Group 3_Kaira Looro Women's House Report

KAIRA LOORO WOMEN’S HOUSE Report Luhan Yang 823472; Jefferson Widodo 798491; Harrison Slocombe 916625; Dylan Newell 1065771; Sahithi Jyotsna Juttiga 1131484 26 February 2021

Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Fundamental Considerations ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Plan of action ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Stakeholders ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Residents of Baghere ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Government............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 NGO's. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Power ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Cooking ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 WASH ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Women's health consideration ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Gender Equality ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Land Tenure ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Land Tenure Regime In Context .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 SITE SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18 RISKS IN SECURING THE SITE ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Amendments To Site Purposes And Economic Implications ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Actions To Secure The Land And Approval Processes .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Other Planning Considerations For Gender Equality ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Construction Design Considerations ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Requirements. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30 Building systems: ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 32

2. Introduction Construction Program. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 42 Pricing ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 44 Architecture ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 45 Functions .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47 Adaptability ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 50 Architectural Expression............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51 Customs and Cultural Practices .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53 Negative Consequences ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54 Landscape Design ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 55 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 55 Local Agricultural Practices.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 On-site food production system:................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 58 Food Security in Women’s House ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 59 Mandalas. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 61 Market Garden. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 63 Food Forest Garden ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 63 Geology and Soil. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 63 Infiltration Swales. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 63 Grey Water Reuse ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 64 The greywater treatment process ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 65 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 69

3. Introduction

Introduction Sustenance and health is a human right, and this begins with food. Thus, the Women's House will make food its governing principle, from eliminating three-stone fires to building a nutrition supporting permaculture landscape. Encouraging low-tech ventures, like rocket stove construction, the women’s house will support educational workshops that enable the disbursement of knowledge throughout the community. By attracting women to a safe, communal cooking space, the centre will enable other far-reaching gender equity programs to run alongside the basic but fundamental task of cooking.

The Women’s House will nurture the empowerment of women through practices such as participatory design and self-help construction. The use of sustainable building practices like superadobe will allow a female workforce to learn this methodology's basic skills and share them with thelocal community. Teaching and implementing low-tech systems like rocket stoves, greywater management, compost toilets, water collection, and basic pump construction will allow for ongoing self-determination whilst improving the local WASH standard.

An integrated permaculture landscape will improve access to nutritious food, increase livelihood opportunities, and improve soil fertility. Moreover, the initial implementation of the landscape will leave local women with the knowledge required to expand, manage and maintain the landscape in the long term.

4. Fundamental Considerations

Fundamental Considerations Plan of action Stage 1: Consultation and Design process—at this stage, preparation works will be started before accessing the site.

Activity

Description

Selection of site and site analysis

After the site been selected for our program, the condition of site will be analysed.

Site layout planning

Relevant professionals such as local contractors will be consulted for developing suitable site layout plan for the construction stage

Logistics planning

The logistics services are ensured to be delivered both cost and time-efficient

Schematic design to detail design

After the target site is settled, detailed design of the project will commence.

Local cultural background research

Cultural background research aims to ensure that the design of building and use of land is not offend to the local culture and meets the local community's requirement.

Research on the local labour market

Before hiring the local labour. There will be a series of research targeting in explore the local labour market of Baghere area.

Labour upskilling preparations

To deliver health and safety protocols and environmental protocols to the hired local labours

Research on local agriculture, food

Information related to local agriculture product and food will be collected.

Local cooking technology

Since our group is aiming to use food as a governing principal. The local cooking methodology will be studied.

Preliminaries

Preliminaries will also be prepared at this stage

Schematic design through to detail

Relevant professionals such as local architects and engineering designers will be consulted for further

design

developing the design drawings into a buildable piece

Service availability

connection of temporary water and electricity

5. Fundamental Considerations Stage 2: Establishment - at this stage works will be undertaken to prepare the site for construction Activity

Description

Civil design

Infrastructure connections and installation plans to local utilities (eg: electricity, water supply from the river, and the likes)

Procurement of goods and service

Establishing information platforms upon which purchasing and ordering of goods and services will be conducted (eg: suppliers' name, source, costings, contracts if required)

Temporary power and shelter

To ensure there is temporary access of water, electricity, and sanitary facilities for the volunteers and local women and men building the house.

