Lot 14 EIC Assessments

YUCHENG DAI a1700892

Assignment III Environmental Assessments

Contents

1-2

3-4

Base Case Overview

Glazing Type

Introduction Building Profiles Slabs and Indoor Gardens Vertical Cores and Bathrooms Envelope and Façade System Atrium and Circulations Aims and Stages

Glazing System Introduct G1 Single Glazing Simula G2 Double Glazing Simul G3 Double Glazing Low-E G4 Triple Glazing Low-E S Results Comparisons Conclusion

9-10

11-12

Daylight Improvement

Final Assess

Façade System Introduction P1 Non-perforated Aluminium Façade Simulations P2 25% Perforated Aluminium Façade Simulations P3 50% Perforated Aluminium Façade Simulations Daylight Analysis Conclusion

Hottest Summer Week Relative Humidity (19 Feb Coldest Winter Week Relative Humidity (8 Jul Latent Load (1 Jan - 31 D Solar Gains Interior Wind Energy Use Analysis Energy Saving Based Building Data Based Internal Lighting S Based HVAC System Set Improved Building Data Updated Internal luminan Upgraded HVAC System Lighting and HVAC Syste Conclusion

17

Endnotes

5-6

7-8

e Analysis

Material Modification

Material Assessment

tion ations lations E Simulations Simulations

Selected Components Strategies and Tactics A1 Base Internal Wall Detail A2 Improved Internal Wall Detail B1 Base Ceiling-to-floor Structure Detail B2 Improved Ceiling-to-floor Structure Detail C1 Base External Wall Detail C2 Improved External Wall Detail

A1 Base Internal Wall Simulations A2 Improved Internal Wall Simulations B1 Base Ceiling-to-floor Structure Simulations B2 Improved Ceiling-to-floor Structure Simulations C1 Base External Wall Simulations C2 Improved External Wall Simulations Modification Combined Results Conclusion

13-14

15-16

Final Performance

Green Star Rating

Prototype Visualisation Best Performing Options Glazing System - Double Glazing Low-E Internal Wall - Insulated Partition System Internal Floor - Insulated Ceiling-to-floor Structure External Wall - Concrete Sandwich Panel Wall Façade System - 25% Perforated Aluminium panels HVAC System - LG MULTI V 5 VRF System

Introduction Categories and Credits Cat - Management Cat - Emissions Cat - Water Cat - Transport Cat - Land Use and Ecology Cat - Materials Cat - Indoor Environment Quality Cat - Energy (with Green Star Energy Calculator) Cat - Innovation Final Results

sment

b - 25 Feb)

- 14 Jul) Dec) dows (1 Jan-31 Dec)

Settings ttings

nce Settings Settings ems

Base Case Overview Scintillans Lot Fourteen Entrepreneur and Innovation Centre Slabs + Indoor Gardens The entire building applied steel-concrete composite structure as its structural efficiency, fast-to-erect, and economical competitiveness.4 The Innovation Hub, as the lower portion, were supported by 900mm reinforced concrete columns.

The offices levels, as the upper portion, were supported by 500mm reinforced concrete columns. Two indoor gardens were embedded in the office workplace.

Internal Floors ASPTM Steel Cementitious Ultra-fix Airtight System prefinished in specialty carpet tiles with a 4.5kN loading at 370mm finished floor height

Vertical Cores + Bathrooms Six 1500×2000mm Kone Monospace® DX passenger lifts5 and one 2000×2750mm Kone TranSys™ DX goods lift6 to comply with AS 1735.12 – 1999 lifts, escalators and moving walks.

All staircases to comply with AS 1428.1 – 2009 for access and mobility.

Core Walls 350mm reinforced concrete wall with wall linings to diminish the generation of the noise by lift movements.

Staircases 275×200mm (Going×Riser) precast concrete stairs with 45mm ø pipe handrail bolted to concrete floor

Envelope + Façade System

Location: Corner of North Terrace and Frome Rd, Adelaide SA 5000 Introduction Scintillans, inspired by the profound historical and cultural foundation within the oRAH precinct, and the melancholic, unruly beauty of River Torrens (Karrawirra Parri1), where the distinctive ‘Genius Loci’ from the central Lot Fourteen has reinvigorated the long-lasting vitality. This assessment seeks to analyse and improve the practicality and environmental performance of the Scintillans Innovation Centre by applying environmental-responsible technologies and relevant Australian Standards.

Internal Walls Steel framed fire rated cavity walls External Walls Double glazed curtain wall system with perforated aluminium façade

Atrium + Circulations

Building Profiles All Adelaide weather data was set according to EnergyPlus™ energy simulation program and the weather file ‘AUS_SA.Adelaide-Kent.Town.946750_RMY’2.

All presuppositions comply to the National Construction Code (NCC 2016)3.

All rooms shared the same profile in the simulation process.

HVAC Setpoint

Finished Floor Level

21°C/26°C

81.60 m

Occupant Density 2

Wind Velocity

27 m /pers

1.5-7.5 m/s

Ventilation Setpoint

Ceiling Height

22 °C (min)

Power Density 2 100 lux

Air Pressure

2.80 m

5 W/m

1008 hPa

Average Humidity

L11 Total Area

Appliances

Time Zone (GMT)

45.8 %

1942.7 m2

9.7 W/m2

+9:30 hr

1

The waved perforated aluminium façade structure was constructed by tensioning two coated mesh aluminium sheets over undulating steel frameworks, wrapping around the upper portion of the building envelope. The customised perforated aluminium rain-screen system functions as both the shading and building envelope for Innovation Hub, accentuating the architectural gesture.

The building features a central atrium with manifold vertical circulations to improve the interactions and visual connections between different floors within the office workspace. Applying metal rainscreen roof and concealed parapet gutter with membrane layer sits underneath to form complex geometric roof shapes.7 Windows 2×6mm structural double glazing clear float glass with13mm air cavity Roofing 15mm metal rain-screen panels with 280mm expanded polystyrene insulation, supported by structural universal beams

Aim I. Glazing Type Analysis The effectiveness of the four glazing systems in improving the indoor thermal comfort will be tested in sequence. The optimal solution will be selected as the base for the next stage.

Aim II. Material Modification Stage II aims to analyse the thermal performance of alternative construction materials that will be applied to external walls, internal walls, and ceiling to floor structures. The best solution will be combined and used in the next stage.

Aim III. Daylight Improvement Exploring the effectiveness of perforated aluminium façade panels. Analysing the percentage of perforations that can achieve both comfortable indoor thermal comfort and adequate daylight penetration.

I

II

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

III

Conference Rm 01 Conference Rm 02 Creative Lab Office 01 Office 02 Office 03 Office 04 Office 05

15

1

14

20

09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

ACC Toilet Female Toilet Male Toilet Foyer Archive Rm Corridor Open Workspace Store 01 Store 02 Lift Shaft 01 Lift Shaft 02 Goods Shaft Stairwell 01 Stairwell 02

8 10

9

22 16

11

7 6 5 4

17

19 21

13

18

12 2

81600

3

L11 Selected Floor

Note Level 11 was the only floor that was modelled externally and internally in DesignBuilder. Level 10 and level 12 are the duplicate versions of level 11, as a set of ‘palimpsests’.

The daylight permeability of aluminium facade panels will be set to 0% transmittance during the stage I and II.

