Theories of architecture and urbanism - Comparative essay

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN ARCHITECTURE

THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM ARC61303

PROJECT 2 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ESSAY on East Nanjing Pedestrian Road and Tukang - Sulaiman Road YONG ZHI KANG 0327791 TUTOR: AR. PRINCE FAVIS ISIP

Content 1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................1-10 1.1 brief introduction of the project 1.2 asian street - East Nanjing Pedestrian Road, Shanghai 1.3 local street - Tukang Road, Kajang 1.4 contact points identification 1.5 grounds for comparison 2.0 Comparative Analysis ................................................................11-20 2.1 contact point 1 2.2 contact point 2 2.3 contact point 3 2.4 contact point 4 2.5 contact point 5 3.0 Conclusion 4.0 References

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1.1 brief introduction of the project The project takes a further look at two streets situated within a common urban context of different countries in Asia. The aim of the project is to conduct an indepth comparative analysis of the two case studies based on Jan Gehl's theories as proposed in his book - "Life Between Buildings"(2011). The two linear streets in question are East Nanjing Pedestrian Road, Shanghai in China and Tukang Sulaiman Road, Kajang in Malaysia. The comparison between the two streets focus on the similarities and differences of contact points, mainly based on the urban forms, social and cultural behaviours and architectural context. In "Life Between Buildings", Jan Gehl categorizes outdoor activities in public spaces to three: 1. Necessary activities which are compulsory, everyday tasks and activities that will take place under nearly all conditions;

2. Optional activities which are activities that participated by choice and if time and place make possible, dependent on exterior physical conditions;

3. Social activities which evolves from the necessary activities and optional activities, depending on the presence of others in a public space.

Figure 1 Jan Gehl's "Life Between Buildings" showing the relationship between quality of the physical environment and the density of outdoor activities.

Contact points of the two case studies are identified based on these definitions as these outdoor activities are generators of contact among people at a certain space in the urban context.

1.0 Introduction

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1.2 asian street - East Nanjing Pedestrian Road, Shanghai INTRODUCTION Nanjing Road, with more than 100 years of history, was renovated into a promenade extending over 1 kilometer in 2000. This is considered to be one of the earliest promenades in China that combines shopping, street space and traffic organization,” recalls Zheng, who was the chief architect for designing Nanjing Road Pedestrian Street. The architect Zheng mentioned, Nanjing pedestrian street adapted the idea of ‘golden line’ from French architect Jean-Marie Charpentier to put all the facilities such as chairs, dust bins, street lamps and advertising all on this ‘golden line.’(Nanjing Road: A walk down memory lane, 2019)

Commercial- retail Commercial- hotel Commercial- f&b Bank Office Xizang Central road

Wellness centre Education Parking Empty space Century plaza The bund

Figure 2 Land use and functions along the East Nanjing Pedestrian Street ribbon development and linear tourist spot circulation in East Nanjing Pedestrian The plan above illustrated that idea If the bund was like a bow, then nanjing road was the arrow, flying westward which has been the direction that has guided Shanghai’s urban development for a long period of time. (Nanjing Road: A walk down memory lane, 2019)

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1.2 asian street - East Nanjing Pedestrian Road, Shanghai MORPHOLOGY

1851 The Origins of East Nanjing Street Nanjing Road was constructed as "Park Lane" - from Bund to the racecourse on today's Henan Road. Widely known as "Great Horse Road". In 1854, the street extended to Zhejiang Road.

1862 The entry for a community Extended to Xizang Road. Currently, Xizang Road is the west strip end of entrance with the transportation hub.

1937 Significant tragedy A Chinese plane dropped a bomb on Nanjing Road, causing significant damage to more than 600 people death.

1999 Modernism and evolution

City leaders turned several blocks into a walking street in advance of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China.

2000 Mature transformation

Street being renovated to be a characteristic pedestrian street. This is considered to be one of the earliest promenades in China that combines shopping, street space and traffic organization.

