นีโอกรัมเชี่ยน (Neo-Gramscianism): ข้อควรพิจารณาในฐานะทฤษฎีการเมืองระหว่างประเทศ (จบ)

π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ (Neo-Gramscianism) : ¢âÕ§«√æ‘®“√≥“„π∞“π–∑ƒ…Æ’°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» (®∫) 1

4. √Ÿª·∫∫¢Õß√—∞ : °“√‡¡◊Õß¿“¬„π/§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å √–À«à“ߪ√–™“ —ߧ¡°—∫ —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊Õß (Forms of State: Internal Politics/Civil-Political Society Relations) °√Õ∫·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’¬Ë π¡Õß°“√ √â“ßÕ”π“®π”¢Õß°≈ÿ¡à / ™π™—Èπ/°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡„π≈—°…≥–«‘¿“…«‘∏’ (µ“¡·ºπ¿“æ∑’Ë 1 ·≈– 2) ∑’ˇ™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ„π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß·≈–‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß∂÷ß°—π √–À«à“ß°“√º≈‘µ √â“ߧ«“¡À¡“¬∑“ß —ߧ¡ À√◊Õ°“√ √â“ß Õ”π“®π”„À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ‚¥¬°“√ ∂“ªπ“°≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å¢Õß°≈ÿà¡ ªí≠≠“™π®—¥µ—Èß ªí®®—¬ ”§—≠∑’ˇªìπµ—«°”À𥧫“¡‡ªìπ‰ª/√Ÿª ·∫∫¢Õß°≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√åÀπ÷ËßÊ §◊Õ °“√‡¡◊Õß¿“¬„π À√◊Õ √Ÿª·∫∫¢Õß√—∞µ“¡·π«§‘¥¢Õß°√—¡™’´÷Ëß¡Õß√—∞„π≈—°…≥–¢Õß æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡∑’Ë¡’æ≈«—µ ·≈–‡ªìπ√—∞·∫∫∫Ÿ√≥“°“√ (Integral State) °≈à“«§◊Õ‡ªìπ√—∞∑’˺ “π°—π√–À«à“ßæ◊Èπ∑’˪√–™“ —ߧ¡ ·≈– —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊Õßπ—Ëπ‡Õß42

«—™√æ≈ æÿ∑∏√—°…“ Õ“®“√¬åª√–®” “¢“«‘™“√—∞»“ µ√å ·≈–√—∞ª√–»“ π»“ µ√å §≥– —ߧ¡»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬π‡√»«√ °”≈—ß®–‰ª»÷°…“µàÕ ≥ Department of Politics ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¬Õ√å° ª√–‡∑» À√“™Õ“≥“®—°√ <jarntopd@gmail.com>

§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߪ√–™“ —ߧ¡°—∫ —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊Õß (CivilPolitical Society Relations) ª√–™“ —ߧ¡·≈– —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊Õß/√—∞43 µ“¡·π«§«“¡§‘¥ ¢Õß°√—¡™’π®’È ¥— ‡ªìπæ◊πÈ ∑’ÀË π÷ßË ¢Õß‚§√ß √â“ß —ߧ¡ à«π∫π (Super Structure) µ“¡·π«¢Õß¡“√å°´å ´÷Ë߇ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å „π‡™‘ß√–∫∫§«“¡§‘¥ §«“¡‡™◊ËÕ Õÿ¥¡°“√≥å °ÆÀ¡“¬ »‘≈ª– «—≤π∏√√¡ ´÷Ë߉¡à„™à§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å∑“ß°“√º≈‘µÀ√◊Õ‚§√ß √â“ß ∑“߇»√…∞°‘®„π —ߧ¡ à«π≈à“ß ·π«§«“¡§‘¥‡√◊ËÕߪ√–™“ —ߧ¡ (Civil Society) π’È °√—¡™’ ‰¥âπ”¡“®“°§«“¡§‘¥¢Õ߇Œ‡°≈44 (Hegel) ´÷Ëßµ“¡·π«§‘¥¢Õß ‡Œ‡°≈π—Èπ¡Õߪ√–™“ —ߧ¡«à“¡’≈—°…≥–¢Õߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å ·≈– §«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ¢Õ߇հ™π„π≈—°…≥–µà“ßÊ ‡™àπ „π‡™‘ß∏ÿ√°‘®°“√ §â“ (Commercial) „π‡™‘ß¢Õß°“√√«¡µ—«‡ªìπ ¡“§¡µà“ßÊ √«¡ ∑—Èß ¡“§¡°“√§â“ (Trade Association) ‡ªìπµâπ ¢≥–∑’Ë°√—¡™’ ‰¥âπ”·π«§‘¥¢Õ߇Œ‡°≈¡“ª√—∫„™â ‚¥¬¡Õß«à“ª√–™“ —ߧ¡π—Èπ¡’ ≈—°…≥–¢Õß°“√‡ªìπ‚§√ß √â“ß —ߧ¡ à«π∫π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠„𠇙‘ßÕÿ¥¡°“√≥å À√◊Õ√–∫∫§«“¡§‘¥ §«“¡‡™◊ËÕ ºà“π∑“ßµ—«°“√∑’Ë ‡ªìπ ∂“∫—π ·≈–°≈‰°°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”µà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß ·≈– ◊∫∑Õ¥/ àßµàÕ §«“¡§‘¥ §«“¡‡™◊ËÕ™ÿ¥µà“ßÊ „Àâ·æ√à°√–®“∑—Ë«‰ª„π —ߧ¡ ∂“∫—π„πæ◊Èπ∑’˪√–™“ —ߧ¡ ´÷Ëß∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë„π°“√ √â“ß·≈– àßµàÕ™ÿ¥§«“¡§‘¥ §«“¡‡™◊ËÕµ“¡∑’Ë°≈ÿà¡/™π™—ÈπºŸâ欓¬“¡ √â“ß ¿“«–°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”µâÕß°“√π—πÈ ª√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬ ∂“∫—πµà“ßÊ „π —ߧ¡∑’‡Ë ªìπ·À≈àß√«¡¢Õߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¢ÕߺŸ§â π ‰¥â·°à ∂“∫—π §√Õ∫§√—« ∂“∫—π»“ π“ ∂“∫—π°“√»÷°…“ ·≈– ◊ËÕ¡«≈™π ‡ªìπµâπ I ªï∑’Ë 3 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 8 ≈”¥—∫∑’Ë 24 I 1 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å - 15 ¡’π“§¡ 2553