2

Glazing Type Analysis Single Glazing | Double Glazing | Double Glazing Low-E | Triple Glazing Low-E Glazing System Introduction

Hottest Summer Week 19 February - 25 February (Naturally Ventilated)

40

40

35

35

30

30

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

Wed 20

26

Thu 21

Fri 22

10

Sat 23

Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

Temperature (°C)

Wed20 20 Wed

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat Sat 23 23

Sun Sun 24 24

G1. Single Glazing 6mm Clear Float Glass 40

Mon 25

Tue 26 26

L11 Operative Temperature Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (<32 °C)

Temperature (°C)

35 30

30

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

30

25

20

15

10 5

5

0

15

Tue 9

Wed 10

Thu 11

Fri 12

Sat 13

Sun 14

Mon 15

Tue 9

40

35

35

30

30 30

G1. Single Glazing

G2. Double Glazing

Single Clear Float Glass Panel Fixed to Aluminium Window Frame

20

6 mm

10

Wed 20

Thu 21

6 mm 13 mm 6 mm

U value: 2.665 W/m2K Cost: 150 GBP/m2 Fri 22

Sat 23

Sun 24

Mon 25

Fri 22

Sat Sat 23

Sun Sun 24

Wed 10

Thu 11

Fri 12

Sat 13

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

Sun Sun 24

15

10 10 Tue 26

10

40

40

35

35

30

30 30

25

25 25

20

20 20

G3. Double Glazing Low-E

15

10

Tue 26

Clear Float Glass Panel Desiccated Cavity Argon Gas Clear Float Glass Panel Wed 20

Thu 21

G4. Triple Glazing Low-E 6 mm 16 mm 6 mm

Clear Reflective Glass Panel Desiccated Cavity Argon Gas Clear Float Glass Panel Sat 23 24 25 DesiccatedSunCavity ArgonMon Gas Clear Float Glass Panel

Fri 22

5

U value: 1.724 W/m2K 2 Cost: 180 GBP/m Tue 9 Wed 10

0

3

Thu 11

Fri 12

U value: 0.773 W/m2K Cost:Sat200 GBP/m2Sun 14 13

Mon 15

Mon 25

Tue Tue 26 26

15 15

0

20

Sun 14

20 20

Wed20 20 Wed

G3. Double Glazing Low - E 16mm Argon Gas Cavity (6/16/6mm)

25

Tue Tue 26 26

Temperature (°C)

5

30

Mon 25

L11 Operative Temperature Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (<32 °C)

25 25

Clear Float Glass Panel Air Cavity Space Clear Float Glass Panel

U value: 5.778 W/m2K Cost: 100 GBP/m2

15

Thu 21

G2. Double Glazing 13mm Air Cavity (6/13/6mm) 0

40

25

Wed20 20 Wed

6 mm 13 mm 6 mm Tuemm 26 13 6 mm

Mon 15

Tue 9 Temperature (°C)

L11 Operative Temperature Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (<32 °C)

Wed 10

Thu 11

Fri 12

Sat 13

Sun 14

Mon 15

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

Sun Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue Tue 26 26

15 15 10 10

Wed20 20 Wed

5

G4. Triple Glazing Low - E 2 ×13mm Argon Gas Cavity (6/13/6/13/6mm) 0

Tue 9

Wed 10

Thu 11

L11 Operative Temperature Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (<32 °C) Fri 12

Sat 13

Sun 14

Mon 15

20

20

15

15

10

Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

10 Sun 24

Mon 25

Wed 20

Tue 26

Thu 21

Fri 22

40

40

Coldest Winter Week

Results Comparisons

835July - 14 July (Naturally Ventilated)

35 35 February 19 - 25 February (Naturally Ventilated)

30

Temperature (°C)

30 3525

25

25

20

3020

20

20

15

2515

15

15

10

2010

0

WedThu 20 21

Thu 21 Fri 22

Fri 22 Sat 23

Sat 23 Sun 24

Sun 24 Mon 25

Mon Tue2526

Tue 26

Wed 20

Tue Tue 9Thu 9 21

10 Fri 22 Wed 10

Thu 11 11 23 Sat Thu

Fri Sun 24 Fri12 12

Sat Mon 25 Sat13 13

Sun 14 Sun 1426 Tue

Mon15 15 Mon

G1. Single Glazing 6mm Clear Float Glass

L11 Operative Temperature Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (>20 °C)

35

Temperature (°C)

3

25

2

20

2

15

1

10 0

Tue20 9 Wed 20 Wed

15 15

15 15 15 20

15

10 10 10 15

10

5

5

Tue 26

5

Sat 23 Sun 24 Sun 24 Mon 25 Mon 25Tue 26

Fri23 12 Sat

Sat24 13 Sun

Sun2514 Mon

1 Tue 26

Mon Tue 26 Tue 26 15

Single Glazing (SG) Double Glazing (DG) Double Glazing Low - E (DGL) Triple Glazing Low - E (TGL)

Temperature (°C) 30

20

Mon 25

FriThu 22 11

Sat 23

35 35

20 20 20 25

Sun 24

Fri 22

8 July - 14 July (Naturally Ventilated)

20 20

Sat 23

Wed Thu 2110

Fri 22

Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (<32 °C)

25

Fri 22

Thu 21

40 40

30 30 30

Thu 21

Wed 20 Wed 20 Thu 21

15 5

25 25 25 30

Wed 20

3

30

25 25

10 10

Tue 26

4

10

10

Wed 20

40

30 30

Mon 25

4030 Temperature (°C)

30

5

Sun 24

40

25

10

Sat 23

Wed Wed20 20

Thu Thu21 21

Fri Fri22 22

Sat Sat 23 23

Sun Sun 24 24

Mon Mon 25 25

Tue 26

40

4

35

3

30

3 3

25

2 2

20

2 2

15

1 1

10

1 1

30

3

25

2

20

2

15

1

10

1

10 0 40

Tue 9

Tue Tue 9Wed 9 10

10 Thu 11 Wed 10

Thu11 11 12 Fri Thu

G2. Double Glazing 13mm Air Cavity (6/13/6mm) 35 Tue 9

30 30

Wed 10

Thu 11

Fri 12

Fri Sat 13 Fri12 12

Sat 13

Sat Sun 14 Sat13 13

Sun 14 Mon Sun 14 15

Mon1515 Mon

L11 Operative Temperature Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (>20 °C)

Sun 14

Mon 15

Temperature (°C)

0

0

40

5

35

0

100 30

25

25 25

75

20 20

20

15 15

50 15

10 10

10 Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

Tue Tue 99

Wed 10 10 Wed

Thu11 11 Thu

Fri Fri12 12

Sat Sat13 13

G3. Double Glazing Low - E 16mm Argon Gas Cavity (6/16/6mm) 30

Sun Sun 14 14

Mon1515 Mon

L11 Operative Temperature Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (>20 °C)

Temperature (°C)

Wed 10 10 Wed 10 Thu Thu11 11 Wed

Thu 11 Fri Fri12 12

Fri 12

Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (>20 °C) Tue 9

Wed 10

Thu 11

Fri 12

Sat Sat13 13

Sat 13 Sun Mon1515 Mon 15 Sun 14 14 Sun 14 Mon

Single Glazing (SG) Double Glazing (DG) Double Glazing Low - E (DGL) Sat 13 Sun 14 Mon 15 Triple Glazing Low - E (TGL)

25

20

52%

43%

15

37%

10

Wed 20

12%

00

TueGlazing 9 Single

21%

Thu 21

30% 28% Fri 22

Sat 23

Sun 24

24% Mon 25

Tue 26 5

Wed 10

Double Glazing Thu 11

Notes: Higher percentage = Better result

Low-E Fri 12Double GlazingSat 13

Triple Sun 14 Glazing Low-E Mon 15

0

Percentage of Time in Comfort Zone in Summer Percentage of Time in Comfort Zone in Winter

Conclusion 30 The HVAC system was disabled throughout the testing process. The scheduled 25 ventilation was enabled to test the passive thermal control of each glazing system. All glazing systems were set to 25% openable to the top.

