YUCHENG DAI a 1 7 0 0 8 9 2
XIAOJIA LI a1732190
Contents
1-2
Lustenau A
Introduction Climate Analysis Air Temperature + So Relative Humidity + W Precipitation + Rainfa Building Strategies Innovative Materials Well-insulated Roof Floors + Walls Triple Glazing
7-8
Other Strate
Window Modification Shading Device Optio Ventilation Improveme Integrated Results Heat Gain Calculation Heat Loss Calculation Conclusion
Analysis
olar Radiation Wind Speed all Days
egies
ons ent
n n
3-4
5-6
Brisbane Analysis
Material Modifications
Climate Analysis Air Temperature + Solar Radiation Relative Humidity + Wind Speed Average Accumulated Rainwater Precipitation + Rainfall Days Directions Well-insulated Walls Natural Ventilation Shading Devices Perforated Screen
Heat Gain + Heat Loss Material Modification I Wall Modification Floor Modification Material Modification II Glazing Modification Roof Modification
9
References
Lustenau Analysis 2226 Office Building in Lustenau
Introduction
Percentage (%) 100 100
The 2226 Building, designed by Baumschlager Eberle, is a ‘low-tech’ office building to work sustainably without heating and cooling and technical ventilation system in Lustenau, located at the western state of Vorarlberg in Austria. The notion of ‘no intention of replacing nature with technology’ articulates a new direction for sustainable architecture development. The objective of this preliminary analysis is to investigate whether the based scenarios of the 2226 building are feasible for a subtropical climate in Brisbane to maintain the same exceptional environmental performance as in the cold-temperate continental climate in Lustenau.
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
Architectural Volume
Internal Floor Slabs
Vertical Circulations 00
Jan Jan
Feb Feb
Mar
Apr Apr
Maximum relative humidity Daily average relative humidity Minimum relative humidity
May May
Jun
Maximum speed Minimum speed Daily average sp
Figure 2. Monthly relative humidity and wind speed
Relative Humidity + Wind Spe Gross Wall Area 2
Net Wall Area
Ground Floor
Ground Floor
113.04 m
88.79 m2
Gross Wall Area 2
Net Wall Area 2
Upper Floor
Upper Floor
90.43 m
Lustenau is a relatively humid town thro humidity is above 64% all year round. maximum relative humidity can reach the maximum relative humidity is betw humidity of the year is around 15%-30% average wind speed is only 1.8m/s, wh of each month can reach 9.8 m/s.
Roof Area
576 m2
71.03 m
Climate Analysis Lustenau, Austria Temperature (°C)
Energy (Wh/m2)
40 40
Average rainfall days 10000 10000
50 50
8000 8000 30 30
40 40
6000 6000 20 20
30 30 4000 4000
10 10
2000 2000
00
00
-10 -10
Jan Jan
Feb
Mar Mar
Maximum temperature Daily average temperature Minimum temperature
1
Apr Apr
May May
Jun Jun
Jul Jul
Direct maximum Direct average
Aug Aug
Sep Sep
Oct Oct
Nov Nov
Dec Dec
Global average Diffuse average
20 20
10 10
00
Jan Jan
Feb Feb
Precipitation
Mar Mar
Apr Apr
May May
Jun Jun
Average rainfall
Figure 1. Monthly ambient air temperature and solar radiation in Lustenau
Figure 3. Monthly rainfall days and precipitation in L
Air Temperature + Solar Radiation
Precipitation + Rainfall Days
The relatively high latitude condition of Lustenau as one of the primary factors results in the low average temperature range (-1.3-0.3°C in the winter and 16.6-18.9°C in the summer). There are more than 6 months in a year that minimum temperatures were below 0°C, the minimum temperatures could even drop to -10.7°C in the winter months. On the contrary, there are only 2 months throughout the year that maximum temperatures could exceed 30°C. For the solar radiation, the average global radiation and average diffuse radiation are 905-5009 Wh/m2 and 554-3150 Wh/m2, respectively. The average direct solar radiation of Lustenau is approximately 2400 Wh/m2.