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∂“∫—π¥—ß°≈à“«®–∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë„π°“√ √â“ß™ÿ¥¢ÕßÕÿ¥¡°“√≥å Àπ÷ËßÊ ¢÷Èπ¡“ µ“¡§«“¡µâÕß°“√¢Õß°≈ÿà¡/™π™—Èπ/°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡∑’Ë欓¬“¡ √â“ßÕ”π“®π”„À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ √«¡∂÷ß∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë àßµàÕ ◊∫∑Õ¥ ·≈–·æ√à°√–®“¬Õÿ¥¡°“√≥å¥ß— °≈à“«¥â«¬„π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π °“√∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇæ◊ËÕ √â“ß·≈– àßµàÕÕÿ¥¡°“√≥套߰≈à“«¢Õß ∂“∫—π µà“ßÊ „πª√–™“ —ߧ¡π—Èπ ®–¡’≈—°…≥–‡¥àπ∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ ª√“»®“° °“√„™âÕ”π“®∫—ߧ—∫ (Non-Coercion) ·≈–°“√„™â°”≈—ß∫—ߧ—∫„𠇙‘ß°“¬¿“æ À“°·µà‡ªìπ°“√„™âÕ”π“®„π≈—°…≥–¢Õß°“√™—°®Ÿß ‚πâ¡π” À√◊Õ°≈àÕ¡‡°≈“§«“¡√Ÿâ §«“¡§‘¥¢ÕߺŸâ§π‡ªìπÀ≈—° ‡æ◊ËÕ °àÕ„À⇰‘¥´÷Ëߧ«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡æ√âÕ¡„® (Consent) ¢Õߧπ„π —ߧ¡ ·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚≈°∑—»πå∑’ˇªìπ·∫∫‡¥’¬«°—πµ“¡§«“¡µâÕß°“√ ¢Õß°≈ÿà¡/™π™—Èπ/°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡ºŸâ √â“ßÕ”π“®π” ¢≥–∑’Ë —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊Õß (Political Society) π—Èπ¡’≈—°…≥– ∑’Ë·µ°µà“߉ª®“°ª√–™“ —ߧ¡ °≈à“«§◊Õ „π¢≥–∑’˧«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å ¢ÕߺŸâ§πºà“π ∂“∫—πµà“ßÊ „πª√–™“ —ߧ¡π—Èπ‡ªìπ≈—°…≥–¢Õß °“√ª√“»®“°Õ”π“®∫—ߧ—∫ ·µà§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¢ÕߺŸâ§π„π —ߧ¡ °“√‡¡◊ Õ ßπ—È π ®–‡ªì π ≈— ° …≥–¢Õß°“√„™â Õ”π“®∫— ß §— ∫ ºà “ π∑“ß °≈‰°°“√„™âÕ”π“®∫—ߧ—∫µà“ßÊ Õ“∑‘ °“√„™â°”≈—ߢÕß°Õß∑—æ °“√∫—ߧ—∫„™â°ÆÀ¡“¬©∫—∫µà“ßÊ ¥—ßπ—Èπ ∂“∫—πÀ≈—°„π —ߧ¡ °“√‡¡◊Õßπ’È®÷ߪ√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬ ∂“∫—π»“≈ °Õß∑—æµ”√«® √—∞∫“≈ ‡ªìπµâπ °“√∑”Àπâ “ ∑’Ë ¢ Õß ∂“∫— π µà “ ßÊ „π — ß §¡°“√‡¡◊ Õ ßπ—È π Õ“»—¬°“√„™âÕ”π“®∫—ߧ—∫ (Coercion) ‡ªìπÀ≈—°‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥⡓´÷Ëß °“√§√Õ∫ß” (Dominant) µ“¡§«“¡µâÕß°“√¢Õß°≈ÿà¡/™π™—Èπ/ °≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡ºŸâ √â“ßÕ”π“®π”‡Àπ◊Õ™π™—ÈπÕ◊ËπÊ „π —ߧ¡ ´÷Ëßµ“¡·π«§«“¡§‘¥¢Õß°√—¡™’π—Èπ°“√„™âÕ”π“®§√Õ∫ß”¥â«¬°“√ „™âÕ”π“®∫—ߧ—∫„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊Õßπ—Èπ “¡“√∂°√–∑”‡æ◊ËÕ À«—ߺ≈ ”‡√Á®„π√–¬– —Èπ‰¥âÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ·µà„π√–¬–¬“«π—Èπ °“√„™âÕ”π“®∫—ߧ—∫·µà‡æ’¬ßÕ¬à“߇¥’¬«π—Èπ®–∑”„Àâ°≈ÿà¡/™π™—ÈπºŸâ ª°§√Õßπ—Èπ¡’Õ”π“®‡Àπ◊Õ™π™—Èπ/°≈ÿà¡Õ◊ËπÊ ‰¥â‰¡à¬—Ë߬◊π ‡π◊ËÕß ®“°®–‡°‘¥°“√µàÕµâ“π/∑â“∑“¬µàÕÕ”π“®∫—ߧ—∫ ·≈–‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À« ‡æ◊ËÕ≈â¡≈â“ߺŸâ§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”„π∑⓬∑’Ë ÿ¥ ¥—ßπ—Èπ°√—¡™’®÷߉¥â‡ πÕ«à“ °≈ÿà¡/™π™—Èπ/°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß∑“ß — ß §¡ºŸâ µâ Õ ß°“√ √â “ ßÕ”π“®π”„Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ ¢÷È π Õ¬à “ ß ¡∫Ÿ √ ≥å ‡ Àπ◊ Õ —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊ÕßÀπ÷ßË Ê π—πÈ ®–µâÕß欓¬“¡¬÷¥°ÿ¡æ◊πÈ ∑’‡Ë Àπ◊Õçª√–™“ —ߧ¡é „Àâ ”‡√Á®¥â«¬°“√„™â°≈‰°°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”µà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ߧ«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡æ√âÕ¡„® (Consent) „À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ„π —ߧ¡ ´÷Ëß ·¡â«à“®–µâÕß„™â‡«≈“π“π·≈–‡ªìπ°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√∑’ˬ◊¥‡¬◊ÈÕ°«à“°“√ „™âÕ”π“®À√◊Õ°”≈—ß∫—ߧ—∫ ·µà°Á‡ªìπ ‘Ëß®”‡ªìπ∑’Ë°≈ÿà¡/™π™—Èπ/°≈ÿà¡ æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡µà“ßÊ µâÕߥ”‡π‘π°“√¬÷¥°ÿ¡æ◊Èπ∑’˪√–™“ —ߧ¡„Àâ ‰¥â à«π°“√„™âÕ”π“®∫—ߧ—∫π—πÈ „Àâ¡°’ “√„™â§«∫§Ÿ°à π— ‰ªµ“¡ ¡§«√

