IMPROVING ENGLISH 3-Енглески језик за 3. разред гимназије и средњих стручних школа - 23030

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Министар просвете, науке и технолошког развоја Републике Србије одобрио је овај уџбеник са радном свеском и тонским записом за издавање и употребу у 3. разреду гимназије и средњих стручних школа.

CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији Народна библиотека Србије, Београд 37.016:811.111(075.3) Improving English 3 : енглески језик за трећи разред гимназије и средњих стручних школа : једанаеста година учења : уџбеник са рaдном свеском / Катарина Ковачевић, Гордана Марковић. - 2. изд. - Београд : Завод за уџбенике, 2020 (Београд : Планета принт). - 191 стр. : илустр. ; 27 cm + 1 електронски оптички диск (CD-ROM ) Тираж 3.500. - List of irregular verbs: str. 186-187. - Word Worldlist: list:str. str.

188-190.

ISBN 978-86-17-20342-7 1. Марковић, Гордана, 1951- [аутор] COBISS.SR-ID 16287241

ISBN 978-86-17-20342-7 © ЗАВОД ЗА УЏБЕНИКЕ, Београд, (2016–2020) Ово дело не сме се умножавати, фотокопирати и на било који други начин репродуковати, ни у целини ни у деловима, без писменог одобрења издавача.

Cover page: Opera House in Sidney Harbour (Depositphotos)

Student's book

Contents

Unit 1 6 NATIONAL PARKS 7 ROCK ART 12 YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK

Unit 2 FASHION

20 21 THE MINI REVOLUTION 27 IS FASHION IMPORTANT?

Unit 3 34 ART AND ARTISTS 35 THE PAINTER OF LIGHT 41 A POP ART ICON

Workbook

Unit 4 48 MAKING DECISIONS 49 THE LADY OR THE TIGER? EXTRACT 1 54 THE LADY OR THE TIGER? EXTRACT 2

Unit 5 60 MYTHS AND LEGENDS 61 THE GIFT OF ELOQUENCE 67 THE GREEN CHILDREN OF WOOLPIT

Unit 6 CELEBRITIES

76 77 CELEBRITIES AS ROLE MODELS 82 A WOMAN OF MANY TALENTS

Unit 7 90 CRIME AND FICTION 91 FICTIONAL DETECTIVES 96 A POWER OF DEDUCTION

Unit 8 106 PREDICTING THE FUTURE 107 THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE 112 IS THERE LIFE OUT THERE?

Unit 9 120 TRANSPORT AND TRAVEL 121 DARING UNDERTAKINGS 127 TRAINS THAT FLY

138 142 146 150

Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 GENERAL REVISION 1

152 156 160 164

Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 GENERAL REVISION 2

166 170 174 178

Unit 7 Unit 8 Unit 9 GENERAL REVISION 3

180 184 186 188

LISTENING COMPREHENSION TEXTS KEY TO SELF-ASSESSMENT TESTS LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS WORD LIST

PLAN OF THE BOOK

Reading: A Rock art B Yosemite National Park

Unit 1 6–19

NATIONAL PARKS

Vocabulary

Making adjectives from nouns and nouns from verbs

Grammar

Present tenses; the plural of nouns

Speaking

The Australian quiz; about the Aborigines

Listening

Della Peterson talks about her visits to Yosemite Park

Writing

A composition about Tara National Park

Communication

Expressing preference and pleasure

Unit 2 20–33

FASHION

Reading: A The mini revolution B Is fashion important?

Vocabulary

Words related to fashion and clothes; building words with the prefixes: dis, mis, re, over and under; linking words and phrases

Grammar

Past tenses; past participle; correlative conjunctions; comparative constructions

Speaking

Importance of fashion

Listening

On the catwalk

Writing

A fashion show

Communication

Complimenting people on clothes

Unit 3 34–47

ART and ARTISTS

Vocabulary

Words related to arts; phrasal verbs with set; words made with negative prefixes

Grammar

Past perfect tense; revision and extension of the passive; passive forms of the infinitive and gerund; present and perfect participles

Speaking

Talking about art

Listening

Salvador Dali

Writing

Describing a picture

Communication

Saying ‘no’ nicely

Unit 4 48–59

MAKING DESISIONS

Vocabulary

Phrasal verbs with turn; prepositions with verbs; idioms with eye

Grammar

Conditional sentences

Speaking

Making decisions

Listening

Bad decisions throughout history

Writing

Solving problems

Communication

Approving and disapproving

Reading: A The painter of light B A pop art icon

Reading: A The Lady or the Tiger? Extract 1 B The Lady or the Tiger? Extract 2

Reading: A The gift of eloquence B The green children of Woolpit

Unit 5 60–75

MYTHS and LEGENDS

Vocabulary

Phrasal verbs with put; expressions with take

Grammar

Relative clauses; passive reporting verbs; modal verbs with the perfect infinitive; the definite article

Speaking

A short presentation on urban legends or myths

Listening

Rtanj Mountain

Writing

Mysterious sites

Communication

Expressing your point and doubt

Unit 6 76–89

CELEBRITIES

Vocabulary

Words related to film; adjectives describing personalities

Grammar

Wishes and regrets; impersonal pronouns: one, they, you; passive constructions

Speaking

Celebrities as role models; facts about Meryl Streep

Listening

Fame has its disadvantages

Writing

A film review

Communication

Making, accepting and declining an invitation

Unit 7 90–105

CRIME and FICTION

Vocabulary

Words related to crime; phrasal verbs with make; compounds

Grammar

Present perfect simple and continuous tenses; verbs and expressions followed by the gerund; reporting verbs

Speaking

Discussing crime writers and their characters

Listening

An exhibition about Sherlock Holmes

Writing

Writing a story

Communication

Changing your mind

Unit 8 106–119

PREDICTING THE FUTURE

Vocabulary

Words related to weather; uses of due; phrasal verbs with run

Grammar

Expressing the future; pronouns

Speaking

Effects of climate change Is there life on other planets in our universe?

Listening

How to give a presentation

Writing

A report

Communication

Talking about the weather

Unit 9 120–135

TRANSPORT and TRAVEL

Vocabulary

Words related to travelling; phrasal verbs – revision

Grammar

Numerals; the past perfect continuous tense; adverbs; the with geographical names

Speaking

About travelling

Listening

The first woman to cycle the globe

Writing

An informal letter

Communication

Communicating with people in a foreign place

Reading: A Celebrities as role models B A woman of many talents

Reading: A Fictional detectives B The power of deduction

Reading: A The impact of climate change B Is there life out there?

Reading: A Daring undertakings B Trains that fly

Unit 1

NATIONAL PARKS In this unit, you will x read, listen and talk about a. the Aborigines and rock art b. Yosemite and giant sequoias x

practise the plural of nouns the present simple and continuous tenses the present perfect tense expressing preference and pleasure

Lead-in

1

How good are you at Geography? a.

There are thousands of national parks in the world. In your opinion, which continent is home to the greatest number of them?

b.

Look at the list below. Which continents do they belong to?

the Great Barrier Reef, Victoria Falls, the Great Canyon, Tara, Kilimanjaro, Olympus, Yosemite, Yellowstone the Everglades, Galapagos, the Lake District

2 6

Europe North America South America Australia Africa

Choose one of the parks and then go to the Internet to find out why it is famous. Describe the most attractive features of the park to the class.

Unit 1 A

ROCK ART An expression of CULTURAL IDENTITY TRACK

1

Reading

Australia is home to some of the world’s most incredible national parks which offer a remarkable diversity of scenery, as well as some unique flora and fauna.

Kakadu National Park is the largest national park in Australia and it has exceptional cultural value. Among other things, the park boasts stone tools dating back more than 40,000 years, and numerous rock art sites.

The paintings found on rock walls represent a unique artistic achievement because of the wide range of styles used and detailed depiction of human figures and animal species. They provide a fascinating record of the life and ritual ceremonies of the Aboriginal population, the oldest people on the continent.

