STUDIO AIR 2017, SEMESTER 1, Brad Elias YIYI ZHU
Table of Contents PartA: Conceptualisation A1. Design Futuring
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A2. Design Computation 13 A3. Composition/Generation 19 A4. Conclusion 24 A5. Learning Outcomes 25 A6. Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches 28
Introduction I am Yiyi, a second year architecture student at the University of Melbourne. I have basic knowledge of AutoCAD and Rhino, but I do not have experiences with a program like Grasshopper. In my opinion, the digital architecture allows architects to have more experiments with design as it takes longer to build in the physical world. With the aid of digital program to visualize the design, architects could have feedback from the public before the completion of the building. Thus, it could make the design meet the public’s expectations.
FIG.01PHOTO
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FIG.02:PREVIOUS WORK FIG. 03 PREVIOUS WORK
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A1. Design Futuring
PROJECT 1 - Whole Earth Catalog - Stewart Brand, 1968
FIG.11 WHOLE EARTH CATALOG COVER PAGE
FIG.12 CONTENT PAGE OF WHOLE EARTH CATALOG
Whole Earth Catalog introduced the history of design humbly. It provided access and information of tools, which can be used to produce these design. It encouraged people to do things by themselves and to apply and test these design in the contemporary system. It could be regarded as the paper version of google.1 Knowing, understanding, having knowledge is the basic to design futuring.2 Just like the cover page of Whole Earth Catalog (fig.11) is a photo showing the whole earth, a wide range of information is covered by the catalog (fig.12). Rather than introducing ambiguous ideas, the Catalog allows people to test the feasibility of their ideas on a small scale. When people are actually building their design, problems might occur. As a result, people will not only focus on the outcome the design, but also pay attention to the process of achieving desired outcome. The idea of process is also an important factor of design futuring.3 By testing, the influences of the idea also are tested. For instance, Fuller’s geodesic dome is introduced in the catalog (fig.13). However, it also provided the access to purchase the parts to build a dome. As a result, the dome is built and tested in two to three people scale, rather than the scale of the Manhattan Dome. The workability of the dome is tested. 1 Stanford university, ‘‘You’ve got to find what you love,’ Jobs says ‘, Stanford News, 14 June 2015< http://news.stanford.edu/2005/06/14/jobs-061505/ > [11 Aug 2017] 2 Tony Fry, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg, 2008), p. 7. 3 Anthony Dunne, Fiona Raby, Speculative Everything: Design Fiction, and Social Dreaming (MIT Press, 2013) p. 8. 8
FIG.13 GEODESIC DOME
Whole Earth Catalog also provides people a platform to discuss and share ideas and experience. People can send reviews and recommendation to the press. In addition, nearly 1000 items were added in the final version of Whole Earth Catalog, which all came from the readers.4 Overall, Whole Earth Catalog helped people to better understand the world and allow more people to design and build their ideal world.
4 Whole Earth Catalog, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Whole Earth Catalog â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;< http://www.wholeearth.com/index.php > [11 Aug 2017] 9
PROJECT 2 - Paper Church - Shigeru Ban, Kobe, 1995
FIG.16 TEMPORARY PAPER HOUSE
FIG.14 EXTERIOR VIEW OF PAPER CHURCH
FIG.17 TEMPORARY PAPER HOUSE
FIG.15 INTERIOR VIEW OF PAPER CHURCH
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FIG.18 TEMPORARY PAPER HOUSE
The Paper Church (fig.14,15) designed by Shigeru Ban, in which paper tubes are used as main structural members to increase the sustainability of a building. Ban chose paper, because it is a low cost, recyclable, lowtech and replaceable material.1 The paper architecture also considered the building process and the end life of the building, as it could be disassembled easily. This provided a solution to current unsustainable architecture.2 The use of paper as main material challenged people’s general assumption, which paper is weak and cannot resist water and fire. Even though, the testing results show the paper tubes are strong enough and could be waterproof and fireproof, it was first authorized to be used as a permanent structure in 1995.3 This was almost 10 years after Ban’s first paper design. The use of paper as building materials extend the possibility of architecture. It speeds the construction time and require less skilled labor. The church was constructed within five weeks by 160 volunteers after the Kobe earthquake in 1995 and served as a community center. Furthermore, the church is disassembled in June 2005 and reassembled in Tiawan. In Tiawan, it becomes a permanent building as it is welcomed by the authority and public.4 In addition, Ban reproduced this kind of paper structure in smaller scale and designed temporary paper house to provide accommodation for refugees (fig. 16,17,18).5 The property of easy to assemble and low in cost, while maintaining structural sound and create comfortable living condition makes it ideal for temporary accommodation after disasters. Ban’s paper architecture uses more sustainable and environmental friendly materials, simplified the construction and make the building easier to disassemble and construct.
