2226 Detailed Explorations

YUCHENG DAI a1700892

ASSIGNMENT II Detailed Explorations

Contents

1-2

Base Case

Introduction Project Location Architectural Element Basic Information Building Envelope Da Innovative Materials Well-insulated Roof Thick Brick Walls Timber Floors Glazing System Simulation and Analy

7-8

Energy and

HVAC System Activat Energy Use Analysis Energy Data Building Envelope Da Internal Lighting Setti HVAC System Setting Daylight Analysis

Analysis

ts

ata

3-4

5-6

Building Strategies

Building Simulations

Directions Well-insulated Wall Natural Ventilation Shading Devices Perforated Screen Shading Device Prototype Section Details

Material Modifications Summer and Winter Shading Devices Summer and Winter Natural Ventilation Summer and Winter Combined Strategies Summer and Winter

ysis

d Daylight

ted Simulations

ata ings gs

9

Endnotes

Base Case Analysis 2226 Office Building in Lustenau

Introduction

Innovative Materials

As a continuation of the preliminary analysis, the assessment aims to further analyse and evaluate the imitability and reasonability of the 2226 building in Brisbane environmental contexts by analysing the proposed strategies (indicated in the previous preliminary analysis) through building performance simulations. The research introduced Design Builder as a simulation program, to optimise the modifications of the 2226 building more ‘accurately’ (compared to steady state calculation). Additionally, It also explores the possibility and feasibility to manage such ‘low-tech’ strategies of the 2226 building in warmer regions (such as Brisbane).

The building façades were constructed with Wienerberger perforated Porotherm 38 Clay Blocks,1 a C2C Silver Certified Product (a type of brick filled with mineral wool insulation), providing the thermal inertia and load bearing capacity.2

Project Location

Well-insulated Roof The flat roof was constructed with a relatively thick concrete slab with 350 mm of Styrofoam tapered insulation for thermal and acoustic performance.3 The shutter vents in the facade have vacuum insulation panels inside, finishing with a gravel layer to absorb moisture.

Gravel 200 mm Precast concrete slabs 350 mm Styrofoam insulation Reflective (Aluminium) foil 13 mm Plasterboard U = 0.1 W/m2·K

Thick Brick Walls

Austria

Lustenau

Millennium Park 20

8mm Slaked lime plaster 12mm Lime cement plaster 380mm Perforated clay block – Porotherm Ziegel 38 Hi N + F (U-value = 0.24 W/m2K) 18mm Mortar joint 380mm Perforated clay block – Porotherm Ziegel 38 (U-value = 0.34 W/m2K) 15mm Lime cement base plaster ground 5mm Lime-smoothed off (lime plaster filling)

Architectural Elements

External Walls

Floor Slabs

Vertical Cores

Timber Floors

Basic Information HVAC Setpoint

Elevation

Occupant Density 2

Basic Wind Velocity

Ventilation Setpoint

21°C / 26°C

392 m

12 m /pers

24.9 m/s

Ceiling Height

2.80 m

Power Density 2 100 lux

Air Pressure

22°C (min) Window-wall Ratio

Each Floor Area 2

Appliances

Time Zone (GMT)

16 %

576 m

1.6 W/m

1.5 W/m

2

1018 hPa +2:00 hr

Building Envelope Data GF

UF

Gross Wall Area

113.04 m2

90.43 m2

Net Wall Area

88.79 m2

71.03 m2

Window Glazing

18.09 m2

14.47 m2

0.7 W/m2·K

Insulated Timber Vents

6.16 m2

4.93 m2

0.4 W/m2·K

each side

1

The thick brick walls function as a low pass filter for temperature fluctuations, preventing disruption of daily indoor temperatures with a timescale.4 The perforated Porotherm Clay Blocks contribute to the extremely low heat transfer and high thermal capacity. It also aids in achieving indoor thermal comfort by prolonging the time of the heat flow through the walls.5

each side

U-value 0.12 W/m2·K

50mm Anhydrite flowing screed 10mm Acoustic mat 25mm Solid wood formwork 72mm Air cavity / nozzle 180mm Concrete ceiling 110mm Precast, pre-stressed concrete 5mm Ceiling filling

Glazing System 2226 features a triple glazing system combined with a high-performance window frame.6 The deep-set windows take full advantage of thick walls to avoid overheating.7 Additionally, the Pilkington Optitherm™ S3 Windows8 have innovative ventilation openings, which use ‘hysteresis controllers9’ to monitor the indoor air quality and natural ventilation needs through measuring CO2 concentration, room temperature, external temperature and relative humidity (“Algorithmus”).

