Zhu yiyi 795607 finaljournal by Yiyi Zhu

STUDIO AIR 2017, SEMESTER 1, BRAD ELIAS YIYI ZHU

Table of Contents PartA: Conceptualisation A1. Design Futuring

A2. Design Computation

A3. Composition/Generation

A4. Conclusion

A5. Learning Outcomes

A6. Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches

Part B: Criteria Design B1. Research Field

B2. Case Study 1.0 B2A. Getting to Know L-Systems and Loops 37 B2B. Analysis of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Bloom Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (2012)

B2C. Component Design & Manual Recursion 51 B3. Case Study 2.0

B4. Technique Development

B5. Technique: Prototype

105

B6. Technique: Proposal

113

B7. Learning Objectives and Outcomes

118

B8. Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches

119

PartC: Detailed Design C1. Design Concept

127

C2. Tectonic Elements & prototypes

153

C3. Final Detail Model

161

C4. Learning Objects and Outcomes

169

Introduction I am Yiyi, a second year architecture student at the University of Melbourne. I have basic knowledge of AutoCAD and Rhino, but I do not have experiences with a program like Grasshopper. In my opinion, the digital architecture allows architects to have more experiments with design as it takes longer to build in the physical world. With the aid of digital program to visualize the design, architects could have feedback from the public before the completion of the building. Thus, it could make the design meet the publicâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s expectations.

FIG.01PHOTO

FIG.02:PREVIOUS WORK FIG. 03 PREVIOUS WORK

A1. Design Futuring

PROJECT 1 - Whole Earth Catalog - Stewart Brand, 1968

FIG.11 WHOLE EARTH CATALOG COVER PAGE

FIG.12 CONTENT PAGE OF WHOLE EARTH CATALOG

Whole Earth Catalog introduced the history of design humbly. It provided access and information of tools, which can be used to produce these design. It encouraged people to do things by themselves and to apply and test these design in the contemporary system. It could be regarded as the paper version of google.1 Knowing, understanding, having knowledge is the basic to design futuring.2 Just like the cover page of Whole Earth Catalog (fig.11) is a photo showing the whole earth, a wide range of information is covered by the catalog (fig.12). Rather than introducing ambiguous ideas, the Catalog allows people to test the feasibility of their ideas on a small scale. When people are actually building their design, problems might occur. As a result, people will not only focus on the outcome the design, but also pay attention to the process of achieving desired outcome. The idea of process is also an important factor of design futuring.3 By testing, the influences of the idea also are tested. For instance, Fuller’s geodesic dome is introduced in the catalog (fig.13). However, it also provided the access to purchase the parts to build a dome. As a result, the dome is built and tested in two to three people scale, rather than the scale of the Manhattan Dome. The workability of the dome is tested. 1 Stanford university, ‘‘You’ve got to find what you love,’ Jobs says ‘, Stanford News, 14 June 2015< http://news.stanford.edu/2005/06/14/jobs-061505/ > [11 Aug 2017] 2 Tony Fry, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg, 2008), p. 7. 3 Anthony Dunne, Fiona Raby, Speculative Everything: Design Fiction, and Social Dreaming (MIT Press, 2013) p. 8. 8

FIG.13 GEODESIC DOME

Whole Earth Catalog also provides people a platform to discuss and share ideas and experience. People can send reviews and recommendation to the press. In addition, nearly 1000 items were added in the final version of Whole Earth Catalog, which all came from the readers.4 Overall, Whole Earth Catalog helped people to better understand the world and allow more people to design and build their ideal world.

4 Whole Earth Catalog, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Whole Earth Catalog â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;< http://www.wholeearth.com/index.php > [11 Aug 2017] 9

PROJECT 2 - Paper Church - Shigeru Ban, Kobe, 1995

FIG.16 TEMPORARY PAPER HOUSE

FIG.14 EXTERIOR VIEW OF PAPER CHURCH

FIG.17 TEMPORARY PAPER HOUSE

FIG.15 INTERIOR VIEW OF PAPER CHURCH

FIG.18 TEMPORARY PAPER HOUSE

The Paper Church (fig.14,15) designed by Shigeru Ban, in which paper tubes are used as main structural members to increase the sustainability of a building. Ban chose paper, because it is a low cost, recyclable, lowtech and replaceable material.1 The paper architecture also considered the building process and the end life of the building, as it could be disassembled easily. This provided a solution to current unsustainable architecture.2 The use of paper as main material challenged people’s general assumption, which paper is weak and cannot resist water and fire. Even though, the testing results show the paper tubes are strong enough and could be waterproof and fireproof, it was first authorized to be used as a permanent structure in 1995.3 This was almost 10 years after Ban’s first paper design. The use of paper as building materials extend the possibility of architecture. It speeds the construction time and require less skilled labor. The church was constructed within five weeks by 160 volunteers after the Kobe earthquake in 1995 and served as a community center. Furthermore, the church is disassembled in June 2005 and reassembled in Tiawan. In Tiawan, it becomes a permanent building as it is welcomed by the authority and public.4 In addition, Ban reproduced this kind of paper structure in smaller scale and designed temporary paper house to provide accommodation for refugees (fig. 16,17,18).5 The property of easy to assemble and low in cost, while maintaining structural sound and create comfortable living condition makes it ideal for temporary accommodation after disasters. Ban’s paper architecture uses more sustainable and environmental friendly materials, simplified the construction and make the building easier to disassemble and construct.

1 Shigeru Ban Architects, ‘Paper Church’, Shigeru Ban Architects < http://www.shigerubanarchitects.com/ works/1995_paper-church/index.html > [11 Aug 2017] 2 Tony Fry, p. 3. 3 Shigeru an Architects 4 Shigeru an Architects 5 Shigeru an Architects

A2. Design Computation

PROJECT 1 - Carbon-fibre pavilion based on beetle shells- ICD/ ITKE, Stuttgart, 2014

FIG.21 HERO IMAGE OF THE PAVILION

The Carbon-fiber pavilion by ICD ITKE used computation technique to generate a maximum efficient structural based on beetle shells (fig.21 ). Design computation allows architects deal with more complex situations. Design computation enables the interdisciplinary collaboration.1 Architects, engineers and biologists were involved in the design and construction process of the pavilion.2 Computation allow biologists to analyze and collect information from beetle shells (fig.22). Then the information is pass on to the architects and engineers. They applied the information on to the design and construction of the pavilion (fig. 23). Moreover, design computation also enables the integration the design principles exists in nature, to achieve more efficient design.3 For instance, the structure of the pavilion biomimetic the structural of beetle shells. The structure of beetle shells is analyses and reproduced into a modulated form to generated the pavilion (fig.24,25,26). The change of building material and fabrication design is also driven by the design computation. The pavilion consists 36 components, which are produce by winding two layers of carbon-fiber. The winding technique reduces the need of form work. Furthermore, in order to maximize the structural performance with minimal use of material, the design of each component is unique, which could not be achieved without using robots to fabricate (fig.27,28).