25

20

20

15

10

5

0

Tue 9

Percentage (%) 30

5

5

0

25

Tue Tue 99

Tue Tue 99

Wed 10 10 Wed

Thu11 11 Thu

G4. Triple Glazing Low - E 2 ×13mm Argon Gas Cavity (6/13/6/13/6mm)

Fri Fri12 12

Sat Sat13 13

Sun Sun 14 14

Mon1515 Mon

L11 Operative Temperature Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (>20 °C)

The results illustrate an overheating issue in summer (close to 40°C), thermal discomfort in July (down to 12.5°C), and relatively high diurnal temperature 15 variation. Although the performance of the single glazing system was second 10 the triple glazing low-E system in the hottest summer week, its only to performance in the coldest winter week was distinctly deficient (merely 12% 5 of the time exceeds 20°C). The triple glazing low-E system exhibited the best performance among the four glazing systems in the hottest summer week, but 0 its thermal effectiveness in winter the Frisame as that of the double Tue 9 Wed 10 was almost Thu 11 12 Sat 13 Sun 14 glazing systems. Considering the practicality and economic impacts of triple glazing, the double glazing low-E was considered as the most effective glazing system, which will be applied in the following assessments.

4

Mon 15

Material Modification Internal Wall | Ceiling-to-floor Structure | External Wall Selected Components

Internal Lightweight Steel Frame Wall A1. Base

A

B C

Vermiculite Plasterboard (outmost) Vermiculite Plasterboard Air Cavity Space Vermiculite Plasterboard Vermiculite Plasterboard (innermost)

A1.

16 mm 16 mm 100 mm 16 mm 16 mm

U value: 1.437 W/m2K

Internal Insulated Partition Wall A2. Improved Vermiculite Plasterboard (outmost) Vermiculite Plasterboard Expanded Polystyrene Foam Insulation Air Cavity Space Expanded Polystyrene Foam Insulation Vermiculite Plasterboard Vermiculite Plasterboard (outmost)

16 mm 16 mm 90 mm 25 mm 90 mm 16 mm 16 mm

U value: 0.192 W/m2K

Lightweight Ceiling-to-floor Structure B1. Base Prefinished Speciality Carpet Tiles Module Floor Panels Air Cavity Space Reinforced Concrete Slab Cavity Space for Service Ductworks White Gypsum Plasterboard

B1.

5 mm 32 mm 340 mm 150 mm 660 mm 13 mm

U value: 0.985 W/m2K

Insulated Ceiling-to-floor Structure B2. Improved Oak Hardwood Flooring Timber Hardboards Air Cavity Space Reinforced Concrete Slab with Bondek Expanded Polystyrene Foam Insulation Air Cavity Space White Gypsum Plasterboard

13 mm 19 mm 40 mm 200 mm 250 mm 300 mm 13 mm

25mm Rondo 127 top cross rail 0.75bmt fixed to 28mm Rondo 129 furring channel

U value: 0.109 W/m2K

Level 11 Floor Plan

Note The alteration of west external walls was based on the CFD Analysis.

All construction drawings illustrated in this page were set for demonstrating the structural joinery details and material alterations. The floor plan and all section details were not to scale.

Strategies and Tactics According to findings from the previous stage, thermal discomfort in winter and overheating in summer issues are considered two major problematic issues. Theoretically, these issues might be caused by the insufficient thermal insulation and inadequate thermal mass of the building materials.

Therefore, the material modifications will be in the direction of increasing thermal insulation and material thermal mass (excluding the intervention of the shading structure in this stage).

5

External Curtain Wall with Aluminium Cladding C1. Base C1.

Double Glazing Low-E system (All exterior walls are constructed of double glazed curtain walls with aluminium frame and million)

150 mm

U value: 1.724 W/m2K

Concrete C2. Improved Sandwich Panel Wall Only the material of the west external walls were altered (as indicated in the plan diagram) Gypsum Plasterboard (outmost) 13 mm External Aerated Concrete Panel 100 mm 250 mm Expanded Polystyrene Foam Insulation 150 mm Internal Aerated Concrete Panel 13 mm Gypsum Plasterboard (innermost) U value: 0.111 W/m2K

304×165mm structural universal beam bolted to concrete column

102×52mm 2mm thickness C channel as steel stud frame the partition wall

A2.

102×52mm 2mm thickness C channel as steel stud frame the partition wall

16mm vermiculite plasterboard inner layer attached to 16mm vermiculite plasterboard outer layer with laminated finish Speciality spectrum carpet tile glued to concrete floor 100mm desiccated air cavity space Vermiculite plasterboard bolted to steel studs via standard M12 Lysaght Bolt 4.6 grade 30mm

2mm thickness steel stud bolted to 90×35 MGP10 untreated pine timber framing 90mm lightweight expanded polystyrene foam insulation 16mm vermiculite plasterboard inner layer attached to 16mm vermiculite plasterboard outer layer with speciality laminated finish 25mm desiccated air cavity space sits in-between two 90mm insulation layers

Acoustical seals angle plate corner fixed to vermiculite plasterboard with Nordic light grey colour finish to achieve visual consistency

Acoustical seals angle plate corner fixed to vermiculite plasterboard with Nordic light grey colour finish to achieve visual consistency

600×800×32mm module floor panels with in-built expansion joint ASPTM steel cementitious ultra-fix airtight system prefinished in speciality carpet tiles

B2.

150mm reinforced concrete slab with 1mm thickness structural Lysaght Bondek Bonwedge, lightweight pressed metal wedge shaped bracket inserted into the Bondek ribs to support rods 460×191mm structural universal beam as the primary structural component bolted to 500mm structural reinforced concrete column White 13mm gypsum plasterboard fixed to the Rondo Key-Lock® concealed suspended ceiling system

Perforated aluminium sheets fixed to vertical support and RHS horizontal bracing Aluminium frame fixed to cladding to edge of the floor 9.5mm ø adjustable white painted tube brace structure for additional façade support

150mm expanded polystyrene insulation fixed to aluminium curtain wall frame 100mm ø aluminium mounting bracket fixed to vertical sub-structure for the aluminum facade

2×6mm structural double glazing low-E clear float glass panels with 0.76mm PVB acoustic interlayer and 16mm desiccated cavity space filled with argon air

C2.

13mm oak hardwood flooring with laminated finish nailed to 19mm timber hardboards with 3mm Regupol acoustic underlay sit underneath the 40mm air cavity.