The annual rainfall precipitation in Lust the number of average rainfall days is on the statistics, there is less rainfall in precipitation of 130mm, while significan with an average precipitation of 200m winter with an average of 13 days per mo when turning into summer (23 days in a and February are the wettest month an has the highest number of average rain
Building Strategies
Speed (m/s) 12 11 10 10 9 8 7 6
The thermal stability of the original 2226 building is achieved by a combination of high levels of thermal insulation and thermal mass. The construction approaches and well-insulated building envelope mitigate the conduction of cool air from the external environment. These environmental strategies also reduce a large amount of heat loss in winter and decrease the heat gain in summer. The following approaches are some of the key strategies involved in the 2226 Building.
5 5 4 3 2 1 00
Jul Jul
Aug Aug
Sep Sep
Oct Oct
Nov Nov
Dec Dec
d
peed
d in Lustenau
eed
The flat roof was constructed with a relatively thick concrete slab with 350 mm of styrofoam tapered insulation for thermal and acoustic performance. The shutter vents in the facade have vacuum insulation panels inside, finishing with a gravel layer to absorb moisture.
Precipitation (mm) 300 300
240 240
180 180
120 120
60 60
Aug Aug
Sep Sep
Oct Oct
Nov Nov
Dec Dec
The envelope of the 2226 building was constructed with Wienerberger perforated Porotherm 38 Clay Blocks, a product with cradle-to-cradle (C2C) design Silver Certification. The thick clay block is a distinctive type of brick material filled with mineral wool insulation, providing thermal inertia and load bearing capacity.
Well-insulated Roof
roughout the year. The average relative . There are 6 months in a year that the h 100%, while in the other 6 months ween 94%-99%. The minimum relative %. In terms of the wind speed, the daily hile the average maximum wind speed
Jul Jul
Innovative Materials
00
Floors + Walls The structural floors were constructed with pre-cast concrete slabs with insulation. Battening has been laid on this for a cavity floor, topped in turn by a layer of wooden floorboard, a layer of footfall sound insulation, and anhydrite screed. The thick brick walls function as a low pass filter for temperature fluctuations, preventing disruption of daily indoor temperatures with a timescale. The perforated Porotherm Clay Blocks contribute to the extremely low heat transfer and high thermal capacity. It also helps to achieve indoor thermal comfort by prolonging the time of the heat flow through the walls.
days
Lustenau
tenau varies between 110-230mm and is from 12-24 days per month. Based n spring and autumn with an average ntly more rainfall in summer and winter mm. There are also fewer rainy days in onth, the number of rainy days increases average per month). In summary, June nd the driest month, respectively. May nfall days in the whole year.
Triple Glazing The 2226 building features a triple glazing system combined with a high-performance window frame. Deep-set window openings were settled at the back edge of the wall. The thickness of the wall formed a natural shading to the windows reduce the heat input. Additionally, the Pilkington Optitherm™ S3 Windows have innovative ventilation openings, which use ‘hysteresis controllers’ to monitor the indoor air quality and natural ventilation through measuring the CO2 concentration, room temperature, external temperature and relative humidity. 2
Brisbane Analysis 2226 Office Building in Brisbane
Climate Analysis 40 40
Temperature (°C)
Energy (Wh/m2)
Accumulated rainwater (mm)
10000 10000
300 300 8000 8000 30 30
6000 6000 20 20
250 250
200 200
150 150 4000 4000 100 100
10 10 2000 2000
50 50
0
00 Jan Jan
Feb Feb
Mar Mar
Apr Apr
Maximum temperature Daily average temperature Minimum temperature
May May
Jun Jun
Jul Jul
Direct maximum Direct average
Aug Aug
Sep Sep
Oct Oct
Nov Nov
0
Dec Dec
Jan Jan
Global average Diffuse average
Feb Feb
Mar Mar
Apr Apr
May May
Jun Jun
Figure 4. Monthly ambient air temperature and solar radiation in Brisbane
Figure 6. The average rainfall (solid line) accum 31 days period centred on the day in question, w percentile bands.