Pilkington Optitherm™ S3 Windows Triple glazing system (U-value = 0.7 W/m2K) “Algorithmus” software Integration of a novel building automation

Typical Summer Week 10th February - 16th February

AUT

Lustenau

AUS

BNE

Temperature (°C)

Hottest Summer Week 17th February - 23rd February 35

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

35

35

30

30

25

25

35

30

Sun / Sun 10 Feb / 10 Feb

35

35

30

30

Mon / Mon 11 Feb / 11 Feb

Tue / Tue 12 Feb / 12 Feb

Wed / Wed 13 Feb / 13 Feb

Thu / Thu 14 Feb / 14 Feb

Fri / 15 FriFeb / 15 Feb

Sat / 16 SatFeb / 16 Feb

Time/Date (hourly)

Sun / Sun 17 Feb / 17 Feb

5F operative temperature

73.21%

Comfort zone (22-26 °C)

GF. 123/168 20

20

15 25

15 25

10 20

10 20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0

Mon / Mon 11 Feb / 11 Feb

20

Tue / Tue 12 Feb / 12 Feb Wed / Wed 13 Feb / 13 Feb

rd

Thu / Thu 14 Feb / 14 Feb

Fri / 15 FriFeb / 15 Feb

Sat / 16 SatFeb / 16 Feb

AUT

Lustenau

Mon / Mon 15 Jul / 15 Jul

Tue / Tue 16 Jul / 16 Jul

Wed / Wed 17 Jul / 17 Jul

AUS

Thu / Thu 18 Jul / 18 Jul

BNE

Fri / 19 FriJul / 19 Jul

Temperature (°C)

15 25

3F operative temperature

10 20

15

10

Sun / Sun 17 Feb / 17 Feb

Sat / Sat 3 Aug / 3 Aug

15

15

10

10

10

10

5

5

5

5

0

0

0

0

/ 18 Jul Thu / Thu 18 Jul

FriJul / 19 Jul Fri / 19

Fri / 22 FriFeb / 22 Feb

Sat / Sat 23 Feb / 23 Feb

Lustenau

AUT

AUS

BNE

Thu / Thu 8 Aug / 8 Aug

Fri / 9Fri Aug / 9 Aug

Sat / Sat 3 Aug / 3 Aug

Sun / Sun 4 Aug / 4 Aug

Mon / Mon 5 Aug / 5 Aug

Tue / Tue 6 Aug / 6 Aug

Wed / Wed 7 Aug / 7 Aug

Thu / Thu 8 Aug / 8 Aug

Fri / 9Fri Aug / 9 Aug

5F operative temperature 3F operative temperature

GF operative temperature

GF operative temperature

3F. 90/168

Thu / Thu 21 Feb / 21 Feb

Wed / Wed 7 Aug / 7 Aug

3F operative temperature

GF. 90/168

Tue / Tue 19 Feb / 19 Feb Wed / Wed 20 Feb / 20 Feb

Tue / Tue 6 Aug / 6 Aug

5F operative temperature

51.79%

5F. 31/168

Mon / Mon 5 Aug / 5 Aug

Time/Date (hourly)

53.57%

18.45%

Sun / Sun 4 Aug / 4 Aug

Time/Date (hourly)

53.57%

3F. 35/168

Temperature (°C)

15

/ 17 Jul Wed / Wed 17 Jul

Mon / Mon 18 Feb / 18 Feb

Coldest Winter Week 0 3rd0 August - 9th August

15

/ 16 Jul Tue / Tue 16 Jul

20.83%

5

20

/ 15 Jul Mon / Mon 15 Jul

29.76%

Comfort zone (22-26 °C)

15 The operative temperature varies between 23.54°C (ground 25 floor) and 31.19°C (3rd floor) as the outdoor temperature 10 rises to a high of 34.15°C. The overall operative temperature 20 is higher than the outdoor temperature for more than 63% of the time within the hottest summer week. It illustrates that 15 the approach of extremely high thermal capacity walls and very limited natural ventilation in Lustenau might be slightly 10 excessive for Brisbane’s humid subtropical climate.

