Table of Contents 1.
Fundamental Consideration
2
1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Needs to Functions Analysis 3 1.3 A plan of action for collaborative design and construction with the women of Baghere and the broader community 4 1.4 Stakeholder analysis 5 1.5 WASH considerations 6 1.6 Power considerations 9 2. Design Considerations 2.1 Design Brief 2.2 Functions Design 2.3 Design Elevation Plan 2.4 Sustainable Design 2.5 Considerations of negative consequences
12 12 13 19 20 25
3. Construction Design Consideration
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3.1 Objective 3.2 Barriers in Construction 3.3 Construction Process 3.4 Construction Progress 3.5 Cost Estimate
26 26 27 34 37
4. Landscape Design Considerations 4.1 Food production & plant species 4.2 Grey water / waste water reuse & compost 4.3 Plan for landscaping
43 43 50 52
5. Conclusion
54
6. Reference
55
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1.
Fundamental Consideration
1.1 Introduction In Senegal, women suffer all forms of discrimination that may exist. Local women do not have equal access to education, medical care, and employment, as well as a presence in decision making processes. Due to their Islamic belief, gender equality becomes a big challenge when there is the male supremacy especially in the rural area (Dieng, 2021). In order to promote gender equality for making contributions to the rural sustainable development, “Women’s House” is designed to host activities which focus on education, medical care support, skill training, raising awareness and by this way to develop the village in the name of equality. Our project is located in the village of Baghere, Senegal (figure 1-1). The house will be built on the main road leading from Baghere to the small port of Sandinieri, from where it is possible to reach the capital of Sedhiou across the Casamance River. The area is approximately 2500 square metres and the house is designed to face south-east (figure 1-2). Considering the convenience, within a radius of 600 metres, the house has accesses to the Baghere municipal offices, the French school, the Arabic school, the mosque, and the on-call medical service.
Figure 1-1 Location of the project
Figure 1-2 Details of the location
Due to the limited budget and local context as well as the idea to engage more local women to participate, it is designed as an ecological and sustainable architecture through the passive design, the use of local materials and the idea of zero pollution. Also, the core design concept will be based on the prerequisite of self-build and cost efficiency. The concept model of the whole design is shown in the figure below (figure 1-3).
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Figure 1-3 Concept model of the “Women’s House” This proposal will explain our design for “Women’s House” in terms of general fundamental considerations, architecture design considerations, construction considerations and landscape design considerations respectively.
1.2 Needs to Functions Analysis Most of Senegalnese have their beliefs on Islam, the name of which is interpreted to establish the dominance of men (Dieng, 2021). This male supremacy is at the root of all gender-based violence. In order to identify the actual functions for our project, top three fundamental needs are identified by the further research, which are education, medical care and employment. Through the statistics relating to local women, it is stated that women are always absent from the development of the education system in Africa, which reinforce the gender inequalities (Doroba, 2021). Also, girls lack access to schools so that 56% girls are more likely to never have enrolled in schools than boys at 42% (Doroba, 2021). However, well education not only can help women to study more knowledge, but to raise their awareness and give them a broader vision and sight. It’s important to understand what patriarchy and feminism are as well as give local women more life options and brand new future expectations. Therefore, our project plans to provide education support through three perspectives. The first one is teaching the basic primary school knowledge to help the girls who may not start to learn to read. Secondly, teaching them the basic laws can help them to realize what is the region and what is the family violence. Awareness is crucial for gender equality when Islam insists “patience” and “silence” are “virture” for each household female victims (Dieng, 2021). At the meantime, stories from the great African women will inspire local women and provide more solutions for their future development, which will be designed to be painted on the exhibition wall. As for medical care, it is claimed that women in Africa bear a disproportionately large share of the global burden of disease and death, particularly in maternal morbidity and mortality (Addressing the Challenge of Women’s Health in Africa, 2021). Therefore, our project plans to teach them hygiene knowledge at first. It is important to tell them how to protect themselves. For example, they need to know how to wash hands correctly. Also, most local women living in the village of Baghere are far away from the hospital, which result in lack of quality skilled care for them during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Therefore, a medical room will be set up to provide weekly or monthly health checks. Due to 3
the Islamic region, most local women suffer an offense to her body and dignity (Dieng, 2021). A private phycological room is designed to soothe them and help them to get away from the cold violence. Refer to employment, in Africa, over 60 per cent of all working women remain in agriculture, often concentrated in time and labour-intensive activities, which are unpaid or poorly remunerated ("Addressing gender gaps in Africa’s labour market", 2016). They lack professional labor skills and equal access to all working opportunities. Our project is designed to set an experimental field to teach them advanced planting technology in these agricultural countries. Also, in order to provide more work opportunities for them, they will be hired to do some light construction work for this “Women’s House” after training sessions. In addition, women can do some simple handiwork such as soap, weaving bags or other stuff and sell these to the local market. By this way, our project also plans to hold a training workshop to teach them how to make the handcraft and also to help them to earn some daily expenditure. A “needs to functions” diagram for three aspects mentioned above is shown below (diagram 1-1). How these functions are corporated into the building itself will be analyzed in the architecture design part in the following.
Diagram 1-1 Needs to Functions
1.3 A plan of action for collaborative design and construction with the women of Baghere and the broader community Our project plans to start onsite construction in August in order to avoid bad weather and long-time local celebration. A plan of action is shown in the table below (table 1-1). Ensuring the continent of the construction work will achieve cost efficiency in some degree. From February to June, the team will put efforts on legal and document work to ensure the land tenure and other local official approval. From June to August, the team will start to do the onsite visit to prepare the full set of drawings and documents until the start of the construction stage. Construction schedule with the corresponding budget allocation will be detailed in the construction consideration part in the following.
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Table 1-1 Plan of action
1.4 Stakeholder analysis The stakeholders relating to each stage of the project are shown in the workflow diagram in the following (diagram 1-2). There are six key stakeholders in this project. The central stakeholder is local women, who are the beneficiaries to this project. They have the chances to take active part in the needs identification and the project planning (They can also participate in the light construction work in exchange of studying the labor skills but they do not belong to the key stakeholders). Afterall, the core concept of the project depends on their real needs and how to promote gender equality. Government also takes the important roles in this project, which is with the political ability to accommodate diverse communities and induce them to collaborate. It is also responsible for the governance of assets and operations among stakeholders (Fontainha, Leiras, Bandeira & Scavarda, 2017). Charity organisations such as Balouo Salo and Africa Union can help to collect and identify the women’s needs as well as provide support to the project planning, for example, raising the social influences and calling the volunteers. With the proceeds of the project, professions are significantly important to the success of the project. It includes the architect, engineer, QS, landscape experts and so on. They will combine the needs and requirements from other stakeholders to provide their professional suggestions and judgements for this project. The suitable materials and equipment will be procured from the local market provided by the suppliers. On the stage of the construction and post-construction, local contractors will be hired to take the most of the heavy construction work. After the completion of the project, local women can start-up for occupancy.