1 Shigeru Ban Architects, ‘Paper Church’, Shigeru Ban Architects < http://www.shigerubanarchitects.com/ works/1995_paper-church/index.html > [11 Aug 2017]
2 Tony Fry, p. 3. 3 Shigeru an Architects 4 Shigeru an Architects 5 Shigeru an Architects
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A2. Design Computation
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PROJECT 1 - Carbon-fibre pavilion based on beetle shells- ICD/ ITKE, Stuttgart, 2014
FIG.21 HERO IMAGE OF THE PAVILION
The Carbon-fiber pavilion by ICD ITKE used computation technique to generate a maximum efficient structural based on beetle shells (fig.21 ). Design computation allows architects deal with more complex situations. Design computation enables the interdisciplinary collaboration.1 Architects, engineers and biologists were involved in the design and construction process of the pavilion.2 Computation allow biologists to analyze and collect information from beetle shells (fig.22). Then the information is pass on to the architects and engineers. They applied the information on to the design and construction of the pavilion (fig. 23). Moreover, design computation also enables the integration the design principles exists in nature, to achieve more efficient design.3 For instance, the structure of the pavilion biomimetic the structural of beetle shells. The structure of beetle shells is analyses and reproduced into a modulated form to generated the pavilion (fig.24,25,26). The change of building material and fabrication design is also driven by the design computation. The pavilion consists 36 components, which are produce by winding two layers of carbon-fiber. The winding technique reduces the need of form work. Furthermore, in order to maximize the structural performance with minimal use of material, the design of each component is unique, which could not be achieved without using robots to fabricate (fig.27,28).
1 Rivka Oxman, Robert Oxman, Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge, 2014), p.4. 2 METALOCUS, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;ICD ITKE. Carbon-fibre pavilion based on beetle shells â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; , METALOCUS (2015)< https:// www.metalocus.es/en/news/icd-itke-carbon-fibre-pavilion-based-beetle-shells > [11 Aug 2017] 3 Rivka Oxman, Robert Oxman. p.5.
FIG.22 BIOLOGICAL ANALYSES
FIG.23 INFORMANTION GENERATION
FIG.24 DIFFERENT LAYERS OF DESIGN
FIG.25 DESIGN GENERATION
FIG.26 SYNTHESIS
FIG.27 CONSTRUCTION METHOD
FIG.28 PHOTO OF PRODUCING A COMPONENT
FIG.29 INTERIOR VIEW
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PROJECT 2 - Research Pavilion based on sea-urchin shells - ICD/ ITKE, Stuttgart, 2015-16
FIG.210 HERO IMAGE OF THE PAVILION
FIG.211 EXTTERINAL VIEW OF THE PAVILION 16
FIG.212 JOINT
Computation allows the more effective to use of construction materials1, so that building could be design in a more sustainable way. Biomimetic technique was also used in the research pavilion (fig.210,211,212). Laminated plywood is used to produce hollow, moulded beech, stitched elements, which is based on the structure of a sea urchin (fig.213-221). The laminated beech plywood sheets are bended by the robot to created double-layered segments. Then they are sewed together to avoid separation. Computation also allows the performance driven form.2 The pavilion includes 151 different segments and the design of each segment is determined by the structural performance (fig.224). For instance, the grain direction of each is determined by the bending stiffness (fig.222). The design of joint is determined by testing how much force it could take. This design is possible, because the computer can store and process large amounts of information.3 The performance of the design also could be known before the completion of the pavilion. Furthermore, computation design enables robotic fabrication, which made the production of segments possible.
