IMMERSION | Bird observatory and workshop by Yucheng Dai

Housing/Bird observatory + Craftsman Workshop

IMMERSION Yucheng Dai a1700892

Urbanism ARCH 7034

Studio 4 2020

Dr. Jo Russell-Clarke

5. Before and After: Kangaroo Island. The devastating fires ripped through the land that has left forests reduced to charred stumps. Green Bushland surrounds Cape du Couedic Road on Kangaroo Island vs Bushland was completely burnt either side of Cape du Couedic Road 6. Mallee woodland: extensive and continuous stand transformed into a remnant narrow farm corridor. 1. (Cover image) Large eucalyptus trees with western grey kangaroos, Macropus fuliginosus, subspecies Kangaroo Island kangaroo, in the foreground (Open woodland). 2. Coast scene near Rapid Bay sunset, “Peculiarly beautiful are the gorgeous effects of the evening sky, in the brilliant atmosphere of Australia.… as described to them by those who have gazed with delight on their glorious pageantry of light and colour.” 3. Kangaroo Island volunteer firefighter Jen Child took this photograph of fellow crew members after a long day of tamping down hot spots that continue to threaten wildlife, livestock, property, and human life a week after catastrophic fires swept across the western end of the island. 4. Fast Twitch: Desert Dwelling - read the entire place as a versatile territory, ‘content to form’ approach linked to interests in broadening the architect’s versatility (both the methods and results), attempting to open analogic and intuitive means.

7. Survey of 1876 in order to open land selection in 1877. From left: the rectangular Aboriginal Reserve, Binney’s (Binnies’) Track, Ironstone Hill; and foot pads from Creek Bay and Cuttlefish Bay (Diagram sheet, Field Book no. 819, 1876, Lands Titles Office, Adelaide). 8. “Center Pivot Irrigation Landscape,” in Cultivating the Map by Danny Wills. 9. The Mississippi Delta lost landmass statistics from 1931 to 2010 (Matthew Seibert, Dredge Research Collaborative and Louisiana Coastal Sustainability Studio) 10. Bleach out: Decommissioning Domesticity, Relational Drawing v.01 Neither purely abstract not figural, the drawing examines erasure and anticipates the eventual erasure of programmatic practices and drawing is relational and is not yet spatial or architectural. 11. ‘General Plan of East Township.’ 1881 (Field Book 1237, Hundred of Dudley, 1881-82, p. 13, Lands Titles Office, Adelaide)

Contents

Ideas

Excavation

Genius loci

Ornithology

News

Project proposal

Transformation

Mapping

Ecological process

Changes on the Island

Research

Site selection

Masterplan

Site analysis

Programme

Staging

Assemblage

Modular system

Elevation view

Final stage view

Underway projects

Program summary

References

Bird

Ideas The three interrelated components are the first thought of my project concept in terms of the trees. A landscape complex is planned to include a series of interrelated components that bridge human, birds, and forest, really see the essence of the tree.

Forest

Human

Excavation

Diving in AGSA collection

Trees · Forest Engaging the minds and bodies with rejuvenation and a sense of well-being.

View of the north side of Kangaroo Island William Woolnoth, engraver, Britain, born active 1806-1836, after William Westall, Britain/ Australia, 1781-1850. From Views of Australian scenery, 1814, published by G. & W. Nicol, London, etching, engraving on paper, 16.0 × 23.0 cm (image), 25.2 × 31.6 cm (plate), 26.5 × 36.2 cm (sheet); South Australian Government Grant 1969, Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide.

“Genius loci”

Seizing the spirit through moments and fire

Imaginary moments collided with wildfire Yucheng Dai, Photomontage. 2020 Along a natural limestone tunnel embedded in the coastal cliffs, a popular picnic spot acted as a witness of this devastating disaster, seeing the wildfire swept across the western end of the island. Cape Willoughby Lighthouse and Cape Borda Light station stood silently aside, praying for all suffering creatures living on the land. Is there something that we can do, to rescue the species, to replant the trees, to recover the land, to reinvigorate the Kangaroo Island that has been silent since the destructive bushfire, and reenergize its long-lasting vitality?

Ornithology Ornithology on Kangaroo Island

Red-capped Robin

Australian Golden Whistler

Striated Thornbill

Spotted Pardalote

Crimson Chat

Southern Emu-wren

Elegant Parrot

Crimson Rosella

Purple-crowned Lorikeet

Little Lorikeet

Stronghold is arid and semi-arid, open mulga/myall, black oak

Diverse; forest, mallee, stringybark; broombush associations; wetland paperbarks; coastal dune scrub

Almost all eucalypt formations; Mostly tall riparian forest; isolated stands of Sugar Gum forest; stringybark scrub;

Race punctatus inhabits eucalypt forest Race xanthopyge inhabits tall, medium and dwarf mallee associations

Chiefly arid and semi-arid chenopod shrublands and grasslands of inland Aust

Dense coastal, cliff-top mallee heath with dense thickets of Dryland Tea-tree

Vagrant (Rare)

Resident (Moderately common)

Farmland pasture/remnant native bushland mosaic; open post-fire/whipstick mallee

Variety of native bushland; forest, stringybark, mallee, costal heathland; town parks and gardens, orchards.

Variety of native bushland; forest, stringybark, mallee, coastal heathland; flowering Scarlet Bottlebrush

The second bird species/subspecies to become extinct on Kangaroo Island, the first being the KI Emu.

Petroica goodenovii

Pachycephala Pectoralis

Vagrant (Moderately common)

Resident (Moderately common)

Acanthiza lineata

Pardalotus punctatus

Resident (Moderately common)

Epthianura tricolor

Resident (Common)

Stipiturus malachurus

Neophema elegans

Platycercus elegans

Regular visitor (Uncommon)

Glossopsitta porphyrocephala

Resident (Common)

Resident (Moderately common)

Glossopsitta pusilla

Extinct

Tawny Frogmouth

Australian Darter

Sacred Kingfisher

Gang-gang Cockatoo

Shining Bronze Cuckoo

Glossy Black Cockatoo

Garganey

Painted Buttonquail

Australian Gannet

Baillon’s Crake

Open forest; mallee; farmland mosaic of pasture and trees; stringybark woodland

Freshwater and brackish wetlands; preferably with live and dead trees for nesting and perching

Coastal tidal flats and adjacent mallee; river estuary; freshwater and brackish wetlands; paperbark

On KI mostly in riparian forest growing along secluded river valleys

Tall forest, mostly riparian; isolated stands of Sugar Gum; commercial Tas Blue Gum forest

Drooping Sheoak woodland and associated tall sclerophyll forest, often Sugar Gum

Well-vegetated freshwater wetlands; brackish wetlands

Native bushland with ample leaf litter and intact understorey of bushes, shrubs, grass and sedge tussocks; forest

Mostly coastal seas when breeding; Tasman Sea and inshore Aust seas

Diverse wetlands; freshwater, brackish, saline; freshwater sedge lagoons

Non-breeding visitor (Common)

Unknown (Rare)

Podargus strigoides

Anhinga novaehollandiae

Vagrant (Rare)

Todiramphus sanctus

Irregular visitor (Uncommon)

Callocephalon fimbriatum

Vagrant (Rare)