20

Comfort zone (22-26 °C)

Sat / Sat 23 Feb / 23 Feb

Key Result

20

Outdoor temperature

Fri / 22 FriFeb / 22 Feb

20

25

/ 14 Jul Sun / Sun 14 Jul

Thu / Thu 21 Feb / 21 Feb

GF. 50/168

25

SatJul / 13 Jul Sat / 13

Tue / Tue 19 Feb / 19 Feb Wed / Wed 20 Feb / 20 Feb

Outdoor temperature

5

Sun / Sun 14 Jul / 14 Jul

Mon / Mon 18 Feb / 18 Feb

Time/Date (hourly)

5F. 93/168

The operative temperature on the 5 and 3 floors is slightly higher than the operative temperature on the ground floor by approximately 1°C. According to the daily change of the outdoor temperature (from 20°C to 29.75°C), the operative temperature on these three floors fluctuates in the range of 22.75°C (ground floor) to 28.79°C (3rd floor). The overall operative temperature is higher than the outdoor temperature for over 70% of the time within the typical summer week.

Sat / 13 SatJul / 13 Jul

25

3F. 91/168

55.36%

20

th

Typical Winter Week 0 rd July - 19th July 13

25

54.17%

Key Result

Sun / Sun 10 Feb / 10 Feb

BNE

GF operative temperature

Outdoor temperature 25

AUS

5F operative temperature

3F operative temperature GF operative temperature

25

AUT

Temperature (°C)

35

35

Lustenau

Outdoor temperature Comfort zone (22-26 °C)

5F. 87/168

44.64% GF. 75/168

55.36% 3F. 93/168

36.90% 5F. 62/168

Key Result

Key Result

The operative temperature on three floors generally fluctuates in the range of 21.05°C (5th floor) to 23.07°C (3rd floor). The range of the fluctuations is relatively subtle. All operative temperatures are higher than the outside temperature (varies from 4.75°C to 21.1°C) throughout the winter typical week. The operative temperatures are roughly situated within the thermal comfort zone (22°C -26°C) half of the time.

The operative temperature fluctuates between 21.32°C (5th floor) and 22.96°C (3rd floor) since the outdoor temperature decrease to the lowest point of 2.03°C. All the operative temperatures are higher than the outside temperature throughout the winter design week. The extremely low heat transfer contributes to a sequence of very stable and comfortable operative temperatures.

2

Building Strategies 2226 Office Building in Brisbane

Directions

Shading Device Prototype

Perforated Aluminum Rain-screen System

Due to the climate differences between Lustenau and Brisbane, the strategies and tactics also need to be changed. The subtropical climate in Brisbane requires a wide range of design responses. A list of design methods (as illustrated below) can be considered as appropriate strategies to tackle with warm, humid, and wet summers and generally mild, dry winters in Brisbane.

b.

Well-insulated Walls Insulation materials are generally low in conductivity, which may theoretically make a significant decrease in terms of the U value and the thermal inertia. Applying the ample internal insulation might be an appropriate strategy in Brisbane.

a.

Natural Ventilation The natural cooling approaches (such as cross ventilation) may function as the practical strategies.

The wind forces outdoor cool air into the building through an inlet while outlet forces warm interior air outside. It could improve the internal convection circulation and control the humidity level, which plays an important role in a warm climate.

Shading Devices Harsh sunlight penetration during the summertime is a significant issue for subtropical climate in Brisbane.

Utilising shading devices is crucial for the building thermal performance.

As Brisbane has relatively high average solar radiation level, adopting shading devices could be a highly effective approach for Brisbane’s subtropical climate.

1 Dec 22nd 10:00 2 Dec 22nd 12:00 3 Jun 22nd 10:00 4 Jun 22nd 12:00

1

Perforated Screen The perforated screen solution provides highly effective protection from direct sunlight in summer but also maintains adequate daylight admission in winter and potentially helps the airflow. The perforated panel can also be treated as the ‘permeable skin’ of the entire façade system.

3

2

4 3

Shading Optimization

b. Shading Structure

a

a2. North Elevation

a.

Customized perforated aluminum rain-screen system functions as both the shading and new building envelope, accentuating the architectural gesture by wrapping around the entire building

b.