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Diagram 1-2 Stakeholder workflow
1.5 WASH considerations 1.5.1
Water access & treatment
The rare phenomenon of saltwater intrusion has caused the loss of over 10,000 hectares of arable land and the contamination of aquifers which are the source of approximately 60% of infections and illnesses. Obviously, a safe, obtainable and affordable water access is crucial to the success of the project. Considering these requirements and local context, two solutions will be provided for this project. The first one is a rainwater harvest system (figure 1-4). The municipality has an average annual rainfall of 1,095.7 mm spread between June and October, which provides a great opportunity for the use of the rainwater tank. The rainwater harvest system is made up by a water tank and a sand bed filter. The water tank collects the rainwater running through the down pipe from the bamboo gutter and generates it to the filter to do the purification. Then the filtered water would be able for drinking, handwashing and landscape use. If the filter side is full then the clean water would flow to the bottom layer of the water tank to be saved safely. If the water tank is full, the extra rainwater will be exhausted outside of the system through the overflow rainwater pipe.
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Figure 1-4. Rainwater harvest system (HeirloomBuilders, 2021) The other solution is the use of the solar well, which is a modern well equipped with a solar decontamination and sterilization system to facilitate access to drinking water, therefore contributing to the improvement of the sanitary conditions of the place ("Balouo Salo Baghere well project", 2021). Once the “A well in Baghere” project is launched, 5 villages around the Baghere can have free access to drinking, filtered and purified water. Refer to the concept picture of the solar well project (figure 1-5), “Women’s House” can have access to the clean water from the solar well directly.
Figure 1-5 A well in Baghere ("Balouo Salo - Baghere well project", 2021) 7
1.5.2
Sanitation system
Considering the local context, a waterless toilet system is more realistic than the flushing toilet system. Two toilet systems solutions are provided separately for daily use and women’s special use. The first one is a typical ecological toilet system. The functions of this toilet are shown in the picture below (figure 1-6). There are three parts for the toilet pan. The shallow part at the front for urine, the drop hole in the middle for excreta and the shallow part at the rear for self cleansing. A pipe underfloor collects and carries the urine from the shallow urine bowl to a pod buried in the ground outside. After the user drops the excreta into the hole, they need to shift back and sprinkle one or two handfuls of crushed dry plant into the hole and use the lid to cover the hole. A separate pipe collects and carries the wash water to a small filter bed outside the toilet where salt absorbing plants are grown. This toilet system does save on water, which is a critically scarce resource for Baghere. Also, it decreases the pollution resulting from human waste and closes the nutrient cycle by re-using the excteta for compost. The use of the human waste compost will be detailed in the landscape part in the following.
Figure 1-6 Ecological toilet system (IndiaWater Portal, 2009) The second toilet system is aimed for women who are in the special period such as menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. They may have to exhaust blood or lochia with the excreta. Due to the Isimic religion, excreta with menstruation and lochia can not be re-used (Dieng, 2021). Also, they need to have a clean and comfortable space for them to use the toilet. Therefore, the ECOSAN toilet system is useful. The functions of this toilet are shown below (figure 1-7). The excreta will go into the part four, which is a reusable collection bag. They just need to do disposal of the collection bag every half year. The ventilation from part five will keep the bad smells from the toilet.
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Figure 1-7. ECOSAN toilet system ("Waterless toilet system product information; Ecosan dry sanitation toilet", 2021) 1.5.3
Hand washing considerations
Hand washing system is stalled outside of the toilet. The functions of this outdoor hand washing system is shown in the pictures below (figure 1-8). Combined with the rainwater system, the water pipe will connect to the drinkable filtered water tank. Under the pool of hand washing has a grey water tank, which can collect the waste water used for hand washing to do the watering. The use of the grey water will be highlighted in the landscape part in the following as well.
Figure 1-8. Hand washing systems
1.6 Power considerations In the day time, the house takes advantage of the passive design to provide the enough natural lights, which will be explained in the part of architecture. By considering other 9
demands for electricity, such as simple medical equipment and guest speaker mobile phone charging, solar panels will be suggested to be used in the “Women’s House”. An entire solar power system is incorporated into one compact package, which is efficient and easy to carry (figure 1-9).
Figure 1-9. Mobile Solar Panel Retrieved from https://www.latestbuy.com.au/powertech-12v-folding-solar-panel
For the simple cooking use, the solar cooker will be suggested (figure 1-10). The solar cooker works similar to a burning glass. Approximate parallel sun rays are reflected in the cooker’s focal point. Due to the high concentration of the sun`s rays, the temperatures in the focal point are extremely high so that it allows to cook or fry a meal by placing a pot here. The pivoting frame makes it easy to point the solar cooker in any direction of the sun. Local women can use this solar cooker to make simple lunch and boiling water when they have a lecture at the “Women’s House”.
Figure 1-10. Solar cooker system Retrieved from https://brainly.in/question/2954002
At the night time, only the emergency lights will be provided due to all of the activities being held during the daytime. The solar lantern would be the best solution (image 1-1). It contains a solar cell, Ni-Cad rechargeable battery, LED light and photoresistor. The battery can be charged during the day through the sun rays and activated at night for emergency light use. The budgets for power systems will be estimated in the part of construction BOQ sections.
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Image 1-1 Solar lantern (Herscowitz, 2021)
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2. Design Considerations 2.1 Design Brief Our buildings are located on the south-east of the site that facilitates local people to get into the rooms from its nearby streets. As shown in Figure 1, there are four building components surrounding a tree that reflects a concept of entrance-free design, which creates a through site link that allows people from any direction to enter into the building zones and enable people who work in the buildings to easily go into the courtyard. The link between three main building areas (except toilets) will be connected by brick road with two steps upon the ground. We seperate toilets from the other building structures to reduce the impact of odors and waste management. The women’s house contains four building components: the administrative area for meeting and consultation, workshop area for education and exhibition, an outdoor pavilion with shading for activity, and WASH area for water, sanitation and hygiene (Figure 2-1 & 2-2).
Figure 2-1: Building Zone Overview The inspiration for the design comes from the natural environment and the concept of improving women’s empowerment. The tree in the center can be seen as the women in Senegal, who want to be independent and remarkable. The four buildings surrounding the tree represent different supports to women, which includes education, healthcare, employment training and sanitary facility. The buildings are not forming an enclosed area to the tree, on the contrary, the first view when people walk towards the women’s house will be the tree in the center. This sense of the design highlights the importance of social support to the development of women in Senegal.