1 Rivka Oxman, Robert Oxman, Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge, 2014), p.4. 2 METALOCUS, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;ICD ITKE. Carbon-fibre pavilion based on beetle shells â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; , METALOCUS (2015)< https:// www.metalocus.es/en/news/icd-itke-carbon-fibre-pavilion-based-beetle-shells > [11 Aug 2017] 3 Rivka Oxman, Robert Oxman. p.5.

FIG.22 BIOLOGICAL ANALYSES

FIG.23 INFORMANTION GENERATION

FIG.24 DIFFERENT LAYERS OF DESIGN

FIG.25 DESIGN GENERATION

FIG.26 SYNTHESIS

FIG.27 CONSTRUCTION METHOD

FIG.28 PHOTO OF PRODUCING A COMPONENT

FIG.29 INTERIOR VIEW

PROJECT 2 - Research Pavilion based on sea-urchin shells - ICD/ ITKE, Stuttgart, 2015-16

FIG.210 HERO IMAGE OF THE PAVILION

FIG.211 EXTTERINAL VIEW OF THE PAVILION 16

FIG.212 JOINT

Computation allows the more effective to use of construction materials1, so that building could be design in a more sustainable way. Biomimetic technique was also used in the research pavilion (fig.210,211,212). Laminated plywood is used to produce hollow, moulded beech, stitched elements, which is based on the structure of a sea urchin (fig.213-221). The laminated beech plywood sheets are bended by the robot to created double-layered segments. Then they are sewed together to avoid separation. Computation also allows the performance driven form.2 The pavilion includes 151 different segments and the design of each segment is determined by the structural performance (fig.224). For instance, the grain direction of each is determined by the bending stiffness (fig.222). The design of joint is determined by testing how much force it could take. This design is possible, because the computer can store and process large amounts of information.3 The performance of the design also could be known before the completion of the pavilion. Furthermore, computation design enables robotic fabrication, which made the production of segments possible.

FIG.213 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

FIG.217 BIOMOMETIC TRANSFERS

FIG.221 DESIGN GENERATION

FIG.214 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

FIG.218 BIOMOMETIC TRANSFERS

FIG.222 MATERIAL DIFFERENTIATION

FIG.215 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

FIG.219 DESIGN GENERATION

FIG.223 PRODUCTION

FIG.216 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

FIG.220 DESIGN GENERATION

FIG.224 SEGMENTS SCHEDULE

1 Rivka Oxman, Robert Oxman. p.5. 2 Rivka Oxman, Robert Oxman. p.5. 3 Yehuda E, Kalay, Architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of ComputerAided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2004), p.2. 17

A3. Composition/Generation

PROJECT 1 - Bao’an International Airport -Studio Fuksas , Shenzhen , 2013

FIG.31 HERO IMAGE OF BAO’AO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Computation extends designers’ ability to deal with more complex situation.1 Structural, material and environmental performance could be used as the parameters to generate the final design. The double layered perforated cladding of the airport was designed to meet the need of daylight, solar gain, view as well as aesthetic. The hexagonal skylights introduce the natural sunlight to the interior. Generation means study the theory or principle of something and use the theory or principle to generate a new object. Parametric technique is used to generated the highly customized structure and façade components to maximum the efficiency of the design. In Bao’ao International Airport, the facade and structure is generated from honeycomb and natural landscape (fig.32,34). As a result, nearly 60,000 different façade elements and 400,000 steel members were produced to create desired environment and most efficient structure.2 For instance, natural sunlight is well distributed though the holes in the double screen. The air conditioning system is generated from trees (fig.34) .3 The design and construction process is also speed up by parametric modelling and scripting (fig. 35). Although the airport takes 500000 m 2 and consists a large amount of different components, the design and construction process only took 3 years.4

1 Peters, Brady. ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design , 83 (2013), 2, pp. 08-15, (p.15). 2 Archdaily, ‘Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport / Studio Fuksas ‘, Archdaily < http://www. archdaily.com/472197/shenzhen-bao-an-international-airport-studio-fuksas > [11 Aug 2017] 3 Archdaily, ‘Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport’ 4 Archdaily, ‘Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport’ 20

FIG.32 EXTERIOR VIEW OF BAO’AO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

FIG.33 EXTERIOR VIEW OF BAO’AO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

FIG.34 INTERIORIEW OF BAO’AO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT SHOWS THE STRUCTURE AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

FIG.35 PARAMETRIC DEVELOPED STRUCTURE AND FACADE

PROJECT 2 - Guangzhou Opera House - Zaha Hadid Architects, Cuangzhou, 2010

FIG.36 EXTERIOR VIEW OPERA HOUSE

FIG.37 EXTERIOR VIEW OPERA HOUSE

FIG.38 INTERIOR VIEW OPERA HOUSE

FIG.39 PRIMARY STEEL STRUCTURE

FIG.40 SECONDARY STEEL STRUCTURE

Similar to the Bao’an International airport, the parametric modeling is also used in the Guangzhou Opera House. The shape of the opera house, which references to the erosion of the river valley, is computer generated (fig. 36). As a result, a complex, dynamic and efficient design is created (fig.39,40). The total area of the façade cladding is 24,700m², which used 75,422 pieces of granite.The triangle windows allow the natural light to penetrate deep into the building and the curving shape improves the acoustic of the building.1 Although architects do not need to concerned about the possibility of structural of the design, since the computer generation program could provide solution to all architects’ choice. However, the actual buildability is not solved. in this case, the program generated high complex structure increased the construction cost to 1.38 billion yuan, which is about 0.4 billion than the budget.2

1 Archdaily, ‘Guangzhou Opera House / Zaha Hadid Architects ‘, Archdaily <http://www. archdaily.com/115949/guangzhou-opera-house-zaha-hadid-architects> [11 Aug 2017] 2 Kable, ‘Guangzhou Opera House, China ‘, <http://www.designbuildnetwork.com/projects/guangzhou-opera/ > [11 Aug 2017] 23

A4. Conclusion In part A, the relationship between architecture and digital design is explored. Architecture is not developed in a sustainable way, which brings negative influences to nature. The future architecture design needs to be more efficient. The invention of the algorithmic and computation design has changed the design process. This increases the efficiency of the design process and accuracy of the outcome. It enables the closer connection between different disciplines, which extend the possibility of the design. Analyze and apply the design principle in natural to architecture becomes possible through the development of computation. Thus, the sustainability of architecture could be increased. I intended to generate the design though analyzing the natural and not only focus on the need of people. Since architecture has already brought negative influences to nature, I want to explore the solution to increase the sustainability of architecture and also consider non-human factors.