FIG.213 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
FIG.217 BIOMOMETIC TRANSFERS
FIG.221 DESIGN GENERATION
FIG.214 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
FIG.218 BIOMOMETIC TRANSFERS
FIG.222 MATERIAL DIFFERENTIATION
FIG.215 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
FIG.219 DESIGN GENERATION
FIG.223 PRODUCTION
FIG.216 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
FIG.220 DESIGN GENERATION
FIG.224 SEGMENTS SCHEDULE
1 Rivka Oxman, Robert Oxman. p.5. 2 Rivka Oxman, Robert Oxman. p.5. 3 Yehuda E, Kalay, Architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of ComputerAided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2004), p.2.
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A3. Composition/Generation
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PROJECT 1 - Bao’an International Airport -Studio Fuksas , Shenzhen , 2013
FIG.31 HERO IMAGE OF BAO’AO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
Computation extends designers’ ability to deal with more complex situation.1 Structural, material and environmental performance could be used as the parameters to generate the final design. The double layered perforated cladding of the airport was designed to meet the need of daylight, solar gain, view as well as aesthetic. The hexagonal skylights introduce the natural sunlight to the interior. Generation means study the theory or principle of something and use the theory or principle to generate a new object. Parametric technique is used to generated the highly customized structure and façade components to maximum the efficiency of the design. In Bao’ao International Airport, the facade and structure is generated from honeycomb and natural landscape (fig.32,34). As a result, nearly 60,000 different façade elements and 400,000 steel members were produced to create desired environment and most efficient structure. 2 For instance, natural sunlight is well distributed though the holes in the double screen. The air conditioning system is generated from trees (fig.34) . 3 The design and construction process is also speed up by parametric modelling and scripting (fig. 35). Although the airport takes 500000 m2 and consists a large amount of different components, the design and construction process only took 3 years.4
1 Peters, Brady. ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83 (2013), 2, pp. 08-15, (p.15). 2 Archdaily, ‘Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport / Studio Fuksas ‘, Archdaily < http://www. archdaily.com/472197/shenzhen-bao-an-international-airport-studio-fuksas > [11 Aug 2017] 3 Archdaily, ‘Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport’ 4 Archdaily, ‘Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport’
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FIG.32 EXTERIOR VIEW OF BAO’AO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
FIG.33 EXTERIOR VIEW OF BAO’AO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
FIG.34 INTERIORIEW OF BAO’AO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT SHOWS THE STRUCTURE AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
FIG.35 PARAMETRIC DEVELOPED STRUCTURE AND FACADE
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PROJECT 2 - Guangzhou Opera House - Zaha Hadid Architects, Cuangzhou, 2010
FIG.36 EXTERIOR VIEW OPERA HOUSE
FIG.37 EXTERIOR VIEW OPERA HOUSE
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FIG.38 INTERIOR VIEW OPERA HOUSE
FIG.39 PRIMARY STEEL STRUCTURE
FIG.40 SECONDARY STEEL STRUCTURE
Similar to the Bao’an International airport, the parametric modeling is also used in the Guangzhou Opera House. The shape of the opera house, which references to the erosion of the river valley, is computer generated (fig. 36). As a result, a complex, dynamic and efficient design is created (fig.39,40). The total area of the façade cladding is 24,700m², which used 75,422 pieces of granite.The triangle windows allow the natural light to penetrate deep into the building and the curving shape improves the acoustic of the building.1 Although architects do not need to concerned about the possibility of structural of the design, since the computer generation program could provide solution to all architects’ choice. However, the actual buildability is not solved. in this case, the program generated high complex structure increased the construction cost to 1.38 billion yuan, which is about 0.4 billion than the budget. 2
1 Archdaily, ‘Guangzhou Opera House / Zaha Hadid Architects ‘, Archdaily <http://www. archdaily.com/115949/guangzhou-opera-house-zaha-hadid-architects> [11 Aug 2017] 2 Kable, ‘Guangzhou Opera House, China ‘, <http://www.designbuildnetwork.com/projects/guangzhou-opera/ > [11 Aug 2017] 23
A4. Conclusion
In part A, the relationship between architecture and digital design is explored. Architecture is not developed in a sustainable way, which brings negative influences to nature. The future architecture design needs to be more efficient. The invention of the algorithmic and computation design has changed the design process. This increases the efficiency of the design process and accuracy of the outcome. It enables the closer connection between different disciplines, which extend the possibility of the design. Analyze and apply the design principle in natural to architecture becomes possible through the development of computation. Thus, the sustainability of architecture could be increased. I intended to generate the design though analyzing the natural and not only focus on the need of people. Since architecture has already brought negative influences to nature, I want to explore the solution to increase the sustainability of architecture and also consider non-human factors.