Chrysococcyx lucidus

Resident (Rare)

Calyptorhynchus lathami

SS migrant (Moderately common)

Resident (Endangered)

Turnix varia

Anas querquedula

Resident (Declined)

Vagrant (Extremely rare)

Morus serrator

Porzana pusilla

Banded Lapwing

Kangaroo Island Emu

Brolga

Brown Goshawk

Greater Sand Plover

Eastern Cattle Egret

Royal Spoonbill

Little Pied Cormorant

Horsfield’s Bronze Cuckoo

Square-tailed Kite

Farmland; shortish legs not suited to long rank pasture; favours well-drained elevated paddocks with cropped grasses

Extinct on Kangaroo Island in 1803. Theories on causes of extinction include hunting by sealers, disease and bushfires

Freshwater wetlands; floodplains; grasslands; farm paddocks

Heavily forested areas; mostly riparian forest along secluded river valleys

Resident (Uncommon)

Mostly agricultural areas; moist green pastures; germinating crops; irrigated paddocks; also dry pastures

Mostly marine/coastal; tidal shallows of sheltered bays, inlets, estuaries; samphire saltmarsh

Mostly coastal; sheltered bays/inlets, rivers and estuaries; sand spit; inlets; also small numbers inland lagoons

Low profile mallee; inland and coastal; stringybark scrub

Vagrant (Rare)

Coastal; tidal sand and mud flats; samphire saltmarsh; sandy saltmarsh islets; shellgrit beaches

Mainland temperate and tropical forest and woodland; scrub; mallee, coastal heath; further inland

Vanellus tricolor

Resident (Uncommon)

Dromaius novaehollandiae

Extinct

Grus rubicunda

Accipiter fasciatus

Charadrius leschenaultii

NH migrant (Rare)

Bubulcus coromandus

Winter-spring visitor (Rare)

Platalea regia

Resident (Moderately common)

Phalacrocorax melanoleucos

Resident (Common)

Chrysococcyx basalis

SS migrant (Moderately common)

Lophoictinia isura

Vagrant (Rare)

Extinct or extant

Associated with trees

Amicable or aggressive

Impact by the bushfire

Abundance

There are two species/subspecies shown above extinct on Kangaroo Island: Kangaroo Island Emu and Little Lorikeet. On the basis of the intent of interaction with people, it might not be purely acceptable to include extinct species (unless museum or archives).

On the basis of the studio outlines, the chosen species should be arboreal creatures or at least in relation to trees. It might not be suitable for the birds that inhabit mostly in freshwater wetlands/grasslands/farm paddocks/Coastal…

The “personality” of the birds is also essential for the communities and tourism. The aggressive birds, such as Brown Goshawk might not be appropriate than friendly and playful birds.

After the devestating bushfires, thousands of hectares of native habitat have been lost and animals have perished. The severity of the bushfire’s impact on the birds’ habitat and food has also become a criterion for consideration.

Pay more attention to the rare or even endangered species. Some of the more widespread, abundant, and mobile species, have suffered significant mortalities, but their populations are expected to recover as habitat recovers.

Ornithology Ornithology on Kangaroo Island

Red-capped Robin

Australian Golden Whistler

Striated Thornbill

Spotted Pardalote

Crimson Chat

Southern Emu-wren

Elegant Parrot

Crimson Rosella

Purple-crowned Lorikeet

Little Lorikeet

Stronghold is arid and semi-arid, open mulga/myall, black oak

Diverse; forest, mallee, stringybark; broombush associations; wetland paperbarks; coastal dune scrub

Almost all eucalypt formations; Mostly tall riparian forest; isolated stands of Sugar Gum forest; stringybark scrub;

Race punctatus inhabits eucalypt forest Race xanthopyge inhabits tall, medium and dwarf mallee associations

Chiefly arid and semi-arid chenopod shrublands and grasslands of inland Aust

Dense coastal, cliff-top mallee heath with dense thickets of Dryland Tea-tree

Vagrant (Rare)

Resident (Moderately common)

Farmland pasture/remnant native bushland mosaic; open post-fire/whipstick mallee

Variety of native bushland; forest, stringybark, mallee, costal heathland; town parks and gardens, orchards.

Variety of native bushland; forest, stringybark, mallee, coastal heathland; flowering Scarlet Bottlebrush

The second bird species/subspecies extinct on Kangaroo Island, the first being the KI Emu.

Petroica goodenovii

Pachycephala Pectoralis

Vagrant (Moderately common)

Resident (Moderately common)

Acanthiza lineata

Pardalotus punctatus

Resident (Moderately common)

Epthianura tricolor

Resident (Common)

Stipiturus malachurus

Neophema elegans

Platycercus elegans

Regular visitor (Uncommon)

Glossopsitta porphyrocephala

Resident (Common)

Resident (Moderately common)

Glossopsitta pusilla

Extinct

Tawny Frogmouth

Australian Darter

Sacred Kingfisher

Gang-gang Cockatoo

Shining Bronze Cuckoo

Glossy Black Cockatoo

Garganey

Painted Buttonquail

Australian Gannet

Baillon’s Crake

Open forest; mallee; farmland mosaic of pasture and trees; stringybark woodland

Freshwater and brackish wetlands; preferably with live and dead trees for nesting and perching

Coastal tidal flats and adjacent mallee; river estuary; freshwater and brackish wetlands; paperbark

On KI mostly in riparian forest growing along secluded river valleys

Tall forest, mostly riparian; isolated stands of Sugar Gum; commercial Tas Blue Gum forest

Drooping Sheoak woodland and associated tall sclerophyll forest, often Sugar Gum

Well-vegetated freshwater wetlands; brackish wetlands

Native bushland with ample leaf litter and intact understorey of bushes, shrubs, grass and sedge tussocks; forest

Mostly coastal seas when breeding; Tasman Sea and inshore Aust seas

Diverse wetlands; freshwater, brackish, saline; freshwater sedge lagoons

Non-breeding visitor (Common)

Unknown (Rare)

Podargus strigoides

Anhinga novaehollandiae

Vagrant (Rare)

Todiramphus sanctus

Irregular visitor (Uncommon)

Callocephalon fimbriatum

Vagrant (Rare)

Chrysococcyx lucidus

Resident (Rare)

Calyptorhynchus lathami

SS migrant (Moderately common)

Resident (Endangered)

Turnix varia

Anas querquedula

Resident (Declined)

Vagrant (Extremely rare)

Morus serrator

Porzana pusilla

Banded Lapwing

Kangaroo Island Emu

Brolga

Brown Goshawk

Greater Sand Plover

Eastern Cattle Egret

Royal Spoonbill

Little Pied Cormorant

Horsfield’s Bronze Cuckoo

Square-tailed Kite

Farmland; shortish legs not suited to long rank pasture; favours well-drained elevated paddocks with cropped grasses

Extinct on Kangaroo Island in 1803. Theories on causes of extinction include hunting by sealers, disease and bushfires

Freshwater wetlands; floodplains; grasslands; farm paddocks

Heavily forested areas; mostly riparian forest along secluded river valleys

Resident (Uncommon)

Mostly agricultural areas; moist green pastures; germinating crops; irrigated paddocks; also dry pastures