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5. °“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» (International Politics) °“√¥”‡π‘π°“√ √â“ß°≈ÿ¡à ª√–«—µ»‘ “ µ√å¢Õß°≈ÿ¡à /™π™—πÈ /°≈ÿ¡à æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡µà“ßÊ π—È π ¡’ ®ÿ ¥ µ—È ß µâ π ∑’Ë ° “√‡¡◊Õß¿“¬„π¿“¬„µâ æ◊Èπ∑’˧«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߪ√–™“ —ߧ¡- —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊Õß ∑—Èßπ’È ‡π◊ÕË ß®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß°≈ÿ¡à ª√–«—µ»‘ “ µ√åππ—È ‡ªìπ°“√º “π/ºπ÷° °”≈—ß √«¡‰ª∂÷ß°“√∑â“∑“¬Õ”π“®°—π√–À«à“ß°≈ÿà¡-™π™—Èπ-°≈ÿà¡ æ≈— ß ∑“ß — ß §¡∑’Ë ¡’ § «“¡·µ°µà “ ßÀ≈“°À≈“¬¿“¬„µâ ∫ √‘ ∫ ∑ °“√‡¡◊Õß„π√–¥—∫™“µ‘45 ·µà∑—Èßπ’È Cox46 π—Èπµ’§«“¡®“°§«“¡§‘¥¢Õß°√—¡™’·≈– ‡ πÕ«à“Õ”π“®π” (Hegemony) π—Èπ “¡“√∂‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π∫√‘∫∑ √–¥—∫‚≈°‰¥â¥â«¬°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√ √â“ß°≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√宓° ∫√‘∫∑¢Õß°“√‡¡◊Õß¿“¬„π°àÕπ·≈– “¡“√∂·ºà¢¬“¬ (Expand) ‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß‡¢â“°—∫°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡µà“ßÊ „π√–¥—∫‡Àπ◊Õ√—∞ ·≈– √â“ß/¢¬“¬/æ—≤π“°≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å„À¡à∑’Ë¡’¡‘µ‘°“√¢—∫‡§≈◊ËÕπ „π√–¥—∫π“π“™“µ‘‰¥â„π∑’Ë ÿ¥47 °“√¥”‡π‘π°“√‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß·≈– √â“ßæ—π∏¡‘µ√√–À«à“ß°≈ÿà¡/ ™π™—Èπ/°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡µà“ßÊ „π√–¥—∫√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»π—Èπ®– °√–∑”‰¥â‚¥¬Õ“»—¬°≈‰° (Apparatus)48 µà“ßÊ ‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ „π°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√ √â“ßÕ”π“®π”¢Õߪí≠≠“™π®—¥µ—Èß ´÷Ëßµ“¡ ·π«§«“¡§‘¥¢Õß°√—¡™’ °≈‰°„π°“√∑”Àπâ“∑’˪√– “𧫓¡ ‡ÀÁπæâÕß„π√–¥—∫ “°≈π’ȉ¥â·°à Õߧ尓√√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» (International Organization) ‡™àπ ‚¡ √‚√µ“√’ °“√‡º¬·æ√໓ π“ ¢Õß°≈ÿà¡‚√¡—π§“∑Õ≈‘°49 ‡ªìπµâπ Cox50 ·≈– Gill51 Õ∏‘∫“¬«à“∫√‘∫∑¢Õß√–‡∫’¬∫‚≈°∑’Ë· ¥ß „Àâ ‡ ÀÁ π ∂÷ ß °“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”„π√–¥— ∫ ‚≈°Õ¬à “ ß™— ¥ ‡®π§◊ Õ °“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»„π™à«ßÀ≈—ß ß§√“¡‚≈°§√—Èß∑’Ë 2 ´÷Ëß ‡ªìπ°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”¢Õß À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“‡Àπ◊Õ√–∫∫°“√‡¡◊Õß ‡»√…∞°‘® —ߧ¡„π√–¥—∫‚≈° ‚¥¬¡’Õߧå°√√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»∑’Ë ”§— ≠ ∑’Ë ‡ ªì π °≈‰° ”§— ≠ ¢Õß°“√ √â “ ß°≈ÿà ¡ ª√–«— µ‘ » “ µ√å „ π √–¥—∫π“π“™“µ‘∫π∞“π¢Õß√–∫∫§‘¥·∫∫‡ √’π‘¬¡ (Liberalism) §◊Õ √–∫∫·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ß‘πµ√“·∫∫ Bretton Woods ·≈– ∂“∫—π√–¥—∫‚≈°∑’Ë ”§—≠‡™àπ °Õß∑ÿπ°“√‡ß‘π√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» (International Monetary Fund; IMF) ·≈–∏𓧓√‚≈° (World Bank) ‡ªìπµâπ Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”¢Õß À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“‰¥â∂Ÿ°µ—Èߧ”∂“¡·≈–∑â“∑“¬¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°‘¥«‘°ƒµ°“√≥å ‡™‘ß‚§√ß √â“ß (Structural Crisis) „π™à«ß∑»«√√… 197052 ¿“À≈—ß°“√‡°‘¥«‘°ƒµ‡»√…∞°‘®µ°µË”∑—Ë«‚≈° °“√≈à¡ ≈“¬¢Õß √–∫∫·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ß‘πµ√“·∫∫ Bretton Woods ™à«ß‡«≈“À≈—ß∑»«√√… 1970 À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“‰¡à “¡“√∂ ∂“ªπ“°≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å∑’ˇ¢â¡·¢Á߇æ◊ËÕ √â“ßÕ”π“®π”Àπ÷Ëß ‡¥’¬«„π∫√‘∫∑°“√‡¡◊Õß‚≈°‰¥â ·µà°≈—∫∂Ÿ°∑â“∑“¬™π™—Èπ/°≈ÿà¡

æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡ “°≈„À¡àÊ ¥—ß∑’Ë Bieler ·≈– Morton ‡√’¬°«à“ ™π™—Èππ—°®—¥°“√∑“ß∏ÿ√°‘®¢â“¡™“µ‘ (Transnational Managerial Class) ´÷Ëß¡’ ∂“∫—π∑’ˇªìπ°≈‰° ”§—≠„π°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√ √â“ß °≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å„À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ„π√–¥—∫ “°≈ (International Historical Bloc) §◊Õ∫√√…—∑¢â“¡™“µ‘ (Transnational Corporations; TNCs) √«¡∂÷ß°≈ÿ¡à ∏ÿ√°‘®¢â“¡™“µ‘¢π“¥°≈“ß·≈–¢π“¥‡≈Á°(Small and Medium-Sized Business) ∑’Ë∑”∏ÿ√°‘® àßÕÕ°-π”‡¢â“ ‡ªìπ Contractor Supplier ·≈–∏ÿ√°‘® Finance π—Èπ°Á‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß ∑“ß —ߧ¡∑’Ë ”§—≠„π°√–∫«π°“√∑”„À⇪ìπ “°≈¢Õß°“√º≈‘µ √â“ß∑“ß —ߧ¡ (Internationalization of Social Production) À√◊Õ°“√ √â“ßÕ”π“®π”„À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ„π√–¥—∫‚≈°π—Ëπ‡Õß °“√𔇠πÕ„πÀ—«¢âÕ∑’Ë 3 §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ∑“ß —ߧ¡ ´÷Ëߪ√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬ °“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π” °≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å·≈– ªí≠≠“™π À—«¢âÕ∑’Ë 4 √Ÿª·∫∫¢Õß√—∞ §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß ª√–™“ —ߧ¡·≈– —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊Õß ·≈–À—«¢âÕ∑’Ë 5 °“√‡¡◊Õß √–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» ‡ªìπ°“√µÕ∫§”∂“¡À≈—°ª√–°“√∑’Ë ÕߢÕßß“π ™‘Èππ’È∑’Ë«à“√“°∞“π∑“ߧ«“¡§‘¥¢ÕßÕ—π‚µπ‘‚Õ °√—¡™’ ¡’∫∑∫“∑ Õ¬à“߉√„π°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ ∫∑§«“¡π’ȵ—Èßµâπ°“√Õ∏‘∫“¬°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’Ë¬π µ“¡µ—«·∫∫¢Õß Cox53, Bieler ·≈– Morton54 ¥—ß·ºπ¿“æ∑’Ë 1 „πÀπâ“∑’Ë 3 ´÷Ëß· ¥ß«‘¿“…«‘∏’¢Õß·π«§«“¡§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’Ë¬π ‚¥¬®ÿ ¥ µ—È ß µâ π ¢Õß°√Õ∫·π«§‘ ¥ π—È π ®–‡√‘Ë ¡ æ‘ ® “√≥“∑’˧ «“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ∑“ß —ߧ¡ „π∞“π–∑’ˇªìπ°“√º≈‘µ √â“ߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å §«“¡√Ÿâ §«“¡µ√–Àπ—°√Ÿâ §«“¡‡¢â“„®∑“ß —ߧ¡„π√Ÿª ·∫∫µà“ßÊ À√◊Õ°“√º≈‘µ √â“ß°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π” (Hegemony) ºŸâ‡¢’¬π‰¥â„Àâ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡®“°µ—«·∫∫¢Õß Cox, Bieler ·≈– Morton ‚¥¬°“√æ‘®“√≥“·π«§«“¡§‘¥‡√◊ËÕß°“√§√Õß Õ”π“®π” °≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å ·≈–ªí≠≠“™π (´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√µÕ∫ ‚®∑¬åÀ≈—°ª√–°“√∑’Ë ÕߢÕß∫∑§«“¡π’È) °≈à“«§◊Õ °“√º≈‘µ √â“ß∑“ß —ߧ¡ À√◊Õ§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ∑“ß —ߧ¡π—Èπ®–‰¡à ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡Õß‚¥¬Õ—µ‚π¡—µ‘ ·µà®–∂Ÿ° √â“ߢ÷Èπ¡“‚¥¬µ—Èß„®¢Õß°≈ÿà¡ æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡µà“ßÊ ºŸâµâÕß°“√ √â“ßÕ”π“®π” °“√º≈‘µ √â“ß §«“¡À¡“¬∑“ß —ߧ¡„¥Ê ®–∂Ÿ°¥”‡π‘π°“√‚¥¬µ—«· ¥ß (Actors) „π√–¥—∫µà“ßÊ µ—Èß·µàªí®‡®°™π (Individual) °≈ÿà¡ (Group) ™π™—Èπ (Class) ·≈–√—∞ (State) µ—«· ¥ßºŸâ¡’∫∑∫“∑„π°“√ √–¥¡§«“¡‡ÀÁπæâÕß À√◊Õ √â“ߧ«“¡√Ÿ â °÷ √à«¡„πª√–‡¥Áπµà“ßÊ §◊Õ ªí≠≠“™π (Intellectual) µ“¡·π«§‘¥¢Õß°√—¡™’ ∑—Èßπ’ȵ“¡À≈—° «‘¿“…«‘∏’π—Èπ‰¡à¡’ ‘Ëß„¥¬—Ë߬◊π∂“«√ °“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”/°“√º≈‘µ √â“ߧ«“¡À¡“¬∑“ß —ߧ¡°Á‡™àπ°—π ®–¡’æ≈—ߧßÕ¬Ÿà„π™à«ß√–¬– ‡«≈“Àπ÷ßË ´÷ßË ‡√’¬° ¿“«–∑’πË ”‰ª Ÿ à ¿“«–°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”«à“°≈ÿ¡à ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å