200mm aerated concrete floor slab with 1mm thickness structural Lysaght Bondek 250mm expanded polystyrene insulation fixed to concrete slab Rondo 122 suspension threaded rod 5.3mm Ø M6 Soft Galvanised 25mm Rondo 127 top cross rail 0.75bmt fixed to 28mm Rondo 129 furring channel with Rondo 140 furring channel track White 13mm gypsum plasterboard fixed to the Rondo Key-Lock® concealed suspended ceiling system

2×6mm structural double glazing low-E clear float glass panels with16mm desiccated cavity space filled with argon air (lower floors in laminated safety glass) Aluminium window frame fixed to the flush finished plasterboard 100mm external aerated concrete panel with 13mm gypsum plasterboard 250mm expanded polystyrene insulation fixed in-between the two concrete panels 150mm internal aerated concrete panel with 13mm vermiculite plasterboard 304×165mm structural universal beam bolted to structural concrete column White 13mm gypsum plasterboard fixed to the Rondo Key-Lock® concealed suspended ceiling system 6

e 26

Material Assessment Internal Wall | Ceiling-to-floor Structure | External Wall

40

40

35

35

A1&A2. Internal Partition Wall

35

30 40

30 Temperature 40 (°C)

(Openable Glazing)

30 40

25 35

25 35

25 35

25 35

20 30

20 30

20 30

20 30

15 25

15 25

15 25

15 25

10 20

10 20 Wed 20

10 20

10 20 Wed 20

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

Temperature (°C)

Wed 20

WedThu 20 21

WedThu 20 21

Thu 21 Fri 22

Fri 22 Thu 21

Fri 22 Sat 23

Sat 23 Sun 24

Sat 23 Fri 22

Improved Internal Insulated Wall Base Lightweight Internal Wall

Sat 23 Sun 24

Sun Mon 24 25

Sun Mon 24 25

Mon Tue25 26

Mon Tue25 26

Tue 26

Tue 26

Summer Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (<32 °C)

Wed 20

WedThu 20 21

Thu 21 Fri 22

WedThu 20 21

Thu 21 Fri 22

Improved Ceiling-to-floor Structure Base Ceiling-to-floor Structure 30

Temperature 30 (°C)

25

25

25

20 30

20 30

20 30

20 30

15 25

15 25

15 25

15 25

10 20

10 20

10 20

10 20

5 15

5 15

5 15

5 15

0 10

0 10 Tue 9

45

45Improved Ceiling-to-floor Structure

30

30

25

Temperature (°C)

0 10 Tue 9

45

45

5

5

40

40

0

0

Tue Wed 9 10

Thu 11 Wed 10

Thu Fri 1112

Improved Internal Insulated Wall Base Lightweight Internal Wall

Fri 12 Sat 13

Tue 9

Tue Wed 9 10

(Fixed WedGlazing) Thu 10 11

Sat 13 Sun 14

Sun 1415 Mon

Mon 15

Winter Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (>20 °C)

A1&A2. Internal Partition Wall ThuFri 1112

Fri 12 Sat 13

Sat 13 Sun 14

5

Sun 1415 Mon

Mon 15

40

40

0

35 45

0 Tue 9 35 Temperature 45 (°C)

30 40

30 40

30 40

30 40

25 35

25 35

25 35

25 35

20 30

20 30

20 30

20 30

15 25

15 25

15 25

15 25

10 20

10 20 Wed 20

10 20

10 20 Wed 20

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

Wed 20

WedThu 20 21

WedThu 20 21

Thu 21 Fri 22

Thu 21 Fri 22

Fri 22 Sat 23

Fri 22 Sat 23

Improved Internal Insulated Wall Base Lightweight Internal Wall

Sat 23 Sun 24

Sat 23 Sun 24

Sun Mon 24 25

Sun Mon 24 25

Mon Tue25 26

Mon Tue25 26

Tue 26

Tue 26

Wed 20

Temperature 30 (°C)

25

25

25

20 30

20 30

20 30

20 30

15 25

15 25

15 25

15 25

10 20

10 20

10 20

10 20

5 15

5 15

5 15

5 15

0 10

0 10 Tue 9

30

25

0 on 15 10

Temperature (°C)

0 10 Tue 9

5

5

0

70

Tue Wed 9 10

Wed 10 Thu 11

Thu Fri 1112

Improved Internal Insulated Wall Base Lightweight Internal Wall

Tue 9

Tue Wed 9 10

Wed Thu 10 11

Fri 12 Sat 13

Sat 13 Sun 14

Sun 1415 Mon

Mon 15

Winter Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (>20 °C)

ThuFri 1112

Fri 12 Sat 13

Sat 13 Sun 14

(Fixed Tue Wed 9 Glazing) 10 Wed Thu 10 11

WedThu 20 21

Thu 21 Fri 22

WedThu 20 21

Thu 21 Fri 22

Improved Ceiling-to-floor Structure Base Ceiling-to-floor Structure

Summer Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (<32 °C) 30

30

Wed 10 Thu 11

Sun 1415 Mon

Mon 15

Fri 22 Sat 23

Sat 23 Sun 24

Sun Mon 24 25

Mon Tue25 26

Fri 22 Sat 23

Sat 23 Sun 24

Sun Mon 24 25

Mon Tue25 26

Sat 13 Sun 14

Sun 1415 Mon

Summer Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (<32 °C)

Thu Fri 1112

Tue Wed 9 10

Wed 10 Thu 11

5

Improved Ceiling-to-floor Structure 5Base Ceiling-to-floor Structure

0

0

Tue 9

Tue Wed 9 10

Wed Thu 10 11

Fri 12 Sat 13

Winter Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (>20 °C)

B1&B2. Ceiling-to-floor Structure

35 45

Temperature (°C)

Tue Wed 9 10

5Base Ceiling-to-floor Structure

35 45

e 26

on 15

35

30 40

0 on 15 10

e 26

40

B1&B2. Ceiling-to-floor Structure

(Openable Glazing)

e 26

on 15

40

ThuFri 1112

Fri 12 Sat 13

Sat 13 Sun 14

Sun 1415 Mon

Fri 22 Sat 23

Sat 23 Sun 24

Sun Mon 24 25

Mon Tue25 26

Fri 22 Sat 23

Sat 23 Sun 24

Sun Mon 24 25

Mon Tue25 26

Sat 13 Sun 14

Sun 1415 Mon

Sat 13 Sun 14

Sun 1415 Mon

Summer Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (<32 °C)

Thu Fri 1112

Fri 12 Sat 13

Winter Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (>20 °C)

ThuFri 1112

Fri 12 Sat 13

40

C1&C2. External wall 35

30 40

19 February - 25 February

Temperature (°C)

45 40

25 35

40 35

20 30

35 30

15 25

30 25

10 20

Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

15

10

Fri 22

21

10

35 Modifications Combined

45

(Openable Glazing)

21

10

40

30

Wed 20 Sat 23

Thu 21

Sun 24

Fri 22

Improved External Concrete Wall Base External Wall

Fri 22 Temperature (°C)

Sat 23

Mon 25

Sat 23 Tue 26

Mon 25

Tue 26

Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

Summer Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (<32 °C)

Sun 24

25 20

30 40 Temperature (°C) 25 35 20 30 15 25 10 20

20 15

15

15 10

10

Wed 20

10

25

Wed 20

Wed 20

Wed 20

40

30

35

25

Thu 21

Thu 21

Thu 21

Thu 21

Fri 22

Fri 22

Fri 22

Fri 22

Sat 23

Sat 23

Sat 23

Sat 23

Sun 24

Sun 24

Sun 24

Sun 24

Mon 25

Mon 25

Mon 25

Mon 25

Tue 26

Tue 26

Tue 26

Tue 26

Summer Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (<32 °C)

Base Temperature (Fixed Glazing) Improved Temperature (Fixed Glazing) Base Temperature (Openable Glazing) Improved Temperature (Openable Glazing)

40

35

8 July20- 14 July 30 30 Temperature (°C)

20 30

30

30

15 25

25 30 25

15 25

25

10 20

20 25 20

10 20

20

5 15

15 20 15

5 15

15

10 15 10

0 10

0 10

45

5

Tue 9

Wed 10

Improved External Concrete Wall Base External Wall

C1&C2.