Mostly marine/coastal; tidal shallows of sheltered bays, inlets, estuaries; samphire saltmarsh

Mostly coastal; sheltered bays/inlets, rivers and estuaries; sand spit; inlets; also small numbers inland lagoons

Low profile mallee; inland and coastal; stringybark scrub

Vagrant (Rare)

Coastal; tidal sand and mud flats; samphire saltmarsh; sandy saltmarsh islets; shellgrit beaches

Mainland temperate and tropical forest and woodland; scrub; mallee, coastal heath; further inland

Vanellus tricolor

Resident (Uncommon)

Dromaius novaehollandiae

Extinct

Grus rubicunda

Accipiter fasciatus

Charadrius leschenaultii

NH migrant (Rare)

Bubulcus coromandus

Winter-spring visitor (Rare)

Platalea regia

Resident (Moderately common)

Phalacrocorax melanoleucos

Resident (Common)

Chrysococcyx basalis

SS migrant (Moderately common)

Lophoictinia isura

Vagrant (Rare)

Extinct or extant

Associated with trees

Amicable or aggressive

Impact by the bushfire

Abundance

The “personality” of the birds is also essential for the communities and tourism. The aggressive birds, such as Brown Goshawk might not be appropriate than friendly and playful birds.

News Accommodation units and craftsman workshop

Temporary Housing / observatory to Craftsman Workshop

The roosters football club has to convert into a tent area.

With other related local activities and programs

A temporary housing units that can offer the comfortable and adaptable place for the experts and professional teams who came to the island to save the Glossy Black-Cockatoo, the units in the trees function as a prototype that can be used in lightweight local materials or aluminium to cope the people’s needs. As the time goes by, when the environment gradually recover from the bushfires, the units can be jointed to form a new space for people to craft the artificial tree hollow for the Glossy Black-Cockatoo, as the natural tree hollow would take over hundreds of years to formulate the hollow. The research-oriented shelters will somehow transform into a series of educational creative workshop spaces, for both local communities and visitors. 9

Project proposal Statement

Within a crumbling, semi-derelict and neglected camping site of Kangaroo Island, I decide to reborn the vitality as a new complex interlink, entangling with the trees. ‘Immersion’ is planned to be located in the vicinity of Duck Lagoon camping areas, A neglected suburb of the Kangaroo Island. The idea is to make use of the land and forest, to design a sequence of interrelated temporary housing units and bird observatory tree houses that can offer the comfortable and adaptable places for the experts and professional teams who came to the island to save the Glossy Black-Cockatoo, the units within the forest function as a prototype that can be used in lightweight local materials or aluminium to cope the people’s needs. As the time goes by, when the environment gradually recover from the bushfires, the units can be jointed to form a series of workshops for people to craft the artificial tree hollow for the Glossy BlackCockatoo, as the natural tree hollow would take over hundreds of years to formulate the hollow. The research-oriented houses will somehow transform into a series of educational creative workshop spaces, for both local communities and visitors.

Transformation Accommodation units to craftsman workshop

Temporary Housing

Craftsman Workshop

Temporary Housing to Craftsman Workshop With other related local activities and programs

A series of temporary housing units that can offer the comfortable and adaptable place for the experts and professional teams who came to the island to save the Glossy Black-Cockatoo, the units in the trees function as a prototype that can be used in lightweight local materials or aluminium to cope the people’s needs. As the time goes by, when the environment gradually recover from the bushfires, the units can be jointed to form a new space for people to craft the artificial tree hollow for the Glossy Black-Cockatoo, as the natural tree hollow would take over hundreds of years to formulate the hollow. The research-oriented shelters will somehow transform into a series of educational creative workshop spaces, for both local communities and visitors. 11

Mapping Visual impression of the whole Island

14 23

3 6

36 9

19 20

13 16

12 11

15 14

32 33

27 28 30

34 30

18 17 21

Inclusions Heritage Places Local heritage State heritage

Bushfire Protection Areas High Bushfire Risk

Map out the entire Kangaroo Island Yucheng Dai, Photo editing. 2020 Reading places in its greater contexts, to receive an integrated understanding, about the spatial compositions, visual quality, the past & present, and the stories that grow within the site.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Emu Bay Kingscote town Nepean Bay Clifford’s Honey Farm Kingscote Aerodrome Airport Kingscote Airport Birchmore Parndana Kangaroo Island Wildlife Park Murray Lagoon Raptor Domain Little Sahara Adventure Centre

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

A corner of the Kelly Hills Reserve Seal Bay Vivonne Bay Kelly Hill Caves Southern Ocean Lodge (burned) Remarkable Rocks Flinders Chase National Park Remarkable Rocks Campground Kirkpatrick Point Admiral’s Arch + Cape du Couedic Lighthouse Cape Cassini Cape Gantheaume

25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.

BlueSeas BeachHouse D’Estrees Bay Ballast Head Pelican Lagoon Gypsum Heaps Pelican Lagoon Sailing from Cape Jervis to Penneshaw SeaLink Ferry Terminal Dudley Wines Antechamber Bay Retreats Cape Willoughby Lighthouse Cape Borda Light Station

Ecological process From continuous vegetation to charred stumps after the conflagration

1816

1836 -

The backwaters of Cygnet River became the first settlement area on the island when a group of sealers, under the leadership of Henry Wallan, built a small farm there about 1816. They remained in the district until the coming of the South Australian Company’s party in 1836.

1955-1965

The chapman River comping spot. Along the European settlement, the nature in Kangaroo Island has given it an enviable position in the Australian rural community. As the first settled area in SA, the island has maintained its natural parklands with agriculture development.

1975-1985

Most of the Finders Chase National Park was burned. Many animals on the island died in the fires. An ongoing loss of biodiversity has been emerged.

2019-2020

The primarily commercial forestry has emerged as one of the new industries since the first smallscale forestry plantations established during 1975-1985 (although two-thirds of the island was proposed for development as a commercial timber plantation in 1917).

After the several fires in 2007 and destructive bushfires in 2019-2020, “Nothing moves on the surface”, only the ash does.

Changes on the Island — vol. 1 Geographical environment and demographical statistics

Australia

Regions

Kangaroo Island

E D

4405 km2

C B

G A

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Victoria New South Wales Queensland South Australia Northern Territory Western Australia Australian Capital Territory Tasmania

Cape Jervis Fleurieu Peninsula Backstairs Passage Point Marsden

H 20

4.8 %

80 years and over

27.1 %

60 — 79 years

29.3 %

40 — 59 years

17.6 %

20 — 39 years

Population

21.1 %

0 — 19 years

4702 4417

in 2016

in 2011

2522 in 1954

1479 in 1947

Geography

Demography

“Although Kangaroo Island is only 15 km from mainland South Australia, the dangerous waters of Backstairs Passage have acted as a physical and psychological barrier to its small population.”

A considerable number of children and elderly people are living on Kangaroo Island. Evidently, there are 1180 families living on the island.