A5. Learning outcomes Through the learning about the theory and practice of architectural computing, my understanding of architecture is changed. I notice the importance of the processes of design, which could extend the possibility and lead to better design outcome. In addition, more attention should be put to the sustainability of architecture. During the design process, the influence of the design also should be considered. Architecture computing does not only refer to the way to represent architecure design or using computers to produce drawings. It refers to the process of information and develop order and method to generate a design. It could extend the possibility of design. Grasshopper could increase the efficiency of modeling. By changing the parameter, it produces the possible outcome of design more quickly. Complex results could be achieved by logic repetition of simple rules. My past design could be improved by testing more possible outcomes through a logical method, rather than intuitive random placement.

A6. Appendix Oc Tree

ORIGINAL

able to see the figure clearly

380 POINTS

170 POINTS

90 POINTS still able to see the figure, but not very clear

45 POINTS

38 POINTS

almost unable to see the figure

30 POINTS

19 POINTS

move, Loop

imitate the dropping

Reference

Archdaily, ‘Guangzhou Opera House / Zaha Hadid Architects ‘, Archdaily <http://www. archdaily.com/115949/guangzhou-opera-house-zaha-hadid-architects> [11 Aug 2017] Archdaily, ‘Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport / Studio Fuksas ‘, Archdaily < http://www. archdaily.com/472197/shenzhen-bao-an-international-airport-studio-fuksas > [11 Aug 2017] Brady Peters, ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design , 83 (2013), 2, pp. 08-15, (p.15). Fry, Tony, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg, 2008) Anthony Dunne, Fiona Raby, Speculative Everything: Design Fiction, and Social Dreaming (MIT Press, 2013) Kable, ‘Guangzhou Opera House, China ‘, <http://www.designbuildnetwork.com/projects/guangzhou-opera/ > [11 Aug 2017] Kalay, Yehuda E, Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2004). METALOCUS, ‘ICD ITKE. Carbon-fibre pavilion based on beetle shells ‘ , METALOCUS (2015)< https:// www.metalocus.es/en/news/icd-itke-carbon-fibre-pavilion-based-beetle-shells > [11 Aug 2017] Oxman, Rivka, Robert Oxman, Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge, 2014) Shigeru Ban Architects, ‘Paper Church’, Shigeru Ban Architects < http://www. shigerubanarchitects.com/works/1995_paper-church/index.html > [11 Aug 2017] Stanford university, ‘‘You’ve got to find what you love,’ Jobs says ‘, Stanford News , 14 June 2015 <http://news.stanford.edu/2005/06/14/jobs-061505/ > [ accessed 11 Aug 2017] Whole Earth Catalog, ‘Whole Earth Catalog ‘< http://www.wholeearth.com/index.php > [11 Aug 2017]

List of images FIG.01PHOTO, PHOTO TAKEN BY AUTHOR FIG.02:PREVIOUS WORK, DRAWING BY AUTHOR FIG. 03 PREVIOUS WORK, PHOTO TAKEN BY AUTHOR FIG.11 WHOLE EARTH CATALOG COVER PAGE < HTTP://WWW.WHOLEEARTH.COM/INDEX.PHP > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.12 CONTENT PAGE OF WHOLE EARTH CATALOG < HTTP://WWW.WHOLEEARTH.COM/INDEX.PHP > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.13 GEODESIC DOME < HTTP://KK.ORG/MT-FILES/CT2-MT/WEC.JPG > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.14 EXTERIOR VIEW OF PAPER CHURCH < HTTP://WWW.SHIGERUBANARCHITECTS.COM/WORKS.HTML > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.15 INTERIOR VIEW OF PAPER CHURCH < HTTP://WWW.SHIGERUBANARCHITECTS.COM/WORKS.HTML > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.16 TEMPORARY PAPER HOUSE < HTTP://WWW.SHIGERUBANARCHITECTS.COM/WORKS.HTML > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.17 TEMPORARY PAPER HOUSE < HTTP://WWW.SHIGERUBANARCHITECTS.COM/WORKS.HTML > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.18 TEMPORARY PAPER HOUSE < HTTP://WWW.SHIGERUBANARCHITECTS.COM/WORKS.HTML > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.21 HERO IMAGE OF THE PAVILION < HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.22 BIOLOGICAL ANALYSES < HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.23 INFORMANTION GENERATION < HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.24 DIFFERENT LAYERS OF DESIGN < HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.25 DESIGN GENERATION< HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.26 SYNTHESIS< HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.27 CONSTRUCTION METHOD < HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.28 PHOTO OF PRODUCING A COMPONENT< HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.29 INTERIOR VIEW < HTTPS://WWW.METALOCUS.ES/EN/NEWS/ICD-ITKE-CARBON-FIBRE-PAVILION-BASED-BEETLE-SHELLS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.210 HERO IMAGE OF THE PAVILION < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.211 EXTTERINAL VIEW OF THE PAVILION < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.212 JOINT < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATED-PAVILIONUNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.213 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.214 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.215 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.216 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.217 BIOMOMETIC TRANSFERS < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.218 BIOMOMETIC TRANSFERS < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.219 DESIGN GENERATION < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.220 DESIGN GENERATION < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.221 DESIGN GENERATION < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.222 MATERIAL DIFFERENTIATION < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.223 PRODUCTION < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATED-PAVILIONUNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.224 SEGMENTS SCHEDUL < HTTPS://WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2016/05/05/ROBOTICALLY-FABRICATEDPAVILION-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART-STUDENTS-PLYWOOD-ICD-ITKE/ > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.31 HERO IMAGE OF BAO’AO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/472197/ SHENZHEN-BAO-AN-INTERNATIONAL-AIRPORT-STUDIO-FUKSAS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.32 EXTERIOR VIEW OF BAO’AO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/472197/ SHENZHEN-BAO-AN-INTERNATIONAL-AIRPORT-STUDIO-FUKSAS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.33 EXTERIOR VIEW OF BAO’AO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/472197/ SHENZHEN-BAO-AN-INTERNATIONAL-AIRPORT-STUDIO-FUKSAS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.34 INTERIORIEW OF BAO’AO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT SHOWS THE STRUCTURE AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM < HTTP:// WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/472197/SHENZHEN-BAO-AN-INTERNATIONAL-AIRPORT-STUDIO-FUKSAS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.35 PARAMETRIC DEVELOPED STRUCTURE AND FACADE< HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/472197/ SHENZHEN-BAO-AN-INTERNATIONAL-AIRPORT-STUDIO-FUKSAS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.36 EXTERIOR VIEW OPERA HOUSE < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/115949/GUANGZHOU-OPERA-HOUSE-ZAHA-HADID-ARCHITECTS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.37 EXTERIOR VIEW OPERA HOUSE < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/115949/GUANGZHOU-OPERA-HOUSE-ZAHA-HADID-ARCHITECTS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.38 INTERIOR VIEW OFPAPER HOUSE < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/115949/GUANGZHOU-OPERA-HOUSE-ZAHA-HADID-ARCHITECTS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.39 PRIMARY STEEL STRUCTURE < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/115949/GUANGZHOU-OPERA-HOUSE-ZAHA-HADID-ARCHITECTS > [11 AUG 2018] FIG.40 SECONDARY STEEL STRUCTURE < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/115949/GUANGZHOU-OPERA-HOUSE-ZAHA-HADID-ARCHITECTS > [11 AUG 2018]