The Aborigines painted the animals they hunted (some of them are now extinct), the tools they used and the events they saw. Generally, the act of painting was more important than the painting itself because the artists wanted to paint in order to tell a story. Red, orange and yellow pigments were produced from iron and mixed with water. The brushes they used were made of human hair.

The paintings cover a long chronological span since the oldest date back nearly 20,000 years and the most recent ones from contemporary times. Rock paintings are generally found in sheltered areas away from the direct effects of the elements, but even the most protected sites can be damaged by the actions of water, animals and insects. The thousands of people who visit the art sites each year are also a great threat to the rock art, but various measures have been taken to prevent damaging processes.

Today the Aboriginal people in Kakadu rarely paint on rocks.

Painting is now mostly done on tree bark, paper or canvas.

Glossary species – a group of plants or animals that are able to produce young plants or animals together extinct – no longer existing spanb– the period of time betZeen tZo eYents boast Y – to possess something that is a source of pride depiction – draZing elements – alZays plural

atmospheric forces liNe Zind and storm

7

Unit 1 A 1

2

T

F

In your opinion, are these statements true (T) or false (F)?

1. The National Park Kakadu is famous only for its scenery.

2. The Aborigines are natives of Australia.

3. The ancient Aborigines painted on the rocks pictures from everyday life.

4. They didn’t use colours for their paintings.

5. New generations of Aborigines don’t practise painting on rocks.

Complete the sentences in your own words using the information from the text.

1. Stone tools which were discovered dated ____________________________________.

2.

The ancient inhabitants of Australia painted _________________________________.

3.

Art sites provide _______________________________________________________.

4.

The paintings were protected from _________________________________________.

5.

Today the Aborigines paint on ____________________________________________.

Vocabulary

1

2 3

8

Match the highlighted adjectives from the text with the explanations.

1.

amazing, hard to believe ___________

4.

unusual, extraordinary ____________

2.

the only one of its kind ____________

5.

a short time ago _________________

3.

in large numbers ________________

6.

belonging to the present ____________

Which nouns do these adjectives go with? Find them in the text.

Complete the species sentences with the sheltered word in the box. depictions 1. It was raining threat heavily and span we were trying to find a ____________ place.

2. Among the first drawings were _____________ of the hunt and fruit-gathering.

3. The time ___________ between two wars was very short.

4. At first, the heavy rain didn’t look like a __________ until it turned into a flood.

5. Did you know that gorillas are an endangered _________________?

4

Replace the underlined words/phrases with the word from the box in the correct form.

1. The museum is the proud owner of a breathtaking collection of Aboriginal art.

2. Because of the variety of wildlife a lot of 3.

people travel to national parks.

I couldn’t find any evidence in the museum that Captain Cook landed in this area.

4. John’s description of his life on the farm was very vivid.

5. What is the most significant technological advancement in this century?

record boast depiction remarkable diversity

Unit 1 A Word formation

5

Find the words in the text which form their adjectives or nouns in the following way and put them into the right box.

Add more words which fit into one of the boxes.

verb + ion /tion = noun

noun +al/cal = adjective

Focus on

1

Changing the stress record (n) /'rekQd/; to record (v) /rI'kO:d/ Some words have the stress on a different syllable depending on whether they are a noun or a verb. For example: object /'QbdZIkt/ (n), /@b'dZ&kt/ (v); subject /'sVbdZIkt/ (n), /s@b'dZ&kt/ (v).

Find out how the following words are stressed when they are a) nouns, b) verbs: present, produce, protest, transport. Look them up in a dictionary.

2

3

A record/to record – different meanings 1. keep/maintain a record (a medical, historical, archeological record of something ) – information kept in writing about something that has happened 2. with the verbs set/hold/break/beat a record – the best achievement (especially in sport) 3. a record – a large round black piece of plastic containing music 4. to record (music/an event) – to put it on a record/tape 5. off the record – not official

Explain the meaning of the word record in the following sentences.

1. In 1993 he held the world 400 metres record.

2. Will you try to keep a record of everything you eat the next three days?

3. He broke the record that Owens had kept until then.

4. Have you heard any music recorded by Sinatra?

5. I’ve got all the records by the Beatles.

6. He decided to tell the judge all he knew, but off the record.

9

Unit 1 A

The e

AUSTRALIAN quiz How much do you know about Australia?

Underline the correct answer a. or b.

Speaking

1.

The capital city of Australia is a. Melbourne b. Canberra

2.

The first immigrants to Australia came from a. Holland b. Britain

3.

Australia is a a. constitutional monarchy* b. republic

4.

Australian animals that jump are a. koalas b. kangaroos

5.

The slang word for an Australian is a. Aussie b. Austrie

6.

The famous opera house is in a. Brisbane b. Sydney

7.

Which of the world’s greatest natural wonders is in Australia? a. The Great Canyon b. The Great Barrier Reef

8.

The Australians are very good at a. surfing b. skiing

*A country ruled by a king or a queen whose powers are limited by a set of laws

Discuss the following questions.

1. Is this the first time that you have read something about the Aborigines and rock art?

2. What have you learned about Australia through this quiz?

3. Do you know anybody from Serbia who lives in Australia?

4. If you know more about one of the quiz items, share your knowledge with your fellow students.

10

Unit 1 A ar

m Gram

Review of tenses (1) Present tenses

1

2

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (the present simple, present continuous and present perfect tenses).

1. Kate always __________________ (invite) us to her country house.

2. I ______________________ (watch) a very exciting film. Can I phone you back later?

3. I __________________________ (pass) four exams recently.

4. It __________________________ (get) colder. I’ll fetch my sweater.

5. Lisa _____________________ (work) at a bookshop now, but she’s looking for something else, too.

6. We __________________________ (wash) the glasses. Look how clean they are.

7. Water __________________________ (freeze) at 00 C. 8. Susan ____________________ (live) in a very nice house in a quiet suburb.

9. Tim ________________ (leave) for Africa next week. He ________________ (already/buy) a ticket.

10. I _______________________ (know) Jack since our childhood.

Match the explanations with the sentences in Exercise 1 to show that you understand the use of tenses. The first one has been done for you. a. activities in progress at the moment of f. situations that we see as permanent speaking – sentence 2/PCT (the present g. something that someone has arranged to do continuous tense) in the near future b. general facts h. situations that we see as temporary c. actions which began in the past and i. situations which are slowly changing continued up to the present moment j. for describing recent events d. repeated actions or habits e. a finished action with a result in the present (focus on the result)

State and activity verbs

3

Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verb.

1. look a. ‘I’ve lost my purse.’

‘What _______ it _______ like?’ b. ‘I __________________ for a new flat.’

‘Do you like this neighbourhood?’

2. consider a. The board ___________________ my plan for the new building area. b. Most people _______________ Elton John to be the best singer in England.

3. think a. I _________________ of going to Scotland. b. What _________ you ___________ of our new history teacher?

4. see a. I ___________ that Mary has a new dress. b. ________ you __________ Tom tonight?

5. have a. We _______________ a lovely time in Yellowstone Park at the moment. b. I’ll talk to you when I ___________ more time.

11

Unit 1 B

YOSEMITE National Park HOME OF GIANT SEQUOIAS 1

What do you expect to see or do in a national park?

A I can see _________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ B I can do __________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

2

There are at least two things you shouldn’t do in a national park.

Cross those words out. camping, sailing, lighting fires, hunting, fishing, feeding animals, canoeing, bird watching

TRACK

3

Reading

Yosemite National Park lies in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California, and has been protected as a national treasure since 1890. It is named after the Yosemite Indians, early inhabitants of the region.

The park is an escape from urban life, especially for people of San Francisco and Los Angeles. Visitors can use regular roads to reach the points from where hundreds of miles of hiking trails start, leading them into the vast wilderness. There they can enjoy unspoiled nature far from the busy cities.