40

0

35 45 30 40

Thu 11

Sat 13

Sun 14

Mon 15

Winter Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (>20 °C)

Fri 12

Thu 21 Wed 10

Thu 11

Sat 13

Sun 14 Sun 14

Fri 12 Mon 15

Sat 13

Sun 14

Mon 15

05 0

Mon 15

100

75

15 25

50

Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

Sun 24

Mon 25

0 35 45 30 40

Tue 9

Tue 9

Wed 10

Wed 10

Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

0

Sun 24

Mon 25

Summer Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (<32 °C)

Thu 11

Fri 12

Fri 12

Sat 13

Sat 13

Sun 14

Sun 14

Mon 15

Mon 15

Winter Outdoor Temperature °C) Mon 15 Sat 13Comfort Zone Sun (>20 14

Fri 12

30

15

30% 28% Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

Sun 24

16% Improved Thu 21 (Openable glazing) Fri 22

Tue 26

10%

5% Based (OpenableWed Glazing) 20

26%

Mon 25

Based (Fixed Glazing)Sun 24 ImprovedMon (Fixed Sat 23 25glazing) Tue 26

Percentage of Time in Comfort Zone in Summer Percentage of Time in Comfort Zone in Winter

30

15 25 10 20 5 15

Wed 10

Thu 11

Improved External Concrete Wall Base External Wall

Wed 10

Fri 12

Sat 13

Sun 14

Mon 15

Sun 14

Mon 15

Winter Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (>20 °C)

Thu 11

Fri 12

Sat 13

The25 HVAC system was still disabled at this stage. Material modifications from a typical lightweight office structure to an ‘upgraded version’ based on thermal 20 30 mass and insulation have been partially successful. In the operable glazing (25%) scenario, there was a distinctly consistent temperature drop in summer 15 by25approximately 3°C. However, the improved materials contributed to minimal improvements in winter, they merely slightly mitigated the fluctuations of winter 10 20 temperatures.

This dissatisfied outcome might result from the inaccuracy of the airtightness of the entire building and inadequate thermal insulation layers. In the 5 15 fixed glazing scenario, the temperatures dramatically rose in summer, but 69% and100 26% (base case 69%, improved case 26%) of its temperatures can be kept Tue 9 Wed 10 Thu 11 Fri 12 Sat 13 Sun 14 Mon 15 within the comfortable thresholds in winter. To further improve thermal comfort, a more intelligent schedule can be formulated to minimise winter ventilation.

5 0

8 Tue 9

Wed 10

Thu 11

Fri 12

Sat 13

Sun 14

10

5

Conclusion

20 30

Tue 9

10

20

53%

Notes: Higher percentage = Better result

Temperature (°C)

Tue 9

10

25

15 25

Tue 26

25

0

Mon 25 Sun 14 Tue 26 Mon 15

69%

15

Improved External Concrete Wall Base External Wall

5

Thu 11

Base Temperature (Fixed Glazing) Improved (Fixed Glazing) Tue 9 Temperature Wed 10 Thu 11 Base Temperature (Openable Glazing) Improved Temperature (Openable Glazing)

20 30

10 20

Tue 26

15

0 10

Sun 24 Sat 13

5

25

30

Sat 23 Fri 12

25 Percentage (%) 35

20 30

10

Fri 22 Thu 11

40

25 35

10 20

Wed 20 Tue 9

45

105

External wall

(Fixed Tue 9 WedGlazing) 10 Thu 11 Fri 12 Sat 13 Temperature (°C) Thu 11

Fri 12

Mon 15

0

Daylight Improvement Aluminium Facade Panels 40

35

40

P1. Non-perforated

Façade System Introduction

35

40 30

40 30

35 25

35 25

30 20

30 20

25 15

25 15

20 10

Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

Aluminium Façade Panels (Base)

Temperature (°C)

20 10 Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

15

Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

Sat 23

Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

Sun 14

Mon 15

Sun 14

Mon 15

15

10

Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

10 Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

P1 Operative Temperature (Base)

30

30

25

25

30 20

30 20

25 15

25 15

20 10

20 10

155

155

100

Tue 9

Wed 10

Thu 11

Fri 12

Sat 13

5

0

Tue 9

P1.

Wed 10

Transmittance=0

P2.

Transmittance=0.25

Thu 11

Fri 12

Sat 13

Sun 14

Mon 15

Perforated aluminium sheets fixed to 50mm vertical support and 50mm RHS horizontal bracing Sun 14

Mon 15

Temperature (°C)

100

Tue 9

Wed 10

Thu 11

P1 Operative Temperature (Base)

5

0

Summer Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (<32 °C)

Note

Tue 9

Wed 10

Fri 12

Thu 11

Fri 12

Transmittance=0.5

Aluminium Façade Panels (Base) P1. Non-perforated A 0% transmittance aluminium façade panel as a control factor to test the effectiveness of the following different perforated rates.

Hole Size Frame Depth Panel Interval Aurubis Copper Nordic Bronze Finish

30 mm 1000 mm 1400 mm 2 mm

Perforated Aluminium Façade Panels P3. 50% Hole Size Frame Depth Panel Interval Aurubis Copper Nordic Bronze Finish

9

Sat 13

To keep the simulation process simple and mitigate the computational loads, a sequence of simplified component blocks were modelled in DesignBuilder to represent the actual facade panels. For the façade perforation, instead of physically perforating every component block in DesignBuilder, choosing to adjust the value of transmittance by 0 (non-perforated), 0.25 (25% perforated), and 0.5 (50% perforated) to imitate (almost) the same performance.

Perforated Aluminium Façade Panels P2. 25%

P3.

Sat 13

Winter Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (>20 °C)

30 mm 1000 mm 1400 mm 2 mm

40

40

P2. 25% Perforated

35 40 30

Daylight35 Analysis

Aluminium Façade Panels

(Naturally Ventilated)

Temperature (°C)

40 30

35 25 30 20 25 15 20 10

Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

DF

Lux

9.00

900

7.20

720

5.40

540

3.60

360

1.80

180

0.00

0

Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

P2 Operative Temperature P1 Operative Temperature (Base)

Mon 25

Tue 26

Sat 23

10 Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

P1.

Temperature (°C)

30 20 25 15 20 10

DF

Lux

9.00

900

7.20

720

5.40

540

3.60

360

1.80

180

0.00

0

155

Tue 9

Wed 10

Thu 11

P2 Operative Temperature P1 Operative Temperature (Base)

5

Fri 12

Sat 13

Sun 14

Winter Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (>20 °C)

Tue Perforated 9 Wed 10 50%

Thu 11

Fri 12

Sat 13

Sun 14

Mon 15

Aluminium Façade Panels

Temperature (°C) DF

Tue 26

Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

Wed 10

Thu 11

Fri 12

Sat 13

Sun 14

Mon 15

Wed 10

Thu 11

Fri 12

Sat 13

Sun 14

Mon 15

25 30 20 25 15 20 10

Tue 9

Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

0

Tue 9 25% Perforated Aluminium Façade Panels

Lux 900

7.20

35 25720

5.40

540

3.60

30 20360

0.00

180

25 15

0

20 10 Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

15

Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

15

Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

P3 Operative Temperature P1 Operative Temperature (Base)

Sat 23

10 Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

Summer Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (<32 °C)

P3.