Site clearance and establishment

Clear and prepared the site for actual construction.

Tree and landscape protection

Protections of the local landscape and vegetations on site to avoid damaging the ecological environment.

Water protection works

To protect the local water source from contaminated by the construction works.

Earthworks

Excavation and backfilling works

Substructure construction

Laying of foundations works (eg: digging trenches, setting up pegs, and the likes)

Stage 3: Construction process Activity

Description

Construction of the structural elements

Further construction on the structural elements of the project

Construction of the superstructure

Mass construction of the superadobe

Construction of roof

Construction of the bamboo roof trusses along with connections and detailing activities (i.e. using rebars)

Landscaping works

Installation of on-site food harvesting plantations, greywater and blackwater treatment systems.

Non-construction workshops in parallel

Starting to conduct labour upskilling seminars and build internal elements such as furniture

Sourcing workshop equipment

Materials may be required for programs running at the center.

6. Fundamental Considerations Stage 4: Handover process Activity Checking service operability

Description Ensure all elements of the project are functional and resolve any defects.

Provide operation instructions to the local

Trainstaff in anticipation for full running of the project. Develop appropriate schedules and

community

mechanisms for engagement and outreach.

Cleaning the site up and disassemble temporary Ensuring site is safe, removal of rubbish and items from construction. Possiblity of local work items

engagement through donating items and tools which may encourage futher development.

Final rectification of building elements

Final checks and inspections on defective works (eg: creating a checklist of performance requirements for respective work elements) Ensuring that building meets appropriate standards and can fulfill ongoing needs. Any continued works can not be disruptive to the function of the women’s house

Stage 5: Ongoing occupancy – the long-term operation and maintenance process Activity Description Post-occupancy checks Ensuring the functionality building elements and services. Analysing the outcomes and affects of the project, mititgating any issues that may arise.

Ongoing maintenance for landscape elements

Ensuring elements of the landscape are

Introduction to the education and cooking

Conducting a day of rundown for the regular education and cooking courses (eg: workshops,

courses

seminars) to be conducted within the Women’s House

Engaging women into cooking and educational activities

Organizing workshops seminars and other educational activities to engage women into the community building activities (eg: cooking, education, and the likes)

Table 1. Plans of Action to be conducted throughout the whole project life cycle (Tables by authors)

7. Fundamental Considerations Stakeholders The primary stakeholders of this project are: local residents, the government, NGOs, volunteers, local workers, logistics and construction specialists.

Residents of Baghere. Since this Women's House is a self-build project, local residents, primarily women, will participate in this project as the primary labour force. Self-building is a commonly used strategy in humanitarian projects. By utilizing the local community as the labour force, the cost of a project is reduced.

Therefore, the value of the budget is increased (Harriss, Parrack, & Jordan, 2015). Furthermore, by training stakeholders in low-tech construction methodologies, the community gains vital skills that assist with future, self-determined and community run projects (Harriss, Parrack, & Jordan, 2015) By utilising the local labour force, the project also leverages local expertise relating to materials and vernacular construction. Throughout the project, the local labour force will be upskilled with workshops during construction. In particular, the project will concentrate on integrating women into construction. These workshops will include: construction of superadobe earthbag domes; sustainably managing, harvesting, treating and assembling bamboo; and the science and construction of rocket stoves.