°≈ÿà ¡ ª√–«— µ‘ » “ µ√å ® –§ßÕ¬Ÿà µ √“∫‡∑à “ ∑’Ë ¬— ß ‰¡à ∂Ÿ ° °“√ ∑â“∑“¬µàÕÕ”π“®‚¥¬ªí≠≠“™π°≈ÿà¡„À¡à ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥°“√∑â“∑“µàÕÕ”π“® °≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å¬àÕ¡‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß·≈– Õ“®π”‰ª Ÿà°“√ √â“ß°≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å„À¡à ·≈–°“√º≈‘µ √â“ß §«“¡À¡“¬∑“ß —ߧ¡™ÿ¥„À¡à¢÷Èπ‰¥â‡ ¡Õ À—«¢âÕ∑’Ë 4 ·≈– 5 ‡ªìπ à«π∑’ˇ √‘¡„Àâ°√–∫«π°“√«‘¿“…«‘∏’ ¢Õß·π«§«“¡§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ‚¥¬À—«¢âÕ∑’Ë 4 π—Èππ” ‡ πÕ„πª√–‡¥Á𧫓¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߪ√–™“ —ߧ¡·≈– —ߧ¡ °“√‡¡◊Õßµ“¡·π«§‘¥¢Õß°√—¡™’ ¢≥–∑’ËÀ—«¢âÕ∑’Ë 5 π—Èπ§◊Õ°“√ ‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» À√◊Õ√–‡∫’¬∫‚≈°µ“¡µ—«·∫∫¢Õß Cox π—πË ‡Õß µ“¡°√–∫«π°“√«‘¿“…«‘∏’¢Õß·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’Ë¬πµ“¡ ·ºπ¿“æ∑’Ë 1 ·≈– 2 · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ªí®®—¬µà“ßÊ µ“¡°√Õ∫ ·π«§‘¥π’È¡‘‰¥â¥”√ßÕ¬ŸàÕ¬à“ß‚¥¥‡¥’ˬ«·µà¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏凙◊ËÕ¡ ‚¬ßµàÕ°—πÕ¬Ÿà‡ ¡Õ §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ∑“ß —ߧ¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘¢Õߪí≠≠“™π ·µàªí≠≠“™ππ—Èπ°Á¥”√ßÕ¬Ÿà„π °“√‡¡◊Õß¿“¬„π À√◊Õ¿“¬„µâ§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߪ√–™“ —ߧ¡ ·≈– —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊Õß ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—πªí≠≠“™π‡Õß°ÁÕ¬Ÿà¿“¬„µâ ∫√‘∫∑¢Õß√–‡∫’¬∫‚≈°À√◊Õ°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»¥â«¬ ¥—ßπ—Èπ °“√º≈‘µ √â“ߧ«“¡À¡“¬∑“ß —ߧ¡ °“√‡¡◊Õß¿“¬„π ·≈– °“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»®÷ß¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏凙◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß·≈– àߺ≈ ∂÷ß°—πµ“¡°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ ªí≠≠“™π “¡“√∂ √â“ßÕ”π“®π”„À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ„π∫√‘∫∑¢Õß °“√‡¡◊ Õ ß¿“¬„π·≈–𔉪 Ÿà ° “√¢¬“¬‡™◊Ë Õ ¡‚¬ß Ÿà ° “√‡¡◊ Õ ß √–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»‰¥â „π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»°Á “¡“√∂¡’º≈µàÕ∑‘»∑“ß·≈–§«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª¢Õß°“√‡¡◊Õß¿“¬„π √«¡∂÷ß¡’º≈µàÕªí≠≠“™π ·≈–¬àÕ¡π”¡“ Ÿà°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßµàÕ °≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å·≈–Õ”π“®π”¬àÕ¡‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫¥â«¬Õ¬à“ß ‰¡à “¡“√∂À≈’°‡≈’ˬ߉¥â