30

Temperature (°C)

25

50% Perforated Aluminium Façade Panels

25

Conclusion

30 20

30 20

25 15 20 10 15 5

0

Mon 25

40 30

9.00

1.80

25 15

5

P2.

35

30 20

10 0

Sun 24

5

35 25

30

Sat 23

40

P3.

10

Fri 22

Non-perforated 30 Aluminium Façade Panels (Base)

100

Mon 15

40

20 10

Thu 21

155

100

40 30

Wed 20

Summer Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (<32 °C)

25

0

25 15

15

10

35

30 20

20 10 Sun 24

15

30

35 25

Tue 9

Wed 10

Thu 11

P3 Operative Temperature P1 Operative Temperature (Base) Tue 9

Wed 10

Fri 12

Sat 13

Sun 14

Mon 15

Sun 14

Mon 15

Winter Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (>20 °C) Thu 11

Fri 12

Sat 13

The perforated aluminium building façade system evidently contributed to the daylight performance and indoor thermal comfort. It has a distinct improvement 25 15 in daylight aspect compared to the non-perforated façade panels. However, 20 was an inconspicuous difference in the internal illuminance level between there 10 applying 25% perforated panels and 50% perforated panels. In terms of the 15 thermal performance, the façade panels with 50% openings relatively alleviated 5 the thermal discomfort in winter due to the increase of sunlight penetration, but the100 temperatures largely Wed increased inThusummer to the highest point ofSunalmost Tue 9 10 11 Fri 12 Sat 13 14 Mon 15 40°C. A panel with 25% openings was considered to be the most appropriate 5 and effective option to balance the thermal comfort and daylight performance.

0

Tue 9

Wed 10

Thu 11

Fri 12

Sat 13

Sun 14

10

Mon 15

26

26

Final Assessment Thermal Comfort | Room Electricity | Lighting | Heating | Cooling Hottest Summer Week

Latent Load

19 February - 25 February (HVAC System Activated) 40 40

1 January - 31 December (HVAC System Activated)

Temperature (°C)

4040 Total Latent Load (kWh) 35 35

35 35

30 30 30

30 25

25 25

2025

20 20

15 20 10

15 15

10 10 Tue 26 40

15 5

Wed Wed20 20

Thu Thu21 21

Fri Fri22 22

Improved Operative Temperature Based Operative Temperature

Sat Sat23 23

Sun Sun24 24

Mon Mon25 25

Tue Tue26 26

Summer Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (<32 °C)

Relative Humidity

20 25 25 30 50

20 25 25 400 30 20

15 20 20 25 40

15 20 20 300 25 15

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

10 10 15 20

10 10 55 Tue 26

15 Mon 15

Aug Sat 23

Sep Sun 24 Oct

Nov Mon 25 Dec

Tue 26

10 15 15 200 20 10

Wed20 20 Wed

Thu21 21 Thu

FriFri2222

Wed 20 Mar

Apr Thu 21May

Jun Fri 22

Sat2323 Sat

Sun2424 Sun

Mon2525 Mon

Tue2626 Tue

10 10010 15

Wed Wed20 20

Thu Thu21 21

Coldest Winter Week 00 Tue Tue99

Wed Wed10 10

Fri Fri22 22

Thu Thu11 11

8 July - 14 July (HVAC System Activated) 30

Jul

30 Energy (kWh) 60040 30 25 500 35 30 30 25

Wed 20

Jun Fri 22

1 January - 31 December (HVAC System Activated)

Percentage (%)

25 35 60 30 30

10 15 15 20 30

Apr Thu 21May

35 Solar Gains Interior Windows 35

19 February - 25 February (HVAC System Activated)

Tue 26

Wed 20 Mar

Feb

40 40

35

30 40 70

010 Jan

Sat Sat23 23

Fri Fri12 12

Sun Sun24 24

Sat Sat13 13

Mon Mon25 25

Sun Sun14 14

Tue Tue26 26

Mon Mon15 15

0510 5 Jan

Feb

Energy Use Analysis 40 00

Tue Tue 99

Based vs Improved

Wed Wed 1010

35 30 Fuel (MWh) 140

Relative Humidity (%)

25

30 25

20 30 30

25 20 30 30

15 25 25

20 15 25 25 70

10 20 20

15 10 20 20

15 155

10 15 155

Thu Thu 1111

Jul

Aug Sat 23

FriFri 1212

Sep Sun 24 Oct

Nov Mon 25 Dec

SatSat 1313

Sun Sun 1414

12.73 7.19 Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

Mon Mon 1515

121.81

105

84.28 66.98

35

Mon 15

10 100

55

15 Mon 15

Tue 9

Wed 10

Thu 11

Improved Operative Temperature Based Operative Temperature

Relative Humidity 00 Tue Tue99

Wed Wed10 10

Sat 13

Sun 14

Mon 15

Winter Outdoor Temperature Comfort Zone (>15 °C and >20 °C)

Thu Thu11 11

8 July - 14 July (HVAC System Activated) 70

Fri 12

Fri Fri12 12

Sat Sat13 13

Sun Sun14 14

1010 00 5 5 Notes:

Mon Mon15 15

Temperature (°C)

Wed 20

9 RoomTue Electricity

Fri 22

Wed 10

Thu 11 Lighting

Sat 23

Fri 12

Heating Sat 13

Lower energy use = Better result

Energy Saving 00 Tue Tue 99

Wed Wed 1010

Formula: (Based – Improved)÷Based

Thu Thu 1111

20.52

Tue 26 9.18

Sun 14Cooling

Mon 15

Base Case Energy Use Improved Case Energy Use FriFri 1212

SatSat 1313

Sun Sun 1414

Mon Mon 1515

93.2%

40 Percentage (%) 100

60

8.33

Thu 21

35 75

50

30

40

50 25

30

20

55.3% 43.5% 20.5%

25

20

10 Tue 26

15

Wed 20

Thu 21

Fri 22

Sat 23

10 0 Sun 24

Mon 25

Tue 26

RoomWed Electricity 20

Thu 21

Lighting Fri 22

Notes: Higher percentage = Better result 11

Sat 23

Heating Sun 24

Mon 25Cooling Tue 26

Energy Saving Percentage

Based Building Data

Improved Building Data Total Energy

Energy Per Total Building Area

Total Energy

Energy per Total Building Area

Total Site Energy

321683.97 kWh

165.43 kWh/m2

Total Site Energy

160579.77 kWh

85.64 kWh/m2

Total Source Energy

891906.16 kWh

458.66 kWh/m

Total Source Energy

433157.88 kWh

231.01 kWh/m2

121808.78 kWh

Internal Lighting

Internal Lighting

2

8329.20 kWh

Heating

12726.92 kWh×3.60 (COP)= 45816.91 kWh

Heating

7190.15 kWh×5.69 (COP)= 40911.98 kWh

Cooling

20521.82 kWh×3.40 (EER)= 69774.20 kWh

Cooling

9184.25 kWh×4.83 (EER)= 44359.95 kWh

Interior Equipment Total End Uses Total Electricity Consumption Total Building Area

84284.09 kWh 206092.87 kWh 741934.33 MJ/annum 1942.7 m

2

Based Internal Lighting Settings Power Density (Incandescent Lighting Fixtures) Lighting Schedule Luminaire Type