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Typology of ‘Women’s House’
Figure 2-2: Promote gender equality in Africa ("Balouo Salo - Women's House", 2021) The design of the ‘women’s house’ is to create a sustainable and symbolic building through the passive design and the use of the natural materials, together with an ecological landscape to promote new opportunities in enhancing gender equality and women’s empowerment. Unlike other facility types of buildings within the Baghere village, the women’s house is designed for women, which enable women to organize activities, seminars and meetings, undertake skill training, receive education, as well as to consult physical and mental health from specialists in order to understand and improve their own values and upskill people in rural area in Senegal. Besides, due to the religious character that the village of Baghere orientated ("Balouo Salo - Women's House", 2021), the women’s house seeks to not only conform to local living habits, but also establish a more inclusive and forward-looking public service that enable women to educate, work and live.
2.2 Functions Design The design is focused on the multi-functional use of place with a total area of 124 square meters (Figure 2-3). Rather than just focus on women, providing some platforms such as wall exhibitions and open-space activity areas aimed to connect local males and females that improve the recognition of gender equality (Figure 3&4). According to the functions suggested by Balouo Salo ("Balouo Salo - Women's House", 2021), which are management and organization of activities, communication between institutions and associations, and collective activities for promoting human rights and gender equality, our design is considering combining these functions with our aims of educating womens on knowledge, hygiene and working skills through having enough space that is adaptable and flexible to accommodate the activities.
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Figure 2-3: Room arrangement floor plan
Figure 2-4: Top view (Roofing) 14
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Meeting room and Consultation areas
Figure 2-5. West building zone of women’s house The west zone of the women’s house has a largest area of 60 square meters and it is used as the administrative functions that manage the private consultations and meetings. Visitors or residents can enter the women’s house from the greeting point entrance to make appointments or ask for guidance. The women’s house will provide two private rooms for medical or mental consultation. The private consultation rooms can be used not only to address local women’s health or psychological problems during daytime, but also as a temporary shelter for women who have suffered from domestic violence during the night. Besides, as required in this project, the 30 square meters meeting room is big enough to accomodate more than 15 people. The use of folding tables and chairs makes it easy to change the layout of the space, so that the meeting room is not only used for meetings, but also can be used as an activity room and rest area (Figure 2-6). Foldable bamboo panels can be used to divide the room to achieve space flexibility and versatility (Figure 2-8). Three entrances open to meeting rooms also facilitates the multi-function use of the room. 15
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Education center/ Exhibition area
The purpose of the south building zone is to promote gender equality as an exhibition hall and a place for education and training. This area has 30 square meters and it is planned to open to the public. Therefore, people can enter the building through the two entrances. In order to improve the literacy level, hygiene awareness and working ability of local women, relevant education and competence training will be carried out in this area. The folding panels made of bamboo can divide the space so that different types of class or training can be taught simultaneously. Figure 2-9. Wall exhibition ("WHAT'S HAPPENING IN THE ART ROOM??", 2021)
To fully use the space, the wall will be used as an exhibition wall to display posters, photographs, information and knowledge that promote hydenie and women’s values (Figure 2-8). Besides, there will be bookcases with books provided in the corner and portable tables and chairs provided in the space for reading and learning.
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Outdoor Activity Area/ Seminar
Figure 2-11. View from outside of pavilion The open design for the activity area is more in line with the lifestyle of Baghere. It is stated that people like to gather together to discuss matters outdoors in the shading areas and many important festivals are celebrated outdoors("Culture of Senegal - history, people, clothing, traditions, women, beliefs, food, customs, family", 2021). Therefore, the design of the pavilion provides a place for people to shelter from the sun and rain during activities (Figure 2-11). There will be no tables and chairs in the pavilion because it provides flexibility for carrying out activities and local people are used to sitting on the ground during conversations or seminars.
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Toilets
It is necessary to separate toilets under the religion of Muslim by provide privacy of men and women, so we design seperate toilets in the women’s house. One of the squat toilets is for men and the rest of the two toilets (one squat toilet and one toilet pan) are for women (Figure 2-11). The squat toilet uses the ecological system to manage the feces, whereas the toilet pan uses the ECOSAN toilet system to manage the exhaust blood for women who are in period. Both systems are not required to washout the feces, but to keep the toilet clean, recycled grey water will be used to washout the toilets when it is needed. In order to raise awareness of sanitary health, a hand washing area is located outside the toilet for people to clean their hands regularly. Furthermore, considering that different people may have different habits on sanitary, both toilet paper and clean water will be provided from buckets that enable people to clean themselves after going to the toilet.
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2.3 Design Elevation Plan
Figure 2-15. South-east Elevation
Figure 2-16. North-west Elevation
Figure 2-17. North-east Elevation
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Figure 2-18. South-west Elevation
2.4 Sustainable Design Our design of the women’s house is concentrated on sustainability by the use of natural resources effectively. Based on the fact that using power is not a cost-efficiency solution to lighting and cooling in rural areas, passive design will be the main system for the buildings. Moreover, to facilitate the self-build and reduce the pollution from construction, we will use the natural materials that are easy to access, manufacture and build as much as possible. ● Passive Design The inclined and overhead roof allows natural light to come into the house during daytime that minimize the use of artificial lighting (Figure 2-19). The windows and the roof work together to provide natural ventilation and natural lighting to the rooms. It also allows cool wind to come in and bring heat outside the building (Figure 2-18).l If it is during hot seasons, the window can be closed to reduce the heat light coming in, otherwise, it will be opened for ventilation and cooling. This will minimize the power required during daylight and hot summer time.
Figure 2-19. Passive thermal design
Figure 2-20. Passive design for lighting
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Figure 2-21. Passive design for Women’s House In order to limit the light and rainwater to come into the house, as well as to provide protection to the brick wall, the overhang eave is designed in our buildings (Figure 2-21). In addition, the inclined roof not only provides a good illumination for the toilet, but -also creates effective ventilation that can take away the odour from the toilet (Figure 2-22).
Figure 2-22. Passive design for odour in Toilets
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Materials Selection
In terms of achieving sustainability and cost efficiency in our project, we are going to use the local materials for most of our building design. We strongly recommend to make some materials on site.
Figure 2-23. Materials of external building structure
Figure 2-24. Materials of internal building structures.
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● Earth Brick Earth Brick is our primary building material. As we are hoping to engage with women in construction work, we found brick making is a cheap, easy and proven technique to be used in our building. The bricks in Senegal are commonly air dried with a mix of earth, grass, clay and sand and they can be done by women. Then the women can easily learn how to manufacture the brick and do the bricklaying jobs. Therefore, our project will use the brick for free. ● Concrete Due to the potential flood issue and soft soil geographic condition, we decided to use concrete for our footing as it enhances the strength of our footing for geographic changes. The concrete might be expensive for transportation, so hand-mix concrete on site can reduce its cost. Besides, we will consider using the reinforcement bar and tie to work together with the concrete in our footing if those materials are accessible in Baghere and women can be trained to undertake the job for reinforcement installation.