Part B: Criteria Design

B1. Research Field ‘Genetics’

Genetic architecture is self-generated base on the components and rules. It is inspired by DNA, which only contains 4 types nitrogen-containing nucleobases to form chains with certain rules. A variety of expressions are generated by the different alignment of the 4 elements. The outcome of changes in DNA is generally unpredictable. Genetics applies this concept of growth and form of natural organisms to architecture.1 In genetic architecture, highly complex structures could be generated by simple rules of connecting components. In addition, as the outcome is self-generated rather than designed, it is generally unpredictable. In genetics architecture, the highly different outcome could be achieved by changing the rule and order of connection between components. Minor changes to the design in the component also could influence the result greatly. The algorithm is used in the design process. With the aid of digital software, the process of recursive aggregation is increased. In addition, it can provide an overview of the outcome. Thus, it could update the result with changes to help a designer to improve the design.

1.Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press, 2003), (P23) 35

B2. Case Study 1.0 B2A. Getting to Know L-Systems and Loops

L-system L-system is invented by Aristid Lindenmayer. The system imitates the growth of plants, which is recursive and branching system based on rules. It is possible to achieve complex outcomes by setting simple rules. Highly different outcomes could be achieved by minor changes in the design of components or the rule sets.

Species 1:

Anemone is used to generate the this species. The first generation contains 3 straight lines as branches. Changes are made t simple rules. Highly different outcomes could be achieved by minor changes in the design of components or the rule sets.

1:(-5.9,4.0,5.9) 2:(-7.8,3.2,10.0) 3:(-10.0,-1.0,-10.0)

1:(-10.0,10.0,10.0)

1:(-5.9,4.0,5.9) 2:(-7.8,3.2,10.0) 3:(-10.0,-1.0,-10.0)

2:(10.0,-10.0,10.0) 3:(10.0,10.0,-10.0)

1:(3.7,10.0,10.0)

1:(10.0,1.7,2.

2:(8.2,-10.0,10.0)

2:(10.0,10.0,1

3:(0.0,-5.7,5.8)

3:(10.0,-2.2,1

Species 2: This species is also generated by Anemone. The first generation contains 4 curves, which are rotated to obtain changes.

ANGLE1: 24 ANGLE2:169 ANGLE3:80 ANGLE4:0

ANGLE1: 34

ANGLE1:-81

ANGLE2:117

ANGLE2:161

ANGLE3:76

ANGLE3:70

ANGLE4:11

ANGLE1:160 ANGLE2:-143 ANGLE3:29 ANGLE4:-66

to the end point of each branches

.8)

1:(-6.4,-2.8,2.8)

,10.0)

2:(10.0,-7.9, 2.1)

10.0)

3:(10.0,-2.9,10.0)

NGLE1:-66

ANGLE1:56

NGLE2:164

ANGLE2:98

NGLE3:-67

ANGLE3:-85

NGLE4:25

ANGLE4:-4

1:(1.9,1.3,2.8) 2:(10.0,0.7,2,1) 3:(8.7,1.6,1.6)

ANGLE1:-180 ANGLE2:106 ANGLE3:-76 ANGLE4:-40

1:(1.9,5.9,10.0)

1:(1.9,6.8,-10.0)

2:(10.0,-4.4,5.8)

2:(10.0,-3.5,8.6)

3:(8.7,1.6,-10)

3:(7.7,9.0,-10)

ANGLE1:-14 ANGLE2:108 ANGLE3:-82 ANGLE4:-89

ANGLE1:-180 ANGLE2:46 ANGLE3:-100 ANGLE4:180 39

Species 3: Rabbit plug-in is used to generate the system, Angles are adjusted for changes.

Axiom: FFFA

Derivation length 8

A=!””[B]////[B]////[B]

STEP: 10

B=&FFFAJ

LENGTH: 1

ANGLE:10

ANGLE:15

ANGLE:20

ANGLE:25

ANGLE

Species 4: This species also use rabbit. It has more branches than species3. The difference also is achieved by changing the angle. Axiom: FFA

DERVATION LENGTH:9

A=^[B]///[B]///[C]

STEP:8

B=&&FF”A///[C]

LENGTH: 1

C=\\\””FA

ANGLE:40

ANGLE:90

ANGLE:95

ANGLE:110

E:30

ANGLE:115

ANGLE:35

ANGLE:40

ANGLE:130

ANGLE:50

ANGLE:140

ANGLE:70

ANGLE:160

ANGLE:170

Successful species

Selection reason: 1-B: The branches filling the space more uniformly than others, while also creating volume underneath.

2-D: The angle of orientation creates the rotation effect.

3-I: There are more branches act as footing and they form so the structure will be more stable.

4-B: All the members are perpendicular or parallel to others. Thus the structure will be easier to construct in real life.

B2B. Analysis of the ‘Bloom Project’ (2012)

Bloom Project by Alisa Andrasek / Jose Sanchez

FIG 1. BLOOM PROJECT

FIG 2. BLOOM PROJECT 46

FIG 3. BLOOM PROJECT BENCH DESIGN

The project is produced by repetition of one component. The form is generated by alternations of the connection of among the components. The design of the plastic component provides varies ways of connection (multiplicity of connection points). Varies of notches are designed to connect the components together (Fig 2.). It is a public source project, which allows the public to be involved in the design, altered and dismantled1 (Fig4.5.). The bench is the only part provided by the design team. It is an array of a component with steel frame run through the holes in the component as supporting structure. The rotation of the components produced the curving shape of the bench. It could be regarded as the axiom of the aggregation. The public could connect future generation to the components on the bench. (Fig3.) Although the whole project only consists the same component, highly dynamic and unpredictable outcome could be achieved, because anyone could get involved and connect the components in ways they preferred. With various approaches to the components, different spaces are generated. The form also is not settled. It could be altered at any time by anyone as long as the structure equilibrium. The assemble process also helps the public to learn how to build the structure properly. In order to build a larger structure, people also need to collaborate with each other. The design of the component is produced with the aid of digital media, such as Rhino, Grasshopper, and python. 12 connections ways are achieved by having 3 slots. The component could be easily connected with each other. They are no sharp edges so that the participates will not be hurt. The position of slots and the shape of the component are tested in software, which enables producing a highly complex structure with simple rules.