Interior Equipment

66978.64 kWh

Total End Uses

75307.84 kWh

Total Electricity Consumption

271108.22 MJ/annum

Total Building Area

1942.7 m2

Updated Internal Lighting Settings 5 W/m2·100lux Office_OpenOff_Light* Suspended

Power Density (T5 Fluorescent Tubes*) Lighting Schedule

1.5 W/m2·100lux Office_OpenOff_Light

Control Type

Linear

Return air Fraction

0.00

Conference Rm / Creative Lab / Office Rm / Open Workspace

300 lux

Radiant fraction

0.42

Accessible / Female / Male Toilet

200 lux

Visible fraction

0.18

Foyer Space / Corridor / Stairwells

160 lux

Convective fraction

0.40

Archive Rm / Store Rm

180 lux

Lighting Control

OFF

Lighting Control

ON

Based HVAC System Settings (No Mechanical Ventilation)

Upgraded HVAC System Settings (No Mechanical Ventilation)

HVAC System Template

HVAC System Template

HVAC Schedule

Packaged DX Split System Office_OpenOff_Occ*

HVAC Schedule

LG MULTI V 5 VRF System* Office_OpenOff_Occ

Coefficient of Performance (COP) (Heating)

3.60

Coefficient of Performance (COP) (Heating)

5.69

Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) (Cooling)

3.40

Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) (Cooling)

4.83

*Office_OpenOff_Light applied a compact scheduling profile: suspended lightings are only turned on from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm on weekdays.

*T5 Fluorescent Tube is a more cost-effective and energy-efficient solution that creates light through advanced electronic circuits, T5 lamps are 40% smaller than T8 fixtures.

*Office_OpenOff_Occ is an occupancy schedule (7/12 schedule) for open plan office. HVAC system is turned on from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm on weekdays.

*LG MULTI V 5 VRF System is an integrated solution that combines advanced technologies for high rise buildings. It provides maximum energy efficiency while minimizing operational costs and its Dual Sensing Control senses humidity & temperature.

Lighting and HVAC Systems

Conclusion

The indoor lighting system was updated from a set of incandescent lighting fixtures (produce light by heating a metallic filament until it starts to radiate light) to a series of T5 Fluorescent Linear Tubes (produce light by exciting gas and causing it to glow). The drop in the electrical lighting power density (5 to 1.5 W/m2 ·100lux) led to a drastic reduction in lighting energy consumption: 93.2% of the lighting energy consumption has been saved compared to the based incandescent lighting fixtures.

After upgrading and activating the HVAC system, over 94% of operative temperatures in hottest summer week situate below 32°C and over 90% of operative temperatures in coldest winter week safely sit above 15°C (around 20% of the time was above 20°C). As a result, the operative temperatures are expected to roughly situate between 15-32°C throughout the year. The improved version of Scintillans Entrepreneur and Innovation Centre has successfully achieved both energy efficiency improvement/energy consumption reduction and success in ameliorating the operative temperatures to an acceptable indoor thermal comfort range.

The air conditioning system was upgraded from a simple split system to a Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) system (also termed VRV) with multiple indoor evaporator units, which not only can reduce the installation spaces and building loads but also can continually adjust the flow of refrigerant to each indoor evaporator unit. As an eco-conscious HVAC solution, the LG MULTI V 5 VRF System, with its dual sensing control, ultimate inverter compressor, and exclusive “Ocean Black Fin”, heats and cools different parts of the office simultaneously, which achieved a reduction of 43.5% and 55.3% in heating and cooling energy consumption, respectively.

It is also worth mentioning that this assessment was primarily focused on the entity of the ‘architectural elements’ (glazing system, materiality/structure, and façade system). There are several factors of the environmental performance that has been partially neglected in this assessment, including visual and aural comforts, stack and Mechanical ventilation, internal and external temperature distributions, etc. It is possible to achieve a more ideal performance through a further investigation into the other factors.

12

Final Performance Structural and Service Systems Prototype Visualisation

13

Best Performing Options

G3. Glazing System Double Glazing Low-E

Clear Float Glass Panel Desiccated Cavity Argon Gas Clear Float Glass Panel

6 mm 16 mm 6 mm

U value: 1.724 W/m2K Cost: 180 GBP/m2

A2. Internal Wall

Insulated Partition System

Vermiculite Plasterboard (outmost) Vermiculite Plasterboard Expanded Polystyrene Foam Air Cavity Space Expanded Polystyrene Foam Vermiculite Plasterboard Vermiculite Plasterboard (outmost)

16 mm 16 mm 90 mm 25 mm 90 mm 16 mm 16 mm

U value: 0.192 W/m2K

B2. Internal Floor

Insulated Ceiling-to-floor Structure

Oak Hardwood Flooring Timber Hardboards Air Cavity Space Reinforced Concrete Slab Expanded Polystyrene Foam Air Cavity Space White Gypsum Plasterboard

13 mm 19 mm 40 mm 200 mm 250 mm 300 mm 13 mm

U value: 0.109 W/m2K

C2. External Wall

Concrete Sandwich Panel Wall

Only the material of the west external walls were altered (as indicated in the plan diagram) Gypsum Plasterboard (outmost) External Aerated Concrete Panel Expanded Polystyrene Foam Internal Aerated Concrete Panel Gypsum Plasterboard (innermost)

13 mm 100 mm 250 mm 150 mm 13 mm

U value: 0.111 W/m2K

P2. Façade System

25% Perforated Aluminium panels

Hole Size 30 mm Frame Depth 1000 mm Panel Interval 1400 mm Aurubis Copper Nordic Bronze Finish 2 mm

V2. HVAC System

LG MULTI V 5 VRF System

Coefficient of Performance Energy Efficiency Ratio Ultimate Inverter Compressor Ocean Black Fin Heat Exchager Dual Sensing Control Continuous Heating Technology

5.69 4.83

14

Green Star Rating Scintillans Lot Fourteen Entrepreneur and Innovation Centre Introduction

Categories and Credits

The Green Star is an internationally recognised Australian sustainability rating and certification system (developed by GBCA), which provides a means of certification for building design and construction. Although conducting Green Star involves a long timeline with a considerable amount of collaboration and professional consultations, calculating the possible score of the purposed Innovation Centre may function as a guideline for the further related investigation in depth.

After the glazing type analysis (stage I), material modification (stage II), and daylight improvement (stage III), the improved building has significantly enhanced the overall environmental performance in terms of thermal comfort, daylighting, and energy use. Therefore, the Green Star Rating will be carefully calculated for the improved version of the Scintillans Innovation Centre with the best performing options (as illustrated on the previous page): Double Glazing Low-E 6/16/6mm Filled with Argon Gas Improved Internal Insulated Partition Wall Improved Insulated Ceiling-to-floor Structure Improved Concrete Sandwich Panel Wall 25% Perforated Aluminium Façade Panels

1

2

3

Star

Star

Star

Star

Star

Star

Minimum Practice

Average Practice

Good Practice

Best Practice

Australian Excellence

World Leadership Performance Design & As Built Interiors Communities

*4 Star

A 4 Star rated building is a Best Practice environmental performer. It builds on the minimum expectations to deliver a building that is either net zero carbon in operations or a higher performer in energy, water, and health related issues.

*5 Star

A 5 Star rated building demonstrates Australian Excellence by being a high environmental performer that addresses social issues relevant to the building owner.

*6 Star

A 6 Star rated building showcases World Leadership. It has been built to be highly efficient building fully powered by renewables that addresses a significant number of environmental and social issues and contributes to the community.