Air Temperature + Solar Radiation
Average Accumulated Rain
Brisbane features a subtropical climate, compared to the cold-temperate continental climate in Lustenau. The maximum temperature in summer is 32.5°C. However, the maximum temperature in winter is still considerably high (24.5°C). The average temperature is 24.5°C in summer and 15°C in winter. The average solar radiation is approximately 4300 Wh/m2 while the average global radiation is 3156-6822 Wh/m2 and the average diffuse radiation is 1275-2929 Wh/m2.
This graph illustrates the variation o 31- day period centred around eac for 31 days centred around 10 Fe circle), with an average total accum around with an average total accu blue solid circle).
Percentage (%)
Average rainfall days (mm)
Speed (m/s)
100 100
50 50
16 15 15 14 80 80
13
40 40
12 11 10 10
60 60
30 30
9 8 7
40 40
20 20
6 5 5 4 20 20
3
10 10
2 1 00
0 Jan Jan
Feb Feb
Mar Mar
Maximum relative humidity Daily average relative humidity Minimum relative humidity
3
Apr
May May
Jun Jun
Jul Jul
Aug Aug
Sep Sep
Oct Oct
Nov Nov
Dec Dec
Maximum speed Minimum speed Daily average speed
00 Jan
Feb Feb
Precipitation
Mar Mar
Apr
May May
Jun
Average rainfal
Figure 5. Monthly relative humidity and wind speed in Lustenau
Figure 7. Monthly rainfall days and precipitation in
Relative Humidity + Wind Speed
Precipitation + Rainfall Days
Brisbane is also quite humid with a maximum of 100% relative humidity in 10 months and 95% in December and 97% in November. The average relative humidity fluctuates within a relatively stable range (65-77%) with the 72% annual average humidity. It is surprising that the minimum relative humidity features a spike during the winter months and peaks in January and March. Based on the calculation, the minimum relative humidity in the summer months is approximately doubled, compared to the minimum relative humidity in the winter months. For the wind speed, the average is around 3.3m/s and the maximum is about 10.7m/s.
The rainy days per month in Brisbane the seasonal trends. There are fewer r 13 days per month and also increases 22 days per month, the number of ave is 17.5 days per month. However, t than Lustenau ranging from 60m to summer is 187mm while 63mm in win the wettest month and the driest mont number of average rainfall days in the
Directions Due to the climate differences between Lustenau and Brisbane, the strategies and tactics also need to be changed. The subtropical climate in Brisbane requires a wide range of design responses. A list of design methods (as illustrated below) can be considered as appropriate strategies to tackle with warm, humid, and wet summers and generally mild, dry winters in Brisbane.
Well-insulated Walls Jul Jul
Aug Aug
Sep Sep
Oct Oct
Nov Nov
Insulation materials are generally low in conductivity, which may theoretically make a significant decrease in terms of the U value and the thermal inertia. Applying the ample internal insulation might be an appropriate strategy in Brisbane.
Dec Dec
mulated over the course of a sliding with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th
nwater
of rainfall accumulated over a sliding ch day of the year. The most rain falls ebruary (indicated with a blue hollow mulation of 140mm. The least rain falls umulation of 34mms (indicated with a
Natural Ventilation
Precipitation (mm) 300 300
240 240
The natural cooling approaches (such as cross ventilation) may function as the practical strategies. The wind forces outdoor cool air into the building through an inlet while outlet forces warm interior air outside. It could improve the internal convection circulation and control the humidity level, which plays an important role in a hot and humid climate.
180 180
120 120
60 60
00
Jul
Aug Aug
Sep Sep
Oct
Nov Nov
Dec Dec
ll days
n Lustenau
e also vary from 12-24 days and follow rainy days in winter with an average of s in summer months with an average of erage rainy days in spring and autumn the precipitation in Brisbane is lower 210mm. The average precipitation in nter. In summary, January and July are th, respectively. March has the highest e whole year.
Shading Devices Harsh sunlight penetration during the summertime is a significant issue for subtropical climate in Brisbane. Utilising shading devices is crucial for the building thermal performance. As Brisbane has relatively high average solar radiation level, adopting shading devices could be a highly effective approach for Brisbane’s humid subtropical climate.