Government. Over the last 3 decades the Senegalise Government established many initiatives and bodies including the Ministry for Local Government, whos primary initiative is to futher the law of decentralization. These land decentralization policies have resulted in local governments and municipalities being the primary managers of public lands and rural communities. It often falls to rural communities to act as the caretakers for their surrounding natural resources and territory. Because of these laws some of the roles of the traditional cultural or religious leaders has changed over time, with representational authorities becoming more frequent. In this sense many of the local community leaders now futher rely on popular support to maintain cohesion and standing. (Faye, 2008) With the awareness of having conflicts in the Senegal River Valley in the past decade (Wikia, n.d.). political issues in the Baghere area might be very complicated. In orde (O'Dea, 2020)r to ensure all the designs and planned construction progress satisfies with the local legislation, the project team would be contacting the local officials when actually visiting the site and engaging local community and government are a key focus of the consultation stage of the project. Many communities

8. Fundamental Considerations

in Senegal are wary of major landholding practices and national land laws were introduced to protect farmers from larger bodies. However this has come with some issues, as often local communities have rejected these new laws because they conflict with customary practices. To generate and effective project solution, the contention between local practices and national laws would need to be navigated. Part of the reason there has been policy failures in these areas is because they were generated without imput from all parties concerned, as such the Kiara Looro project should take the opposite approach and ensure that all stakeholder parties are engaged effectively and feel heared and empowered. (Faye, 2008)

NGO's. The participation of NGO’s in community development aims to reduce suffering, promote the interest of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services or undertake community development. They work to make the communities to be self-dependent. (Bashir, 2019). Balouo Salo, as the orginser of the Women's House competition, are the primary NGO involved with the project. Balouo Salo will be actively participating and supervising in each the project. The UN women will be helping in attracting volunteers for this project while providing a reasonable amount of funds to this project. The African Women's Development Fund (AWDF) and Women's Global Education Project will also be financing the development of this project. More importantly, during the occupancy period, these two organisations will be continuously arranging educational workshops in helping women in the community. The ACTED provides food assistance by training the women on household production capacities and market gardening activities Further information and the role of stakeholders at each stage will be presented in the table below. The red colour indicates the most essential role of the stakeholder whilst the blue colour indicates other involvement required by the relevant stakeholder:

9. Fundamental Considerations

10. Fundamental Considerations Figure 1. Roles of Respective Stakeholders throughout the Project Life Cycle (diagram by authors)

Power The electrification of Senegal primarily depends on micro off-grid systems. In Senegal, only 50% of the population has access to electricity (Lighting Africa, 2018).

In rural areas, the electrification rate is only 25% (Lighting Africa, 2018). It is worth noting that even though the electrification rate is relatively low in the community, smartphones have still been popularised in Senegal. In 2019, there were 109.72 mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in Senegal (O'Dea, 2020).

Charging mobile phones can be difficult where grid power does not exist. In the Senegalese village of Yeuma, before introducing micro solar charging stations, the community would travel to neighbouring villages to charge phones at the schools (Little Sun, n.d.). Based on photographic evidence and knowledge of the local power grid, the status quo in Baghere is assumed to be similar.

Therefore, it is fundamental that the Women's House project concentrates on providing micro solar lighting and charging.

Concentrating on low-tech micro electrification offers both the most significant financial cost-benefit to both the construction budget and the ongoing maintenance budget. Moreover, it provides residents of Bahere with a vital recharging and lighting resource.

Figure 2. Statistics showing increasing amount of mobile phone users within Senegal from 2000-2019 (Statista, 2021

11. Fundamental Considerations Cooking In Senegal, 92% of households still use open fires or three rock stoves to prepare food (Hooper L. , et al., 2018). Inefficient cooking fires cause high exposure to smoke (Hooper L. , et al., 2018). Incomplete combustion will lead to household air pollution (HAP), which is associated with respiratory illness and an increased risk of death (A.G. Dagnachew et al., 2020). With traditional roles of working domestically, women are disproportionately facing higher risk of exposure to household air pollution.