FIG 4. PUBLIC INTERACTION WITH BLOOM PROJECT

FIG 5. PUBLIC INTERACTION WITH BLOOM PROJECT

1. Furuto, Alison, â&#x20AC;&#x2122; BLOOM - A Crowd Sourced Garden / Alisa Andrasek and Jose Sanchezâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, Archidaily, < http:// www.archdaily.com/269012/bloom-a-crowd-sourced-garden-alisa-andrasek-and-jose-sanchez > [15 Sep 2017] 47

FIG 6. BLOOM PROJECT

FIG 7. BLOOM PROJECT

B2C. Component Design & Manual Recursion

Components design

Curving

Orthogonal

Sharp

Blobby

Perforated

Concave and convex

PERSPECTIVE

The concave and convex of the surface generated a different light effect than a flat surface. Ruleset: Axiom: A

If A collide with B or C, delete B or C.

A=ABC

If B collide with C, delete C.

B=BC (self and other one)

If same type of component collide with each others, delete all of them.

C=AC (self and axiom)

FRONT

C A

COMPONENT

CONNECTION

RIGHT

TOP

TREE DIAGRAM

Perforated

PERSPECTIVE

The design of this component is inspired by a tree. The holes on the component are generated by using image sampling of grasshopper to sample an image of sunlight penetrated through leaves. Ruleset: Axiom: A

If A collide with B or C, delete B or C.

A=ABC If B collide with C, delete C. B=AC (axiom and other one) If same type of component collide with each others, delete all of them.

C=AB (axiom and other one)

FRONT

B C

COMPONENT

CONNECTION

RIGHT

TOP

TREE DIAGRAM

Sharp

PERSPECTIVE

The component is slender and too sharp corners. Volumes are created by rotation. Ruleset: Axiom: A

If B collide with A or C, delete A or C.

A=ABC

If A collide with C, delete A.

B=AB

If same type of component collide with each others, delete all of them.

C=BC

FRONT

B C A

COMPONENT

CONNECTION

RIGHT

TOP

TREE DIAGRAM

Blobby

PERSPECTIVE

The component is the combination of 3 intersected spheres. Ruleset: Axiom: B

If C collide with A or B, delete A or B.

A=AB

If A collide with B, delete A.

B=ABC

If same type of component collide with each others, delete all of them.

C=AC

FRONT

B A C

COMPONENT

CONNECTION

RIGHT

TOP

TREE DIAGRAM

B3. Case Study 2.0

Reverse engineering

Step1: component Draw the component and draw reference lines. The length first segment of the reference line is equal to the length of the component. This length will become the standard length.

Step 2: reference curves Draw curves with two straight lines perpendicular to each other Step3: Standardization the length of the first segment of reference curves to allow for standardization of the components at the later stage. Step 4: Assign unique length to the second segment of each polyline. In doing so, defining geometry attributes for a heuristic, which assign an identity to each polyline.

Step 5:

Tagging branches with a letter that corresponds to the initial index number to the polyline. Convert index number (1,2.3 â&#x20AC;Ś) to letter tag( A, B, C â&#x20AC;Ś). The letter tag will be used in rule sets to avoid confusion in later stages.

AXIOM

Step 6:

Draw new plans perpendicular to the first polyline at the end of polylines for reorientation for recursive process. Plane: - origin: the end point of the first segment - x axis: the second segment - y axis: rotate the second segment 90 degrees along the first segment.

Step 7: Grow the future generation on previous base on the rule set.

Step 8: Orient the geometries to the reference curves

Definition

Set dummy axiom ployline

Draw start point for aggregation

Standard length

Draw planes for reorient axiom

Standardise the length of the first segment of the curve

Draw dummy branch polylines (reference curves for orientation)

Draw planes for reorientation of initial branches

Split the curves into two segments

Covet the length of the second line into index

Set th a Redraw the second segment perpendicular to the first segment into different length as heuristic handle

Choose the number of generation (N)

Loop start (Anemone)

Read cur growth b leng

Set the ru

Reference a point of geometry

Draw first reference lines to standard length

Draw second line at the end of the first line perpendicular the first line

he start point for aggregation

rrent iteration select branches base on the gth of heuristic

Reorient the reference lines

ule set for reorient

Loop end

IF LOOPING TIME>=N

Reference lines

Orient the geometry to all lines

Reference geometry

IF LOOPING TIME<N

Draw end reference plane for orientation

Rule set: Axiom: ABC A=AB B=AB C=AB

Tree diagram:

n=5 n=1

n=2

n=3

n=6

n=4

12 connection methods

Different Growth Rule Axiom: ABC A=AD B=BD C=BC D=/ N=5

Axiom: ABC A=C B=BC C=BD D=BD N=3

There are 12 different connection methods.

Axiom: ABC A=AD B=BD C=BD D=/ N=7

Axiom: ABC A=AC B=C C=BD D=A N=3

Deleting collision components Minor changes of reference component. Change the size of slots slightly bigger than normal. Thus components will not touch each other when they connected as desired.

Deleting component collide within a generation. Step1: Orient changed geometry Orient changed component to reference curves of the current generation. Step2: Delete the same type of component collides with each other. Use Collision Many/Many to detect the collision and cull both collide components. Step3: Detect collision among different types base on rule set Input the components to Collision One/Many to detect the collision. Step 3: Delete collision components Input the list of reference curves as the list to cull, the list from Collision One/Many as cull pattern into Cull Pattern. Step4: Connect the culled curve list back to loop.

Kill within a generation The grey component are the one being deleted. 72

Deleting components in current generation collide with previous generation. Step 1: Orient changed geometry Orient changed component to reference curves of current and previous generation. Step 2: Detect collision Input previous geometry as the obstacle and current geometry as the object for collision use collision Many/Many. Step 3: Delete collision components Input the list of reference curves of the current generation as the list to cull, the list from Collision One/Many as cull pattern into Cull Pattern.