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A5. Learning outcomes
Through the learning about the theory and practice of architectural computing, my understanding of architecture is changed. I notice the importance of the processes of design, which could extend the possibility and lead to better design outcome. In addition, more attention should be put to the sustainability of architecture. During the design process, the influence of the design also should be considered. Architecture computing does not only refer to the way to represent architecure design or using computers to produce drawings. It refers to the process of information and develop order and method to generate a design. It could extend the possibility of design. Grasshopper could increase the efficiency of modeling. By changing the parameter, it produces the possible outcome of design more quickly. Complex results could be achieved by logic repetition of simple rules. My past design could be improved by testing more possible outcomes through a logical method, rather than intuitive random placement.
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A6. Appendix
Oc Tree
ORIGINAL able to see the figure clearly
380 POINTS
170 POINTS
90 POINTS still able to see the figure, but not very clear
45 POINTS
38 POINTS
almost unable to see the figure
30 POINTS
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19 POINTS
move, Loop
imitate the dropping
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Reference
Archdaily, ‘Guangzhou Opera House / Zaha Hadid Architects ‘, Archdaily <http://www. archdaily.com/115949/guangzhou-opera-house-zaha-hadid-architects> [11 Aug 2017] Archdaily, ‘Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport / Studio Fuksas ‘, Archdaily < http://www. archdaily.com/472197/shenzhen-bao-an-international-airport-studio-fuksas > [11 Aug 2017] Brady Peters, ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83 (2013), 2, pp. 08-15, (p.15). Fry, Tony, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg, 2008) Anthony Dunne, Fiona Raby, Speculative Everything: Design Fiction, and Social Dreaming (MIT Press, 2013) Kable, ‘Guangzhou Opera House, China ‘, <http://www.designbuildnetwork.com/projects/guangzhou-opera/ > [11 Aug 2017] Kalay, Yehuda E, Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2004). METALOCUS, ‘ICD ITKE. Carbon-fibre pavilion based on beetle shells ‘ , METALOCUS (2015)< https:// www.metalocus.es/en/news/icd-itke-carbon-fibre-pavilion-based-beetle-shells > [11 Aug 2017] Oxman, Rivka, Robert Oxman, Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge, 2014) Shigeru Ban Architects, ‘Paper Church’, Shigeru Ban Architects < http://www. shigerubanarchitects.com/works/1995_paper-church/index.html > [11 Aug 2017] Stanford university, ‘‘You’ve got to find what you love,’ Jobs says ‘, Stanford News, 14 June 2015 <http://news.stanford.edu/2005/06/14/jobs-061505/ > [ accessed 11 Aug 2017] Whole Earth Catalog, ‘Whole Earth Catalog ‘< http://www.wholeearth.com/index.php > [11 Aug 2017]
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List of images FIG.01PHOTO, PHOTO TAKEN BY AUTHOR FIG.02:PREVIOUS WORK, DRAWING BY AUTHOR FIG. 03 PREVIOUS WORK, PHOTO TAKEN BY AUTHOR FIG.11 WHOLE EARTH CATALOG COVER PAGE < HTTP://WWW.WHOLEEARTH.COM/INDEX.PHP > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.12 CONTENT PAGE OF WHOLE EARTH CATALOG < HTTP://WWW.WHOLEEARTH.COM/INDEX.PHP > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.13 GEODESIC DOME < HTTP://KK.ORG/MT-FILES/CT2-MT/WEC.JPG > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.14 EXTERIOR VIEW OF PAPER CHURCH < HTTP://WWW.SHIGERUBANARCHITECTS.COM/WORKS.HTML > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.15 INTERIOR VIEW OF PAPER CHURCH < HTTP://WWW.SHIGERUBANARCHITECTS.COM/WORKS.HTML > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.16 TEMPORARY PAPER HOUSE < HTTP://WWW.SHIGERUBANARCHITECTS.COM/WORKS.HTML > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.17 TEMPORARY PAPER HOUSE < HTTP://WWW.SHIGERUBANARCHITECTS.COM/WORKS.HTML > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.18 TEMPORARY