Yosemite is renowned for its granite cliffs, waterfalls, clear streams, valleys, biological diversity and most of all, for ancient giant sequoia groves. The Mariposa Grove contains about 500 mature giant sequoias. They are perhaps the largest living things on Earth. The oldest ones may be more than 3,000 years of age.

The park’s many waterfalls are especially spectacular in spring when an abundance of water from the melting snow rushes to the valleys. Among many waterfalls, 2,425-foot high Yosemite Falls is breathtaking and ranks as the tallest in North America.

The expansive park is home to hundreds of wildlife species and thousands of Yosemite plants. It supports more than 400 species including fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. As hikers climb higher up, they find a greater diversity of vegetation and wildlife.

Since it is a wonderful destination for an outdoor experience, millions of visitors make a trip to Yosemite in order to explore the stunning scenery and enjoy a variety of recreational activities.

12

Unit 1 B Glossary

3

trail – a path through the countryside treasure – something of great Yalue grove – a small Zood or other group of trees renowned – famous, celebrated mature – groZn to full si]e expansive – coYering a large area stunning – striNingly impressiYe, spectacular abundance – a large amount of something

4

Answer the following questions about Yosemite Park.

1. What are the ways of travelling through the park?

2. Why do people from big cities come to the park?

3. Which part of the park contains a great number of sequoias?

4. What age can a sequoia reach?

5. When are the waterfalls abundant with water?

6. Besides sequoias, what species is the park home to?

7. Where do visitors have to climb to find a greater diversity of species?

What do these numbers in the text tell us?

400 500 3,000 1890 2,425

Vocabulary

1

Match the adjectives with the nouns to get the correct collocations.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

2

national urban hiking vast unspoiled granite melting giant

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

snow nature cliff sequoia wilderness trail life treasure

Match the words first with the definitions and then with the pictures.

1. A steep rock face, especially at the edge of the sea. __________ 2. A part of a stream or river where running water falls down from a greater height. __________ 3. A low area of land between hills or mountains, usually with a river or stream flowing through it. __________ 4. A cold-blooded animal (snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, etc.). __________ 5. A type of warm-blooded animal that breastfeeds its babies and usually has fur. __________

waterfall reptile cliff mammal valley

13

Unit 1 B

TRACK

Della Peterson talks about her visits to Yosemite Park

4

1 Listening

2

ar

m Gram

1

14

You’re going to listen to the text about Della’s first close encounter with a bear. x Have you ever met an animal which is considered to be dangerous? x If you have, tell the class what happened. Was it a frightening experience?

Listen to the text and choose the alternative.

1. Della started visiting Yosemite Park as a child / as an adult.

2. People who camped in the park came from different countries / from Della’s home town.

3. Everybody should be careless / careful with a campfire.

4. Della usually takes photos of bears from the car / on the road.

5. She met a bear while she was going to / returning from the dance.

6. Della was more scared than the bear. / Both Della and the bear were scared.

7. Della / The bear ran away at once.

Plural of nouns

Nouns with the same form in the singular and plural Some countable nouns have the same form in both singular and plural.

Example: species, series, means, crossroads, spacecraft Many of these nouns refer to animals or fish: bison, deer, elk, reindeer; fish, trout, goldfish, salmon, etc. E.g. one sheep / ten sheep Note: If you don’t know these words, look them up in the Word List at the end of the book.

2

Plural nouns a) The following nouns have only the plural form: goods, clothes, teens, surroundings, belongings, etc.

Note: Some plural nouns do not end in ‘s’: police, people, cattle. b) Clothes and tools These two special groups of nouns are usually plural because some clothes and tools are made of two parts: trousers, bermudas, shorts, pyjamas, tights, pants, scissors, glasses, braces, scales, etc.

Unit 1 B 3 4

Singular nouns ending in –s news, measles (and many other diseases), mathematics, physics (used as subjects) These nouns are used with a verb in the singular and can’t take the indefinite article.

Collective nouns a) money, luggage, furniture, jewellery, etc. are used as uncountable nouns and take a verb in the singular.

b) family, team, crew, etc. can take either a singular or plural verb. If we consider the word to mean a single group, we use a singular verb, and if we think it means a number of individuals, we use a plural verb.

Our team is winning. (The group as a whole.)

The team are having a shower. (We think of individuals.)

P ractice

1

3

Underline the correct verb form.

1. The police has/have arrested three burglars in the museum.

2. Measles is/are a children’s disease.

3. Cattle is/are in the field.

4. His belongings was/were given to the family.

5. A lot of bird species is/are known on this mountain.

6. A lot of money is/are saved for homeless children.

7. Can you bring me the glasses which is/are on the table?

8. There is/are a lot of fish in the river near my house.

2

Read the text Yosemite National Park again and underline all the uncountable nouns.

1. Do they have plural forms?

2. Can you use the indefinite article with uncountable nouns?

3. Underline the verb forms which you use with these nouns: is, are, has, have.

4. Underline the words which can be used with uncountable nouns: some, little, a little, few, a few, any.

Which of the nouns in italics are countable and which are uncountable? Complete the sentences with a (an) or some.

1. Can I give you a.________ advice? b. _______ suggestion?

2. I’ve just heard a. ________interesting news. b. _______ interesting announcement.

3. Do you need a. _______ room? b. _______accommodation?

4. He’s carrying a. _______ heavy luggage. b. _______ heavy suitcase.

15

Unit 1 B Reading and vocabulary

THE LAKE DISTRICT 1

Choose A, B or C to complete the text.

The Lake District, located in north-west England, (1) _____England’s highest mountain, Scafell Pike, and its longest lake, Windermere. This is (2) ______ the country’s most beautiful outdoor playground which (3)______nearly 16 million visitors every year. The countryside of the Lake District was the inspiration for many great artists, including the poet William Wordsworth and the painter Turner.

As its name suggests, this national park is (4) ______for spectacular landscapes and an ____ (5) of lakes. The lakes, rivers and coastline of the Lake District National Park offer exciting opportunities for water recreation, from swimming to sailing, canoeing, kayaking and windsurfing.

The landscape is not only (6) _____ beautiful, but it also has a rich cultural legacy, which (7) ______stone walls dating from the medieval period.

William Wordsworth loved this part of England and his poems speak of the joy he felt when surrounded by this beautiful countryside.

1. A has 2. A doubtless 3. A visits 4. A established 5. A many 6. A incredibly 7. A contain

TRACK

2

B consists B sure B receive B renowned B abundance B unbelievable B includes

C boasts C without doubt C welcomes C celebrated C lot C incredible C involve

5

Now you are going to read two stanzas of Wordsworth’s poem The Daffodils.

Choose the words that rhyme to complete the poem. Then listen to the poem to check.

breeze x bay x dance x crowd x hills x line I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o’er valleys and __________, When all at once I saw a ___________, A host of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing with the ___________.

16

Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the Milky Way, They stretched in never-ending ________ Along the margin of the __________; Ten thousand saw I at a glance Tossing their heads in sprightly __________.

Unit 1 B Glossary o’er – oYer the Milky Way – a pale path of light consisting of many stars sprightly – liYely

4

3

Find the words in the poem which have the same meaning as the following: 1. under –______________ 2. a quick look –__________ 3. a light wind – ____________ 4. a large number of –________ 5. endless – ________________ 6. to give off light – _________

Find the best explanation for the following words.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

_____________ – move about without a definite destination or purpose _____________ – move through the air making small, fast movements _____________ – move to music _____________ – extend over a distance _____________ – move slowly or rest in the water or in the air _____________ – move from side to side or up and down

x

What do all these verbs have in common?

toss stretch wander dance flutter float

W riting

TARA NATIONAL PARK 1. What do you know about the national parks in Serbia?

2. Have you visited any of them?

3. Choose one national park to write about. We suggest writing about Tara National Park and using some of the given phrases. You can find more information on the Internet.

Useful phrases … established in / …is located / …above sea level / well-preserved forests… / meadows, cliffs… / the highest peak … / boast rare species / the Serbian Spruce / home to bears, deer, wolves… / tourist resort

17

Unit 1 B Key word transformations Rewrite the sentences beginning with the word given so that the meanings remain the same.