Changes on the Island — vol. 2 Alteration of land use and its impact on native vegetation

1945

1958

1969

1976

Current Condition

Vegetation associations

Agriculture

Cleared

Uncleared

Top: The current native vegetation coverage and distribution on Kangaroo Island Left: Vegetation coverage on Kangaroo Island at selected time-points between 1945 and 1989 (based on Robinson & Armstrong’s research in 1999)

20 Kilometres

Structural formations

1989

60%

230,370 hectare

8,000 hectare in 1991 19,000 hectare in 2011/12

A number of Key historical events relate to land clearing for agricultural production (dryland agriculture) on Kangaroo Island.

The Island has a higher proportion of remnant native vegetation (48% cover) than any other agricultural region in South Australia.

In 2017 the value of major industries to the Kangaroo Island economy included $87.5 million in agriculture notably with $29.4 million (sheep and lamb), $24.9 million (wool), $17.8 million (cropping); $22.2 million (commercial fishing); and $81 million (tourism).

However, since European settlement, Kangaroo Island’s landscape has been “extensively transformed from continuous Mallee vegetation, into a patchwork of native vegetation interspersed with cleared agricultural land.”

Changes on the Island — vol. 3 Catastrophic bushfires and landscape ruins

Kangaroo Island Bushfire 2007

19 15

Bushfire boundary

National Park and conservation

16 3

Destruction

2072 km

207,200 hectare

Burnt Area

46 %

9 11

6 4

14 10

The 2019-20 summer bushfires on Kangaroo Island were the largest in the island’s recorded history. Almost half of the 440,500-hectare island had burnt. The western end of the island, home to the internationally renowned Flinders Chase National Park, was heavily affected by the bushfires – with 96% of Flinders Chase and the adjoining Ravine des Casoars Wilderness Protection Area burnt. Much of the infrastructure in Flinders Chase National Park was destroyed, such as the Rocky River visitor centre, heritage cottages, campgrounds, toilets, walking trails and picnic areas.

Inclusions

Kangaroo Island Bushfire 2019-20 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Flinders Chase National Park Flinders Chase National Park (Gosselands) Ravine Des Casoars Wilderness Protection Area Hanson Bay Sanctuary Cape Bouguer Wildness Protection Area Kelly Hill Conservation Park Western River Wildness Protection Area Cape Torrens Wild. Prot. Area Mt Taylor Con. Park

20 Kilometres

Burnt

Not Burnt

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Vivonne Park Conservation Park Seal Bay Conservation Park Cape Gantheaume Conservation Park Cape Gantheaume Protection Area Cape Gantheaume Con. Park Parndana Con. Park Beyeria Conservation Park Seddon Con. Park Lathami Con. Park

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Nepean Bay Conservation Park Pelican Lagoon Con. Park Dudley Conservation Park Baudin Con. Park Simpson Conservation Park Lesueur Con. Park Lashmar Conservation Park

Research Glossy Black Cockatoo

Glossy Black Cockatoo

Size: 46-50 cm

Calyptorhynchus lathami

Description: Medium-sized black cockatoo with massive bulbous bill. Endemic Kangaroo Island race halmaturinus. Male: Black wings and scapulars with subtle, glossy greenish sheen; black mantle, back and uppertail; head and neck blackish-brown, possibly with a yellow feather or two on side of head; dark iris bordered by bare grey skin; small black crest on fore-crown; massive dark grey bulbous bill. Upperparts: Blackish-brown chin, throat, breast, belly, vent and undertail coverts; undertail black with eye-catching bright red panels on all but central two tail feathers; legs and feet dark grey. Female: Distinctive patchy yellow gathering on side of head and necks; undertail panels red with yellow wash and black transverse barring. Immature: Tail panel as for adult female; yellow spotting on breast and wing-coverts.

C.l. erebus C.l. lathami C.l. halmaturinus

Behaviour: Generally pairs, family trios or small flocks; quietly climbs about in Drooping Sheoak trees in search of food; bites woody cone off with powerful bill; holds in left foot whilst chewing cone downward to procure seeds with tongue; deposits much litter (‘chewings’) on ground below feed trees; roosts in fall forest trees next to feeding area, usually Sugar Gums; drinks at dawn and/or dusk, from stream or dam; buoyant, floating flight with slow, ‘lazy’ wingbeats; calls in flight. Diet: Specialised; almost exclusively feeding on seeds of Drooping Sheoak; rare records of eating seeds of Slaty Sheoak. Habitat: Drooping Sheoak woodland and associated tall sclerophyll forest, often Sugar Gum. Breeding: Jan-Aug; in natural tree hollow, often Sugar Gum; also readily uses artificial hollows (hollow logs; PVC pipe), placed in forest trees to provide additional nesting sites and stimulate greater breeding success; 1 egg; female incubates egg and broods young; male calls nesting female from nest hollow and feeds her at dusk; female only feeds nestling but both sexes feed juvenile after fledging; young fledge at about 3 months.

Status: Resident. Abundance: Endangered; population estimated at about 200 in 1995; current estimate about 350 (before the bushfire 2019-20); since protection of nest trees (iron collars to prevent egg and nestling predation by Brush-tailed Possums), fledging of young has increased from less than 6 in 1995 to 35 or more in 2012; nonbreeding flocks of 40 or more are exceptional. Distribution: Race halmaturinus now solely confined to Kangaroo Island (extinct on SA mainland); mostly occurs in deep gullies with Drooping Sheoak and Sugar Gums along N coast, in isolated pockets of suitable habitat from Penneshaw in East to West Bay and Sandy Creek in far western Flinders Chase National Park; also occurs inland along secluded river valleys with Sheoak and forest, including Cygnet, Eleanor, Northwest, Northeast, Middle and Western Rivers. Where to find: Lathami CP; Western River CP; American River township and surrounds; Baudin CP near Penneshaw.

Fascinating facts Sheoak cones

580

Maximum number of Sheoak cones a non-breeding Glossy Black Cockatoo can process in a day

Distance

12 km

Distance a Glossy may travel to feed

Duration

200

Number of years it takes for a tree hollow to form before possibly being used a nesting habitat by Glossies

Egg number

Number of eggs a Glossy lay once every two years.

Research Glossy Black Cockatoo

Food for Glossy Black-Cockatoo Plant description: Dioecious tree to 9 m tall with drooping branches on the male tree. Female trees are erect and bear cones. Status: Native. Fruit type: Large woody cylindrical cone with numerous valves. Seed cleaning: Place cones in a tray and leave to dry for 2-3 weeks. This will allow the valves to dry and open releasing the seeds. Place the dried cones in a bucket and shake gently to dislodge the seeds. Use a sieve to separate seeds from the unwanted material. Store the seeds with a desiccant such as dried silica beads or dry rice, in an air tight container in a cool and dry place. 58

Seed type: Dark brown, smooth and semi-flat seeds to 10 mm long, with a papery wing at one end. Embryo type: Investing. Seed collecting: Cones can be collected anytime as mature cones remain on the female plant. Collect cones that have closed valves from the lower part of the stem as these are more mature. Seed viability: From one collection, the seed viability was low, at 30%. Seed germination: Seeds are non-dormant, viable seed should germinate readily.