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1.2 asian street - East Nanjing Pedestrian Road, Shanghai URBAN FORMS Visual clutters: bold, vibrant

City at eye level:

people-centric usage enhance the sense of enclosure of the users

Figure 3 Culture of the stakeholders in using the pedestrian street

Purpose of street: Platform to extend social activities commercial

Temporal activities:

8am exercise 12pm business, hangout 10pm sightseeing Figure 4 Social environment of the pedestrian street

Figure 5 legends along the pedestrian street (ongoing heritage businesses)

old shops along the commercial vibrant street: 1. Maochang Glasses, 2. Wu Liang Cai Eyeglass 3. Shen Da Cheng cafe 4. Lao Da Fang mooncake dessert

1.0 Introduction

5. Shao Wan Sheng restaurant 6. Duo Yun Pavilion calligraphy shop 7. Zhang Xiao Quan fabric shop 8. Cai Tong De traditional chinese medicine

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1.3 local street - Tukang Road, Kajang INTRODUCTION Located near the MRT station and Langat River, Kajang town is a city that grew from the riverside and tin mining activities available due to its strategic location next to the Langat River. It also well known as the Kajang Satay Town as the heritage town comprises of several authentic cuisine spots.

Figure 6 Site context around Kajang heritage town

Figure 7 Land use and functions along Tukang Road ribbon development and organic tourist circulation in Jalan Tukang - Sulaiman

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1.3 local street - Tukang Road, Kajang MORPHOLOGY 1820s The Origins of Kajang The Orang Aslis, the Temuan set up their settlement by the Chua RIver, where they lived as nomads. No record of permanent settlement was stated.

1870s - 1890s Introduction of Stronger Materials and Infrastructure Balai Polis Kajang was built in 1875, and also became the first brick building in Kajang along Jalan Mendaling, Jalan Tengah and Jalan Tukang.

1960s The entry for a community Kajang becam e a quiet Chinese t r ading t own surrounded by Malay villages and Indian Plantation labour. Traditional local organisations such as Yu Hwa School, Shiye Temple and Merchants Club are still running.

1980s Transition to Modernism and Order The national government improved development with the introduction - New Economic Policy.

Now 2019 Another public transportation service - MRT was introduced. The settlement is more dense and organised.

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1.3 local street - Tukang Road, Kajang URBAN FORMS Visual clutters: norm, dull

City at eye level:

Vehicular formed a fluid gap between the street losing the sense of enclosure Figure 8 Culture of the stakeholders in using the Kajang street

Purpose of street: Means of vehicular circulation commercial

Temporal activities:

8am breakfast 12pm business 8pm hangout, leaving

Figure 9 Social environment of the Kajang street

old shops along the Kajang heritage town: 1. Sate Kajang, HJ Samuri 2. Kedai Ayan SIn Wah Cheong 3. Kajang Heritage Centre 4. Shen Sze She Yar Temple 5. Ting Hong Si Temple 6. Kedai Ubat Kwong Chai Tong 7. Kedai Biscuit Kwong Sang Woh 8. Sate Kajang HJ Sidik Rono (medan sate)

Figure 10 legends of the Kajang street (ongoing heritage businesses)

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1.4 contact points identification EAST NANJING PEDESTRIAN STREET bollard landscape sculptures human golden line furnitures nameplate

Underground metrostation

Century Shaded Frontage plaza seatings activities

The bund

JALAN TUKANG - SULAIMAN, KAJANG TOWN Entry junction Contact point 1: Where the MRT users’ beginning journey Contact point 3: Taxi drivers and pedestrian waiting area

Contact point 2: Bus stop and seatings Pocket plaza

Walkway Seatings Contact point 4: Frontage activities happen Extended activities

Contact point 5: Riverside Temporal events spot temple for festivals celebration

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1.5 grounds for comparison The relationship between the quality of the physical environment and the resulting contact intensity is studied through a method of side by side comparison between contact points of the two street. Tangible factors that can affect the public life and the spaces in which they take place are identified from these contact points to form a basis for the comparison.

In "Life Between Buildings", Jan Gehl focused on the condition of open spaces and the availability of activities as an option in these spaces, offering the people a place to use and interact with public life which occurs mostly in ope urban context as they allow various contact.

Transitional zones are brought up as the soft edges between buildings, and are crucial in defining indoor and outdoor areas. Transitional zones can contribute to the public liveliness if they encourage staying outdoors to sustain the life between buildings.