40mm Square Hollow Sections fixed to the primary structural members

Section Details

Flashing and trim with anchor bolts.The 5mm thick asphalt rolling roofing laid over the 280mm thick expanded polystyrene foam insulation with tanking waterproofing and vapour barrier. 200mm aerated concrete slab fixed to 1mm thickness structural LYSAGHT Bondek to ensure the structural integrity and horizontal strength.

Using the traditional simple split system for the heating and cooling and air conditioning (HVAC system).

All the ductworks situate within the suspended ceiling system with 13mm white gypsum plasterboard.

Switch the triple glazing system to double glazing system with two 6mm Low-E clear float glass panels with 13mm argon fill cavity (6/13/6mm) The external wall consists of 100mm external aerated concrete panel with 10mm lime sand render and 150mm internal aerated concrete panel with 13mm lime plasterboard, integrated with 250mm expanded polystyrene foam insulation sits between the two concrete panels

The internal floor consists of 13mm oak hardwood flooring with laminated finish nailed to 19mm timber floorboards with 3mm REGUPOL acoustic underlay sit underneath the 40 mm air cavity, attached to 200mm aerated concrete floor slab with 1mm thickness structural LYSAGHT Bondek.

a1. West Elevation

The ceiling space composed by white 12.5 mm plasterboard fixed to the Rondo KEY-LOCK® concealed suspended ceiling system with 25 mm Rondo 127 top cross rail 0.75bmt fixed to 28mm Rondo 129 furring channel.

The Rondo 124N suspension clip with thread nut support the ceiling panels.

4

Building Simulations 2226 Office Building in Brisbane

Material Modifications 35

35

30

30

30

35

35

35

25

25

25

30

30

30

20

20

20

25

25

25

15

15

20

20

20

35

35

35

30

30

35

35

15 Mon / 11 Feb

Tue / 12 Feb

Wed / 13 Feb

Thu / 14 Feb

Fri / 15 Feb

Sat / 16 Feb

15

15 Sun / 10 Feb

Mon / 11 Feb

Tue / 12 Feb

Wed / 13 Feb

Thu / 14 Feb

Fri / 15 Feb

Sat / 16 Feb

25

25

30

30

20

20

20

25

25 25

25 25

25

15

15 20

15 20

20

20

20

20

25 15

25 15

25 15

15 20 10

20 10

15 5

15 5

10 0

10 0

255

5

200

0

15

15 20 10

Sun / 10 Sun Feb / 17 Feb Mon / 11 Mon Feb / 18 Feb Tue / 12 Tue Feb / 19 Feb Wed / Wed 13 Feb / 20 Feb Thu / 14 Thu Feb / 21 Feb

Sun / 10 Sun Feb / 17 Feb Mon / 11 Mon Feb / 18 Feb Tue / 12 Tue Feb / 19 Feb Wed / Wed 13 Feb / 20 Feb Thu / 14 Thu Feb / 21 Feb

Fri / 15Fri Feb / 22 Feb

Fri / 15Fri Feb / 22 Feb

Sat / 16 Sat Feb / 23 Feb

Sat / 16 Sat Feb / 23 Feb

15 5

10 0 Sat / 13 Jul

25

255

20

200 Sat / 13 Jul

Sun / 14 Jul

Sun / 14 Jul

Mon / 15 Jul

Mon / 15 Jul

Tue / 16 Jul

Tue / 16 Jul

Wed / 17 Jul

Wed / 17 Jul

Thu / 18 Jul

Thu / 18 Jul

Fri / 19 Jul

Fri / 19 Jul

25 15

25 15

25 15

20 10

20 10

20 10

15 5

15 5

15 5

10 0

10 0

9 Jul

5

0

0

9 Jul

Comfort zone (22-26 °C)

Sun / 10 Sun Feb / 17 Feb Mon / 11 Mon Feb / 18 Feb Tue / 12 Tue Feb / 19 Feb Wed / Wed 13 Feb / 20 Feb Thu / 14 Thu Feb / 21 Feb

Fri / 15Fri Feb / 22 Feb

Sat / 16 Sat Feb / 23 Feb

Sun / 10 Sun Feb / 17 Feb Mon / 11 Mon Feb / 18 Feb Tue / 12 Tue Feb / 19 Feb Wed / Wed 13 Feb / 20 Feb Thu / 14 Thu Feb / 21 Feb