1.

It has been years since she left her home./ago She ____________________________________________.

2.

Richard can’t wait to hear Helen’s story./forward Richard is _____________________________________Helen’s story.

3.

Our maths teacher explains everything clearly and precisely./are Our maths teacher’s ______________________ clear and precise.

4.

I’m sure you’ll be amused by the latest Bond film./find I’m sure _____________________________ the latest Bond film amusing.

5.

Yosemite Falls ranks as the tallest in North America./than Yosemite Falls ______________________ many other waterfalls.

Communication EXPRESSING PREFERENCE AND PLEASURE

1

Read the following phrases/sentences we use to express preference and do the exercise below.

A

B

C

Expressing preference

Asking about preference

Having no preference

I prefer tea to coffee, actually.

Which do/would you prefer?

It’s up to you.

I prefer to go for an outing rather than to stay in.

Would you prefer to…?

As you like.

Which of these do you like best/ more?

Whatever/Whichever you like.

I like a …

Perhaps, it’d be better if we...

Would you rather...?

I think I’d prefer... (to go out/ watch a film/play games)

Is there anything you particularly like?

Either of them will do.

I don’t mind – I’ll have either.

It’s all the same to me.

Either will do – I have no preference.

2

18

It really doesn’t matter to me.

Complete this conversation between John and Mary, using the sentences/questions or phrases from A, B and C. Add other words if necessary.

John: What are we going to do next?

Mary: We can go out or stay here. Which ______________________?

John: Perhaps _______________________ go out.

Mary: What do you suggest?

John: Let me see…. How about going for a walk? Or ________________go to the Amusement Park?

Mary: What shall we do in the park? Play or just walk around?

John: It’s ______________. Either ________________.

Mary: When I come to think about it, I________________ to go to the cinema.

Un Un niit 1 B

Self-assessment TEST 1 1

Complete the sentences using words from the List in the correct form.

(5 pts.)

1.

2

3

4

KEY WORD LIST

On the way home, we saw an ____________ of flowers in the meadows.

2.

We tried to______________ from the rain in a nearby cottage.

3.

A small hut in the mountains is our ____________________ from everyday busy life.

4.

How many rock art ___________ have they visited?

5.

We went to the forest to study the diversity of _____________.

Verbs boast shelter depict

Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

(6 pts.)

1.

At the moment, she ______________ (do) the washing-up.

2.

I ______________ (not/be) to a disco for a long time.

3.

I can’t talk on the phone now. I _______________ (drive) home.

4.

How long __________ you ___________ (live) on your own in this flat?

5.

I can’t stand it! He __________________ (always/slam) the door.

6.

This painting __________________ (be) in the family for centuries.

Adjectives renowned expansive giant breathtaking spectacular stunning contemporary

Word formation Make adjectives from nouns and nouns from verbs. (6 pts.)

Noun − Adjective

Verb − Noun

exception − ________________

recreate − ________________

biology − ________________

depict − _________________

culture − _________________

occupy − _________________

Nouns depiction record species escape abundance span site treasure trail

Plural of nouns Choose the correct alternative. (3 pts.)

1.

The police was /were not able to find anything.

2.

The news is /are very good these days.

3.

The luggage has /have been put into the train compartment.

KEY – page 184

20 points

19 19

Unit 2

FASHION In this unit, you will • read, listen and talk about a. people’s opinion on fashion b. the history of some fashion trends • practise the past participle the past simple and continuous tenses correlative conjunctions linking words and phrases comparative constructions complimenting people on clothes

Lead-in FASHION WORDS Match the words (1-8) with their definitions (a-h).

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

20

a catwalk a collection fashion a fashion show a label a model modelling a supermodel

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

the job of working as a model the raised area at a fashion show that the models walk along a piece of clothing made by a very famous designer a very famous fashion model who earns a lot of money clothes or other products that become available at a particular time of year a style of dress that is popular at a particular time an event at which models show new styles of clothes someone whose job is to show clothes, make-up, etc. by wearing them at fashion shows

Unit 2 A

THE mini REVOLUTION Reading and speaking these questions in class.

1 Discuss 1. How important is fashion to you?

2.

3.

4.

How much do you follow trends?

Do you like experimenting with different styles?

Do you read fashion magazines? Why? Why not?

TRACK

6

When most people think of ‘fashion’, they think of women’s clothes in particular.

On the one hand, it is true that the ‘world of fashion’ implies the latest models from Paris, New York or London. On the other, it is also a big business which affects not only clothing, but also almost every aspect of daily life.

The 1960s was a fast-moving decade in fashion, lifestyles and innovations. It was then that the mini-skirt arrived on the fashion scene as a way of rebelling. For the first time the young became the leaders of fashion. In a popular TV Saturday night programme a model appeared wearing a short mini dress. It could hardly be considered appropriate. The audience laughed and gasped, but within less than a year the shorter length was firmly established. The mini-skirt revolution swept the UK and soon the rest of the globe.

Mary Quant took credit for making this style popular and gave it its name, although she took the idea from other designs. Quant made the mini-skirt considerably shorter than other designers did, and it became instantly popular with young London women. In the early Sixties London girls were seeking new things and were willing to wear mini-skirts. The fashion trend took off because the outfit was so different and youthful. By promoting these and other fashions she encouraged young people to dress to please themselves and to treat fashion as a game. Her skirts, designed to be simple and practical, soon became copied and popular everywhere.

In addition to the mini-skirt, Quant is often credited with inventing the coloured tights patterned to match the mini. The innovation of tights which replaced stockings made the mini more acceptable. In the late 1960s, Quant’s last major fashion development was the introduction of hot pants. A trend born in the youth culture of Britain immediately found its way onto the catwalks of Paris.

With the beginning of the hippy era, minis fell out of fashion because longer skirts or bell-bottomed trousers became popular. However, it has never entirely disappeared from closets and in combination with thick tights or leggings, it keeps coming back into fashion though it isn’t a way of liberation anymore.

21

Unit 2 A Glossary imply –bto suggest something Zithout saying, include gasp –bto breathe in suddenly because you are surprised take credit for – to receiYe praise for something done take o΍ – to sell Zell suddenly becomes successful outȴt –b a set of clothes tights –bclose ȴttingbstocNings usuallybZornbbybZomenbandbchildren fall out of fashion –bto stop being fashionable

2

3

Complete the sentences in your own words by using the information from the text.

1. The mini-skirt style was accepted ________________________________________.

2. Mary Quant was considered ____________________________________________.

3. She also invented _____________________________________________________.

4. Longer skirts replaced _________________________________________________.

5. Mini-skirts are worn in combinations _____________________________________.

6. At first, the mini was a way of rebelling, but today __________________________.

Find the sentences in the text which say that 1. Mary Quant was not the first one who designed the mini-skirt.

2. other famous fashion centres accepted the mini.

3. young London girls of the Sixties were eager to accept something new.

4. mini-skirts have still remained part of women’s wardrobe.

Vocabulary VOCABULAR Y

1

Complete the sentences with words from the box in the correct form.

1. Some people think that it is ______________ to wear jeans in the office.

2. The new style really ______________ among teenagers.

3. Flu _______________ suddenly throughout the country.

4. It was a ______________ act to jump into the pool with freezing water.

5. Teenagers often _______________ against their parents.

6. I’d like to buy those trousers with a striped ______________.

7. Some young people move to other countries to ______________a better life.

seek sweep daring take off appropriate pattern rebel

adverb in sentences a-e means the following?

2 Which 1. strongly a. I feel entirely responsible for his absence.

2.

3.

4.

5.

22

barely greatly, significantly immediately, at once completely

b. c. d. e.

I firmly believe that Mark has told the truth.

I was deeply offended and instantly left the room.

He considerably changed his way of life.

I could hardly believe you said that.