Communal spaces in cities are made meaningful and attractive by contact points which are created from a wide spectrum of activities. (Gehl,2011, pp.14) These spaces helped to develop the sense of belonging of the local community which allows for a more diverse public life.

The pedestrian routes are also highlighted as they are the basis for walkability of a city in the urban context. It requires proper planning to be a successful contributor of the urban fabric.

The sensibility of the facade along the street are counted as another prominent value contributed in the urban context. According to the scholar reader "City at Eye Level", when the city at eye level is not attractive enough, the well-designated sensibility of facade offers an option for the people to gather and interact.

(Karssenberg, Laven, Glaser & van‘t Hoff, 2016). It obeyed Jan Gehl’s theory as the reader focused on city at eye level, seeking relationship between the people behaviours and the factors contributing in how people using the spaces between buildings.

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1.5 grounds for comparison Therefore, these factors are identified as below: quality of outdoor built environment (junction viability and wayfinding) activities in public open space (bus stop area and open plaza) function of communal space (picturesque tree and shaded seating areas) culture in using transitional space (five foot walkway and pedestrian street) visual permeability of the public spaces (the bund and riverside view) EAST NANJING PEDESTRIAN STREET

FACTORS OF COMPARISON

JALAN TUKANG SULAIMAN, KAJANG TOWN

Entry node Underground metro station

●

quality of outdoor built environment

Entry junction - MRT Station

Century plaza

●

activities in public open space

Pocket plaza

Shaded seatings

●

function of communal space

Walkway seatings

Frontage activities

●

culture in using transitional space

Extended activities

The bund

●

visual permeability of the public spaces

Riverside temple

Table 1 shows the relationship between both streets’ contact points with its function and the contributing factors (colour indication of the contact point location as illustrated in chapter 1.4

Figure 11 shows the proxemics of people and the varying contact intensity identified by Jan Gehl.

Low intensity contacts governs the life between buildings and are prerequisite for more complex interactions. A contact point should facilitate passive contacts for opportunities of higher contact intensity. (Gehl 2011, p.15)

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2.1 contact point 1 - quality of outdoor environment

Figure 12 shows the quality of the built environment with the pedestrian behaviour along the contact point

In like manner, both streets are situated beside two way vehicular route. There are contextual landscape along the road but with own style contrarily. The streets do not comprise of zebra crossing within the junction proximity as well. Both found difficulties in crossing the road physically as the infrastructure do not keep pedestrian safety on ground.

In contrast, East Nanjing pedestrian street has a fairly good outdoor environment compared to Kajang entry junction. Even though East Nanjing Road underground metro station entrance are exposed to sunlight, as the necessity and optional purposes are interesting within the fully pedestrianised street area. The walkability of East Nanjing pedestrian street entry point is defined by the sense of belonging with favourable setting for people to interact with (sculpture and prestigious nameplate) underground metro station. For Kajang, it’s a vehicular junction which formed a boundary for people to walk freely. This may be true as echoed by Jan Gehl theory, “poor quality of outdoor area allows strictly necessary activities only”.

(Gehl 2011, p11) To enhance the quality of built environment, skybridge, temporary stopping in between the two way lane or proper traffic planning can be a solution for current Kajang entry pedestrian use.

Figure 13 shows the entrance ambience on both streets with mindful junction infrastructure, landscape and facilities

2.0 Comparative Analysis

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2.1 contact point 1 - quality of outdoor environment

theory

contact intensity

street

Figure 14 shows the quality of outdoor environment, infrastructure and genius loci of contact point 1 on both street

East Nanjing street

Jalan Tukang - Sulaiman

Entry node - Underground metro station

Entry junction - MRT Station

necessary activities Passive contacts: transition point to different destinations with holding umbrellas.

necessary activities Passive contacts: transition point to different destinations

territories, security, and sense of belonging (Gehl 2011, p.59)

poor quality of outdoor area allows strictly necessary activities only (Gehl 2011, p11)

Chance contacts: communicate while optional activities waiting to cross the road in a group Chance contacts: communicate for safety purposes (traffic) junction with information center kiosk officer, queue up to take pictures.

Acquaintances: workers or colleagues are found in cliques to have their social activities discussion on work Close friendships: people staying to talk and take pictures with sculptures.

