செம்மொழி இதழ் ஏப்ரல் - ஜூன் 2021

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In this issue of There are several articles, poems, a composition and short stories. They are listed as follows.

S The essence of speeches by Mr S Iswaran, Minister of Communications and Information and Minister-in-charge of Trade Relations, and Mr S Manogaran, Chairman of Tamil Language Council at the inauguration ceremony of Tamil Language Festival 2021.

S Suggestions for further growth of Tamil language in Singapore by Tamil pandit Prof Dr SP Thinnappan.

S An article in English by Tamil pandit Prof Dr SP Thinnappan on the greatness of Tamil language. This is to enlighten the minds of non- Tamils and those Tamils who did not learn Tamil.

S Tamil poet and cinema lyricist ‘Kavipperarasu’ Vairamuthu’s latest poem in praise of Tamil language takes a prominent place in this issue of Semmozhi which is a special publication in conjunction with the Tamil Language Festival in Singapore.

S An interview with Mr Jaswanth Singh, a Punjabi who lives in Thiruvalluvar Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. He has surprised everyone by inscribing 1330 couplets of Thirukkural on palm leaves. He is very passionate about Thirukkural. He himself has carved statues of Thiruvalluvar on two of the trees in his house compound.

Semmozhi...

also a deputy speaker of the Legislative Assembly from 1959 to 1961. In 1966, Mr Kandasamy rallied prominent Indians to set up a trust fund to help needy Indian students.

Consequently, the Singapore Indian Education Trust Fund was inaugurated in 1967 with Mr Kandasamy as its chairman. From 1978 to 1997, he led the Tamils Representative Council (TRC) to look into the welfare of the Indian community. Please read this article to know further of Mr G Kandasamy’s contribution to the nation.

C) Tamil cinema lyricist cum poet Ku Ma Balasubramaniam was born on 13 May 1920. He was a popular Tamil film lyricist and had penned about 170 songs in about 54 Tamil films. Most of his songs are still popular today specially among the senior listeners. Some of his all-time-favourites are:- amuthai poliyum nilavae, inbam pongum vennila, singara velanei deva, chithiram pesuthadi, etc. This article on Mr Ku Ma Balasubramaniam is written by his own son Mr Ku Ma Ba Thiruvavukkarasu.

S A short story written by Ms Manimala.

S an article which looks into the methods of teaching and learning Tamil in countries where Tamils have migrated. This article is written by Mr Mahadeva Iyer Jeyarama Sharma who lives in Melbourne, Australia.

S Associate Prof Dr A RA Sivakumaran has written a noteworthy article related to Sangam period Tamil literature titled “Kurunthogai Kaattum Vaalviyal Marabugal”.

Mr Jaswanth Singh is basically an engineer. But he is also a great nature lover. He has planted almost 1000 trees and over 300 herbal plants around his house which sits on a plot of land of 9600 sq ft in area.

S A research article titled “Puthu Velichamperum Bharathi Paadal Thadai Utharavu” by a well-known researcher, writer and news media personality, Mr Kadarkarai Mathavilasa Angatham.

The editor of Semmozhi interviewed this interesting person over the phone.

S A composition on “Mothers’ Day” written by Dharshan Narenthiran, a Primary 6 student from East Spring Primary School.

S information on centenary celebration of three special personalities A) Mrs Lee Kuan Yew nee Mdm Kwa Geok Choo: A successful lawyer, wife of Singapore’s first prime minister Mr Lee Kuan Yew and mother of current prime Minister Mr Lee Hsien Loong, was born on 21 December 1920. The editor of Semmozhi, Mr M Elias, has written an article on her achievements while writer cum poet Mr Yousuf Rowther Rajid has penned a poem as a tribute to her contributions to Singapore.

B) Mr G Kandasamy : A veteran politician, trade unionist and community leader who was born on 23 May 1921. He was an MP for Kampong Kapor. He founded the Amalgamated Union of Public Employees (AUPE) in 1959 and served as its general secretary until 1995. He was

S We have published a poem both in English and Tamil. The English poem titled “TIME” is written

by Nanyang Junior College, 2nd year student Nigitha sathikannan. It is translated to Tamil specially for Semmozhi by Mr Sathikkannan.

S An article on the specialty of the phonetic letter “zh” in Tamil alphabet, written by poet Magudesuvaran.

We hope you would find the above pieces of writing informative and interesting. Please read them and give us your feedback.