Height

5-8 m

SA Seed Conservation Centre

Drooping She-oak

Spread

4-6 m

Bark of Drooping She-oak

Drooping She-oak branchlets

Drooping She-oak cones

Mature cones

Ribs and teeth

Female flowers

Drooping She-oak seeds

A. J. Brown

SA Seed Conservation Centre

A. J. Brown

SA Seed Conservation Centre

Research Glossy Black Cockatoo

Breeding place for Glossy Black-Cockatoo Plant description: Single stemmed tree, crown terminal and oftern layered, with smooth bark throughout, orange-yellow to tan, grey and cream. Adult leaves to 100 mm long and 35 mm wide, lanceolate to broad-lanceolate, glossy, dark green above and paler below. Flowers axillary in umbels of 7-11 flowers on leafless part of the branchlets. Buds to 13 mm long and 6 mm wide, cylindrical to urn-shaped, bud-cap hemisperical and rounded and much shorther than the base. Flowers cream appearing in summer. This subspecies is distinguished from the other two subspecies by its distribution and combination of tall, widebranching habit, relatively long and broad adult leaves and relatively large fruits. 66

Seed type: Grey-brown ovoid seed. Embryo type: Investing. Seed collecting: Collect mature fruits that are dark and hard (difficult to break with a finger nail), with the valves un-open any time of year. Seed viability: From one collection, the seed viability was high, at 100%. Seed germination: Seeds are non-dormant, viable seed should germinate readily.

Height

Spread

10-35 m 12-15 m

SA Seed Conservation Centre

Bark of Sugar Gum

Crown of Sugar Gum

Leaves

Fruit

Dry fruit

Artificial Nesting Boxes

Sugar Gum seeds

SA Seed Conservation Centre

Wikipedia

SA Seed Conservation Centre

Wikipedia

SA Seed Conservation Centre

Research Site and location

Glossy Black Cockatoo nesting

Distribution of major flocks of the Glossy Black Cockatoo on Kangaroo Island 0

Kilometres

Drooping Sheoak Allocasuarina verticillata (Drooping Sheoak) distribution N 0

Kilometres

Nests of Glossy Black Cockatoo N

Distribution of known nests on Kangaroo Island between 1995 and 1997 0

20 Kilometres

Research Site and location

Glossy Black-Cockatoo, like all Black-Cockatoo, are obligate hollow nester because they do not excavate a nest. Breeding pairs form a life-time bond and can breed in their second year of life in captivity. Copulation takes place up to ten days before egg-laying, which occurs between late January and late July (Garbett et al. 1999). Female lay only one egg per year but may relay if the first nesting attempt is unsuccessful. Most of their breeding habitats are severely defeated by the bushfires and the recovery process will take a long-term period for the reinvigoration and also for the Glossy Black-Cockatoo flock movement.

Glossy Black Cockatoo

Distribution of major flocks of the Glossy Black Cockatoo on Kangaroo Island 0

Kilometres

Drooping Sheoak Allocasuarina verticillata (Drooping Sheoak) distribution

Area

75%

N 0

Kilometres

Up to 75% of the glossy black cockatoo population lived within the burnt areas.

Percentage

60%

Up to 60% of the Glossies feeding habitat has been lost.

Nests of Glossy Black Cockatoo N

Distribution of known nests on Kangaroo Island between 1995 and 1997 0

20 Kilometres

Site selection Condition and surroundings

Riparian zone around Duck Lagoon Along the longest river on Kangaroo Island: Cygnet River, and next to the Duck Lagoon Camping Area, for scientists, experts and volunteers accommodation and a research centre for bio-acoustic studies on Glossy Black-Cockatoo. The tree functions as the transformative engine for both people and endangered Glossy Black-Cockatoo. 22

Site selection Site plan

Convenient to seed bank (at the KICE parndana preschool)

offers sketches to the KICE parndana preschool through Hwy street

Convenient transportation Close to the airport

Partially affected by bushfire 23

Masterplan

Forest pathway and skywalk Housing Units/bird observatory

> 70 people

N 0

100

200 m

1 : 5000

SITE PLAN

Forest pathway and skywalk built-in

Masterplan

N 0

100

200 m

1 : 5000

SITE PLAN

West (undeveloped plain) 25

Masterplan

N 0

100

200 m

1 : 5000

SITE PLAN East Forest

Masterplan

N 0

100

200 m

1 : 5000

SITE PLAN

Central zone - Warehouse/Information Centre 27

Site analysis Network, topography and Land use

Network

Topography

Land use

Transport & sun orientation

Lagoon & forest area & topography

Inactive land & camping area (in blue)

The Duck Lagoon road is a predominantly main road of Kangaroo Island. The site also in the vicinity of the Kingscote Airport. It can potentially function as the ‘gateway to the city’.

The area is predominantly comprised of a quite narrow dense forest corridor and a Duck Lagoon Camping site which has been neglected since the 2020 bushfire.

The existing plain lands (as indicate above diagram in grey and blue colour blocks) chiefly used as camping site. I decide to do more tree planting on these areas (such as sugar gum) to expand nesting areas of the glossy black-cockatoo.

Programme 2-12 months

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Main entry outdoor car parking Intensive Care (for Glossy Black-cockatoo) Equipment Warehouse Seed collection Parking apron Forest elevated path ramp Walk trail Information centre Bird observatory tree houses (for researchers) Temporary housing units

1-2 year later 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Main entry outdoor car parking Intensive Care Material Warehouse Seed banking Parking apron Forest elevated path ramp Walk trails Information centre Bird observatory tree houses (for children) Creative workshop spaces

N 5

50 m

1 : 1250

SITE PLAN 29

Staging

Glossy Black Cockatoo habitat restoration Reinvigorate the land burnt by bushfires and clearance for the farmland. Remove the dangerous firewood and reuse for wood sculpture and stacking firewood art, even charcoal art

After planting

40m

3 year

40m

5 year

40m

10 year

40m

25 year

40m

Assemblage The lightweight aluminium structure formed a skeletal staircore served as a extra height for accommodating the artificial nesting box and research purpose

Local timber materials invloved for the structure envelopes of the bird observatory elevated tree house units with lightweight aluminium balustrade and handrail, connected to the forest path and skywalk around the entire site.

Timber posts transfer and carry the vertical load of the whole structure and capable for 4-7 people standing above the housing unit.

Elevation

exploded view 31

Modular system Non-hierarchical stacking of spaces principle

Modular I

Bio-acoustics research and observation

Artificial hollow logs making and assembly

might be at their broader use of the landscape, not necessarily at nests but also in feeding habitat. The research could potentially deploy sound recorders across the island in strategic locations to see how Glossy Black Cockatoos use different parts of the island in this recovery period following these major bushfires.

Modular II

Modular III

Modular IV

Elevation view

Final stage view

Underway projects

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Program summary For all programs related

Glossy Black Cockatoo habitat restoration

Bio-acoustics research and observation

Reinvigorate the land burnt by bushfires and clearance for the farmland. Remove the dangerous firewood and reuse for wood sculpture and stacking firewood art, even charcoal art

Artificial hollow logs making and assembly

Seed collection and cone production

References | Image credits

Paul Asman and Jill Lenoble, “Kangaroo Island kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus), Karatta, Kangaroo Island, South Australia,” Flickr photo, December 15, 2012, https://www.flickr.com/photos/pauljill/8275647191/in/photolist-dBhRAgdBhSQk-dBhRQH-dBoiQ9-dBoj7W-dBoipN-7WttcV-acxSE-4Tqe1G-4xSdui-8GBep7Wttc4-8Gmv3-dzPPet-9kFQsA-8GAB1-b8mEAV-b8mJvc-b8mCMT-7ubMvQ-b8mLWib8neJ6-b8ngwc-b8mSta-b8nhqc-b8mGAT-b8nj3a-b8mQrH-b8nfAt-b8mU44-b8mVDgb8mNSe-b8mXaP-8GzLm-8Gkzu-5knmSP-b8nciP-bkJmsz-bkJqpe-b8navH-8GvJc-dexsCF-8GBgL-8GB32-8GAV1-8GB4o-4d4vWo-4TkXrx-a9H7t-8GA14/lightbox/.