Kill by previous generation The grey component are the one being deleted. 73

Environment response Stop growing when touching ceiling or walls

Example: N=7

Step1: Place the changed geometry to the reference line in the loop. Step2: Detect collision Input the ceiling geometry as the obstacle object and the geometry of object for collision. Step3: Cull Use Cull Pattern to delete the reference lines of objects collide with the ceiling. Step4: Connect the list of culled reference back to loop

Stop growing when too far away from Axiom

Example: N=7, Distance=1440

Step1: Measure the distance Extract the end points of reference curves in the loop and measure the distance between the end points and axiom. Step2: Compare distance Set distance and compare the list of distance with it. Step3: Cull Input the result from Step2 to Cull Pattern delete the branches which are too far away from axiom. Step4: Connect the list of culled reference back to loop

B4. Technique Development

Component 1 The original design consists of a sphere and a straight pipe. The pipe changes to a curving one to produce a more dynamic form. Material: metal

COMPONENT DESIGN1

COMPONENT DESIGN2

C D E

F CONNECTIONS 80

Ruleset 1

Ruleset 2

Axiom: BDF

Axiom: ABCDE

A=AB

A=/

B=C

B=AB

C-E

C=AC

D=AD

E=B

E=CDEF

F=A

Kill all collided branches within a generation. Kill the branches in the new generation if they collided with the previous generation.

Ruleset1:

RULESET1 WITH COMPONENT DESIGN2

Ruleset2

RULESET2 WITH COMPONENT DESIGN1

RULESET2 WITH COMPONENT DESIGN2

Component 2

R The connection slots are designed in the same way as Bloom Project. Material: timber

COMPONENT DESIGN

A E

C D

CONNECTIONS

Ruleset 1

Ruleset 2

AXIOM: BCE

AXIOM: ABCDE

B=BC

A=AD

C=BC

B=AB

E=BC

C=AB

Kill all collided branches within a generation. Kill the branches in the new generation if they collided with the previous generation.

D=AD E=ABD Kill all collided branches within a generation. Kill the branches in the new generation if they collided with the previous generation.

Ruleset1

Ruleset2:

selected points

Stop growing when close to selected points.

Component 3

COMPONENT DESIGN

The size of rectangle holes will increase when the distance between the component and the axiom increase. Material: transparent plastic

A D

B C

C B

E A

N F

K K c

CONNECTIONS 92

Ruleset 1

Ruleset 2

Axiom: ABCDE

A=BE

A=B

B=AB

B=C

C=CE

C=D

D=CD

D=A

E=CA

E=AD

N=5

N=48

Kill all collided branches within a generation. Kill the branches in the new generation if they collided with the previous generation.

Ruleset1:

Ruleset 2:

Blue transparent material is used.

slender which is less likely to collision with 3: each other. COMPONETN ed Component 4

The component is slender which is less likely to collision with each other. The component is slider to reduce Material: Velvet Red the change of collision. Material: velvet red rubber

COMPONENT DESIGN

D E

B A

CONNECTION

Ruleset 1

Ruleset 2

Axiom: ABCDE

A=AE

A=BCDE

B=AB

B=A

C=AC

C=A

D=AD

D=A

E=AE

E=A

Kill all collided branches within a generation. Kill the branches in the new generation if they collided with the previous generation.

Ruleset1

100

101

Ruleset2

102

103

104

B5. Technique: Prototypes

105

Molding and Milling- component1 and component4 Component1 and component4 are proposed to be fabricated by using milling and molding technique. CNC milling is chose to fabricate the molds. Comparing to traditional milling methods, CNC milling can produce objects more precisely and faster according the digital model1. As all the components are identical, the mold can be reused for mass production of components. Steps of fabrication: Step 1. Draw the mold for fabrication. Use Boolean Difference to subtract the component. Note that the component might need to be rotated so that the mold for slots are not floated when separate the mold into two parts. Step 2. Use milling to fabricate the mold. Milling can produced mold precisely following the digital model. Step 3. Melt the material and inject into the mold. Step 4. Take off the mold. Step 5. Polish.

Component1 Material: metal (magenta) The tangent of the curve of ends should be consistent so that it can be inserted into another component. The curvature of the ends also provides better connection ability than a straight one.

end for connection COMPONENT1 DESIGN

Inject the material COMPONENT1 MOLD DESIGN

1. Cammachine, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Big Benefits of Having a CNC Milling Machineâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;, Cam Machine (Sep 2014) <http://www. cam-machine.com/big-benefits-cnc-milling-machine/> [19 Sep 2017] 106

Component4

Material: rubber and metal (velvet red) Component4 is separated into two parts for fabrication.

Rubber

The main part of the component is made of velvet red rubber. The end for connection is made of metal so that the connection is rigid. The metal is coated with the same colour as the main part.

Metal

COMPONENT4 DESIGN

Inject the material

COMPONENT4 MOLDS DESIGN 107

Laser cutting - component2 and component3 Component 2 and 3 both are proposed to be fabricated by laser cutting. Laser cutting could cut sheet materials precisely and uses less energy when cutting steel and aluminium sheets. Both components are made of flat sheets, so they are suitable for laser cutting. In addition, the outline of component2 is intricate. Hence, it is efficient to use laser cutting to obtain the objects of precise dimensions. On the other hand, component3 have various designs, laser cutting is suitable for customized components. Components are connected by the fiction between slots. This allows the structure to be disassembled and reassembled easily.

Steps of fabrication: Step 1: Draw the outline of the geometry and arrange them on the template for laser cutting. Step 2: Send the template to the Fablab and wait to collect the job. Step 3: Pick up the requisite pieces and start to assemble them together.

Conponent3

ONE TYPE OF COMPONENT3 DESIGN

Material: Acrylic sheet

108

COMPONENT3 FOR LASER CUTTING

Component2

COMPONENT2 DESIGN

Material: Plywood

COMPONENT2 FOR LASER CUTTING

FINISHED JOB OF COMPONENT2 COLLECT FROM FABLAB

DETAIL OF PHYSICAL MODEL OF COMPONENT2

Notice that the slot of the physical component is bigger than the dimension on the drawing. As a result, the connection is not tight. Thus, the width of slots should be slightly shorter than the thickness of the materials.

PHYSICAL MODEL OF COMPONENT2 - CONNECTION 109

110

111

112

B6. Technique: Proposal

113

Site - Dulux Gallery Dulux Gallery, located in the basement of Melbourne School of design, is the largest gallery in Melbourne School of design. It is commonly used to exhibit students’ works of Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning1. The type of the collection ranges from model to draw. It is a place for people to explore and discuss ideas.

Component 3 is proposed to be used. The dimension is 500mm (width) by 1000mm (length). The Aggregation A grows under the ceiling has more vertical members, while the Aggregation B grows in the place without ceiling has more horizontal members. Moreover, the horizontal members in Aggregation A are parallel to the floor. The Aggregation B is rotated and projected upwards. Some components in Aggregation A, which are closed to the ground are trimmed to create some space. SECTION

Aggregation B

Aggregation A

1. Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning , ‘The Dulux Gallery ‘, Melbourne School of Design <https://msd. unimelb.edu.au/dulux-gallery> [19 Sep 2017] 114

PLAN

115

Special Components A

Special component for connection to ceiling is made up of two parts. They are manufactured specially and is connected with each other. Part A has holes for connecting the component to the ceiling by screws. Part B is the normal component which is trimmed into different depth according to needs.