● Bamboo We use bamboo for our window and door as bamboo is one of the natural resources in Baghere. Also, bamboo is a feature of local architecture so that using bamboo can represent the traditions of Baghere. Furthermore, bamboo weaving skills can be taught to local women and allow them to engage in providing building elements and earn a living (Figure 2-27). Besides, bamboo gutters are used in this design to reflect a green and sustainable concept by collecting rainwater to reuse (Figure 2-28).
Figure 2-28. Bamboo gutter ("giant grass builds bamboo cubby house from recycled materials, 2021) 23
● Earth Due to the flooding and economic issue, we will use earth to do a higher level of slab (at least 300mm above ground floor) with a cement screeding for waterproofing. Flooring by earth and cement will be a suitable work for women to carry out. ● Timber As timber has a longer life than bamboo, we design to use timber for the roof truss because it is strong enough to support our roof structure. Normally, the timber trusses should be prefabricated by carpenters and then transported to the site. However, due to high transportation costs, the trusses can be made on site by workers or women who undertake proper training. In addition, the timber door frame and window frame replace the bamboo framing because timber is easier to cut and shape (Figure 2-28).
Figure 2-29. Bamboo weaving doors with timber frame ("Rustic Retreat - Rustic - Garage - Other - by Timberframe Horizons, LLC", 2021) ● Aluminum In order to collect the rainwater, we design an incline aluminium for roof sheeting to integrate with the bamboo gutter. The wavy configuration of the aluminium facilitates the rainwater to flow down (Figure 2-30). Also, aluminum is also a suitable material for passive thermal design as it can reflect the light and heat.
Figure 2-30. Aluminium for roofing
Figure 2-31. Thatch for pavilion roof
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● Thatch Thatch is easily found in Senegal so using thatch for pavilion roof is a cost-efficiency method. Besides, thatch weaving is an easy technology that can be done by women.
2.5 Considerations of negative consequences The significance of the existence of the Women’s House is to promote local gender equality and improve women’s social status and values by upskilling and educating women, but this propaganda method may be rejected by the locals residents, especially from the perspective of men. They might not be able to accept the situation that ladies or their wife go out for jobs and not to take care of their children at home. This may result in conflict between family members that incur a negative impact on women’s health. To deal with domestic violence, private consultation and education on raising awareness of human’s right and women’s health are the functions of the women’s house. However, it is claimed that domestic violence is still a private or family matter that is considered as a taboo subject (Soumah & Diop, 2020). Therefore, the private consultations and public exhibitions that are designed to deal with domestic violence and women’s health problems may be ostracized by society.Besides, enhancing the education level and capability of women may reduce the work opportunity for men in the village, which may cause social dissatisfaction and ostracism. Moreover, the toilet design for offering a special toilet system for women who are in their period may cause vulnerability of gender discrimination. Women may be reluctant to use this toilet as they feel embarrassed when using it. The solution to such discrimination can be solved through the proper education on hygiene and women’s health, together with holding exhibitions and seminars to help public understand the importance of hygiene and women’s health.
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3. Construction Design Consideration 3.1 Objective ● ● ●
Allow women to do the decision making Promote self build method to allow women take part into construction process Provide a sustainable structure integrate with the ecological system to enhance women's living quality
3.2 Barriers in Construction Social ● Barriers ○ Construction is the man-dominate industry ○ Women has less knowledge and skills in construction ● Solution ○ Use the easy local skills to engage women into construction process ○ The women can learn on site Environmental ● Barriers ○ Potential Floor issue ○ Lack of water due to the low amount of rainfall ○ Lack of sustainable electricity connection ○ Poor waste management ● Solution ○ Have a higher level of floor ○ Install water storage system and filter to ensure water storage and safety in the Women’s House ○ Install an sustainable power system to ensure the environmental safety ○ Install a proper toilet system to deal with the human waste Economic ● Barriers ○ Expensive in construction materials ○ Short term used structure ○ Extract material transformation fess ● Solution ○ Commonly Use the local and recycle materials and reduce the transformation fee ○ Encourage women help for the material making ○ Consider to use the long- life span structure
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3.3 Construction Process
Diagram 3-1: Construction Design Consideration Process ● Building Service Materials We plan to buy our toilet system, solar panel and solar lantern from the materials supplier. In order to achieve a sustainable goal, we use the dry toilet system with air pump for managing the waste for landscape and use the solar power for electricity supply for our building in order to reduce the environmental damage. Meanwhile, we are going to use mansory to build a water tank and integrate with a sand bed filter to provide drinking and hand washing water. ● Stakeholders engagement In our design, we engage with women, therefore, we promote some simple and light construction design for women to take part in. The male workers are general from the local contractor who has experience in construction work and the women can learn while helping on site. Other than that, we will also have some professions such as architect, project manager and engineers help around to make the building. The materials supplier provides the materials that are needed for every construction stage. Table 3-1: Materials Selection Building Structure
Component
Materials Selection
Stakeholder Engagement
Substructure
Footing
Concrete
Male workers/ professions/materi als suppliers
Reinforcement bar Chicken Wire Brick Shuttering
Women/ Male
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worker Slab
Earth
Women
Water Proof
Cement Screeding
Women
Access
Pathway
Earth Brick
Women
Wall
External Wall
Earth Brick
Women
Roof
Truss
Timber
Male Workers
Roof Sheeting
aluminum/ thatch
Male Workers/ material supplier
Gutter
Bamboo
Male Workers
Frame
Structure Timber
Women
Shade
Bamboo
Women
Frame
Structure TImber
Women
Door
Bamboo Board
Women
Brick with cement screed
Women
Sand Bed Filter
Brick with cement screed
Women
Greywater Tank
Brick with cement screed
Women
Toilter
Dry toilet system with air pump
Material Supplier
Power
Solar Panel
Material Supplier
Solar lantern
Material Supplier
Window
Door
Building Services Water tank
Hand Wash Area
1. Site Cleaning In the site clean stage, the male worker put the string to make the building boundaries as followed by the architecture drawing. Then the women can clean the site such as remove the existing vegetation and trees. This stage doesn’t require any professional skills, therefore, women can do it in one day.
2. Excavation
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The excavation requires a structural engineer to determine the depth of the excavation. Once the structure engineer ensures the depth, the male workers start digging the ground by using the shovel. This stage can have the women corporate with the male worker. They can help to remove some soil that has been moved out of the ground. After the Excavation, the next stage is substructure.