G.F. Angas, “Coast scene near Rapid Bay sunset,” in The Official Civic Record of South Australia: Centenary Year 1936 (Adelaide: The University Publicity Company, 1936), 1-2.

Kennedy Warne, “60 hours on burning Kangaroo Island, Dispatch from Australia: Our reporter describes the ongoing catastrophe of record bushfires on the continent’s wildlife,” photograph by Jen Child, National Geographic, January 17, 2020.

Chard Nat and Perry Kulper, Fathoming the Unfathomable: Archival Ghosts + Paradoxical Shadows (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2014), 26-27.

The Australian, “Before and After: Kangaroo Island,” Facebook, November 1, 2020, https://www.facebook.com/theaustralian/posts/10151380871479978.

5(a).

(Left image) Kayne Lewis, “Green Bushland surrounds Cape du Couedic Road on Kangaroo Island,” ABC News, February 27, 2020, https://www.abc.net.au/news/202002-18/windy-wavy-roadway-on-kangaroo-island-1/11975268?nw=0.

5(b).

(Right image) Patrick Martin, “Bushland was completely burnt either side of Cape du Couedic Road,” ABC News, February 18, 2020, https://www.abc.net.au/news/202002-18/cape-du-couedic-road-bushfire-damage-1/11975302?nw=0.

Gintaras Kantvilas, “South Australian lichens—A Kangaroo Island case study,” 2018 Board of the Botanic Gardens & State Herbarium (Adelaide, South Australia), no. 30 (April 2018): 22.

Bridget Jolly, “‘The Aboriginal’ or ‘Black Fellow Town’ of Penneshaw, Kangaroo Island, and some questions about names and myths,” Professional Historian Australia, no. 1 (July 2012): 13.

Danny Wills, “Center Pivot Irrigation Landscape,” Cultivating the Map, August 11, 2014, http://www.bldgblog.com/2014/08/cultivating-the-map/.

Matthew Seibert, “Landscape Migration: Environmental design in the Anthropocene,” Places, June 2015, https://placesjournal.org/article/landscape-migration/.

10.

Chard Nat and Perry Kulper, Fathoming the Unfathomable: Archival Ghosts + Paradoxical Shadows (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2014), 23.

11.

Bridget Jolly, “‘The Aboriginal’ or ‘Black Fellow Town’ of Penneshaw, Kangaroo Island, and some questions about names and myths,” Professional Historian Australia, no. 1 (July 2012): 9.

11.

Bridget Jolly, “‘The Aboriginal’ or ‘Black Fellow Town’ of Penneshaw, Kangaroo Island, and some questions about names and myths,” Professional Historian Australia, no. 1 (July 2012): 9.

14(8).

Haidarr Jones, “Kangaroo Island’s bushfires have destroyed swathes of woodland,” ABC News, January 16, 2020, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-16/saenvironment-minister-flags-tourism-opportunity-after-ki-fires/11873246.

12.

William Woolnoth, “View of the north side of Kangaroo Island, from Views of Australian scenery,” AGSA collection, February 12, 1814, https://www.agsa.sa.gov. au/collection-publications/collection/works/view-of-the-north-side-of-kangarooisland/27515/.

14(9).

Mike McKelvey, Kangaroo Island (Adelaide: Rigby, 1975), 8.

13.

Yucheng Dai, “Imaginary moments collided with wildfire,” curated a photomontage by editing 19 photographs that have been taken from Mike McKelvey, Kangaroo Island (Adelaide: Rigby, 1975), 1-32.

14.

Yucheng Dai, “Map out the entire Kangaroo Island,” exhibit a Kangaroo Island visual mapping that are comprised of 36 photographs that have been taken from several books, journals and websites, as shown below.

14(1).

Peter Lightowler, “Emu Bay from the jetty, Kangaroo Island, South Australia,” Wikimedia Commons, September 5, 2012, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Emu_Bay.JPG.

14(2).

Yeti Hunter, “Dauncey St Kingscote,” Wikimedia Commons, July 15, 2011, https:// no.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil:Dauncey_St_Kingscote.jpg.

14(3).

John White, “Near the Pioneer’s Anchorage, Nepean Bay, Kangaroo Island,” AGSA collection, July 1908, https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/ works/near-the-pioneers-anchorage-nepean-bay-kangaroo-island/24920/.

14(4).

Nikki Redman, “Incredible detail of the beautiful Ligurian bees,” Facebook, May 17, 2020, https://www.facebook.com/nikkiredmanphotos/ photos/a.3851614308244267/3851618428243855/.

14(5).

Christine Barrett, “BIG JET: An Alliance Airlines F70 jet visited the new Kangaroo Island airport back in April for a National Geographic VIP charter,” The Islander, November 1, 2018, https://www.theislanderonline.com.au/story/5734286/kangaroo-island-airportairside-defects-being-fixed/.

14(6).

Sam Noonan, “Kangaroo Island Airport-Ashley Halliday Architects,” Inlite, February 28, 2019, https://www.inlite.com.au/projects/commercial/kangaroo%20island/ KANGAROO-ISLAND-AIRPORT.

14(7).

Paul Asman and Jill Lenoble, “Kangaroo Island kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus), Karatta, Kangaroo Island, South Australia,” Flickr photo, December 15, 2012, https://www.flickr.com/photos/pauljill/8275647191/in/ photolist-dBhRAg-dBhSQk-dBhRQH-dBoiQ9-dBoj7W-dBoipN-7WttcV-acxSE4Tqe1G-4xSdui-8GBep-7Wttc4-8Gmv3-dzPPet-9kFQsA-8GAB1-b8mEAVb8mJvc-b8mCMT-7ubMvQ-b8mLWi-b8neJ6-b8ngwc-b8mSta-b8nhqc-b8mGATb8nj3a-b8mQrH-b8nfAt-b8mU44-b8mVDg-b8mNSe-b8mXaP-8GzLm-8Gkzu5knmSP-b8nciP-bkJmsz-bkJqpe-b8navH-8GvJc-dexsCF-8GBgL-8GB32-8GAV18GB4o-4d4vWo-4TkXrx-a9H7t-8GA14/lightbox/.