Perforated Screen The perforated screen solution provides highly effective protection from direct sunlight in summer but also maintains adequate daylight admission in winter and potentially helps the airflow. The perforated panel can also be treated as the ‘permeable skin’ of the entire façade system. 4
Material Modifications 2226 Office Building in Brisbane
Heat Gain + Heat Loss
Material Modification I Wall + Floor
Lustenau
Heat Gain (W) 40% 0.4% 6% 2%
Windows Appliances Occupants Others Walls Lighting Roof
0.8%
0.8%
Roof Walls Windows Occupants Lighting Appliances
460.8 852.36 48927.47 37440.00 898.56 5184.00
Total
93763.20
Table 1. Areas of heat gain for the original 2226 building in Lustenau Figure 8. Breakdown into areas of heat gain for the original 2226 building in Lustenau
52%
Heat Loss (W) Infiltration Windows Walls Others
2%
Floors Roof
4%
78%
8%
2%
Roof Walls Windows Floors Infiltration
1198.08 4432.30 5278.87 1198.08 42232.80
Total
54340.13
Appliances Net Heat Loss
10%
1555.2 52784.93
Table 2. Areas of heat gain for the original 2226 building in Lustenau Figure 9. Breakdown into areas of heat gain for the original 2226 building in Lustenau
Brisbane
Heat Gain (W) 39% 0.7% 5% 3%
Windows Appliances Occupants Others Walls Lighting Roof
1.3%
1%
Roof Walls Windows Occupants Lighting Appliances
1016.41 1494.30 19424.15 37440 898.56 5184.00
Total
65457.42
Table 3. Areas of heat gain for the original 2226 building in Brisbane Figure 10. Breakdown into areas of heat gain for the original 2226 building in Brisbane
53%
Heat Loss (W) Infiltration Windows Walls Others
2% 4%
78%
8%
10%
2%
Floors Roof
Roof Walls Windows Floors Infiltration
1474.79 4336.41 5328 1406.59 30050.26
Total
42596.05
Appliances Net Heat Loss
1555.2 41040.85
Table 4. Areas of heat gain for the original 2226 building in Brisbane Figure 11. Breakdown into areas of heat gain for the original 2226 building in Brisbane
5
150 mm reinforced concrete slab with 1mm thickness structural LYSAGHT bondek 13 mm oak hardwood flooring with laminated finish nailed to 19mm timber floorboards 3 mm REGUPOL acoustic underlay sit underneath the 40 mm air cavity 200 mm external aerated concrete with 12.5 mm lime plasterboard and 90 mm high density glasswool rigid insulation 100 mm internal aerated concrete panel White 12.5 mm plasterboard fixed to the Rondo KEY-LOCK® concealed suspended ceiling system
Wall Modification
Although the wall systems in the 2226 in the climate of Brisbane, it is overwhe the original external walls was over 700m construction but also sacrificed a consid aim of this modification is to reduce the performance. As a result, the external w sandwich panel wall system.
Floor Modification
The original 2226 building features a se with 350mm insulation layers. In this stag to a small proportion of the heat loss and Consequently, the floor system was trans 150 styrofoam insulation. In addition, the dramatically increases the space betw potentially enhancing the air circulations
Material Modification II Glazing + Roof
Triple glazing system consists of three 6mm clear float glass panels with 16mm air cavity, fixed to the clay block walls and slaked lime plasterboard
150 mm styrofoam insulation attach to the 150 mm concrete slab
Double glazing system consists of two 6mm clear float glass panels with 13mm dehydrated air cavity (6/13/6mm)
25 mm Rondo 127 top cross rail 0.75bmt fixed to 28mm Rondo 129 furring channel
building also work1 considerably well elming in its thickness: the thickness of mm which not only builds up the cost of derable amount of habitable spaces. The thickness while remain the high thermal wall system was updated to a concrete
eries of 200mm precast concrete slabs ge, we assumed the floor slabs contribute d the negligible contribution to heat gain. sformed into a 150mm concrete slab with e reduction of the internal floor thickness ween floor finishes and ceiling boards, s within the space.
Glazing Modification The base case applied a triple glazing system for all windows to massively reduce heat gain and heat loss throughout the year. However, triple glazing is much more expensive and excessive than double glazing. As a result, the glazing system was switched to a double glazing system. The timber frame was updated to an aluminium frame for higher water resistance, structural integrity and easier long-term maintenance.