Fri / 15Fri Feb / 22 Feb

Sat / 16 Sat Feb / 23 Feb

Sun / 17 Feb

Mon / 18 Feb

Tue / 19 Feb

Wed / 20 Feb

Thu / 21 Feb

Fri / 22 Feb

Sat / 23 Feb

Sun / 17 Feb

Mon / 18 Feb

Tue / 19 Feb

Wed / 20 Feb

Thu / 21 Feb

Fri / 22 Feb

Sat / 23 Feb

Sat / 13 SatJul / 3 Aug

Sun / 14 Sun Jul/ 4 Aug

Mon / Mon 15 Jul/ 5 Aug

Tue / 16 Tue Jul/ 6 Aug Wed / Wed 17 Jul / 7 Aug

Thu / 18 Thu Jul/ 8 Aug

Fri / 19 FriJul / 9 Aug

Sat / 13 SatJul / 3 Aug

Sun / 14 Sun Jul/ 4 Aug

Mon / Mon 15 Jul/ 5 Aug

Tue / 16 Tue Jul/ 6 Aug Wed / Wed 17 Jul / 7 Aug

Thu / 18 Thu Jul/ 8 Aug

Fri / 19 FriJul / 9 Aug

Sun / 14 Sun Jul/ 4 Aug

Mon / Mon 15 Jul/ 5 Aug

Tue / 16 Tue Jul/ 6 Aug Wed / Wed 17 Jul / 7 Aug

Thu / 18 Thu Jul/ 8 Aug

Fri / 19 FriJul / 9 Aug

Sat / 3 Aug

Sun / 4 Aug

Mon / 5 Aug

Tue / 6 Aug

Wed / 7 Aug

Thu / 8 Aug

Fri / 9 Aug

Sat / 3 Aug

Sun / 4 Aug

Mon / 5 Aug

Tue / 6 Aug

Wed / 7 Aug

Thu / 8 Aug

Fri / 9 Aug

5

0 Sat / 13 SatJul / 3 Aug

5

Outdoor temperature

Comfort zone (22-26 °C)

10 0 Sat / 13 SatJul / 3 Aug

5

GF operative temperature

Outdoor temperature

35

25

6 Feb

3F operative temperature

GF operative temperature

15

30

30

6 Feb

5F operative temperature

3F operative temperature

Shading Devices

35

Sun / 10 Feb

5F operative temperature

Sun / 14 Sun Jul/ 4 Aug

Mon / Mon 15 Jul/ 5 Aug

Tue / 16 Tue Jul/ 6 Aug Wed / Wed 17 Jul / 7 Aug

Thu / 18 Thu Jul/ 8 Aug

Fri / 19 FriJul / 9 Aug

Mild Overheating Issues in Summer

Block Excessive Sun Penetration

The original materiality of the 2226 building was characterised by the limited natural ventilation, extremely low heat transfer and high thermal capacity, which is relatively suitable for the wintertime and might be a bit overwhelming for the summertime in terms of Brisbane’s subtropical climate. The simulation results indicated that the “material thinning” enlarged the range of the diurnal temperature variation in summer since more heat transferred through the roof, windows and walls, causing mild overheating issues in summer

A set of perforated aluminium shading devices was applied to the building façade to block harsh sunlight penetration in summer. The perforated skin might also potentially improve the air circulation around the building façade. The results demonstrated that the shading strategies worked relatively well during the typical summer week (achieved up to 3.07°C decrease). The shading angle helps to protect the building from the direct sunlight in summer and also invites sufficient daylight into the building in winter.

Natural Ventilation

Combined Strategies

35

35

35

35

30

30

30

30

35

35

35

35

25

25

25

25

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

25

25

25

25

15

15

20

20

20

35

35

35

30

30

35

35

15 Sun / 10 Feb

Mon / 11 Feb

Tue / 12 Feb

Wed / 13 Feb

Thu / 14 Feb

Fri / 15 Feb

Sat / 16 Feb

15

15 Sun / 10 Feb

Mon / 11 Feb

Tue / 12 Feb

Wed / 13 Feb

Thu / 14 Feb

Fri / 15 Feb

Sat / 16 Feb

25

25

30

30

20

20

20

25 25

25 25

25

15

15 20

15 20

20

20

20

20

25 15

25 15

25 15

15 20 10

20 10

15 5

15 5

10 0

10 0

Sun / 10 Sun Feb / 17 Feb Mon / 11 Mon Feb / 18 Feb Tue / 12 Tue Feb / 19 Feb Wed / Wed 13 Feb / 20 Feb Thu / 14 Thu Feb / 21 Feb