3. Structure
FIgure 3-2: Structure of the Brick Buildings This the building structure for the buildings except the activity space. In these buildings, we use the common local skill in Senegal to have the brick wall connect with the incline roof to collect the rainwater.
Figure 3-3: Structure of Open Activity Space In order to respect the local culture, we also design an open activity space without a wall to integrate with the landscape and have women to celebrate some special events.
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● Detail Structure Construction a. Foundation All the building within our site has built upon the concrete strip footing. After the excavation, we suggest using the timber to do the shuttering for strip footing and place it with the reinforcement bar. The shuttering can be done by women. Then the male works can fill the concrete on site in the area for the strip footing. In our drawing, we extend footing about 300mm higher to the ground and support the earth slab to prevent flooding. After filling the concrete, the male workers shall backfill the remaining excavated area from the foundation. We also put the air pump underground of the toilet for the future ventilation process
Figure 3-4: Foundation Detail Drawing b. External Wall
Figure 3-5: Wall Elevation Plan This is the elevation plan for the multi-function room and open activity space. Our toilet and meeting building will be the same external design as the multi-function building. They all use brick on top of the slab to support the timber truss.
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Figure 3-6: Elevation Plan For Brick House ●
Brick wall for meeting building/ multi-function building and toilet
Figure 3-7: Brick Work In the wall stages, after the earth brick is made by women, they can start to mix the cement mortar to hold the brick all together. The brick laying shall start put four bricks at each end and have one string connected between to provide a line to direct the work. Then they can spread the mortar on top of the footing by using the trowel. After that, put the brick on top of the mortar. This process would keep repeating and done by women to make an external brick wall. While they are laying the brick, they shall reserve a place for windows and doors installation. ●
TImber column installation in activity space
Figure 3-8: Timber Column Construction
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The truss column that used to support the timber truss. To install the timber on the ground, the male workers shall put a steel plate on top of the footing then the timber column shall be pinned on top of the plate by using the two end plates with a total of 12 bolts. This installation requires some skills, therefore, this work will be done by male workers. Therefore, after the materials transfer to the site from the materials supplier, the male workers shall start doing the installation job. c. Access Path
Figure 3-9: Access Path Construction We design an access path between meeting space and the multi-function building and one more between the meeting space and the activity space for people to access. The access path is designed as a stair because our building is a bit higher to prevent flooding. However, this also causes a small issue that some people may not pay attention while they walk out of the building. Therefore, we design a brick access path to ensure the safety of walking through the buildings. This access path is built by earth brick. The reason to use brick is due to it being cheap and easy to be done by women. d. Roofing
Figure 3-10: Roof Construction
32
The roof structure in our building is the mono pitch roof. This structure requires some professional skills, therefore, this job will be completed by male workers. To start the roof construction, the male workers shall place the wall plate and nailed them on the wall. Then they should mark out the truss spaces. After that, the workers can start putting the timber truss and screw nail all the truss by using the purlin. After the truss is done, the underlay will be placed on top of the rafter and place the battens. At the end, the workers put the aluminium roof covering on top of the battens. In our design, we will have the bamboo gutter that is held by the wood gutter holder on all brick buildings. We put the gutter for the multi-function building to remove water from the room. We also put two water tanks to collect the rainwater outside of the toilet and meeting space.
Figure 3-11: Roof Construction of the Open building Our pavilion has the different roof type from other buildings. We designed a pyramid roof. In this design, the wall plate will be located and nailed on the timber column. Then the Hip rafter will be installed by a ridge cleat on the top of the roof ridge. After that, the Jack rafter will be bolted with the wall plate to support the strip from each corner point by connecting with the hip rafter. At the end, the common rafter will be bolted on the wall plate. The last job of this design is to put the thatched on top of the timber truss.
e. Window and Door As mentioned in the external wall section, the women will reserve a space for the door and window frame. The space must be larger than the design and allow the frame to fit in. if the space is larger than expected, the women can then put the rendering around the frame to make the stable to the position.The last step is to install the shade and door that is made by bamboo.
33
Figure 3-12: Window and Door Construction 3.4 Construction Progress Table 3-2: Construction Progress Schedule Stages
Task Description
Start Date
Finish Date
Duration
Site visit
2021.03.01
2021.03.02
1 day
Land Use Approval
2021.03.02
2021.05.02
60 days
Document Preparation
2021.05.02
2021.06.09
37 days
Site Planning
2021.05.02
2021.05.09
7 days
Architecture Drawing
2021.05.10
2021.06.07
28 days
Drawing Approval
2021. 06.08
2021.06.09
2 days
Consultation Meeting
2021.06.10
2021.06.11
2 days
Soil investigation
2021. 06.12
2021.06.12
1 days
Ordering
2021. 06.13
2021.06.16
3 days
Planning
Design
Procurement
34
Materials Materials Preparation
2021.06.17
2021.07.17
31 days
Site Cleaning
2021.07.18
2021.07.31
13 day
Excavation
2021.08.01
2021.08.08
7 days
Footing excavation
2021.08.01
2021.08.07
6 days
Air pump excavation
2021.08.07
2021.08.08
1 days
Under slab construction
2021.08.08
2021.08.22
14 days
Shuttering
2021.08.08
2021.08.10
2 days
Put 2021.08.10 reinforcement bar
2021.08.14
4 days
Pull the concrete
2021. 08.14
2021.04.14
1 days
Dry concrete
2021.08.14
2021.08.21
7 days
Remove the shuttering
2021.08.21
2021.08.22
1 days
Service underground installation
2021.08.22
2021.08.23
1 days
Backfill
2021.08.23
2021.08.24
1 day
Slab Construction
2021.08. 23
2021.08.31
7 day
Shuttering
2021.08.23
2021.08.25
2 days
Pull earth
2021.08.25
2021.08.26
1 days
Dry the earth
2021.08.26
2020.08.29
3 days
Remove Shuttering
2021.08.30
2021.08.31
1 days
Pathway Construction
2021.08.23
2021.08.31
7 day
External Wall
2021.09.01
2021.09.13
12 days
Brick wall
2021.09.01
2021.09.09
8 days
Construction
35
Rendering
2021.09.01
2021.09.09
8 days
Dry the cement
2021.09.10
2021.09.13
3 days
Water storage system
2021.09.13
2021.09.19
9 days
Water Tank
2021.09.13
2021.09.18
5 day
Filter Tank
2021.09. 13
2021.09.18
5 days
Hand Wash Tank
2021.09.13
2021.09.18
5 days
Copper Pipe installation
2021.09.19
2021.09.19
1 days
Water tap installation
2021.09.19
2020.09.19
1 day
Column Truss for Pavilion
2021.09.20
2021.09.20
1 days
Toilet System
2021.09.20
2021.09.20
1 days
Ecosan Toilet system
2021.09.20
2021.09.20
1 days
Roofing
2020.09.21
2020.09.27
6 days
Roof Truss
2021.09.21
2021.09.26
5 days
Roof Sheeting
2021.09.27
2021.09.27
1 day
Finish
2021.09.28
2021.10. 07
6 days
Door and Window Installation
2021.09.28
2021.10.01
3 day
Rendering
2021.09.28
2021.10.01
3 days
Dry the cement
2021.10.04
2021.10.07
3 days
Break: 2021.10.08 - 2021.11.08 Landscape and Internal Decoration Internal Decoration
2021.11. 09
2021.11.19
10 days
Landscape
2021.11.20
2021.11.29
8 days
Final Check
2021.11.30
2021.11.30
1 day
Handover: 2021.12.01
36
3.5 Cost Estimate Summary This section provides a cost summary related to the actual cost of the building construction. The information consists of materials cost, infrastructure cost, labour cost, transportation cost and the landscaping cost. Most of the materials cost are adopted from the La Maison des Femmes Project such as bamboo, timber and thatch. Some of the assumption is provided as follow Assumption: ● As people can manufacture the earth brick themselves, the bricks are free ● the total transportation fee for all the elements is 1000 euros ● Women exchange their time helping the brickwork for a free on site training ● The ecosan toilet for women period is 2500 euros ● We plan to spend 1000 euros in landscaping to get the crop seeds and the plants Table 3-3: Total Cost Amount (Euro) Total Initial Cost Actual Cost
18000 Materials Cost
4513.63
Infrastructure Cost
1842.87
Labour Cost
5308.8
Landscaping Cost
1000
Transportation Cost
1000
Total Actual Cost
13665.31
Material Cost Detail Table 3-4: Materials Cost No .