The prestigious nameplate and the sculptures’ realism mark down the territory and it shows where the street begin

Table 2 shows the activities and contact intensity on both contact point 1 of foreign street and local street

2.0 Comparative Analysis

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2.2 contact point 2 - activities in public open space

√

Ă—

Figure 15 shows the secondary seatings positions with the pedestrian behaviour of contact point 2 on both street

Similarly, East Nanjing pedestrian road century plaza and Jalan Tukang pocket plaza served as the sole and only focal open spaces for the local community to interact in general. However, the scale of activities to happen might be different due to the open area limits in Kajang. Both open space comprised of secondary seatings as well but one with favourable setting another one with bad condition and discouraging orientation.

In spite, the secondary seating of century plaza is facing towards a widely open square, which promotes high contact intensity among close friendship to low contact intensity, a place where people can see and hear while pedestrians are everywhere on the street. On the other hand, secondary seating of pocket plaza is not in a favourable condition as the steps are exposed without a fair proxemics discouraging people to use it as transition and secondary seatings at the same time.

Figure 16 shows the seatings ambience on both streets with surrounding contexts

2.0 Comparative Analysis

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2.2 contact point 2 - activities in public open space

contact intensity

street

Figure 17 shows the activities and public realm of contact point 2 of both streets

East Nanjing street

Jalan Tukang - Sulaiman

Century plaza

Pocket plaza

optional activities acquaintances: local residents practicing tai chi, traditional dances, ballroom steps or shadowboxing

necessary activities passive contacts: locals shortcut to public toilet

passive contacts: locals walking their pets, primary & secondary seatings provide place for people-watching

chance contacts: bus stop users waiting the schedule optional activities passive contacts: foreign workers are chilling using the secondary seatings

theory

social activities acquaintances: conversations & discussions between locals and tourists The varying level of activities attracts by people attracts more people since it provides a sense of safety (Gehl 2011, p.23).

Less favourable outdoor area limits the optional activities (Gehl 2011, p.11) The built environment is pleasant but without any optional human activities nodes, the place served solely as transportation point rather than interactive public realm space.

Table 3 shows the activities and contact intensity on both contact point 2 of foreign street and local street

2.0 Comparative Analysis

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2.3 contact point 3 - function of communal space

Figure 18 shows the shaded seatings and natural surveillance in wider sense of enclosure in foreign street

food stall nature

Figure 19 shows the shaded seatings and natural surveillance in restricted sense of enclosure in local street

East Nanjing pedestrian road seatings are placed under the huge picturesque trees while in Kajang, the seatings are placed under lush tropical trees. Both streets frontages are being shaded under natural surveillance. At certain degree of visual contacts, it might affect the shophouse businesses as the advertisement boards are being replaced by the nature greenery just to cater the function of the outdoor spaces. But the businesses are being observed doing fine as the function of the communal space did bring people to gather in front and draw customers into the frontages. This further obeyed Jan Gehl’s theory mentioning about the zone for staying is defined by the edge effect, where activities started to grow and extend. (Gehl 2011, p.149) However, the congestion problem in Kajang is highly caused by the necessity activities and optional activities exist at an unfavourable setting, which is along the vehicle road with a crowded bus station. Conversely, East Nanjing pedestrian road are solely catering the pedestrians, the edge serve as a functional communal space without affecting other traffic mode.

2.0 Comparative Analysis

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2.3 contact point 3 - function of communal space

contact intensity

street

Figure 20 shows the functions happened within the communal space of contact point 3 along both streets

East Nanjing street

Jalan Tukang - Sulaiman

Shaded seatings

Walkway seatings

necessary activities chance contacts: business owner promoting their product to the customer

necessary activities chance contacts: bus awaiting stop

optional activities chance contacts: people buying local food from Shao Wan Sheng passive contacts: sitting down to take a rest under the shaded area

theory

social activities chance contacts: shaded and comfortable seatings encourage pedestrians involved in visual and verbal engagement. seating preference (Gehl 2011, p.27) good view of surrounding activities.

Benches with a view of most trafficked pedestrian routes are used most. Circular benches are used so that all seatings faces an active view and no benches “turns its back�.

optional activities chance contacts: people buying local food from food vender passive contacts: sitting down to take a rest under the shaded area social activities chance contacts: shaded and comfortable seatings encourage pedestrians and shop owners involved in visual and verbal engagement.