Fri / 15Fri Feb / 22 Feb

Sun / 10 Sun Feb / 17 Feb Mon / 11 Mon Feb / 18 Feb Tue / 12 Tue Feb / 19 Feb Wed / Wed 13 Feb / 20 Feb Thu / 14 Thu Feb / 21 Feb

Fri / 15Fri Feb / 22 Feb

Sat / 16 Sat Feb / 23 Feb

Sat / 16 Sat Feb / 23 Feb

15 5

10 0 Sat / 13 Jul

255

20

200 Sat / 13 Jul

Sun / 14 Jul

Sun / 14 Jul

Mon / 15 Jul

Mon / 15 Jul

Tue / 16 Jul

Tue / 16 Jul

Wed / 17 Jul

Thu / 18 Jul

Wed / 17 Jul

Fri / 19 Jul

Thu / 18 Jul

255

5

200

0

Fri / 19 Jul

25 15

25 15

20 10

20 10

20 10

15 5

15 5

15 5

10 0

10 0

0

0

Fri / 15Fri Feb / 22 Feb

Sat / 16 Sat Feb / 23 Feb

25

Sun / 17 Feb

Mon / 18 Feb

Tue / 19 Feb

Wed / 20 Feb

Thu / 21 Feb

Fri / 22 Feb

20

Sat / 23 Feb

25 15

Sun / 17 Feb

Mon / 18 Feb

Tue / 19 Feb

Wed / 20 Feb

Thu / 21 Feb

Fri / 22 Feb

20 10

Sat / 23 Feb

15 5

10 0 Sun / 14 Sun Jul/ 4 Aug

Mon / Mon 15 Jul/ 5 Aug

Tue / 16 Tue Jul/ 6 Aug Wed / Wed 17 Jul / 7 Aug

Thu / 18 Thu Jul/ 8 Aug

Fri / 19 FriJul / 9 Aug

5

0 Sat / 13 SatJul / 3 Aug

Sun / 14 Sun Jul/ 4 Aug

Mon / Mon 15 Jul/ 5 Aug

Tue / 16 Tue Jul/ 6 Aug Wed / Wed 17 Jul / 7 Aug

Thu / 18 Thu Jul/ 8 Aug

Fri / 19 FriJul / 9 Aug

Sat / 3 Aug

Sun / 4 Aug

Mon / 5 Aug

Tue / 6 Aug

Wed / 7 Aug

Thu / 8 Aug

Fri / 9 Aug

Sat / 3 Aug

Sun / 4 Aug

Mon / 5 Aug

Tue / 6 Aug

Wed / 7 Aug

Thu / 8 Aug

Fri / 9 Aug

10 0 Sat / 13 SatJul / 3 Aug

5

15

Sat / 13 SatJul / 3 Aug

25 15

5

20

Sun / 10 Sun Feb / 17 Feb Mon / 11 Mon Feb / 18 Feb Tue / 12 Tue Feb / 19 Feb Wed / Wed 13 Feb / 20 Feb Thu / 14 Thu Feb / 21 Feb

25

25

Sat / 16 Sat Feb / 23 Feb

35

25

15 20 10

Fri / 15Fri Feb / 22 Feb

15

30

30

15

15 Sun / 10 Sun Feb / 17 Feb Mon / 11 Mon Feb / 18 Feb Tue / 12 Tue Feb / 19 Feb Wed / Wed 13 Feb / 20 Feb Thu / 14 Thu Feb / 21 Feb

