 2. Joanna Turnbull "Oxford Wordpower Dictionary". - Oxford University Press, - 2000. - 832 p. 3. Michael McCarthy "English Vocabulary in Use". - Cambridge University Press, - 2001. - 309 p. 4. Sally Wehmeir "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English", - Oxford University Press, - 1539 p. 5. Michael Swan "Practical English Usage". - Oxford University Press, - 2005, - 653 p. 6. Michael Swan, Catherine Walter "How English Works". - Oxford University Press 7. Raymond Murphy "English Grammar in use". - Oxford University Press, 1994 8. W. Stannard Allen "Living English Structure". - Longman, 1993. 172 p.

CONTENTS Передмова ……………………..…………………………………. Confusing words 1. Above, over …………………………………………………. 2. Accept, except ……………………………………………… 3. Advice, advise …………………………………………….. 4. Affect, effect ………………………………………………… 5. Alone, lonely ………………………………………………… 6. Beat, strike ………………………………………………….. 7. Besides, except ……………………………………………. 8. Break, destroy ……………………………………………….. 9. Carry, bring, take ……………………………………………. 10. Cause, reason ………………………………………………. 11. Desert, dessert …………………………………………….. 12. Empty, vacant, blanc ………………………………………. 13. Event, incident, accident …………………………………… 14. Farther, further ……………………………………………… 15. Favourite, beloved …………………………………………. 16. Few, a few, little, a little ……………………………………. 17. For, during …………………………………………………… 18. Happy, lucky ……………………………………………..… 19. Hear, listen …………………………………………………. 20. Hold, keep ………………………………………………….. 21. Huge, tremendous…………………………………………… 22. In the end, at the end ………………………………………. 23. Learn, find out, discover …………………………………… 24. Like, alike ………………………………………………….. 25. Loose, lose ………………………………………………… 26. Offer, suggest ………………………………………………. 27. Owner, master, host ……………………………………….. 28. Pull, draw, drag ……………………………………………. 29. Seat, place, room ………………………………………….. 30. Under, below ……………………………………………….. Answer key …………………………………………………..…….. Reference literature and sources………………………..…… 86

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