6. √ÿª ∫∑§«“¡π’È æ ¬“¬“¡π”‡ πÕ°√Õ∫·π«§«“¡§‘ ¥ /°“√ »÷ ° …“°“√‡¡◊ Õ ß√–À«à “ ߪ√–‡∑»‡æ◊Ë Õ ‡ªì π °“√欓¬“¡∑â “ ∑“°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥/∑ƒ…Æ’°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»°√–· À≈—° (‡™àπ —®π‘¬¡/ —®π‘¬¡„À¡à) °√Õ∫·π«§«“¡§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ (NeoGramscianism) ‡ªì π °√Õ∫·π«§‘ ¥ ∑’Ë ¡’ ° “√π”¡“„™â »÷ ° …“ °“√‡¡◊Õß√«¡∂÷߇»√…∞°‘®°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»„π«ß«‘™“°“√ “°≈‡ªìπ√–¬–‡«≈“°«à“ 2 ∑»«√√… ·µà¬—ß¡‘‰¥â¡’°“√π”¡“æŸ¥∂÷ß ∂°‡∂’¬ß·≈–π”¡“„™â‡ªìπ°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥À≈—°„π°“√»÷°…“°“√‡¡◊Õß/ ‡»√…∞°‘®°“√‡¡◊Õß„π·«¥«ß«‘™“°“√»÷°…“°“√‡¡◊ Õ ß√–À«à “ ß ª√–‡∑»¢Õ߉∑¬¡“°π—° ∫∑§«“¡π’È ¡ Õß«à “ °√Õ∫·π«§‘ ¥ π’ ‚ Õ°√— ¡ ‡™’Ë ¬ ππ—È π I ªï∑’Ë 3 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 8 ≈”¥—∫∑’Ë 24 I 1 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å - 15 ¡’π“§¡ 2553