Unit U nit nit i 2 A Speaking Discuss these questions in class.

1. What is the first thing you notice about a person?

2. Do you look closely at people’s clothes?

3. Do you think that the clothes someone wears say something about that person?

4. Were there any fashion trends in the past that you followed, but they look silly to you now?

5. How long does it take you to get ready in the morning? ng?

Does it take you long to choose what to wear?

ar

m Gram

The past participle

The past participle of regular verbs is formed by adding -ed or -d to the infinitive.

For example: wanted, moved, expressed, etc.

For the past participle of irregular verbs, see The list of irregular verbs.

The past participle is used 1.

to form the present and past perfect, perfect infinitive and all the passive forms.

Hot pants have come back into fashion this summer.

Mary might have taken the idea from other designs.

His new collection will be soon shown on the catwalks of Milan.

2.

to replace a relative pronoun and the verb be, to shorten a passive sentence.

She invented the coloured tights which were patterned to match the mini.

She invented the coloured tights patterned to match the mini.

3.

as an adjective, with a passive meaning. painted glass, a broken vase

23

Unit 2 A P ractice

1

Rewrite the sentences using the past participle.

1.

2.

I saw some lovely flowers. The flowers were arranged in a vase. ______________________________________________________________ This is the last photo that was taken of my grandfather. _____________________________________________________________ The new club, which is located on the beach, attracts young tourists. _____________________________________________________________ My grandfather came in. He was disguised as Santa Claus. _____________________________________________________________ My company imports tea which was produced in India. _____________________________________________________________ The event was organized by my club and it was a great success. _____________________________________________________________

3.

4.

5.

6.

the sentences using your own ideas.

2 Complete 1. Tired of waiting for his friend, ______________________________________.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Pleased with her son’s school report, __________________________________.

Hurt by my best friend’s remark, _____________________________________.

Delighted with the dress, ____________________________________________.

Frightened by the dog’s bark, ________________________________________.

Encouraged by her sudden success, Mary Quant _________________________.

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Review of tenses (2) The past simple and continuous tenses

1

2

24

Study the tenses in these sentences and then do Exercise 2.

1. When did you arrive last week?

2. I was having dinner when I heard someone screaming outside.

3. I was sleeping at ten o’clock last night because I was tired.

4. She found a purse full of money yesterday.

5. I used to attend fashion shows.

Which of the above tenses is used to describe a. what happened at a specific time in the past (a past reference is given or understood)? b. an event which was in progress at a certain time in the past? c. past habits? d. a temporary event in the past which was in progress when another event took place? e. questions beginning with when?

Unit 2 A The past simple contrasted to the past continuous or present perfect

3

Name the verb tense in the following pairs of sentences. What is the difference in meaning between the sentences in each pair?

1. a. I was crossing the street when a car crashed into a post. b. I crossed the street when a car crashed into a post.

2. a. He worked in that firm for ten years when he lived in Belgrade. b. He’s worked in that firm for ten years.

3. a. I was reading a book last night. b. I read a book last night.

4

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. While I ____________ (phone) my mother, I ____________ (get) a message from her.

2. In the 1960s, the mini-skirt trend _________ (sweep) the whole world.

3. When she was young, she never ____________ (eat) meat.

4. Do you know the girl who _______________________ (just/leave) the restaurant?

5. I suddenly realized that Mary _______________ (drive) in the wrong direction.

6. She is sad because she ______________ (lose) her new mobile phone.

7. How often ________________ (he/go) on a business trip this month?

8. When ______________ (you/finish) the project?

On the catwalk

Listening

1

2

Before listening to the text, discuss the following questions.

1. What qualities do you think a fashion model should have?

2. Do you think that modelling is an easy profession?

3. Do all fashion models earn a lot of money?

4. Are the same qualities required of male and female models?

Before you start listening, check the meanings of the following words and expressions. shoot (n), casting, to make ends meet, retirement package, short-lived TRACK

3

8

Some parts in the text On the catwalk have been changed. Listen once carefully. Then read the text and try to find the mistakes which considerably changed the meaning. Listen again and check to see how successful you were.

25

Unit 2 A

On the catwalk Adele, a former top model, is talking about the real world of fashion models and her own experience.

What is the life of a fashion model like?

Becoming a model is the dream of many young girls or boys who long for designer clothes. I did all the big shows in Europe and America and I know what the life of a model is like. It is often far less glamorous than it appears. Top models may earn millions of dollars a month, but there are also those who attend never-ending castings and struggle to make ends meet. Sometimes we are a star and sometimes a failure. This is life.

What is required to become a top model?

Making it to the top requires just a pretty face and an incredible body. There isn’t a single recipe about how to rise above the rest. Modelling might look easy, but you might be surprised to see how little work is necessary to make it to the top and stay there.

Are there any bad sides of a modelling career?

While being a model has no rewards, keep in mind that the professional cycle of a model is extremely short-lived. It’s unpredictable work, insecure, and you don’t get benefits like health care or a retirement package. That’s why many of us decided to study between shoots and prepare for a life after a modelling career.

Thank you very much for taking part in our show.

4

26

Answer these questions and then add more information that you get from the text.

1. Was Adele a successful model?

2. Do all the models have to attend castings?

3. Is it enough to have a pretty face to become a top model?

4. Do many girls study while working as a model?

5. Is modelling an insecure job?

Unit 2 B

IS FASHION IMPORTANT? Reading and speaking

1

Discuss these questions with a partner.

1. What is your attitude to the fashions currently popular in your country?

2. How do clothes affect the way you react to other people?

3. Do students have to be properly dressed when they go to school?

4. How would you describe the way you dress for school?

5. How do you understand the saying ‘Don’t judge a book by its cover and people by their clothes’. Do you agree with it?

TRACK

9

Catherine Fashion is important for self-esteem. Girls feel good when they are well-dressed and when people compliment them on how they look. However, you don’t have to get expensive clothes to be fashionable; you can buy cheaper items and make them into something more striking.

When we look back to the past, we can see that long and short skirts took turns on the fashion scene. It is also amazing how Converse shoes reappeared in a range of beautiful colours.

Five students are talking about their views on fashion for a fashion magazine. The interviewer suggested the following questions: A Is fashion important to you?

B Which periods in fashion history do you like best or least?

David Men’s fashions haven’t changed much, at least not so much as women’s. That’s why I can’t choose a fashion from any period in the past. I wear certain classic combinations which are never outdated. I think that men should also pay attention to the way they dress. The first impression is very important, especially if you go for a job interview. However, in my spare time I enjoy wearing T-shirts, sweatshirts, running jackets and other sports clothes.

Clara Fashion is not important to me. I believe that I can be as happy in a dress with a popular brand name as in a cheap and comfortable one that just looks nice on me. I don’t waste a lot of money on an item of clothing because fashion changes too often. Sometimes the dresses from my grandmother’s wardrobe can come in handy because I enjoy making odd combinations. As for other periods, I’d like to wear loose flowery dresses, as they were worn in the hippy era. I hope they will become fashionable again while I am still young.

27

Unit 2 B

Paul Fashion is a bit overrated today. Advertisements and fashion shows imply that fashion is an essential factor in our lives, which is not true.

Personally, I wear what I like rather than simply follow trends. Trends come and go and when we look back on them we sometimes realize how ridiculous they were. I don’t like the 70s when men wore bell-bottoms, colourful shirts, big chains and platform shoes.

Glossary self-esteem – conȴdence in oneȇs oZn abilities casual clothes – suitable for eYeryday Zear rather than formal occasions wardrobe – the total collection of clothes belonging to one person a closet or cupboard launch – to put a neZ product on sale bell-bottoms – trousersbthat become Zider from the Nnees doZnZard, forming abbell shape ridiculous – silly, unreasonable loose – not ȴtting closely

2

Diana Despite other people’s opinions, I do think that people should follow fashion, but choose only those trends that suit them and at the same time, express their individuality and their taste in clothes.