Sun / 14 Sun Jul/ 4 Aug

Mon / Mon 15 Jul/ 5 Aug

Tue / 16 Tue Jul/ 6 Aug Wed / Wed 17 Jul / 7 Aug

Thu / 18 Thu Jul/ 8 Aug

Fri / 19 FriJul / 9 Aug

5

0 Sat / 13 SatJul / 3 Aug

Sun / 14 Sun Jul/ 4 Aug

Mon / Mon 15 Jul/ 5 Aug

Tue / 16 Tue Jul/ 6 Aug Wed / Wed 17 Jul / 7 Aug

Thu / 18 Thu Jul/ 8 Aug

Fri / 19 FriJul / 9 Aug

Meliorate the Winter Thermal Conditions

Integrated Results

Enlarging the area of the ventilation outlet from 0.308m to 0.411m2 (ground floor), 0.247m2 to 0.329m2 (upper floors) meliorated both summer and winter indoor thermal conditions, based on the simulation results above. On the one hand, the summer simulation results were similar to the shading devices strategies. On the other hand, the winter simulation results illustrate that the operative temperatures (over 77% of the time in the comfort zone) were better than the original base 2226 building after activating the natural ventilation setpoint to 23°C. 2

Although the overheating issues were still problematic (only 17% of the operative temperatures were within the 22°C-26°C comfort zone during the summer typical and hottest weeks, the percentage of the time in the comfort zone was relatively increased after combining all proposed strategies. In addition, the winter conditions are successfully improved. The winter simulation results indicated that the new design was relatively better than the original 2226 building.

6

6 Feb

6 Feb

40

35

Energy and Daylight 2226 Office Building in Lustenau

30

25

20

5F operative temperature

5F operative temperature

3F operative temperature

3F operative temperature

GF operative temperature

GF operative temperature

Outdoor temperature

Outdoor temperature

Comfort zone (22-26 °C)

Comfort zone (22-26 °C)

15

10

Wed 20

HVAC System Activated 200 200

35

35 Fuel

35

150 150

25

25 30

20

100

100

Sat 23

Sun 24

166.10

20

15 Sun / 10 Feb

Mon / 11 Feb

Tue / 12 Feb

Wed / 13 Feb

Thu / 14 Feb

Fri / 15 Feb

Sat / 16 Feb

20

Sun / 17 Feb

50

Mon / 18 Feb

Tue / 19 Feb

Mon / 18 Feb

Tue / 19 Feb

15

15 Sun / 10 Feb

Mon / 11 Feb

Tue / 12 Feb

Wed / 13 Feb

Thu / 14 Feb

Fri / 15 Feb

Sat / 16 Feb

Thu / 21 Feb

Fri / 22 Feb

Sat / 23 Feb

16.92 16.70 Sun / 17 Feb

Wed / 20 Feb

Thu / 21 Feb

Fri / 22 Feb

11.35 Sat / 23 Feb

20.85 2.82

35

00

25

0.57

Room Electricity

Lighting

Heating

Room Electricity

Lighting

Heating

Notes: Lower energy use = Better result

Cooling

Cooling Base Case Energy Use Improved Case Energy Use

30

Energy Data

20 25 25

25

15 20

20

Energy Per Total Building Area

Total Energy Sun / 17 Feb

Mon / 18 Feb

Tue / 19 Feb

Wed / 20 Feb

Thu / 21 Feb

Fri / 22 Feb

Sat / 23 Feb

20 25 15

25 Total Site Energy

78196.73 kWh

25.87 kWh/m2

Total Source Energy

167096.03 kWh

55.28 kWh/m2

15

Sun / 17 Feb

Mon / 18 Feb

Tue / 19 Feb

Wed / 20 Feb

Thu / 21 Feb

Fri / 22 Feb

Sat / 23 Feb

20 10

20851.33 kWh

15 Internal Lighting

15 5

5

572.23 kWh × 3.60 (COP) =

Heating 10 0

10 0

Sat / 13 Jul

Sun / 14 Jul

Mon / 15 Jul

Tue / 16 Jul

Wed / 17 Jul

Thu / 18 Jul

Fri / 19 Jul

Cooling

Sat / 3 Aug

Sun / 4 Aug

16697.23 kWh 37548.57 kWh

Total End Uses 200

0 Sat / 13 Jul

Sun / 14 Jul

Mon / 15 Jul

Tue / 16 Jul

Wed / 17 Jul

Thu / 18 Jul

Fri / 19 Jul

25 15

Sun / 4 Aug

Mon / 5 Aug

Tue / 6 Aug

Wed / 7 Aug

Thu / 8 Aug

Fri / 9 Aug

135174.85 MJ/annum

Total Electricity Consumption

576 m2

Total Building Area

20 10

Internal Lighting Settings

15 5

1.6 W/m2·100lux

Power Density (LED Lighting Fixtures)