M Elias Editor of Semmozhi (Translation: Mr V Ramachandran)

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Tamil Language and Literature Dr

SP Thinnappan,

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amil is one of the ancient languages of India. It is the mother tongue of nearly 50 million people in the state of Tamil Nadu in India and also the considerable number (roughly 10 million) of those living in Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius, Fiji and South Africa. There are quite a large number of tamil speakers in India outside Tamil Nadu. After the 1983 communal riots in Sri Lanka, a considerable number of Sri Lankan Tamils migrated to Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, United States of America and other European countries. There are Indian Tamils living in these countries as well. Tamil is the official language of Tamil Nadu. It is also one of the two official languages of Sri Lanka and one of the four official languages of Singapore.

DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES Tamil belongs to the Dravidian family comprising 23 languages and is considered to be the oldest among them. These 23 languages are mainly spoken in the southern part of India as well as in a few regions in the central and northern parts of India. Of these languages, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu are considered to be the four literary languages because they have their own independent scripts and literary histories dating back from the early pre-Christian era to the 11th Century A.D. These four languages constitute respectively the basis for the demarcation of four linguistic states of South India, namely Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Tamil and Telugu on the east of the Deccan peninsula and Kannada and Malayalam on the west form one compact block. The other Dravidian languages such as Gondi, Kolami, Kui, Kurukh, Malto and Brahui are mostly found in different parts of central and northern India. This suggests that the Dravidian language family must originally have been widely spread over the whole of India. The Brahui language of the Dravidian group is spoken at present in the Baluchistan region of Pakistan, near the river Sindu.

Ancient excavations at Harappa and Mohanjadaro show the presence of Dravidian languages. This brings forward the ancientness of the Dravidian languages to 5000 B.C. There are some scholars who believe that these languages came from outside India while others

Singapore

assert that they were the oldest languages spoken in the old continent, called Lemuria, now lost in the Indian Ocean and that it spread from there throughout India.

Scholars like Caldwell, Gundert, Kittel and others in the 19th Century traced to the Dravidian source some old Sanskrit words which did not have their prototype in Indo-European. In the twentieth century Sanskrit Scholars like Dr Burrow, Dr Emeneau and Sir Ralph Turner, who failed to trace certain words in Sanskrit to Indo-European sources, were able to trace their origins to Dravidian or Munda - the languages with which the speakers of the Indo-Aryan languages came into contact on coming to India. Dr Burrow has found Dravidian words in the Vedas themselves, but as he points out, the borrowings were almost negligible until a later period. All these studies lead to the conclusion that the Dravidians were in India before the coming of the speakers of Aryan languages. (T.P. Meenakshi Sundaram: 1976).

Tamil occupies a place of importance in the Dravidian family of languages. Of the four literary languages of the Dravidian family “Tamil is the one which is most well-known, enjoys the greatest geographical extension, has the richest and most ancient literature, paralleled in India only by that of Sanskrit and has a phonological system (and to some extent, grammatical system) which corresponds rather closely to the state of affairs in the present protoDravidian,” says Prof. K. Zvelebil, a famous scholar in Dravidology.

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TAMIL AND SANSKRIT The ancient languages of India, Tamil and Sanskrit are as rich as the other ancient languages of the world.

However, unlike Sanskrit which has ceased to be a spoken language, Tamil continues to be a living language. The only language which can claim to have a past as ancient as that claimed for Sanskrit is Tamil in India.

THE WORD “TAMIL” The meaning of the word Tamil is sweet, beauty and naturalness. This word occurs in the Tholkappiyam, the earliest extensively written work available in Tamil.

Tholkappiyam is a grammatical work belonging to the 3rd century B.C. In the ancient literature, the word Tamil also denotes the race, country, people and army.

According to the Tamil scholar Devaneyappaavanar, the word “Dravidam” also originates from the word “Tamil”.

THE STRUCTURE OF TAMIL Tamil is an agglutinative language, having case endings for nouns, and verbal iflexions for tense, person, gender and number. The phonological structure of Tamil consists 12 vowels and 18 consonants only. The vowel length is phonemic. The morphological structure consists of Nouns, Verbs, Particles, Adjectives and Adverbs. The Tamil sentence-order is Subject, Object and Predicate. Predicates may be nominal or verbal. The finite verb or the nominal predicate occurs finally in a sentence. Adjectives and adverbs always precede the noun and verb respectively. Tamil is rich in vocabulary showing subtle and minute differences in meaning. For example, the word vaaymai denotes truth by words; the word unmai denotes truth by mind (thought), while the meymai stands for truth by body (action). There are seven words in Tamil to denote the various stages of a flower from bud to dry flower viz, arumpu, mottu, mukai, malar, alar, vii and cemmal.