54 / 148*

Green Star Category Achievements Management – / 12

Emissions – / 19

Water – / 12

Transport 07 / 11

Land Use & Ecology 01 / 08

Innovation 02 / 05

Materials 09 / 25

Indoor Environment Quality 18 / 27

Energy 17 / 29

*The total number of points awarded is expressed as a percentage of points available.

15

Aims to encourage and reward the adoption of practices and processes that support best practice sustainability outcomes throughout the different phases of a project’s design, construction and ongoing operation.

Man-1 Man-2 Man-3 Man-4 Man-5 Man-6 Man-7

Green Star Accredited Professional Commissioning Clauses Building Tuning Independent Commissioning Agent Building Users Guide Environmental Management Waste Management

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Emissions

4* 5* 6*

Legal Compliance The building is compliant with legislation.

Management

Aims to assess and reward the environmental impacts of the ‘point source’ pollution generated by building projects and reduce their effects on the atmosphere, watercourse and native community of flora and fauna.

Emi-1 Emi-2 Emi-3 Emi-4 Emi-4 Emi-5 Emi-6 Emi-7 Emi-8

Refrigerant ODP Refrigerant GWP Refrigerant Leaks Insulant ODP Watercourse Pollution Stormwater Discharge to Sewer Light Pollution Legionella

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Water Aims to encourage and reward initiatives that reduce the consumption of potable water through measures such as the incorporation of water efficient fixtures and various building systems and water re-use.

Wat-1 Wat-2 Wat-3 Wat-4 Wat-5

Occupant Amenity Water Water Meters Landscape Irrigation Heat Rejection Water Fire System Water Consumption

Transport

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Achieved Available

Aims to reward projects that facilitate a reduction on the dependency of private car use as an important means of reducing overall greenhouse gas emissions, as well as to encourage the provision of alternative forms of transportation.

Tra-1 Tra-2 Tra-3 Tra-4

Provision of Car Parking Fuel-Efficient Transport Cyclist Facilities Commuting Mass Transport

2 0 1 4

2 1 3 5

Land Use and Ecology

Achieved Available

Building Location

Aims to reduce the negative impacts on sites’ ecological value as a result of urban development and reward projects that minimise harm and enhance the quality of local ecology.

Eco-1 Eco-2 Eco-3 Eco-4

Topsoil Reuse of Land Reclaimed Contaminated Land Change of Ecological Value

Green Star Energy Calculator

1 0 0 0

1 1 2 4

South Australia MJ/annum

kWh/annum

Greenhouse Gas Coefficient (kg CO2-e/annum)

Resulting Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kg CO2-e/annum)

271108

75308

1.042

78471

0

0

0.266

Total Electricity Total Gas

0

Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kg CO2-e/annum)

78471

Nett Lettable Area (m2)

1943

Normalised Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kg CO2-e/m2/annum)

Materials

Achieved Available

Recycling Waste Storage Building Reuse Reused Materials Shell and Core or Integrated Fit-out Concrete Steel PVC Minimisation PVC Sustainable Timber Design for Disassembly Dematerialisation

Indoor Environment Quality

Ventilation Rates Air Change Effectiveness Carbon Dioxide Monitoring and Control Daylight Daylight Glare Control High Frequency Ballasts Electric Lighting Levels External Views Thermal Comfort Individual Comfort Control Hazardous Materials Internal Noise Levels Volatile Organic Compounds Formaldehyde Minimisation Mould Prevention Tenant Exhaust Riser

YES 12

Predicted Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kg CO2-e/m /annum) 2

110 95

2 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 2 1 0

2 6 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 1

Achieved Available

Aims to encourage and reward initiatives that enhance the comfort and well-being of occupants. The credits within this category address issues such as air quality, thermal comfort and acoustic comfort.

IEQ-1 IEQ-2 IEQ-3 IEQ-4 IEQ-5 IEQ-6 IEQ-7 IEQ-8 IEQ-9 IEQ-10 IEQ-11 IEQ-12 IEQ-13 IEQ-14 IEQ-15 IEQ-16

Ene – Conditional Requirement met?

No. of Ene-1 ‘Greenhouse Gas Emission’ Points Awarded

Aims to address the consumption of resources for the proposed project, by encouraging the selection of low-impact materials.

Mat-1 Mat-2 Mat-3 Mat-4 Mat-5 Mat-6 Mat-7 Mat-7 Mat-8 Mat-9 Mat-10

40

Conditional Req’t 1

90

85

80

75

70

65

60

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Points Awarded

Energy

Aims to reward projects that are designed and constructed to reduce overall greenhouse emissions from operations by addressing energy demand reduction, use efficiency and generation from alternative sources.

Ene Ene-1 Ene-2 Ene-3 Ene-4 Ene-5

Conditional Requirement Greenhouse Gas Emissions (calculated above) Energy Sub-metering Lighting Power Density Lighting Zoning Peak Energy Demand Reduction

Innovation 2 1 1 3 1 0 1 2 1 2 0 1 0 1 1 1

3 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 1

Note It is worth noting that there are several categories/criteria of the Green Star Rating system that cannot be applied to the purposed project as the assessment of the building primarily focus on environmental performance. It is incapable to make reasonable speculation to get the corresponding points.

Achieved Available

Yes Yes / No 12 20 0 2 3 3 2 2 0 2

Achieved Available

Aims to recognise the implementation of innovative practices, processes and strategies that promote sustainability in the built environment.

Inn-1 Inn-2 Inn-3

Innovative Strategies & Technologies Exceeding Green Star Benchmarks Environmental Design Initiatives

2 0 0

2 2 1

Final Results 54 / 105 available points* = 51% *Excluding Wat, Emi, and Man categories (148-43=105 points).

10 - 19 points 143 points 7% - 13% 20 - 29 points 143 points 14% - 20% 30 - 44 points 143 points 21% - 30% 45 - 59 points 143 points 31% - 41% 60 - 74 points 143 points 42% - 51% 75+ points 143 points 52%+ Although the overall assessment merely tested a selected floor level (L11) and was only assessed by a limited number of Green Star categories, the Scintillans Entrepreneur and Innovation Centre is possible to demonstrate Australian Excellence and achieve 5 Star.

16

Endnotes 1

Frances Wyld, “The Moving City as Palimpsest,” Landscape Architecture Australia, no. 151 (August 2016): 65-68.

2

EnergyPlus, “Weather Data,” Accessed May 1, 2021, https://energyplus.net/weather.

3

Australian Building Codes Board, “NCC 2016 Guide to the Building Code of Australia Volume One - Amendment 1,” Accessed May 27, 2021. https://ncc.abcb.gov.au/-/media/ Files/ABCB-NCC/NCC2016_BCA_Volume_One_Amdt1.pdf.

4

Sandra Jordão, Luis Costa-Neves, Catarina S. S. R. Costa, and Luciano Rodrigues Ornelas de Lima, “Optimum design of steel and concrete composite building structures,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures & Buildings 167, no. 11 (November 2014): 678-90. https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.13.00022.

5

KONE, “Powerful Performance from the Best-Selling N Monospace,” Accessed May 27, 2021. https://www.kone. com.au/Images/KONE%20N%20Monospace%2019.2_ tcm46-18497.pdf.

6

KONE, “Machine-room-less Freight and Service Elevator,” Accessed May 27, 2021. https://www.kone.com.au/Images/ KONE%20TranSys%2019.1_tcm46-18460.pdf.

7

Andrew Watt, “Metal Roofs 04: Rainscreens,” in Modern Construction Envelopes (Vienna: Ambra, 2014), 316-21.

17