CEILING COMPONENT

CONNECTION TO CEILING

FOOTING COMPONENTS

BRIDGING COMPONENTS

Special component for footing is made up of two pieces to provide stability. Extra slots are added for connection.

Special components for connecting 2 aggregations has extra customized slots for connection.

Non-human clients â&#x20AC;&#x201C; climbing plants Frames could be added to the components to allow climbing plants to grow on.

COMPONENT WITH FRAME 116

CLIMBING PLANTS LIKE IVY CAN CLIMB ON

117

B7. Learning Objectives and Outcomes

I became more familiar with Grasshopper by doing Pat B. By doing recursive aggregation both manually in B2C and atomically by using grasshopper in B4, I notice how computation can speed up the design process. A better design outcome also could be achieved with the aid of Grasshopper as more iteration could be explored in the same amount of time. Through the reverse engineering process, I understand how digital tools helped to visualize the outcome and help to modify and improve the components. Different approaches could be used to achieve the similar outcome. Noticeably, it is crucial to use the appropriate data structure in Grasshopper. In addition, the process time of Grasshopper could be saved if the objects are modeled in a smaller scale rather than actual size. By using software like V-ray, effects of different materials could be visualized before the physical fabrication.

118

B8. Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches

119

120

121

Reference List Cammachine, ‘Big Benefits of Having a CNC Milling Machine‘, Cam Machine (Sep 2014) <http:// www.cam-machine.com/big-benefits-cnc-milling-machine/> [19 Sep 2017] Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning , ‘The Dulux Gallery ‘, Melbourne School of Design <https://msd.unimelb.edu.au/dulux-gallery> [19 Sep 2017] Furuto, Alison, ’ BLOOM - A Crowd Sourced Garden / Alisa Andrasek and Jose Sanchez’, Archidaily, < http://www. archdaily.com/269012/bloom-a-crowd-sourced-garden-alisa-andrasek-and-jose-sanchez > [15 Sep 2017] Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press, 2003) WEC Group Ltd, ‘Laser Cutting Benefits‘, WEC LASER (England: WEC Group Ltd ) <http:// www.laser-eng.com/laser-cutting-benefits.html> [19 Sep 2017] List of Fig. Fig 1-6. https://www.plethora-project.com/bloom/ Fig 7. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/41/e8/9f/41e89f73c3d0e6f7d7dd89ddd21de4c2.jpgsearch?q=Winner+WONDER+SERIES+Competition+2012+Alisa+Andrasek+/+Jose+Sanchez&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa

122

123

124

PartC: Detailed Design

125

126

C1. Design Concept

127

Neuron The component 1 from B4 is further developed in part C. According to the feedback of previous design, one issue is that the component looks as two separate parts, the ball and the stick. Another problem is that the aggregations do not express the same characteristic of the component. We found that our component shares similar quality with neurons, which are cells in the brain that receives, processes and transmits information. It could be divided into 3 parts: cell body, dendrites and axon. The cell body is compact and the dendrites and axon are extruded from it. Further to this, the way neurons functions have some similar points with recursive aggregations. Information is transmitted between neuron by electrical and chemical signals through dendrites and axon.

DENDRITE

AXON

CELL BODY

FIG 1. NEURON1

FIG 2. NEURON2 128

Inspired by this, our final concept is that the component contains certain information and information is exploring the spreading during recursive aggregations by generating new elements. With reference to the structure of a neuron. The ball of component 1 is developed to a sparky shape with a kernel at centre and 12 tentacles to enhance the sense of exploring. The stick is transferred to one of tentacle with greater length, which is connected to the main part more naturally and smoothly. Furthermore, a scene fluidity is generated by changing into curving shape. Additionally, the curving shape increases the dynamic and unpredictability of aggregations.

TENTACLES (DENDRITE)

KERNEL (CELL BODY)

AXON

PERSPECTIVE

FRONT VIEW

RIGHT VIEW

TOP VIEW

129

Component Design Membrane Draw a icosahedron

Subdivision the icosahedron

Deconstruction the mesh

Vertices

Closest points Deconstruction the mesh

Vertices

Centroid of the icosahedron

Vector two poin

Bone Centroid of the icosahedron

Sphere

Orient the slot part 1 &2

Line Centroid of trimmed edges

Move towards centroid of the length of the slot

Pipe

Centre curve of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;axonâ&#x20AC;&#x153;

130

Vertices of untrimmed edges

Line

Vertices of valley

Line

Pipe

Orient the connection

Goal objects Component membrane

Anchor points

nts

Load

Trim the edges

Kangaroo solver

Redesign the slots to have same cutting plane for connection

Boolean difference to create sockets on the sphere

Component

131

Aggregation

8 CONNECTION METHODS

BRANCH 1

BRANCH 2

Two aggregations meet at the centre of Dulux is designed. Aggregation 1: Location: west part of the Dulux Gallery (the section without ceiling) Colour: exuberant green Character: aggressive, clear direction, growing upwards Supporting: branches come down close to terrain and floor. The aggregation is mainly supported by footings on the ground.

Aggregation 2: Location: east part of the Dulux Gallery (the section with ceiling) Colour: creepy blue Character: aimless, floating, exploring the space, Supporting: branches filling the space grow close to walls and ceiling to connect to footing members. The aggregation mainly supports by footing on wall and ceiling.

AXIOM

132

BRANCH 3

BRANCH 4

Bridging

BRIDGING

BRANCH 5

Extra axons are added to connect the components form two aggregations, which are closed to each other. The colour of the axon is cyan, which represents the merging of two pieces of information.

BRIDGING

133

Footing Footing version1 The footings are designed similar to the membrane of the component. The base is flat and the diameter is about 700mm, which provide sufficient connection areas. All the footings are connected to the slots on components, which are closed to floor, terrain or wall.

Footings on ground

ELEVATION

PERSPECTIVE

Footings on wall

ELEVATION1

134

ELEVATION2

Footing version2 According to the feedback of presentation, the number of the footing is increased. Extra footing coming from ceiling is added to hang the components. The connection area of footing is also increased and all footings are perpendicular to the supporting surface. In addition, individual footings are joined together to have a bigger base for greater stability.