I believe the way someone follows fashion trends says a lot about them, whether good or bad. I like some brand names which appeared at the end of the 20th century, especially those made for young people or those launched by celebrities.

Match the students and their opinions. Which student 1. thinks that some of the fashion trends in the past were sometimes silly? __________ 2. likes to be dressed in the clothes hippies used to wear? __________ 3. believes that men should be well-dressed? __________ 4. likes famous brands? __________ 5. mentions that some trends keep coming back? __________ 6. says that it is more important to wear comfortable and suitable clothes? __________ 7. believes that the way people dress says a lot about their personality? __________ 8. thinks that fashion isn’t very important? __________ 9. believes that with some changes cheap clothes can become fashionable? __________ 10. says that men in classic combinations are always trendy? __________ What about you?

Which of the students share your views on the subject?

Why?

28

Unit 2 B Vocabulary

1

2

Complete the sentences using the words from the box.

1. What are the new _____________ in everyday clothes?

2. Oh! You’re dressed up. What’s the _____________?

3. She likes to borrow clothes from her mother’s _______________.

4. What is the other word for sneakers? _____________ 5. I bought a nice, new _____________to wear on the first day of the school year.

6. You can’t put on a _____________dress if you’re going to a party.

7. This store sells only the _____________ handbags.

8. We’ve decided to go skiing and now we have to buy new winter _____________.

9. People who design clothing professionally are _____________.

trends casual designers sportswear latest fashion occasion outfit trainers wardrobe

People’s appearance What do these people look like? Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

Add more information that you get from the pictures.

1. She’s wearing __________ with a mini-skirt. She’s carrying a __________ in her hand.

2. She’s dressed in a __________ skirt and a __________ pullover.

3. He’s wearing a shirt with the __________ rolled-up and a pair of trousers held up by a __________ with a large buckle.

4. She’s put on a pair of __________ trousers, and she has a pair of __________ on her feet.

• long • handbag • tights • cropped • belt • trainers • sleeves • polo-neck

Word formation PREFIXES over- = too much, excessively (overconfident) under- = not enough (undercook) re- = again (rebuild) dis- = the opposite (disconnect) mis- = wrong, incorrect (misbehave)

3

Complete the second sentence by using the underlined word in the correct form and a prefix.

1. I didn’t pronounce the word ‘ridiculous’ properly. I __________________ it.

2. My parents don’t approve of my going out late at night. They _______________.

3. Why did you cook this meat for two hours? You _________________ it.

4. This page hasn’t been printed well. It has to be _________________.

5. We can’t book tickets for the flight to Boston. The flight is ___________.

6. Jack wasn’t paid enough for his job. He’s ________________.

29

Unit 2 B ERROR CORRECTION Read the text, find eight spelling mistakes in it and correct them.

Blue jeans Jeans have been widely in use for many decades. Do you know the story of the origine of this useful peace of clothing? The first jeans were made of a special cloth called denim. An imigrant from Bavaria, Levi Strauss, brought this cloth to San Francisco in 1850 intending to make tents and covers for gold miners. But instead, the miners needed strong pants which wouldn’t wear out and Levi took denim to a tailor and had a few pairs of pants made for the miners. Levi also put metal corners in the pokets to keep gold in them.

At first only gold miners and cowboys wore denim pants. A handred years later people of other profesions were wearing jeans of various leibels, Discuss the following questions. but Levi’s blue jeans were the first to brake through.

1. Do you like wearing jeans?

1. ______________ 5. _______________ 2. In your opinion, why are jeans so 2. ____________ 6. ____________ popular? Mention the good and bad sides.

3. ____________ 7. _____________ 3. Are Levi’s jeans still popular? Which 4. ____________ 8. ____________ other brands do you know?

Speaking

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Correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs to connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal rank. both...and • as...as • either...or • neither...nor • not only…but also Here are a few example sentences: • Neither you nor Andrew has got the promotion.

• I’ll have both the cheesecake and coffee.

• Mary was not only a fashion model, but also a good actress.

Watch out! A verb which follows two subjects joined by a correlative conjunction neither must agree with the second subject, NOT the first: • Neither the manager nor his assistant is present.

• Neither the manager nor his assistants are here today.

Comparative constructions To make a comparison between two people or things we can use the construction as…as with adjectives and adverbs. In negative sentences so can be used instead of the first as.

She’s as talented as her sister. / The trains don’t travel as fast as planes.

Fashion models are not so popular as actresses.

Men’s fashions haven’t changed much, at least not so much as women’s.

30

Unit 2 B Key word

P ractice

transformations

Use the conjunctions from the box to complete the sentences.

1. There are ______ many books ______ there are students. We don’t need any more.

2. It’s my final offer – you can ______ take it ______leave it.

3. The joke was ______ clever ______ funny. I didn’t like it.

4. ______ French ______ German are spoken in Switzerland.

5. He’s ______ a successful businessman ______ a good father.

Rewrite the sentences beginning with the word/words given so that the meanings remain the same.

1. She was shocked by his appearance and started trembling.

Shocked _________________________________________________.

2. The film is based on real events and tells the story of an actress.

Based ___________________________________________________.

3. Jane was born in Hollywood and knows all the famous movie stars.

Born ____________________________________________________.

4. Susan was admired by everyone and became conceited.

Admired _________________________________________________.

5. Jack didn’t play cricket on Sunday. His brother didn’t play cricket either.

Neither ___________________________________________________.

6. My son, Simon, likes sweets. My other son, John, also likes sweets.

Not only __________________________________________________.

Focus on LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES

1

Study the use of linking words and phrases in the box.

To add a point • • • • •

Also In addition Similarly Moreover Furthermore

To contrast two points • • • • • • •

However Although On the other hand Yet Nevertheless Otherwise Whereas

Result/Consequences • • • • • • •

So Therefore As a result Consequently Despite /In spite of Since Provided that

To summarize or conclude • • • • • •

Finally In conclusion To conclude To summarize In brief Therefore

one sentence from the two sentences below, using the word/s in brackets.

2 Make Example: It was raining. We played tennis. (even though) Even though it was raining, we played tennis.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

You can go out tonight. You must tell us where you are going. (provided) The weather was bad. They enjoyed the trip. (despite) Television can be educational. I think it’s better to read a book. (even though) George is a successful businessman. His son is a complete failure. (whereas) You didn’t call. We left without you. (since)

31

Unit 2 B W riting Choose one of the two topics to write a short composition of 120 – 150 words.

1. A fashion show (you have been to or watched on television) Mention: the theme of the show, the name of the designer, what the clothes looked like, what the models looked like, what you liked / you didn’t like about the show and the fashions that were presented. Use a range of linking words from the table.

2. Find an old photo in your family scrapbook and describe how the people in the photo were dressed.

Communication COMPLIMENTING PEOPLE ON CLOTHES Complete the dialogue using the part of student B. Student A A: That’s a very nice jacket you’re wearing.

B: ________________________________________________________ A: Yes, and it goes well with your new blouse, too.

B:__________________________________________________________ A: Of course it does.

B: _________________________________________________________ A: Yes, it looks fabulous. How much did you pay for it?

B: _________________________________________________________ Student B • Do you think this blouse really suits me?

• Do you really like it?

• You’ll never believe it, but it only costs 4 pounds.

• What about this scarf? Does it match my blouse?

Work in pairs. Compliment your partner on the clothes he/she is wearing. Take turns to play role A or B.

32

Unit nit it 2 B

Self-assessment TEST 2 1

Complete the sentences by using one of the words from the List in the correct form. (6 pts.)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

KEY WORD LIST

They made a film to __________ their plan for healthy eating among schoolchildren.

I hope this book will help young people build their ____________.

I don’t think he is a good singer. His abilities are _____________.

A new spring collection has been __________ on the catwalks of Paris.

I didn’t mean to ___________ that she was lying.

Young people often _________ against the way they are brought up.