14(10). State Government Photographer, “Lagoon at Cobdogla, River Murray,” Wikimedia Commons, circa 1905, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lagoon_at_ Cobdogla,_River_Murray(GN10345).jpg. 14(11). Raptor Domain - Kangaroo Island Birds of Prey, “Raptor Domain Birds of Prey and Fang-Tastic, Get up close with Birds of Prey, Lizards and more,” Facebook, November 8, 2020, https://www.facebook.com/raptordomain/. 14(12). Mike McKelvey, Kangaroo Island (Adelaide: Rigby, 1975), 26. 14(13). Ibid., 2. 14(14). Ibid., 26. 14(15). Ray F, “The Point Ellen light house on the headland looking along the southern side for Kangaroo Island,” TripAdvisor, April 2015, https://no.tripadvisor.com/ LocationPhotoDirectLink-g12216442-i130901933-Vivonne_Bay_South_Australia. html#130901934. 14(16). Maxwell Media, “Kelly Hill Caves funding boost,” The Islander, February 23, 2016, https://www.theislanderonline.com.au/story/3746063/kelly-hill-caves-funding-boost/. 14(17). Ben Nielsen, “Kangaroo Island Southern Ocean Lodge workers sheltered in bunker to survive catastrophic Ravine bushfire,”, ABC Radio Adelaide, February 26, 2020, https:// www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-26/kangaroo-island-resort-workers-survive-bushfirein-bunker/12003142. 14(18). Patrick Martin, “Remarkable Rocks damaged by fire Kangaroo Island,” ABC News, February 18, 2020, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-18/remarkable-rocksdamaged-by-fire-kangaroo-island-1/11975180?nw=0. 14(19). Mike McKelvey, Kangaroo Island (Adelaide: Rigby, 1975), 7. 14(20). Paul Asman and Jill Lenoble, “Remarkable Rocks - Flinders Chase National Park,” Thousand Wonders, July 7, 2018, https://www.thousandwonders.net/ Flinders+Chase+National+Park. 14(21). Bernard Gagnon, “Remarkable Rocks,” Wikimedia Commons, November 23, 2015, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Remarkable_Rocks_02.jpg. 14(22). Mike McKelvey, Kangaroo Island (Adelaide: Rigby, 1975), 4-5. 14(23). Ibid., 13. 14(24). Cape Gantheaume Coastal Trek, “Eastern trailhead of the Cape Gantheaume Coastal Trek at D’Estrees Bay,” Walking SA, July 30, 2012, https://www.walkingsa.org.au/walk/ find-a-place-to-walk/cape-gantheaume-coastal-trek/. 37

References | Image credits

14(25). Cape Gantheaume Coastal Trek, “Walking along the fire track towards D’Estrees Bay,” Walking SA, July 30, 2012, https://www.walkingsa.org.au/walk/find-a-place-to-walk/ cape-gantheaume-coastal-trek/. 14(26). Cape Gantheaume Coastal Trek, “A beach at the eastern end of the Cape Gantheaume Coastal Trek,” Walking SA, July 30, 2012, https://www.walkingsa.org.au/walk/find-aplace-to-walk/cape-gantheaume-coastal-trek/. 14(27). Ed Douglas, “Crushed gypsum pile, Ballast Head,” CSR Photography Project Collection - Bicentennial Gift of CSR Limited 1988, Art Gallery, New South Wales, On Gadigal Country, 1983, https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/27.1987/. 14(28). Peter Lightowler, “Pelican Lagoon Conservation Park, Kangaroo Island, South Australia,” Wikimedia Commons, September 2, 2012, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Pelican_Lagoon_Conservation_Park#/media/File:Pelican_Lagoon.JPG. 14(29). Mike McKelvey, Kangaroo Island (Adelaide: Rigby, 1975), 23. 14(30). Ibid., 9&10. 14(31). Stephen L (Clare SA), “Penneshaw SeaLink Ferry Terminal,” Exploroz, December 30, 2015, https://www.exploroz.com/places/108271/sa+penneshaw-sealink-ferryterminal.

18.

19.

20.

14(34). Skeney57, “Lighthouse Keepers Cottage,”, Tripadvisor, December 2019, https:// www.tripadvisor.com.au/Attraction_Review-g4355098-d272864-ReviewsCape_Willoughby_Lighthouse-Willoughby_Kangaroo_Island_South_Australia. html#photos;aggregationId=101&albumid=101&filter=7&ff=440655391. 14(35). Alan Duncan, “Cape Willoughby Lighthouse,” Tripadvisor, July 2014, https:// www.tripadvisor.com.au/Attraction_Review-g4355098-d272864-ReviewsCape_Willoughby_Lighthouse Willoughby_Kangaroo_Island_South_Australia. html#photos;aggregationId=&albumid=&filter=7&ff=103235635. 14(36). Mike McKelvey, Kangaroo Island (Adelaide: Rigby, 1975), 7. 15.

Ibid., 25.

16.

Ibid., 31.

17.

Shaimaa Khalil, “Australia fires: ‘Apocalypse’ comes to Kangaroo Island,” BBC News, January, 17, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-51102658.

Patrick Martin, “Thousands of hectares of bushland were burnt on Kangaroo Island during last year’s bushfire season,” ABC News, July 12, 2020, https://www. abc.net.au/news/2020-07-12/sa-firefighters-to-face-upcoming-season-betterequipped/12446884. Yucheng Dai, “Australia-Regions-Kangaroo Island geographical environment diagrams,” redrawn from Google, Google Earth Pro and Google Map, 2020, Accessed 12 September 2020, maps.google.com.

36.

Ibid., 365.

37.

Ibid., 183.

38.

Ibid., 379.

39.

Ibid., 497.

40.

Ibid., 355.

41.

Ibid., 393.

42.

Ibid., 49.

43.

Ibid., 231.

44.

Ibid., 171.

21.

Yucheng Dai, “Analysis of different age groups,” re-edited from CAD Library, Pimpmydrawing, 2020, Accessed 12 September 2020, https://pimpmydrawing.com/.

45.

Ibid.,215.

22.

Jody Gates, “Recovery Plan for the Kangaroo Island Dunnart (Sminthopsis Aitkeni),” Department of Environment and Natural Resources, South Australia (July 2011): 7.

46.

Ibid., 245.

47.

Ibid., 27.

23.

A.C. Robinson and D. M. Armstrong, “A biological Survey of Kangaroo Island South Australia in November,” Biological Survey and Research Section, Heritage and Biodiversity Division, Department for Environment, Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs, South Australia (1999): 52.

48.

Ibid., 229.

49.

Ibid., 197.

50.

Ibid., 261.

24.

Yucheng Dai, “Mapping out the 2007 bushfire areas,” redrawn from Google, Google Earth Pro and Google Map, 2020, Accessed 12 September 2020, maps.google.com.

51.

Ibid.,157.

52.

Ibid., 149.

25.

Yucheng Dai, “Mapping out the 2019-20 bushfire areas,” redrawn from ArcGIS, ArcGIS, 2020, Accessed 12 September 2020, https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index. html?appid=ef29c850d8e34e98a8307dbdfe0aaaab.

53.

Ibid., 173.

54.

Ibid., 353.

Chris Baxter, Birds of Kangaroo Island: A Photographic Field Guide (Hindmarsh, SA: ATF Press, 2015), 525.

55.

Ibid., 191.

56.

Ibid., 392-393.

27.

Ibid., 497.

57.

28.

Ibid., 477.

29.

Ibid., 465.

Tamra Fay Chapman, “Cone production by the Drooping Sheoak Allocasuarina verticillata and the feeding ecology of the Glossy Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus on Kangaroo Island,” School of Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia (June 2005): 18.