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“¡“√∂π”¡“„™â ‡ ªì π °√Õ∫·π«§‘ ¥ „π°“√»÷ ° …“°“√‡¡◊ Õ ß/ ‡»√…∞°‘®°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»‰¥âÕ¬à“ߧ√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡ °«â“ߢ«“ß ·≈–¬◊¥À¬ÿπà °«à“°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥∑“ߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»/ °“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»°√–· À≈—° (Mainstream International Relations/Politics) ‡π◊ËÕß®“°π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬππ—Èπ¡’¡ÿ¡ ¡Õß·∫∫«‘¿“…«‘∏’ (Dialectics) ∑’Ë„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫ªí®®—¬‡™‘ß Õÿ¥¡°“√≥å °“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π” °√–∫«π°“√ √â“ßÕ”π“®π” ·≈– ¡’¡ÿ¡¡Õß·∫∫Õߧå√«¡„π°“√æ‘®“√≥“µ—«· ¥ß (À√◊Õ°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß ∑“ß —ߧ¡ › Social Forces) „π∫√‘∫∑°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» ´÷Ëߪ√–‡¥Áπ‡À≈à“π’È¡‘‰¥â‡ªìπª√–‡¥ÁπÀ≈—°¢Õß∑ƒ…Æ’°“√‡¡◊Õß √–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»°√–· À≈—°·µàÕ¬à“ß„¥ ‡™‘ßÕ√√∂ 42 ¥Ÿ Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith, (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971), p.208.

43 Roger Simon, Gramsciûs Political Thought An Introduction, p.67-79. ·≈– Anne Showstack Sassoon, çA Gramsci Dictionary,é in Approaches to Gramsci, ed. Anne Showstack Sassoon, p.12.

44 Joseph V. Femia, Gramsciûs Political Thought Hegemony, Consciousness, and the Revolutionary Process, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), p. 26.

45 Andreas Bieler and Adam David Morton, çA Critical Theory Route to Hegemony, World Order and Historical Change Neo-Gramscian Perspectives in International Relationsé in Andreas Bieler, Werner Bonefeld, Peter Burnham and Adam David Morton (eds) Global Restructuring, State, Capital and Labour Contesting Neo-Gramscian Perspectives, p. 16.

46 Robert Cox, çSocial Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Theoryé, in Robert O.Keohane (ed) Neo-Realism and Its Critics, pp. 230-234.

47 „π™à«ß ¡—¬¢Õß°√—¡™’ µ—«Õ¬à“ß∑’Ë¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥∑’˪√“°Ø„π¢âÕ‡¢’¬π¢Õß ‡¢“§◊Õ§«“¡§‘¥‡√◊ËÕß≈—∑∏‘øÕ√å¥ (Fordism) ´÷Ë߇ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ߢÕß °“√·ºà¢¬“¬°≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å¢Õß°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß∑ÿππ‘¬¡¬ÿ§·√°∑’Ë ”§—≠Õ¬à“ß Ford ∫√‘…—∑ºŸâº≈‘µ√∂¬πµå¢Õß À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ °“√ º≈‘ µ ∑“ßÕÿ µ “À°√√¡¢π“¥„À≠à µ “¡·∫∫≈— ∑ ∏‘ ø Õ√å ¥ ‰¥â · æ√à °√–®“¬‰ª∑—Ë«¬ÿ‚√ª ·≈–ª√–‡∑»∑ÿππ‘¬¡´÷Ëß°√—¡™’‡√’¬°°“√‡™◊ËÕ¡ ‚¬ß®“°°≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å∑ÿππ‘¬¡Õ‡¡√‘°—π Ÿà°≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å ∑ÿππ‘¬¡ “°≈«à“Õ‡¡√‘°—ππ‘¬¡ (Americanism) ‚ª√¥¥Ÿ Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith, pp. 277318.