FOOTING CLUSTER

Definition Centroid of all components

Line

Closest points

Length

Cull the lines of which length is greater than 700mm

Site and terrain

Lines shorter than 700mm

Remap the length to 0 to 1

Scale the height of standard footing to line length

Orient scaled footings

Standard footing

ELEVATION

PERSPECTIVE

135

Final Design

Plan 1:100

136

137

Section AA 1:100

138

139

Section BB 1:100

140

141

Section CC 1:100

142

Section DD 1:100

143

PERSPECTIVE 144

145

146

EXPERIENCE 1 147

148

EXPERIENCE 2 149

EXPERIENCE 3 150

151

152

C2. Tectonic Elements & Prototypes

153

Prototype 1 POLYURETHANE RESIN PLASTIC BALL (DIAMETER: 65MM)

TIMBER STICK (DIAMETER: 9MM)

Moulding and casting are used to fabricate the first prototype because the component has solid and irregular shape. The kernel is made by a plastic ball, which could reduce the weight of the component. The axon is proposed to be made of a timber stick to reduce the size of the mould.

DIGITAL MODEL OF PROTOTYPE1

Fabrication process 1. 3D print the main part of the component.

3D PRINTED COMPONENTS

2. Use pinkysil to make the mould.

MAKING MOULD

3. After the pinkysil set, cut the mould into two parts.

CUTTING MOULD 154

4. Put a plastic ball and fix the position of the stick. Pour the polyurethane resin into the mould.

5. Take off the mould and trim off undesired edges.

COMPLETED PROTPTYPE1 PHOTO1

COMPLETED PROTPTYPE1 PHOTO2

COMPLETED PROTPTYPE1 SLOT

Feedback Moulding and casting are expensive and time consuming. Even though, a hollow plastic ball is placed, the component still is heavy and is hard to be supported by timber stick. Another issue is that the timber thick could be rotated due to its cylinder shape. In consequence, it is hard to connect the components accurately in designed angle. As the main part and the axon are made of different materials, the component also read as two distinct parts. 155

Prototype 2 Injection moulding is used to produce the second prototype. Plastic is used to produce the whole component in the much lighter weight. 3D printing with minimal infill is chosen to mimic the injection moulding and further reduce the weight of the component. The connections between the components are modified to ensure the components could be easily connected to the designed positions. A small block is added at the end of axon and notch is added to each slot. DIGITAL MODEL OF PROTOTYPE2

PHOTO OF 3D PRINTED COMPONENT

Feedback The structure is component is not stiff as it only has a thin layer of the outline. The axon is really fragile because of its slenderness and the process of 3D printing. In addition, the block added to connection is too small to be fabricated accurately.

156

DETAILS

Prototype 3 Skin and bone structure are applied in the prptptype3 to fabricate a lightweight and stiff component without compromising the complex shape. The bone inside performs as the rigid structural element. The skin is attached to the bone, which forms the desired shape with minimum efforts on the structure.

Bone The bone includes a kernel with 32 sockets, eight slots, one axon and 23 sticks. The connection is attached to the end of the axon and will be inserted into slots. The ends of the sticks allow the fabric to be stretched into the designed shape. Injection moulding is proposed to fabricate the bone. 3D printing is chosen as the replacement.

BONE

MAKERBOT 3D PRINTING FILE

KERNEL

AXON

SLOTS

STICKS

ASSEMBLED BONE

157

Connection and slots Connection The size of the block for connection is increased and another block is added. Paper is wrapped around the connection to increase friction.

CONNECTION

SLOT PART2

Slot part1 The slot is separated into two parts so that they could be 3D printed without unwanted support materials. Part 1 will be connected to the kernel.

SLOT PART1

Slot part2 The part 2 of the slot enable the edges of fabric at the slots to be covered. The notches of the connection are also modified, which require rotation when joining. This secure the connection. The inner diameter of all slot part2 is the same and 3 different thickness is tested. SLOT NOTCHES

Slot test1 Thickness: 1.0mm Conclusion: not rigid enough and too loose - fail SLOT TEST1

Slot test2 Thickness: 1.5mm Conclusion: rigid enough and fit - success SLOT TEST2

Slot test3 Thickness: 2.0mm Conclusion: rigid but too thick - fail

SLOT TEST3 158

Skin Stretchable material is chosen to fabricate the skin to form the shape of the component. Silk chiffon is used to make prototype 3. Its translucency allow the bone being seen.

PROTOTYPE 3 PHOTO1

PROTOTYPE 3 PHOTO3

PROTOTYPE 3 PHOTO2

PIN DETAIL

Pins with a piece of circle cardboard is used to secure the fabric to sticks.

TEST ELASTIC NYLON PHOTO1 TEST ELASTIC NYLON PHOTO2

Elastic nylon is tested as the material of skin

Feedback The fabric needs to be tailed before attaching to the bone. Although silk chiffon has the desired translucency, it is not elastic enough to be stretched into the desired shape. On the other hand, elastic nylon has the required elasticity to form the shape.

159

160

C3. Final Detail Model

161

Final detailed model The final model is fabricated similar to prototype3. Elastic nylon is used to fabricate the skin.

Connect the slot part1 and sticks of untrimmed tentacles and valleys to the kennel.

Attach the silk chiffon to all tentacles. Glue is applied to adhere fabric to slots and harden the fabric, which makes it easier to trim.

Trim the holes for connections and insert slot part2. Secure the fabric to valleys by pins.

Wrap fabric around the axon and insert the connection.

162

COMPLETED COMPONENT PHOTO1

COMPLETED COMPONENT PHOTO2

CONNECTING TWO COMPONENTS

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C4. Learning Objectives and Outcomes By using digital tools, the final design is generated logically rather than being designed arbitrarily. Grasshopper is used to generate the recursive aggregation automatically, thousands of components are achieved. Digital tools could extend the possibility of the design and find a better solution. Grasshopper definition allows us to explore more possibility of aggregations. The angles of connections and growth rules could be easily adjusted by changing some parameter and the final results are generated automatically. Thus the suitable solution could find time efficiently. However, manual alternation is used to enhance the automatic result, as it provides more control. I become more familiar with tools like rhino and grasshopper during the process. During the process of prototyping, 3D printing allows us to test the design. By trying to fabricate the component in different scales, we have a better understanding of the required structural quality of the component. As a result, the design is changed into the skin and bone structure, the fabrication has changed to increase the efficiency and more supports are added. Digital tools also allow us to produce all slots and connections accurately. My understanding of architecture also changed. Architecture does not only aim to provide shelter or just serve for the human. It could react with natural and other species also could become clients of architecture. In addition, architecture also could learn from nature, just like the L-system mimic the growth of the tree. In addition, I am also aware of the importance of document the design process and the graphic representation. These could let the design being better understood by the others than simply describing by language.

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List of Fig. Fig 1. Neuron1 <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Blausen_0657_ MultipolarNeuron.png/1200px-Blausen_0657_MultipolarNeuron.png> [31 Oct 2017] Fig 2. Neuron2 <https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/img/ editorial/2016/05/25/103665817-GettyImages-151330460.1910x1000.jpg> [31 Oct 2017]

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