Flashing and trim with anchor bolts with gravel and waterproof membrane on the top 200mm external aerated concrete panel with 12.5mm lime plasterboard and 90mm high density glasswool rigid insulation
100 mm internal aerated concrete panel 150 mm styrofoam insulation attach to the 150 mm concrete slab White 12.5 mm plasterboard fixed to the Rondo KEY-LOCK® concealed suspended ceiling system
Roof Modification Applying a thinner concrete roof structure to mitigate the excessive roof structure of the original 2226 building, by largely reducing the thickness of the styrofoam thermal insulation from 350mm to 150mm. 6
Other Strategies 2226 Office Building in Brisbane
Window Modification
Ventilation Improvement
d.
c.
a.
06/21, 8 am-10 pm (unshaded)
12/21, 8 am-10 pm (unshaded)
06/21, 8 am-10 pm (shaded)
12/21, 8 am-10 pm (shaded)
b.
Shading Various shading strategies were generated based on the solar analysis (as illustrated above), not only providing efficient shading to block harsh sunlight penetration, but also forming a consistent architectural language and gesture.
North Façade Options
GF vents
0.308 m2 Each window
Conditions
0.411 m2
Building Location
Ou Are m2
Original Modified
Lustenau
30.
Brisbane
30.
Brisbane
41.
a. Adjustable Screens
b. Moveable Screens
Table 5. Heat exchange in the original state and modifie
The panels can be easily changed the directions all the time, allowing ample sunlight in winter and block harsh direct sunlight in summer (It can be installed horizontally or vertically).
The flexibility of this device keeps ample sunlight year-round. The verticality of the sheets can also incorporate with the architectural language, to form a consistent visual comfort.
Heat exchange
Total heat
87549.79 W
6545
East / West Façade Options
Figure 12. Heat exchange in the original state and mod
Ventilation
The built-in timber vents were controlled climate. The average air temperature in resulting in lower heat exchange throug size of the vent by 33% of the original s and exterior has been increased and th has been improved accordingly.
Shading Devices c. Cubic Shading
d. Eggcrate
It combines the traditional overhang with sidefins, forming a rectangular shaped shading device to activate the dynamic variations for the building façade system.
A combination of vertical and horizontal shading elements. It is a suitable option for the east/west façade as their high shading efficiencies.
7
According to the building data, 53% o Controlling the amount of heat that cond great improvement of the heat gain from have been generated for north, west, an performance and incorporate them into t
Integrated Results 120000
Heat Gain
100000 100000
80000 80000
60000 60000
40000 40000
20000 20000
00
Roof Roof
Walls Walls
Heat gain in Lustenau
Windows Windows
People People
Lighting Lighting
Appliances Appliances
Total heat gain gain Total heat
Heat gain of the modified building
Heat gain in Brisbane
Figure 13. Areas of heat gain comparison
Areas
Upper floor vents 2
0.247 m Each window
utlet ea
Modification 1016.41
460.80
587.52
Walls
852.36
1086.77
1494.30
Windows
48927.47
50350.52
19424.15
People
37440.00
37440.00
37440.00
898.56
898.56
898.56
5184.00
5184.00
5184.00
93763.19
95547.37
65457.42
Appliances
0.329 m2
Brisbane
Roof
Lighting Total heat gain Table 6. Areas of heat gain comparison
Heat Loss Wind Speed
Heat Exchange
m/s
Watts
.81
2.2
198,662.88
.81
3.7
65,662.27
.08
Lustenau
60000 60000
50000 50000
40000 40000
30000 30000
20000 20000
10000 10000
3.7
87,549.79
ed state
t gain
57.42 W
dified state
by sensors to provide a pleasant indoor n Brisbane during summer is quite high, gh natural ventilation. By increasing the size, the heat exchange between interior he performance of the natural ventilation
of the heat gain comes from windows. ducts through the windows could make a m the windows. Various shading options nd east façades to optimise the shading the overall architectural language.