The brahmi script was used in the earliest Tamil writing, which over time gave place to the modern script.

However, in the intervening years, many modifications were made to the Tamil script. Another script known as Vatteluthu was also used for sometime in the southern parts of Tamil Nadu. There are 247 characters in the Tamil script; strictly speaking this may be concise to 38-40. There has been little change in Tamil syntax over the centuries. So the ancient works composed between 1500-2000 years ago can easily be followed by literate readers today. Scholars study the history of the Tamil language under three stages, viz. Ancient Tamil (3rd Century B.C. to 500 A.D.), Medieval Tamil (500 A.D. to 1600 A.D.) and Modern Tamil (1600 A.D. to today).

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TAMIL AND OTHER LANGUAGES The classical languages of the world are Latin, Hebrew, Greek and Sanskrit. All of these languages contain Tamil words. This shows the antiquity of Tamil.

Further, these classical languages are not spoken at present whereas Tamil is still spoken today. There are a number of Tamil words found even in English, Malay and Japanese. For example, the English words mango, cash, curry, coir, coolie, betel leaf have Tamil origins.

Malay words kedai, keppel, bendi, muthu also have Tamil origin. In modern Tamil we are able to find many words from English, Urdu, Persian and Hindi.

TAMIL LITERATURE Tamil has ancient and varied literature and a literary tradition, the origin of which is lost in the pre-Christian era. Tamil is recognised today as the earliest language possessing literature and a rich culture. Tamil has had an unbroken history of literary production for the past 20 centuries. It is a very cultured language and possesses a rich store of indigenous literature. The cave inscriptions of the extreme South, going back to the 2nd or 3rd Century B.C., are in Tamil. The earliest written record available in Tamil, the grammatical work Tolkappiyam (3rd Century B.C.) refers to other grammatical and literary works which existed in its time. Tholkappiyam deals not only with phonology and grammar of Tamil but also with poetics and literary conventions. Riddles, fables, proverbs, aphorisms on various subjects, old ballads, new narrative poems and literary compositions consisting of verse and prose or of colloquial dialects are referred to in this work.

According to tradition, there were three Tamil literary academies, succeeding each other, which contributed to the development of Tamil literature, grammar, music and drama. The earliest Tamil literature

available is attributed to the third of these academies, or Sangams, probably beginning before the Christian era and continuing to the 2nd Century A.D. Apart from the earliest works, which are anthologies of the Sangam age, Pathuppaattu (Ten Songs) and Ettuthokai (Eight Collections), the following important classical works should be mentioned: the famous ethic work Thirukkural by Thiruvalluvar (1st Century A.D.); the epics Silappathikaram by Ilango (2nd Century A.D.); Manimekalai by Sathanar (2nd or 6th Century A.D.); Civakacintamani by Thithakkathevar (10th Century A.D.); Ramayanam by Kambar (12th Century A.D.); Peryapuranam by Sekkilar (12th Century A.D.); the devotional poems by Nayanmars and Alwars (5th -9th Century A.D.); the works of Bharathiyar and Bharathidasan (20th Century), The history of Tamil literature can be divided into six periods - The Sangam or Tamil academic period (300 B.C.-100 A.D.), the Post Sangam (100 A.D. - 600 A.D.), the Pallava (600 A.D. - 850 A.D.), the Chola (850 A.D.-1350 A.D.), The Nayak (1350 A.D.-1750 A.D.) and the Modern period (1750 A.D. - 1999 A.D.) Over the centuries the themes of Tamil Literature have changed. Love and war were the main themes of the ancient Sangam classics giving way to ethics in the post Sangam period and to religion and philosophy in medieval Tamil poetry. In modern Tamil literature, science and the nature of humanity predominate in fiction.

In the earliest times, all Tamil literary works were composed in poetic form. All books were written in verse. Manuals of grammar were also written in this form. Lexicons, medical books, astrological manuals, mathematical and architectural treatises and similar works were all produced in poetic form.

The beginnings of Tamil literature were only in the form of stray and occasional verses. Continuous or connected poetry came only in the 2nd Century A.D. Christian missionaries working in South India and Sri Lanka introduced printing and simplified Tamil prose writing only in the 18th Century. Before that period, there were commentaries for the ancient grammars and literature in the form of prose that can be understood only by scholars. Muslim scholars have also contributed to the development of Tamil literature in the later period.