PAPER HOUSE < HTTP://WWW.SHIGERUBANARCHITECTS.COM/WORKS.HTML > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.21 HERO IMAGE OF THE PAVILION < HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.22 BIOLOGICAL ANALYSES < HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.23 INFORMANTION GENERATION < HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.24 DIFFERENT LAYERS OF DESIGN < HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.25 DESIGN GENERATION< HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.26 SYNTHESIS< HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.27 CONSTRUCTION METHOD < HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.28 PHOTO OF PRODUCING A COMPONENT< HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.29 INTERIOR VIEW < HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.210 HERO IMAGE OF THE PAVILION < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.211 EXTTERINAL VIEW OF THE PAVILION < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.212 JOINT < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATED-PAVILIONUNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.213 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.214 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.215 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.216 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.217 BIOMOMETIC TRANSFERS < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.218 BIOMOMETIC TRANSFERS < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.219 DESIGN GENERATION < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.220 DESIGN GENERATION < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.221 DESIGN GENERATION < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.222 MATERIAL DIFFERENTIATION < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.223 PRODUCTION < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATED-PAVILIONUNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.224 SEGMENTS SCHEDUL < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.31 HERO IMAGE OF BAO’AO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/472197/ SHENZHEN-BAO-AN-INTERNATIONAL-AIRPORT-STUDIO-FUKSAS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.32 EXTERIOR VIEW OF BAO’AO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/472197/ SHENZHEN-BAO-AN-INTERNATIONAL-AIRPORT-STUDIO-FUKSAS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.33 EXTERIOR VIEW OF BAO’AO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/472197/ SHENZHEN-BAO-AN-INTERNATIONAL-AIRPORT-STUDIO-FUKSAS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.34 INTERIORIEW OF BAO’AO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT SHOWS THE STRUCTURE AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM < HTTP:// WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/472197/SHENZHEN-BAO-AN-INTERNATIONAL-AIRPORT-STUDIO-FUKSAS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.35 PARAMETRIC DEVELOPED STRUCTURE AND FACADE< HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/472197/ SHENZHEN-BAO-AN-INTERNATIONAL-AIRPORT-STUDIO-FUKSAS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.36 EXTERIOR VIEW OPERA HOUSE < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/115949/GUANGZHOU-OPERA-HOUSE-ZAHA-HADID-ARCHITECTS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.37 EXTERIOR VIEW OPERA HOUSE < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/115949/GUANGZHOU-OPERA-HOUSE-ZAHA-HADID-ARCHITECTS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.38 INTERIOR VIEW OFPAPER HOUSE < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/115949/GUANGZHOU-OPERA-HOUSE-ZAHA-HADID-ARCHITECTS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.39 PRIMARY STEEL STRUCTURE < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/115949/GUANGZHOU-OPERA-HOUSE-ZAHA-HADID-ARCHITECTS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.40 SECONDARY STEEL STRUCTURE < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/115949/GUANGZHOU-OPERA-HOUSE-ZAHA-HADID-ARCHITECTS > [11 AUG 2018]
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