48 ¥Ÿ «—™√æ≈ æÿ∑∏√—°…“, 2551, çGramsci : °“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”

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ºà“ππ‚¬∫“¬·≈–°“√ √â“ß¿“æ¢Õß∑—°…‘≥é „π ‡«Á∫‰´µå¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—‡∑’ˬߧ◊π, midnightuniv.org/midnight2544/0009999446.html [accessed 18 April 2009]. ∑—Èßπ’È∫√‘∫∑°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»„πªí®®ÿ∫—π‰¥â‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª ®“°¬ÿ§ ¡—¬¢Õß°√—¡™’ ªí®®ÿ∫—ππ’ȵ—«· ¥ß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡’ §«“¡ ”§—≠¡‘‰¥â¡·’ µàµ«— · ¥ß√–¥—∫‡Àπ◊Õ√—∞ (Supra State) ‡∑à“π—πÈ ·µà¬—ß¡’µ—«· ¥ß¢â“¡™“µ‘ (Transnational Actors) „π√–¥—∫µË” °«à“√—∞ ·µà¡’‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬¢â“¡™“µ‘∑’Ë¡’∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠®πÕ“®‡√’¬°‰¥â«à“ ‡ªìπª√–™“ —ߧ¡√–¥—∫‚≈° (Global Civil Society) ‚¥¬‡©æ“– °≈ÿ¡à ¢∫«π°“√‡§≈◊ÕË π‰À«µàÕµâ“π∑ÿππ‘¬¡/‚≈°“¿‘«µ— πå (Anti Capitalism/Globalization Movements) „πªí®®ÿ∫—π ¥Ÿ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡„π «—™√æ≈ æÿ∑∏√—°…“, 2548, ç¢∫«π°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«µàÕµâ“π‚≈°“¿‘«µ— πåé „π ‡«Á∫‰´µå¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑’¬Ë ߧ◊π, www.midnightuniv.org/ midnight2545/document9711.html [accessed 20 April 2009] ·≈–¥Ÿ Randal D. Germain and Michael Kenny (1998), çEngaging Gramsci: International Relations Theory and the New Gramsciansé, Review of International Studies, 24, pp.

3-21.

Robert Cox, çSocial Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Theoryé, in Robert O.Keohane (ed) Neo-Realism and its Critics, p. 231.

Stephen Gill, Power and Resistance in the New World Order, (New York: Palgrave Mcmillan, 2003), p. 67. ¥Ÿ‡æ‘¡Ë ‡µ‘¡„πß“π¢Õß Morton ´÷ßË ‰¥â»°÷ …“°“√‡¡◊Õ߇¡Á°´‘‚°„π∫√‘∫∑ «‘°ƒµ°“√≥凙‘ß‚§√ß √â“ß (Structural Crisis)„π™à«ß∑»«√√… 1970 ‚¥¬„™â·π«§«“¡§‘¥‡√◊ËÕß ç°“√ªØ‘«—µ‘‡ß’¬∫/°“√ªØ‘«—µ‘∑’ˇ©◊ËÕ¬™“é (Passive Revolution) ¢Õß°√—¡™’‡ªìπ°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥À≈—°„π °“√»÷°…“°“√ª√—∫µ—«¢Õ߇¡Á°´‘‚°„π°“√√—∫¡◊Õ°—∫‡ √’𬑠¡„À¡à(NeoLiberalism) ‡™àπ Adam David Morton (2003), çStructural Change and neoliberalism in Mexico: ùpassive revolutionû in the global political economyé, Third World Quarterly, 24(3), pp. 631-653. ·≈– Adam David Morton, Unravelling Gramsci Hegemony and passive revolution in the global political economy, (London: Pluto, 2007), pp. 171-200 „π∫∑∑’Ë 7 çGlobalisation and Resistance: the Power of the Powerlessé Robert Cox, çSocial Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Theoryé, in Robert O.Keohane (ed) Neo-Realism and its Critics, p. 221.

Andreas Bieler and Adam David Morton, çA Critical Theory Route to Hegemony, World Order and Historical Change Neo-Gramscian Perspectives in International Relationsé in Andreas Bieler, Werner Bonefeld, Peter Burnham and Adam David Morton (eds) Global Restructuring, State, Capital and Labour Contesting Neo-Gramscian Perspectives, p. 11.