THIRUKKURAL AND RAMAYANAM Greece gave birth to Homer and Socrates, The Tamil land gave birth to Thiruvalluvar, the author of Thirukkural and Kambar, the author of Ramayanam.

Kambar is the Homer and Thiruvalluvar the Socrates of South India. The literary glory of the Tamil language rests on Thiruvalluvar and Kambar.Thirukkural is a

text-book of morals; politics and love, and reflects ancient Tamil culture as no other work does. Nothing is known about the author. The gives the universal principles of good life, so as to be acceptable, as far as possible, to all, irrespective of faith or religion. The work consists of 1330 couplets called Kurals, each being an epigram, simple, forcible, and at the same time captivating. Prof. Xavier S. Thani Nayagam says “The Thirukkural occupies in the literature of the world a place comparable to the Confucian analects, Plato’s dialogues, Aristotle’s ethics and Seneca’s writings.”

Scholars who have studied it in western translations (of which several exist) have been impressed by its universal appeal. Albert Schweitzer, who read it in German translation, says in his book Indian Thought and Development (1951) “There hardly exists in the literature of the world, a book of such lofty maxims”.

Another famous poet in Tamil is Kambar, the author of epic story of Rama, i.e. Ramayana. He belongs to 12th century A.D. He is considered to be the Emperor of poetry because of his poetic genius. His epic consists of more than 10,000 verses. The story is planned as the story of growing universal brotherhood and of a federation of kingdoms of love and justice, ruled by ideal brothers without any distinction, caste etc. In Kamban, the story becomes the story of Man and his greatness.

The philosophy of Tamil is called Saiva Siddhanta.

The sources of this philosophy are in Tamil. This system is praised by the western scholars as one that may be ranked among the perfect and cleverest systems of human thought.

DIALECTS Tamil exists in several varieties, the basic one being literary and colloquial. Today none of the Tamil speakers would use the literary dialect in oral communication, since special study is required for a proper command of the language, which is basically a specialised medium of writing for the educated class. The literary variety of Tamil includes the modern literary languages, that is the language of the newspapers, magazines, most of the fiction, as well as letters, etc.) and classical Tamil, the language of the ancient literature. The colloquial language is the means of oral communication. Its domain is being ever widened, covering films and broadcasting, as well as theatre and of late even some of the works of fiction. Its phonetic and morphological norms differ widely from those of literary language. In this oral/spoken variety there are several regional and caste dialects in Tamil. In spite of these dialects in Tamil, a common standard spoken dialect has also arisen now.

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êˆFò͘ˆF 09.10.1928 Ü¡Á ê†ìê¬ðJ™ G蛈Fò Mõ£îˆF¡ Íô‹ ïñ‚° å¼ îèõ™ àÁFªðÁAø¶.

F¼õ™L‚«èE Þ‰FŠ Hó„ê£ó êð£ML¼‰¶ ãø‚°¬øò ð£óF Ë™ 2 ÝJó‹ HóFèœ ðPºî™ ªêŒòŠð†´œ÷ù âù Üõ˜ î¡«ð„C™ ²†®‚裆®»œ÷£˜. Ýè, ð£óF ñ¬ø‰î 7 ݇´èO™ 2000

HóFèœ Ü„C´ñ÷¾‚° Üõ˜ ªê™õ£‚°I‚è ð¬ìŠð£Oò£è è¼îŠð†®¼‚Aø£˜.

1919Ý‹ ݇´ ªê¡¬ù‚° 裉F õ¼¬èî‰î«ð£¶ ð£óF¬ò ó£ü£T»‹ êˆFò͘ˆF»‹ êKõó ÜPºè‹ ªêŒ¶ ¬õ‚èM™¬ô âù õ.ó£. ‘ñè£èM ð£óFò£K’™ º¡¬õˆî õ¬ê‚° Gò£ò‹ «ê˜‚°‹ð®, 1928Þ™ «ð£ìŠð†ìˆ î¬ì¬ò à¬ì‚èŠ «ð£ó£® ªõ¡P¼‚Aø£˜ êˆFò͘ˆF. Ü«î«ð£™ ó£ü£T»‹ Þˆî¬ì‚° âF˜M¬ùò£ŸÁ‹ ªð£¼†´ 裉FJ¡ ‘òƒ Þ‰Fò£’M™ ð£óF ð£ì™è¬÷ ܉ï£O™ ªñ£Nªðò˜ˆ¶ ªõOJ†´ ¹è›ðóŠHJ¼‚Aø£˜.