00
Roof Roof Heat loss in Lustenau
Walls Walls
Windows Windows
Floor Floor
Heat loss in Brisbane
Infiltration Infiltration
Total loss Total heat heat loss
Heat loss of the modified building
Figure 14. Areas of heat loss comparison
Areas
Lustenau
Brisbane
Modification
Roof
1198.08
852.48
1474.79
Walls
4432.30
3153.75
4336.41
Windows
5278.87
3756.12
5328.00
Floor
1198.08
852.48
1406.59
Infiltration
42232.80
30050.26
30050.26
Total heat gain
54340.13
38665.09
42596.05
Table 7. Areas of heat loss comparison
Conclusion The original 2226 building could fit in Brisbane’s condition during the winter months due to the thick brick walls, floors, and triple glazing system. However, excessive massing leads to overheating issues in summer. Therefore, the aim of the modification is primarily focused on reducing heat gain while considering a more cost-effective solution to ensure the heat loss is controlled at a lower level. The combination of strategies was worked well. Applying shading devices to the windows contributes to the greatest improvements in reducing heat gain. The modifications of walls, roof, and floors also result in both cost-effective and locally appropriate construction strategies. 8
References Bibliography
“Brisbane Climate: Average Temperature, Weather By Month, Brisbane Weather Averages - Climate-Data.Org”. 2021. En.Climate-Data.Org. https:// en.climate-data.org/oceania/australia/queensland/brisbane-6171/. Meinhold, Bridgette. 2021. “Berlin Office Building Features Two Different High-Performance Facades”. Inhabitat.Com. https://inhabitat.com/berlinoffice-building-features-two-different-high-performance-facades/. “Daylighting In Subtropical Climates”. 2021. Researchgate.Net. https://www. researchgate.net/figure/left-and-Figure-2-right-Office-buildings-in-Brisbane-asub-tropical-climate-employ_fig5_257311277. Queiroz, Natália. 2021. “Simplified Methods For Shading Device Optimization Processes: A Comparison Between Radiance And Energyplus For Daylighting Analysis Capabilities”. Researchgate.Net. https://www. researchgate.net/publication/342383006_Simplified_Methods_For_Shading_ Device_Optimization_Processes_A_Comparison_Between_Radiance_And_ EnergyPlus_For_Daylighting_Analysis_Capabilities. Eberle, Baumschlager. 2016. WIENERBERGER Brick Award 2016, 2226 Lustenau. Video. be baumschlager eberle. Hugentobler, Walter, and Peter Widerin. 2016. “DO HEALTHY BUILDINGS NEED TECHNOLOGY?.” Schoof, Jakob. 2021. “House Without Heating: Office Building In Austria”. Detail-Online.Com. https://www.detail-online.com/article/house-withoutheating-office-building-in-austria-16667/. Strange, Hugh. 2014. “2226 Lustenau Office Building”. Architecture Review, 2014. “Average Weather In Brisbane”. 2021. Weatherspark.Com. https:// weatherspark.com/y/144671/Average-Weather-in-Brisbane-Australia-Year-. “Average Weather in Lustenau”. 2021. Weatherspark.Com. https:// weatherspark.com/y/63544/Average-Weather-in-Lustenau-Austria-Year-Round “The Importance Of Internal Heat Gains - An Analysis Of Baumschlager Eberle’S 2226”. 2021. Issuu. https://issuu.com/nomadarchitects/docs/the_ importance_of_internal_heat_gains. 9
“Good Reasons For Building With Clay juwoe.de/en/ziegel/gute-gruende-baue
“Thermal Performance Of Different Mate com.au/thermal-performance-different-m
“Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Sheets A Koolfoam. https://www.koolfoam.com.au
“The Insulation Process Of Concrete Wa Inc.”. 2021. Tiltwall.Ca. https://tiltwall.ca concrete-wall-panels-explained/.
“2226 / Baumschlager Eberle Architekte archdaily.com/451653/2226-be-baumsc
Blocks”. 2021. Juwoe.De. https://www. en-mit-ziegel.php.
erials”. 2021. BUILD. https://build. materials.
And Insulation| Koolfoam”. 2021. u/eps-sheets.
Wall Panels Explained - Tilt Wall Ontario a/blog/the-insulation-process-of-
en”. 2021. Archdaily. https://www. chlager-eberle.