2 Transform two sentences into one using the past participle. (4 pts.)

1. The plane was delayed by bad weather. It took off four hours later. _______________________________________________________

Nouns pattern catwalk outfit brand self-esteem

2. The man was injured. He was taken to hospital. _______________________________________________________ 3. The money was stolen. It was found by the river. _______________________________________________________ 4. The window was locked. Jack tried to open it. _______________________________________________________

3

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. (6 pts.)

1.

2.

3.

4.

Verbs rebel sweep gasp imply promote encourage launch

I made a lot of mistakes while I ________________ (write) my homework.

Just as I ______________ (come) to an interesting part of the story, the doorbell ___________ (ring).

Where _______________ (you/buy) such an amazing hat?

I _______________(work) on my computer, so I _____________ (not/hear) the phone ring.

Adjectives loose ridiculous overrated Expressions take credit for take off fall out of

4 Fill in the gaps with one of the prefixes: over or under. (4 pts.)

1.

2.

3.

4.

I didn’t hear the alarm clock and I ________slept.

It is so hot in this room. You have ________ heated it.

We ________estimated the cost of the holiday and ran out of money.

The workers are on strike because they are ________ paid.

KEY – page 184

20 points

33 33

Unit 1

NATIONAL PARKS

Reading and heart

Vocabulary

destination

runs

vast

shooting

1

Complete the sentences by using the words from the box.

offers

diversity

wildlife

Yellowstone National Park is the oldest and most famous national park in the United States.

It is a major (1) __________of millions of visitors each year. The park is named after the Yellowstone River, which (2) _________ through it.

Yellowstone is in the (3) _________of the Rockies and there are few places on Earth which offer such (4) _________ of countryside: mountains, (5)__________natural forests, grassy valleys, lakes and waterfalls of exquisite beauty, geysers and many hot springs. Diverse (6) ________includes grizzly bears, wolves, elks, bison, swans, eagles and others.

However, no visit to Yellowstone is complete without seeing the world’s most famous geyser Old Faithful and witnessing one or more of its eruptions. It erupts about every 60 -110 minutes, (7) _________water up to 42 metres into the air on average. Yellowstone also (8) _______a lot of recreation opportunities, such as fishing, camping, hiking, horseback-riding and boating.

2

Complete the sentences by using the words from the box.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

3

We decided to follow the ________ which runs deep into the forest.

Many __________of plants and animals are endangered due to climate change.

It’s started to rain. Let’s look for a ___________.

The book we found in the attic is a vivid __________ of life in the 18th century.

Do you think that David behaves as a __________ man?

The event was described by a ____________ writer.

NAME PARTS OF A TREE a trunk a branch a leaf a bark a twig roots 1. ____________ 2.______________ 3. ____________ 4. ____________ 5.______________ 6. ____________

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6

Match the picture with the words: 2 5 3 4

shelter mature species contemporary trail depiction

1

Unit 1 4

Complete the sentences by using the correct preposition.

1.

2.

3.

Yosemite Park is home________ hundreds of wildlife species.

The park is an escape ________ urban life.

This path leads ________ the forest where you can find a variety of birds.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Word formation 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

5

The park is renowned _______ an abundance of waterfalls.

Michael is named ________his grandfather.

A few window panes were damaged ________ the heavy storm.

Smoking is a great threat________ her health.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in bold.

The Aborigines know the____________ properties of many plants. /medicine The ___________ of a new entertainment programme was Michael’s job. /create We are trying to maintain the ____________ balance in the river. /ecology I recognized the house from Tom’s _____________ in his book. /depict His ______________ wasn’t approved by the local authorities. /act

Listening TRACK

6

Word stress Read the following sentences and underline the syllable which is stressed in the words in italics. Pay attention to whether the word is a noun or a verb.

Then listen to check.

1.

2.

2

3.

ar

m Gram

7

The protest was fairly peaceful.

I want to protest because of your behaviour.

How much does it cost to transport all the furniture?

4.

5.

6.

The transport of goods to Africa will cost you a lot.

We’ll present the information using a chart.

This will be a perfect present for my mother.

Tense revision – the present tenses

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. Why ______________________ (you/carry) an umbrella on such a beautiful day?

2. Those brothers ________________________ (not resemble) each other at all.

3. ______________________ (you/go) to Mark’s exhibition tonight?

4. Please, don’t make such a noise. The children ___________________ (sleep) upstairs.

5. This is the first time I __________________ (open) a bank account.

6. ______________________ (you/look) for Mary? She’s in the office down the corridor.

7. I ______________________ (pass) four exams since you went to Sydney.

8. Why ______________________ (you/not ask) John to stop making a mess?

9. I’m sorry, ______________________ (you/talk) to me?

10. Her brother ______________________ (be) in hospital since last Thursday.

11. What’s wrong with Tony? He_________________ (be) very stressed and nervous lately.

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Unit 1 8

Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct present tense and adding the adverb in italics.

1. always a. I _____________________ (believe) that he will become successful. b. I _____________________ (get) up early in the morning. c. She _____________________ (put) too much make-up. It’s ugly.

2. never a. I _____________________ (play) loud music when my parents are at home. b. Mary _____________________ (eat) sea food before.

3. still a. You promised to write this report but you_________________ it (not/finish). b. _________________________ (you/work) in the garage?

Plural of nouns 9

10

11

140

Form the plural of these nouns. deer –

knife –

hero –

watch –

woman –

family –

sheep –

half –

brush –

tomato –

roof –

photo –

series –

goose –

reply –

belief –

Answer the questions giving examples from Exercise 9. Add more examples for each category that you know.

1.

Which nouns change -y into -i before -es? _____________________________________

2.

Which nouns change the final -f/fe in the plural? ________________________________

3.

Which nouns have the same form for both singular and plural? _____________________

4.

Which nouns ending in -o add -es in the plural? _________________________________

5.

Which nouns have an irregular plural? _________________________________________

Choose the correct verb form.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

The news about his death was/were on television.

Cattle has/have been sold for good prices this year.

There is/are some refreshments in the other room.

The team is/are trying on the new shirts and shorts.

The police has/have a hard job to do.

There was/were a lot of deer in the forest last winter.

My jeans is/are torn to pieces and I can’t mend them.

The information is/are usually received and processed immediately.

The furniture was/were bought at the store on the corner.

Unit 1 Mediation and translation

12

Your mother wants you to write an e-mail to her English friend Lisa to invite her for a ten-day holiday on Kopaonik. You have to translate what your mother said.

§Èƽ» ƻƻ ƽÀ ÊÀÂÀʽÃ˻Ż ¿ÀËÀÌÈ¿ÇÀ½Çà ¼ÈÊ»½»Ä Í ÏÈÌÀÅÍ Ç» ¥ÈÉ»ÈÇÃÄÍ Â» ½»Ë ¿½À ƽÀÊ ÂÇ» ¿» À ¼ÃËÌÀ ÁÀÅÀÅà ¿» ÉÈËÀÌÃÌÀ ƽÀ¿ÇÍ ËÊÉËÄÍ ÉÅ»ÇÃÇÍ ¥ÈÉ»ÈÇÃÄ ƽÀ ¨»ÐÃÈÇ»ÅÇà ɻÊÄ ÃÂÍÂÀÌÇÀ ÅÀÉÈÌÀ à ÑͽÀÇ ƽÀ ÉÈ È¿ÅÃÑÇÃÆ ËÄÃƽ»ÒÄÃÆ ÌÀÊÀÇÃÆ» à ¿Ê;ÃÆ ÌÍÊÃËÌÃÑÄÃÆ ÉȾȿÇÈËÌÃÆ» ªÈÒÌÈ ½ÈÅÃÌÀ ÂÃÆËÄÀ ËÉÈÊÌȽÀ Ç»¿» ËÀ ¿» ęÀÌÀ ÍÁý»Ìà ƼÀ¿½» ÑÀÄ» ¿» ½»Ë ½Ã¿Ã

Expand your

13

Hi Aunt Lisa, ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________

Vocabulary

IDIOMS WITH GOLD Match the sentences on the left with the correct definitions on the right.