People attract people (Gehl 2011, p.23) The shaded bus stop located at frontage, with a stall selling traditional local snacks is always crowded while waiting bus to arrive.

Table 4 shows the activities and contact intensity on both contact point 3 of foreign street and local street

2.0 Comparative Analysis

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2.4 contact point 4 - culture in using transitional space

Figure 21 shows the sense of enclosure of contact point 4 and the art of pedestrians in using the street space

In the same way, both East Nanjing pedestrian road and Jalan Tukang - Sulaiman has their own way in using transitional space (street edges). The sense of community are there as the locals, the owners and customers tend to walk in front of the frontages. There are activities happened around both typology of frontages as well with quite similar contact intensity which is considered active.

Contrarily, the middle part of the street use are totally different in usage as East Nanjing pedestrian road spilled the culture of people using transition space into the whole street meanwhile Jalan Tukang - Sulaiman are relatively auto-centric which separated the local street buildings and limit the community in using its five foot walkway as platform to interact only. Yet, the advantages of Jalan Tukang is the sense of belonging is slightly stronger as locals can privatised the spaces which East Nanjing pedestrian road is more public as the whole stretch of road is catered for tourists commercially.

Figure 22 shows the different culture of both street in using it as commercial spill into the transitional space and the sense of belonging of the local

2.0 Comparative Analysis

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2.4 contact point 4 - culture in using transitional space

contact intensity

street

Figure 23 shows the human behaviours along frontages of contact point 4 along both streets

East Nanjing street

Jalan Tukang - Sulaiman

Frontage activities

Extended activities

necessary activities acquaintances: kiosk workers on duty

necessary activities chance contacts: workers on duty

chance contacts: pedestrians wait around frontages seatings optional activities acquaintances: practising tai chi passive contacts: seatings set in the golden line provide a good view of surrounding activities. social activities close friendship: playing badminton along the building frontages.

acquaintances: truck unloading items passive contacts: customer overlooking at goods item optional activities chance contacts: frontage bargains social activities close friendship: old folks or owners are privatising and socialising

theory

passive contacts: storefronts attracts people to linger around. effective attractions: storefronts over banks and office buildings people linger in front of Innisfree and H&M because of its interesting facade design and intriguing appeal.

(Gehl 2011, p.28)

time to experience storefronts slow down pedestrian movement, giving a reasonable amount of time to see and process visual impressions.

(Gehl 2011, p.69)

Table 5 shows the activities and contact intensity on both contact point 4 of foreign street and local street

2.0 Comparative Analysis

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2.5 contact point 5 - visual permeability of the public spaces

Frontage walkway

Main road

Exposed walkway

Activity platform

Riverside walk with the bund

Figure 24 shows the continuous open spaces area along the East Nanjing pedestrian street promenade

Main road

Shophouse s

Backalley and temple

Riverside temple with Langat River

Figure 25 shows the breakout distance and packed urban blocks along the Jalan Tukang promenade

Likewise, The bund and Jalan Tukang riverside temple served as promenade features along the river source. However, there is significant difference in visual permeability which contributes as the main factor for people to interact with the promenade. East Nanjing pedestrian road’s promenade were obviously livelier than Kajang road.

Firstly, the visual contacts played a huge role in both street. For East Nanjing road, the proximity context of the bund is relatively open. It does not overly emphasise on other attraction that overpower the bund attraction - sightseeing and nightlife, the essence of the bund remained as people show appreciation to its existence.

Notwithstanding, Kajang riverside temple were being tucked in the promenade proximity and took over the public space for people to interact outside. Langat River only served as a water source that flow into somewhere else, the essence of the river lost as the sense of community is not there. In addition, the shophouses frontages are facing backward towards the river. It further degraded the liveliness as the sensibility of facade (HVAC services on walls and norm vent blocks) is not welcoming and discouraged the life between buildings.