10 0 Sat / 3 Aug

Sun / 4 Aug

Mon / 5 Aug

Tue / 6 Aug

Wed / 7 Aug

Thu / 8 Aug

Fri / 9 Aug

5

Office_OpenOff_Light*

Lighting Schedule Control Type

0 Sat / 3 Aug

7

Sat / 3 Aug

2060.01 kWh

11349.46 kWh × 3.40 (EER) = 38588.16 kWh Mon / 5 Aug Tue / 6 Aug Wed / 7 Aug Thu / 8 Aug Fri / 9 Aug

5 Interior Equipment

255

9 Jul

57.11

Wed / 20 Feb

20

50

35

9 Jul

Tue 26

25

15

15 20 10

Mon 25

35

30

25

Fri 22

(MWh)

30

30

30

Thu 21

Energy Use Analysis

Sun / 4 Aug

Mon / 5 Aug

Tue / 6 Aug

Wed / 7 Aug

Thu / 8 Aug

Fri / 9 Aug

Linear

Office Space / Open Plan Office / Studios / Habitation

300 lux

Accessible / Female / Male Toilet

200 lux

Stair / Shelving

160 lux

Indoor Thermal Comfort

Archive / Store

180 lux

The heating and cooling facilities adopted a traditional simple split system with no mechanically assisted ventilation involved.

The Coefficient of Performance (COP) and Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) were set to 3.60 and 3.40, respectively. As a result, the operative temperatures can roughly situate between 2226°C (with a very few portions of the time the temperature goes up to 30°C) throughout the entire year.

Lighting Control

ON

HVAC System Settings (No Mechanical Ventilation) HVAC System Template HVAC Schedule

Packaged DX Split System Office_OpenOff_Occ*

Coefficient of Performance (COP) (Heating)

3.60

Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) (Cooling)

3.40

Daylight Analysis (No Shading)

Daylight Analysis (Shading Applied)

5 Floor

5th Floor

th

DF

Lux

DF

Lux

7.00

700

7.00

700

5.60

560

5.60

560

4.20

420

4.20

420

2.80

280

2.80

280

1.40

140

1.40

140

0.00

0

0.00

0

3rd Floor

3rd Floor

DF

Lux

DF

Lux

7.00

700

7.00

700

5.60

560

5.60

560

4.20

420

4.20

420

2.80

280

2.80

280

1.40

140

1.40

140

0.00

0

0.00

0

Ground Floor

Ground Floor

DF

Lux

DF

Lux

7.00

700

7.00

700

5.60

560

5.60

560

4.20

420

4.20

420

2.80

280

2.80

280

1.40

140

1.40

140

0.00

0

0.00

0

8

Endnotes

1.

Hugh Strange, “2226 Lustenau office building,” Technical Sustainability Building design 2093, no. 1 (January 2014): 16.

2.

Mauerwerk, “Energy – efficient building – Office block 2226 in Lustenau / Energieeffizientes Bauen – Bürohaus 2226 in Lustenau,” Mauerwerk 20, no. 2 (2016): 171-172.

3.

Florian Betat, “The importance of internal heat gains - an analysis of Baumschlager Eberle’s 2226,” NTNU MSc Sustainable Architecture AAR4926 Integrated Energy Design Theory Report (2018): 9.

4.

Walter Hugentobler, Peter Widerin, Lars Junghans, Willem Bruijn, “Do Healthy Buildings Need Technology?” Healthy Buildings (2016):1-8.

5.

H.G. Weller, Gavin Tabor, Hrvoje Jasak, and Christer Fureby, “A Tensorial Approach to Computational Continuum Mechanics Using Object Orientated Techniques,” Computers in Physics 12, no. 6 (November 1998): 620-631.

6.

Walter Hugentobler, Peter Widerin, Lars Junghans, Willem Bruijn, “Do Healthy Buildings Need Technology?” Healthy Buildings (2016):1-8.

7.

Florian Betat, “The importance of internal heat gains - an analysis of Baumschlager Eberle’s 2226,” NTNU MSc Sustainable Architecture AAR4926 Integrated Energy Design Theory Report (2018): 9.

8.

Ibid.

9.

Mohamed El Mankibi and P Michel, “Hybrid Ventilation Control Design and Management,” ASHRAE Transactions 115 (2009): 3-9.

9