Description
Unit Qty
Rate
Amount
Site Cleaning
m2
2500
0
0
Excavation
m3
84.31
0
0
Backfill
m3
68.21
0
0
Footing-Concrete Strip Footing
m3
24.88
81
2015.28
Reference
(Royal Concrete, 2021)
37
Slab - Earth
m3
37.2
0
0
Reinforcement Bar
t
1.953
0.71
1387
External Wall- Brick
m2
221
0
0
Rendering- Cement Mortar
t
1.1
8.93
9.82
Roofing Truss - Structure Timber
m
13.2
1.66
21.91
Roof Sheeting - aluminium
m2
180
0.4
72
Column - Timber
m
2.80
10.74
30.07
Column - Plate with Nails
no.
4
7
28
Roof Truss - Structural Timber
m
8.4
1.66
13.94
Roof Sheeting - Thatched
m2
35
0.10
3.5
Gutter - Bamboo
m
24.3
7.08
172.04
Gutter holder - structure timber
m
24.3
1.66
40.34
Pathway - Earth Brick
m2
8
0
0
Rendering - cement mortar
t
0.04
8.93
0.36
Frame - Structural Timber
m
81.76
1.66
135.72
Shade - Bamboo
m2
20.21
9.17
185.33
Internal - Bamboo Weave
m2
20
9.17
183.4
(Alibaba.com, 2021)
Brick Buildings
(Newsroom, 2018)
(Alibaba.com, 2021)
Pavilion
(amazon, 2021)
Window/ Door
Net Materials Cost
4298.70
Contingency and allowance @5%
214.93
Total Material Cost
4513.63
Infrastructure Cost Table 3-5: Infrastructure Cost No.
Infrastructure
Unit
Qty
Rate
Amount
WASH- Water
38
Water Tank - Brick
L
50
0
0
Filter - Brick
L
50
0
0
Waterproof -cement screed
bag
2
12.54
25.08
Rendering- cement mortar
t
0.02
8.93
0.18
Handwash Area Brick
m3
0.45
0
0
Down Pipe
m
10.5
5.48
57.54
(B&Q, 2021)
Water Pipe
m
6
0.08
0.48
(Alibab.com, 2021)
Cropper Pipe with 7mm outer diameter
m
1.5
0.63
0.95
(Alibaba.com, 2021)
Water Tap
no.
3
0.9
2.7
(Alibaba.com, 2021)
Pipes
m
3
0.5
1.5
(Indiamart, 2021)
Eco Pans
no.
3
1.47
4.41
(Indiamart, 2021)
Toilet for women period
no.
1
1500
1500
Exhaust Pipe
m
1
94.89
94.89
(“Pipe Length 4in x50 in Pellet vent”, 2021)
Chamber Door aluminium
m2
0.82
72
59.04
(Alibaba.com, 2021)
Solar Lantern
no.
10
9.61
96.1
(Indiamart, 2021)
Box type solar cooker
no.
1
50.95
50.95
(Indiamart. 2021)
Solar panel
no.
1
120.45
120.45
(Wish, 2021)
(Indiamart, 2021)
WASH- Toilet
Power
Total Infrastructure Cost
1842.87
Labour Cost for Male Workers Table 3-6: Labour Cost
39
Area (m2) Rate (euros/m2)
Amount
Reference
Meeting/ Medical Building
60
41.02
2672
Gardner & Pienaar, 2019)
Multi-function Building
30
41.02
1236
Toilet
15
41.02
618
Open Space
19
41.02
782.8
Total Labour Cost
5308.8
40
41
42
4. Landscape Design Considerations 4.1 Food production & plant species In order to promote the food security of local women and establish an onsite food production system, most ornamental plants will be replaced by crops in the landscape design of this building. Planting crops can not only provide safe food for women, but also sell them in the market after harvest to earn extra income. In addition, although more than 60% of women in Africa are engaged in agriculture, they lack professional labor skills and equal job opportunities ("Addressing gender gaps in Africa’s labour market", 2016). The project will cooperate with FAO (Food and Agriculture organisation) and experts to teach them advanced planting techniques. These crops planted with new technologies are a way to show women's abilities.
Figure 4-1. Landscape After doing the research of popular crops in the local market and the food widely grown in the local area, the following varieties were selected: ●
Cotton Cotton is an important cash crop in African countries, dramatically increasing export incomes and providing a living to many farmers ("Sustainable intensification of African cotton sectors", 2021). However, the limited access to technologies and 43
equipment affect the production of cotton. Here women can use new technology to grow cotton as an experiment.
Figure 4-2. Cotton ("Tree cotton facts and health benefits", 2021) ●
Cassava Cassava is the most widely used staple food in Africa. There are different kinds of cassava dishes in Africa. In addition, the waste from cassava processing can be recycled for compost. Cassava is relatively easy to grow besides being versatile. It grows on poor soil with little rainfall (Demand Africa, 2021) . It is also a perennial crop with a wide harvest window. Its non-seasonality makes it a resource-rich crop.