2.0 Comparative Analysis

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2.5 contact point 5 - visual permeability of the public spaces

theory

contact intensity

street

Figure 26 shows the visual contact and promenade ambience of contact point 5 along both street

East Nanjing street

Jalan Tukang - Sulaiman

The bund

Riverside temple

optional activities close friendship: couples/ friends outing

necessary activities passive contacts: shortcut for the vehicular traffic using backalley

chance contacts: tourists ask in help to take photos

optional activities chance contacts: tourists ask in help to take photos

passive contacts: tourists stroll along the riverside, observing and enjoying the scenery

passive contacts: visual contact with MRT users movement and the infertile river

social activities chance contacts: the area is saturated with people for sightseeing.

social activities close friendship: religious activities

a frontal and horizontal sensory apparatus: sense of sight (Gehl 2011, p.63) River view with lit-up boats take place in front of the viewer and on approximately the same level.

distances & communication (Gehl 2011, p.65) Far distance as the dense urban blocks separate the river natural ambience.

People can perceive relatively clearly the feelings and moods in scattered pieces. At this point the meeting begins to become loosen in social context.

Table 6 shows the activities and contact intensity on both contact point 5 of foreign street and local street

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3.0 conclusion The comparative analysis has determined several desirable qualities of outdoor spaces in the urban context that can contribute to the liveliness of the public street life, enriching life between buildings. Nanjing pedestrian road and Jalan Tukang Sulaiman have different sense of street life. Nanjing pedestrian road have higher social possibilities in physically oriented planning compare with Kajang town due to the urban form and urbanscape design. For Kajang life between building development, I personally think that a favorable condition of built environment is important to enhance the interaction of people but what is more important is the culture in using the space. East Nanjing pedestrian road may have desirable outdoor condition to bring in people but this language may not work in Jalan Tukang - Sulaiman, Kajang as the weather here is hot and humid and in the proximity of few highways linkage. Jalan Tukang - Sulaiman has their own language in bringing in people together which are the food culture and the culture in using the five foot walkway. This language actually brings in a sense of place to Kajang Heritage town.

In conclusion, through the analysis between both streets life and pedestrian behaviour, we can understand how important these outdoor spaces are to be planned properly as they are detrimental to generate urban life that is functional and beneficial. Jan Gehl (2011, pp 31) states that "...character of outdoor activities are greatly influenced by physical planning." The potential of a contact point can either be realised with purposeful planning or diminished with futile planning.

Kajang, is a town that need more effort for people to understand, in order for people to embrace it and promote vigorous life between building compared to East Nanjing Pedestrian street.

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Book references: Gehl, J. (2011). Life Between Building using public spaces (p11). Washington London: Island Press.

Gehl, J. (2011). Life Between Building using public spaces (p14). Washington London: Island Press.

Gehl, J. (2011). Life Between Building using public spaces (p15). Washington London: Island Press.

Gehl, J. (2011). Life Between Building using public spaces (p23). Washington London: Island Press.

Gehl, J. (2011). Life Between Building using public spaces (p27). Washington London: Island Press.

Gehl, J. (2011). Life Between Building using public spaces (p28). Washington London: Island Press.

Gehl, J. (2011). Life Between Building using public spaces (p31). Washington London: Island Press.

Gehl, J. (2011). Life Between Building using public spaces (p59). Washington London: Island Press.

Gehl, J. (2011). Life Between Building using public spaces (p63). Washington London: Island Press.

Gehl, J. (2011). Life Between Building using public spaces (p65). Washington London: Island Press.

Gehl, J. (2011). Life Between Building using public spaces (p69). Washington London: Island Press.

Gehl, J. (2011). Life Between Building using public spaces (p149). Washington London: Island Press.

Online references: Karssenberg, H., Laven, J., Glaser, M., & van ‘t Hoff, M. (2016). The City atEye Level(2nd ed., pp. https://thecityateyelevel.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/ebook_the-city-at-eye-level_english.pdf).

Delft, the Netherlands: Eburon Academic Publishers.

Nanjing Road, Nanjing East Road, The Most Typical Pedestrian Street in Shanghai. (2019).

Retrieved from https://www.chinahighlights.com/shanghai/attraction/nanjing-road.htm Nanjing Road in Shanghai, Shopping Street, Shanghai Attraction. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.chinaodysseytours.com/shanghai/nanjing-road.html Nanjing Road: A walk down memory lane. (2019). Retrieved from https://archive.shine.cn/feature/Nanjing-Road-A-walk-down-memory-lane/shdaily.shtml

4.0 References

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