1.

All that glitters is not gold.

a.

a wonderful chance

2.

Mary’s new job is a golden opportunity for her.

b.

to be very kind

3.

My pupils are as good as gold.

c.

50th wedding anniversary

4.

Jim has a heart of gold.

d.

don’t be deceived by appearances

5.

Kate’s parents celebrated their golden wedding.

e.

behave perfectly

PROVERBS AND SAYINGS

14

Complete the following sayings using the verbs from the box in the correct tense.

There is one verb extra. make (x2) • (not) change • run • knock • strike 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Lightning never __________twice in the same place.

A leopard _______________ its spots.

Many hands ___________ light work.

Absence _________ the heart grow fonder.

Opportunity ___________ but once.

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Unit 2

FASHION

Reading and competition

Vocabulary regret

1

YOUNG GIRLS ON THE CATWALK Complete the sentences by using the words in the box.

employed support copy finals shoot

combine

Lisa started modelling at the age of 13 and was the youngest girl Star Agency had ever (1) __________.

‘One day my mum came home from work with a (2) __________ of the newspapers which had a Look of the Year (3) ____________. I entered it for laughs and got through to the (4) __________, which won me a contract with Star Agency. I’d never thought about modelling, but I loved it right from the beginning. It is essential that your parents (5) __________ you. My mum went on every single (6) ___________with me. I had to work hard to (7) __________ school and modelling, but the discipline was doing me good. I don’t (8) __________ going for it.’

2

142

Circle the correct answer.

1. It’s rather cold outside. I think you should______ your coat.

A wear on B put on C dress in 2. Why did you _____ your jacket? It’s not so hot here.

A put off B get off C take off 3. This skirt is your size. You should ______ to see if it suits you.

A try it on B dress it C probe it 4. How often do you buy ____?

A clothes B clothing C clothe 5. Most people who work in an office wear _____ clothes to work.

A smart B sports C untidy 6. Is it important to keep ______ with fashion?

A in B up C on

Unit 2 Word formation

3

Complete the sentences using the words in bold in the correct form and one of the prefixes from the box. mis-, under-,

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

4

re-, over-,

dis- (2x)

When you finish printing, will you ______________ the power supply? /connect You will be punished if you ________________. /behave There is no water in the kettle. Will you _______________it, please? /fill It’s too hot in this room. You have _______________ it. /heat John didn’t support his family when they needed him. He was _______________ to them. /loyal They ____________ the power of water and a lot of houses were flooded. /estimate

Use the prefixes over and under to form the words which correspond to the following explanations.

1. Heavier than you should be. __________________ 2. Not cooked enough. __________________ 3. To sell more tickets than you have available.__________________ 4. Food that has been cooked for too long. __________________

P repositions

5

Complete the sentences by using the prepositions from the box.

1. Mary had gone by the time I arrived _____ the scene.

2. Bell took credit _______inventing the telephone.

3. He complimented me_______ how I look.

4. Platform shoes came ______ fashion again.

5. I think you should apply _____ this job.

6. Diana complained that her friends took no notice ______ her.

7. If nothing else, you must apologize ______ not coming to her show.

8. We knew he was suffering _______ a serious illness.

Phrasal verbs with OFF

6

Read the sentences carefully and explain the meanings of the phrasal verbs with off.

1. Sales of her latest collection took off unexpectedly.

2. This dress is on a special offer, so we’ll take ten per cent off.

3. My grandmother dozed off because she had had a very tiring day.

4. Something in the refrigerator is giving off a terrible smell.

5. Will you switch off the lights before you go out?

6. We decided to see Joan off to the airport.

7. Mary buys very expensive dresses to show off.

8. We decided to call off the concert because two members of the band were ill.

on of from into for

CONFUSING WORDS

7

Choose the correct word.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

The pattern of the blouse matches to the skirt/matches the skirt.

I kept a diary/dairy when I was in secondary school.

We have fresh diary/dairy products every morning.

The advise/advice of friends can be valuable at the moment.

He works as/like a model.

He looks as/like a pop singer.

Please, keep quite/quiet.

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Unit 2 8

LINKING WORDS Here are a few common linking words. Complete the sentences using the words/phrases from the box. with reference to • although • nevertheless • whereas • on the other hand • despite 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

She found him physically unattractive. _____________, she agreed to go out with him.

John is very hardworking, _____________his brother is lazy.

Advertising cigarettes is forbidden in the West. In many other countries, _________, it is quite common. _____________ your invitation to visit you, we are pleased to inform you that we can come next week. ______________ she wasn’t very rich, she gave money to charity. ______________ the fact he was feeling weak, he went to work.

mar

Gram

9

Participle clauses

Join the sentences making the past participle clause.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

I was soaked to the skin. I reached school. ______________________________________________________________________ I was impressed by his exhibition. I decided to buy two pictures. ______________________________________________________________________ The painting was stolen from the Art Gallery yesterday. It was found in the park. _______________________________________________________________________ A tree had been blown down by the wind. It was removed by the rangers. ______________________________________________________________________ She was tired from her housework. She threw herself into an armchair. ______________________________________________________________________ This dress was worn by a famous actress. It was given to a museum. ______________________________________________________________________ Alice sang at the concert. She was accompanied by her brother. ______________________________________________________________________

Listening and

10

144

Example: Andrea was angered by his hurtful remarks. She left the room.

Angered by his hurtful remarks Andrea left the room.

Complete the sentences by putting the verbs into the past simple tense.

Listen to the text and check.

mar

Gram

TRACK

7

reach • drink • spend • sleep • drag • make • wash • eat • see We _________ four nights on different islands in the middle of the river. We __________ our canoes up onto the sand, __________ our camp, and ___________ our supper listening to the noises of the night. In four days we ____________ no lights and no roads; we __________ in the river, ___________ from the river and __________ in the open.

Eventually, we __________ the place which was the end of our journey. I was pleased to be back on dry land, but sorry to leave this wonderful river, one of the world’s last great wildernesses.

Unit 2 Past simple, past continuous and present perfect 11

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

When we first ____________ (move) to this area, it _________ (be) very quiet. Since then, it ____________ (become) very busy and noisy.

Once I nearly fell asleep while I ________________ (drive).

When it (start) ______________to rain, our dog (hide) ______________under a tree.

When I (do) _____________a language course in Ireland, I (visit) ______________ Blarney Castle.

What time __________________(you/arrive) at the main train station last night?

I ______________ (not /understand) what they ______________(talk) about at the meeting yesterday.

We _______________ (visit) Oxford before so we don’t want to go again.

Ann’s friend ______________(run) while Ann __________(ride) her bicycle.

Expand your

12

13

Vocabulary

SOUNDS Complete each sentence with the correct form of the words from the following list. There is one extra word.

1. Rihanna’s arrival was met with ___________ from the crowd. gasp 2. We heard the __________ of a frightened woman. scream 3. Ann gave a ___________ of surprise when she saw her fiancé in the room. murmur laugh 4. We have tiny bells on the balcony which _________ in the wind. chime 5. The boy __________ an excuse and went out quickly. y. cheer

CLOTHES IDIOMS Explain the meaning of these idiomatic expressions in italics.

1. I wouldn’t like to be in Harry’s shoes.

2. ‘How do you feel in your new dress?’ – ‘It fits like a glove.’

3. I’ve got something up my sleeve.

4. Jack is very generous. He’d give you the shirt off his back.

5. Henry redecorated the house by himself. I take my hat off to him.

For fun COMPARISON If we want to say that a person is – busy, blind, hungry, innocent, quiet, stubborn, wise, strong or proud, we use expressions in which he/she is compared to animals with these characteristics.

14

Complete the sentences below using one of the adjectives in italics above. as _________ as a bee

as ________ as a lamb

as________ as an owl

as _________ as a mouse

as_________ as a peacock

as________ as a mule

as _________ as an ox

as ________ as a bear

as________ as a bat

145