Figure 4-3. Cassava (dorisj, 2021) ●
Sorghum Sorghum is the fifth largest cereal crop and a major crop in Africa. This crop is mainly used for food, feed and feed in many countries. Because of its multiple uses and high adaptability to various agro-climatic conditions, it has been recognized as a new generation of bioenergy crops (Belida & Belida, 2021).
44
Figure 4-4. Sorghum ("Ever considered sorghum?", 2021) ●
Peanut Peanut is an important export product of Senegal ("China's huge demand for Senegal's peanuts is disrupting the local business", 2021). It is widely used for cooking soup and making sauce in the local area (Johnson, 2021). It prefers warm temperature, and not too picky about soil type or pH ("How to grow peanuts", 2014).
Figure 4-5. Peanut (wilaiwanphoto, 2021) ●
African eggplant It is a tropical perennial plant which is native to west africa, and can tolerate a variety of soil conditions ("African Eggplant facts and health benefits", 2021).
45
Figure 4-6. African Eggplant ("African Eggplant facts and health benefits", 2021) ●
Cabbage It is widely grown in West Africa (Belida & Belida, 2015), it is also an essential ingredient of traditional senegalese dishes ("Senegalese Mafé", 2018) .
Figure 4-7. Cabbage (Belida & Belida, 2015) ●
Carrot It is a common vegetable in West Africa, it is also an essential ingredient of traditional senegalese dishes (Johnson, 2021). Carrots are easy to grow as long as they are planted in loose, sandy soil("How did carrots become orange?", 2018).
Figure 4-8. Carrot ("How did carrots become orange?", 2018)
46
●
Chili pepper In West Africa, it is a necessity on every plate and table, even breakfast ("African Pepper Sauce - Immaculate Bites", 2020). Everyone has their own special method of making Chili sauce, and prepares Chili in different ways.Chili peppers prefer places where the temperature is high, and it also doesn't mind humidity like sweet peppers ("Growing Chillies - How To Grow Chili Peppers From Seed", 2019), which is a good choice for growing.
Figure 4-9. Chili Pepper ("African Pepper Sauce - Immaculate Bites", 2020) ●
Onion Onion is a very common vegetable in the local area. It is widely used in cooking soup and making salads (Johnson, 2021). It is easy to grow, and it prefers well-drained soil and sunny places ( "Growing Onions from Sowing to Harvest", 2019).
Figure 4-10. Onion ("How to Grow Onions and Shallots | Thompson & Morgan", 2021) ●
Cherry tomato Cherry tomatoes are widely grown in Senegal, in 2008, Senegal was the second largest exporter of cherry tomatoes in the world ("Fruits & Vegetables Found in Senegal", 2021). In addition, tomatoes are widely used in many Senegalese foods such as Saladu Nebbe(Johnson, 2021).
47
Figure 4-11. Cherry Tomatoes ("Growing Cherry Tomatoes – Planting And Picking Cherry Tomatoes", 2021)
Figure 4-12. Crops and trees Trees and shrubs used for decoration, viewing and shading are: ●
Khaya senegalensis Khaya senegalensis is native to Africa, it is a plant of the moist tropics. It is a large deciduous tree with a small scented creamy white flower during summer("GARDENING: Finding the perfect shade tree", 2021). Growing to over 10m in height ("Khaya senegalensis (dry zone mahogany)", 2021).
48
Figure 4-13. Khaya senegalensis ("Khaya senegalensis (dry zone mahogany)", 2021) ● Acacia senegal (Arabic gum tree) It is a typical local tree. The branch could produce gum. It has beautiful yellow flowers, which is suitable for landscaping. It prefers well-drained soil and can grow in poor soil ( "Acacia senegal Gum Arabic PFAF Plant Database", 2021), which is suitable for this area.
Figure 4-14. Acacia senegal ("Acacia senegal Gum Arabic PFAF Plant Database", 2021) ●
Euryops pectinatus（African daisy) It is an evergreen perennial shrub. This fast-growing shrub requires well-drained soil and full sun to flower well(Nationalparks & GardensOnline, 2021). It grows in dry soils,well-drained soils, and saline soils (Nationalparks,2021). It does not need too much water to grow, which is suitable for this area.
49
Figure 4-15. Euryops pectinatus ("Euryops pectinatus 'Viridis'", 2021) 4.2 Grey water / waste water reuse & compost In view of the religion, tradition and health problems in this area, grey water, waste water and human excreta will be treated separately. A simple tank for collecting grey water is placed under the sink. Considering that the water consumption is small and the pipeline of irrigation systems needs more budget, women can use these grey water to irrigate crops and trees with traditional watering cans.
Figure 4-16. Greywater tank After being filtered, the collected toilet waste water will be transported to the nearby bushes by pipelines buried in the shallow surface of the land, instead of being used for food irrigation.
50
Figure 4-17. Irrigation system for shrub
To help water more effectively, small earth walls were built around each garden bed. This technology helps keep water close to plants and creates a truly organized garden bed (Belida & Belida, 2015).
Figure 4-18. garden bed Collected human waste is transferred to a compost bin, where it is mixed with other compostable materials such as grass, leaves, and vegetable leaves for fertilization of trees and shrubs (trees and shrubs only). In addition, a separate compost was designed, adding only fruit peels, discarded vegetable leaves and discarded parts of crops. These organic natural compost will be used as fertilizer for crops.
51
Figure 4-19.Compost bin for human waste ("Dalek Compost Bin: Is it any good? - Compost Magazine", 2021)
Figure 4-20.Organic natural compost ("Composting 101: How to Start Your First Compost Pile - Lawnstarter", 2021)
4.3 Plan for landscaping Although the landscape design of the project has completed the preliminary design drawing according to the provided information, before the project is officially implemented, the following steps need to be completed to determine the final scheme and carry out the construction. 1. make an on-the-spot survey ● Present situation analysis of site, investigation of climate, location, topography, landform and soil layer thickness, etc. ● Analyze the existing natural landscape and observe the local plant varieties ● Analysis of traffic roads and entrances and exits 52
● ●
Analysis of local customs, history, culture and humanities Analysis of style and layout of local architecture
2. landscaping ● After the field survey is completed, see if the design drawing should be changed according to the actual situation ●
After the change of landscape design, communicate with the local residents and communities, the preference of plant varieties and the demand of functional facilities, and whether it is necessary to change the planted species or reduce the planted species.
●
After both parties are satisfied, sign a contract with the local construction team, pay the down payment and determine the construction period (the estimated time is about 8 days)
3. Construction process ●
The construction team will inspect the site and prepare necessary tools and materials.