30.

Ibid., 443.

58.

31.

Ibid., 427.

32.

Ibid., 419.

South Australia Seed Conservation Centre, Allocasuarina verticillata Callington plant, July 2012, https://spapps.environment.sa.gov.au/SeedsOfSA/speciesinformation. html?rid=20.

33.

Ibid., 415.

59.

A. J. Brown, Bark of Drooping She-oak, accessed September 12, 2020, http://vro. agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/sip_salt_drooping_sheoak.

34.

Ibid., 413.

60.

35.

Ibid., 411.

A. J. Brown, Drooping She-oak branchlets, accessed September 12, 2020, http://vro. agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/sip_salt_drooping_sheoak.

14(32). Ibid. 14(33). Dudley Wines - Kangaroo Island, “Perfect summer is food and wine by the water,” Facebook, December 18, 2018, https://www.facebook.com/dudleywines/photos/ thanks-bethie_faye-on-insta-for-the-our-perfect-summer-is-food-and-wine-bythe-w/2081645638585832/.

The Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, “Australian plantation statistics 2016,” Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources ABARES, August 2016, https://www.agriculture. gov.au/sites/default/files/sitecollectiondocuments/abares/publications/ AustPlantationStats_2016_v.1.0.0.pdf.

26.

References | Image credits

61.

A. J. Brown, Drooping She-oak cones, accessed September 12, 2020, http://vro. agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/sip_salt_drooping_sheoak.

62.

A. J. Brown, Mature cones, accessed September 12, 2020, http://vro.agriculture.vic. gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/sip_salt_drooping_sheoak.

63.

A. J. Brown, Ribs and teeth, accessed September 12, 2020, http://vro.agriculture.vic. gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/sip_salt_drooping_sheoak.

64.

A. J. Brown, Female flowers, accessed September 12, 2020, http://vro.agriculture.vic. gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/sip_salt_drooping_sheoak.

65.

A. J. Brown, Drooping She-oak seeds accessed September 12, 2020, http://vro. agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/sip_salt_drooping_sheoak.

66.

South Australia Seed Conservation Centre, Allocasuarina verticillata Callington plant, July 2009 https://spapps.environment.sa.gov.au/SeedsOfSA/speciesinformation. html?rid=5066.

67.

Ibid.

68.

Ibid.

69.

Bidgee, Eucalyptus cladocalyx leaves and bark, Wikipedia, July 9, 2011, https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_cladocalyx#/media/File:Eucalyptus_cladocalyx_ leaves_and_bark.jpg.

70.

South Australia Seed Conservation Centre, Allocasuarina verticillata Callington plant, July 2009 https://spapps.environment.sa.gov.au/SeedsOfSA/speciesinformation. html?rid=5066.

71.

Ibid.

72.

Bidgee, Kino oozing from a small fissure on a Eucalyptus cladocalyx, Wikipedia, July 12, 2011, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_cladocalyx#/media/File:Kino_oozing_ from_a_small_fissure_on_a_Eucalyptus_cladocalyx.jpg.

73.

South Australia Seed Conservation Centre, Allocasuarina verticillata Callington plant, July 2009 https://spapps.environment.sa.gov.au/SeedsOfSA/speciesinformation. html?rid=5066.

74.

75.

Robinson and Armstrong, “A Biological Survey of Kangaroo Island South Australia in November 1989 and 1990,” Department for Environment, Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs, South Australia (1999): 112.

76.

Stephen T Garnett and Gabriel Mary Crowley, “The Breeding Biology of the Glossy Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami on Kangaroo Island, South Australia,” Emu 10, no.7 (December 1999): 263.

References | Endnotes

Tamra F. Chapman & David C. Paton, “Aspects of Drooping Sheoaks (Allocasuarina verticillata) that influence Glossy Black-Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus) foraging on Kangaroo Island,” Emu – Austral Ornithology 2006, no. 106 (December 2016): 163-168.

13.

Tamra Fay Chapman, Cone Production by the Drooping Sheoak Allocasuarina verticillata and the feeding ecology of the Glossy Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus on Kangaroo Island, School of Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, June 2005.

Gabriel Crowley, Stephen Garnett, Wally Meakins and Andrew Heinrich, “Protection and Re-establishment of Glossy Black-Cockatoo Habitat in South Australia: Evaluation and Recommendations,” Glossy Black-Cockatoo Rescue Fund, South Australian National Park Foundation (February 1998): 7-37.

14.

Belperio, “A Guide to the Geology of Kangaroo Island,” Geological Survey of South Australia 95, no. 1 (January 1995): 7-10.

15.

Neale Draper, “Island of the dead? Prehistoric occupation of Kangaroo Island and other southern offshore islands and watercraft use by Aboriginal Australians,” Quaternary International 20, no. 2 (February 2015): 232-242.

16.

Gintaras Kantvilas, “South Australian Lichens – A Kangaroo Island case study,” Swainsona 30, no. 1 (2018): 17-24.

17.

Australian Government, Kangaroo Island Narrow-leaved Mallee (Eucalyptus cneorifolia) Woodland: a nationally-protected ecological community, Department of the Environment, 2014

18.

Stephen T Garnett and Gabriel Mary Crowley, “The Breeding Biology of the Glossy Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami on Kangaroo Island, South Australia,” Emu 99, no. 1 (December 1999): 262-279.

Russell Seaman, Wetland Inventory of Kangaroo Island, South Australia, Department for Environment and Heritage, 2002.

Local Advisory Board for Native Vegetation Management, “Native Vegetation Management on Kangaroo Island,” Commissioner for Kangaroo Island Act 2014, October 2018.

Amitha Jayalath, Satheeskumar Navaratnam, Tuan Ngo, Priyan Mendis, Nick Hewson and Lu Aye, “Life cycle performance of Cross Laminated Timber mid-rise residential buildings in Australia,” Energy and Buildings 223, no. 15 (September 2020): 172-189.

Alexander I. Filkov, Tuan Ngo, Stuart Matthews, Simeon Telfer and Trent D Penman, “Impact of Australia’s catastrophic 2019/20 bushfire season on communities and environment. Retrospective analysis and current trends,” Journal of Safety Science and Resilience, no. 1 (2020): 44-56.

Jody Adam Gates and David C. Paton, “The distribution of Bush Stone-curlews (Burhinus grallarius) in South Australia, with particular reference to Kangaroo Island,” Emu 105, no. 3 (July 2002): 125-127.

J. Berton C. Harris, Damien Fordham, Miguel Bastos Araujo and David Paton, “Managing the long-term persistence of a rare cockatoo under climate change,” Journal of Applied Ecology 7, no.1 (January 2012): 785-794.

10.

Australian Government, “Recovery Plan for the Kangaroo Island Dunnart (Sminthopsis Aitkeni),” Government of South Australia, July 2011.

11.

D. A. Taylor, Recovery plan for nationally threatened plant species on Kangaroo Island South Australia, Department of Environment, Water and National Resources, Government of South Australia, 2012.

12.

DEWNR, Non-prescribed Surface Water Resources Assessment – Kangaroo Island Natural Resources Management Region, Government of South Australia, through Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, Adelaide, 2013.

End