Bharathi The Tamil Poet “Subramanya Bharati was the poetical expression in the south of the Indian national awakening of this century. He was poet laureate of the Tamil country crowned by the unanimous approbation and love of the people. His songs are sung by young and old throughout the land, in homes and at public gatherings. Their hold on the popular mind is great and lasting, and transcends the divisions of creed and caste. Bharati was a Brahmin but his poetical genius was permeated by an unflinching spirit of equality. Freedom and equality of the high and the low castes, of men and women, where the hunger of his soul and the inspiration of all that he sang. Breaking boldly away from old -time stiffness of form and thought, Bharati adapted the spoken tongue and folk-music to the aspirations of India renascent.

Bharati was born in 1882. from 1904 to 1908 he edited Tamil journals in Madras. In 1908 he found refuge form repression at Pondicherry where he remained till 1918 suffering great hardship and privations. He then returned to Madras in shattered health, and died soon after, in 1921, at the early age of thirty-nine. His collected songs have been published by his widow in two volumes. They have been distributed all over the Tamil country and have attained the rank of permanent literature. But the Burma Local Government has under the powers given by repressive legislation recently declared the books to be seditious, and by force of that executive declaration, rendered the books liable to be seized by the police anywhere in India. Accordingly, the Madras police recently, seized and carried away 2,000 copies form the publisher’s office in Madras. There was a storm of indignation in the country.

It was notorious that the Minister of Education and all his colleagues felt that the action was improper, but spending as they do for their existence on the continual support of the official element, were too weak to interfere. The Madras Legislative Council passed a resolution condemning the seizure in unqualified terms. During the debate, the Government offered no defence beyond pleading that they acted under instructions form the Burma authorities and not on their own initiative. Nothing however, has since been done by the Madras Government to undo the wrong. Below are one of the songs rendered by me into English.” 5

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Time

Nikhita SathiKannan

JC2, Nanyang Junior College ——————————————— Time is a funny word I’m trying to put the pieces together and make this poem rhyme But all the images in my head are blurred So much so that all I can correctly recollect Are the effects that have been embedded deeply The more I reflect, wider the lake gets Turns into a river, then a sea, finally an ocean Its breeze calming the commotion in my mind Assuring me that everything will be fine.

Time is a funny word Simply 4 letters But can turn your life for the better Or for worse, depending on how you see it.

There’s no need for a watch or a grandfather’s clock Let them be and live for yourself for a little bit For time, although a funny word Shouldn’t be left unheard.

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KWA GEOK CHOO

Yousuf Rowther Rajid Translation

Dr. Raji Sreenivasan

A Veena plucked the fingers

*

A sculpture chiselled the Sculptor “You are born to rule” So identified An index finger Who is she?

Apex of Singapore Rarest among Women She was Lee Kuaan Yew’s partner Lee Hsien Loong’s mom Kwa Geok Choo School and College Became her Students By enrolling her as student Exams and Awards All Students lagged behind her The Queen’s Education Scholarship Winner Learner of Law at London’s Cambridge Crystal Clear she was That country’s nervous system Is Law. Returned she to Singapore Was matriarch to “Lee and Lee” and Protector of Law She penned down a sizeable portion of Rules and Regulations for the People’s Action Party

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Beyond Countables Her Awards Neither an academic den nor Exhibition hall Spares her name She earned through her pen Women’s Rights Sections of Laws strengthening their Security The self-same pen secured assurances for our water needs in the separation deed when Singapore separated from Malaysia she who lives in every drop of water we sip will live eternally with us *Veena-An Indian musical string Instrument

Issue : April-June 2021

F¼õœÀõ˜ ݇´ 2052

CˆF¬ó&ÝQ

ISSN 2251-3345

MCI ( P)083/02/2021

â‹.ÞLò£v Editor : M.Elias ÝCKò˜ :

Ýîó¾ :

âv.â‹.üh™ Üø‚è†ì¬÷ Sponsor :

S.M. Jaleel Foundation Limited ªõOf´ :

îIö«õœ ïŸðE ñ¡ø‹.

Thamizhavel Narppani Mandram, U EN S5 3 SS0 0 0 9 J 140, Dunlop Street, #02-00, Singapore 209 458.

Tel / Fax : +65-63348122, E-mail : semmozhi.sg@gmail.com îIöè ܽõôè‹

31-/16. A¼wí£ð£Œ ªî¼, Fò£èó£ò ïè˜, ªê¡¬ù&600 017. îI›ï£´, Þ‰Fò£.

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