●
Sourcing seeds, seedlings, etc. of local plants according to the scheme and planting trees and shrubs on site. (Crops could be grown by women themselves)
●
During the construction process, it is necessary to keep communication with the designer. After each working procedure is completed, it must be accepted by the designer, and then the next working procedure can be carried out.
●
Preliminary acceptance: designers and local residents check the completed landscape quality, and correct any defects and defects in time.
●
Final acceptance: the designer and local residents pass the preliminary acceptance of the quality, and then make the final handover.
53
5. Conclusion Our “Women’s House” is designed to host activities which focus on education, medical care support, skill training, raising awareness and by this way to develop the village in the name of equality. We plan to build an ecological and sustainable architecture through ten months and to create a real home for local women. For the building itself, it takes advantage of passive design to make use of the natural lights to achieve cost-efficiency. The functions of each breakout space can meet the key fundamental needs for local women. Refer to the construction procedure, local contractors will be hired to take most of the heavy construction works. However, local women can be volunteers in exchange for learning the advanced labor skills. All bills of quantities are listed and kept within the budget. Landscape not only provides opportunities for local women to learn agricultural skills but also makes use of the grey water and human waste. The shadow of the trees can provide shade for buildings and local habitants who have a talk under the trees. A house may not solve the issue of gender inequality but it can be a very beginning for promoting all of the femenism campaigns.
54
6. Reference Acacia senegal Gum Arabic PFAF Plant Database. (2021). Retrieved 26 February 2021, from https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+senegal#:~:text=Grows%20best%20in% 20a%20moist,a%20poor%20soil%5B396%20%5D. Addressing gender gaps in Africa’s labour market. (2016). Retrieved 25 February 2021, from https://www.ilo.org/africa/media-centre/pr/WCMS_458102/lang--en/index.htm African Eggplant facts and health benefits. (2021). Retrieved 26 February 2021, from https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/african-eggplant/ African Pepper Sauce - Immaculate Bites. (2020). Retrieved 26 February 2021, from https://www.africanbites.com/african-pepper-sauce/ Alibaba.com. (2021). China factory stainless steel 5mm 6mm 8mm 304 316 201 316l ss round bar. Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/China-factory-stainless-steel-5mm-6mm_160012756 2032.html?bypass=true&spm=a2700.7724857.normal_offer.d_title.24ec4a29MMy8ps&s=p Alibab.com. (2021). Guangzhou factory produces and sells UPVC agricultural irrigation water pipes, UPVC landscaping water pipes, UPVC breeding wate. Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Guangzhou-factory-produces-and-sells-UPVC_6233 0796161.html?bypass=true&spm=a2700.7724857.normal_offer.d_image.3b077e811COYct& s=p Alibaba.com.(2021). Low Cost Sale Largest Mineral Affordable Senegal Prefabricated Light Iron Steel Structure Frame Warehouse. Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Low-Cost-Sale-Largest-Mineral-Affordable_160011 8018467.html?spm=a2700.pc_countrysearch.main07.129.147013c6hUkZ1O&bypass=true Alibaba.com. (2021). Professional manufacturer of brushed nickel 304 washing machine bibcock stainless steel long body bib cock cold water tap. Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Professional-manufacturer-of-brushed-nickel-304_17 00004992805.html?spm=a2700.themePage.IN.53.6c6845119Nvhd1&bypass=true Alibaba.com. (2021). 5/8" Thick Wall Copper Pipe Tube Astm B75 Medical Gas Copper Pipe Pvc Coated Copper Tube. Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/5-8-Thick-Wall-Copper-Pipe_60814464190.html?sp m=a2700.7724857.normal_offer.d_image.1037e732KvjaqN&bypass=true Amazon. (2021). 4PCS Stainless Steel Mending Plates Heavy Duty Straight Metal Brace Mending Flat Bracket Repair Plate 100x50mm for Wood, Furniture, Shelves, Cabinet. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.com/-/zh/dp/B08GPCS3CN/ref=sr_1_15?dchild=1&keywords=Flat+Me tal+Plates&qid=1614223247&sr=8-15
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Balouo Salo - Baghere well project. (2021). Retrieved 25 February 2021, from https://www.balouosalo.com/project/bagherewell.html Balouo Salo - Women's House. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.balouosalo.com/project/womenhouse.html Belida, R., & Belida, R. (2015). Photo Inspiration From Gardeners in West Africa — Daily Harvest Designs, LLC. Retrieved 26 February 2021, from https://www.dailyharvestdesigns.com/blog/2015/1/9/vegetable-gardening-in-mali-west-africa Belida, R., & Belida, R. (2021). Photo Inspiration From Gardeners in West Africa — Daily Harvest Designs, LLC. Retrieved 26 February 2021, from https://www.dailyharvestdesigns.com/blog/2015/1/9/vegetable-gardening-in-mali-west-africa B&Q. (2021). Guttering & drainage. Retrieved from https://www.diy.com/departments/building-supplies/guttering-drainage/DIY1235880.cat#ica mp=SRD_BuildingPt1_GutteringDrainage_L3 Cassava: Africa's Most Versatile Staple - Demand Africa. (2021). Retrieved 26 February 2021, from https://www.demandafrica.com/food/cassava-africas-most-versatile-staple/ China's huge demand for Senegal's peanuts is disrupting the local business. (2021). Retrieved 26 February 2021, from https://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/chinas-huge-demand-for-senegals-peanuts-is-disru pting-the-local-business#:~:text=Peanuts%20are%20an%20important%20export,thirds%20of %20the%20rural%20population. Column & bamboo wall - MATERIAL STRENGTH, STRUCTURAL CONCEPT & MECHANIC | Bamboo house design, Bamboo roof, Bamboo wall. (2021). Retrieved 26 February 2021, from https://www.pinterest.com/pin/689402655450602672/ Composting 101: How to Start Your First Compost Pile - Lawnstarter. (2021). Retrieved 26 February 2021, from https://www.lawnstarter.com/blog/lawn-care-2/composting-101-how-to-start-your-first-comp ost-pile/ Dalek Compost Bin: Is it any good? - Compost Magazine. (2021). Retrieved 26 February 2021, from https://www.compostmagazine.com/dalek-compost-bin-is-it-any-good/ Dieng, R. (2021). Feminism, religion and culture in Senegal. Retrieved 25 February 2021, from https://africasacountry.com/2020/07/feminism-religion-and-culture-in-senegal Doroba, H. (2021). The role of women in education systems in Africa. Retrieved 25 February 2021, from https://www.globalpartnership.org/blog/role-women-education-systems-africa Euryops pectinatus 'Viridis'. (2021). Retrieved 26 February 2021, from https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/8/2/8201 Fruits & Vegetables Found in Senegal. (2021). Retrieved 26 February 2021, from https://www.gardenguides.com/106287-fruits-vegetables-found-senegal.html 56
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