Figure 3. Open fires and three rock stoves utilized in Senegal for cooking at the present period (Hooper L. et al., 2018)

12. Fundamental Considerations

Liquid propane gas (LPG) is the preferred alternative to the three-stone fire in rural Senegal (Hooper L. , et al., 2018). However, cost and space limitations are a significant barrier to popularising LPG stoves (Hooper L. , et al., 2018). Therefore, the Women's centre in Baghere will be adopting another cost-efficient and safe cooking solution—rocket stoves. The rocket stove is a widespread heat and cooking source in permaculture systems (Holmgren, 2016). Research has shown that unlike traditional open fire systems, the rocket stove offers complete wood combustion (Holmgren, 2016). Therefore, firewood consumption will be reduced by between 20-56% in local households (M. Njenga et al., 2016). Moreover, it is less likely to have smoke and particular manner produced from unburned woodfuel (Holmgren, 2016). The increased efficiency of wood fuels will minimise the use of unsafe fuel sources such as plastic objects (M. Njenga et al., 2016). Therefore, household exposure to dangerous smoke will be reduced. Moreover, a rocket stove can be built from commonly found materials (Holmgren, 2016). Additionally, a rocket stove tech can be extended ovens, cooktops, and hot-water systems (Holmgren, 2016). By increasing cooking efficiency across Africa, child mortality caused by HAP and pneumonia could be reduced by up to 50% by 2030 (A.G. Dagnachew

et al,

2020). Meanwhile, up to 335-485 million tons of fuelwood could be saved annually (A.G. Dagnachew et al, 2020).

Rocket stove workshops run at the Womens House will enable this tech to spread throughout

the

Baghere community and eventually further afield. By learning how to build and use rocket

stoves,

women will bring this tech into their household and communities..

Figure 4. Representation of the Rocket Stove System (diagram by authors

13. Fundamental Considerations

WASH Although access to potable water is improving in Senegal, rural areas remain poorly serviced (World Health Orginisation, 2015). The Tanaff valley is one of the country's worst serviced regions, with almost zero access to filtered water and no sewage system (Kaira Looro, 2021, p. 17) (AMCOW, 2015). Although soap availability is expected amongst most households in Senegal, access to it for washing purposes is lacking. This is because soap is often far from a toilet or source of water, is often in the hands of people who do not want to share it, or households do not have a specific space for handwashing (Global Scaling Up Handwashing Project, 2010).

Therefore, the project must prioritise improving: access to clean drinking water, sanitation facilities, greywater disposal and human waste disposal.

The four main priorities in selecting WASH strategies for this project where: cultural sensitivity, sustainability, cost-efficiency, and ongoing system resilience.

Furthermore, it is fundamental that systems are low-tech and user-friendly, ensuring the community can maintain and replicate the systems with limited water access.

14. Fundamental Considerations

Women's health consideration In 2005, UNICEF reported defecation in the open, a common practice in Africa, was risking the dignity and personal safety of women (UNICEF, 2005). Sixteen years later, young girls in Senegal are still dropping out of school due to the lack of amenity facilities during menstruation (Paul, 2020). In Senegal, 56% of female students missed school due to menstruation, lack of water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities (Paul, 2020). Authorities have asserted that even having sanitation facilities in the neighbouring areas will decrease the risk of exposure to gender-based violence (Paul, 2020). Therefore, the construction of gendered toilets in the Women’s House will benefit Baghere women and neighbouring communities.

Furthermore, the issue of 'period shaming' is especially critical in Senegal. Women are often culturally excluded due to menstruation (Paul, 2020). Providing women with environmentally friendly feminine hygiene products and educating them on making reusable sanitation pads would improve women's health and dignity (Paul, 2020). A safe, supportive and nurturing community that prioritises education and women’s hygiene is fundamentally important for improving women’s health. Therefore, the Women’s House will focus on these functions.

15. Fundamental Considerations Gender Equality Women's equality rate in Senegal is relatively high compared to other African countries. Legal advances have been made in the Parity Law, highlighting that women share equal rights with men in the elections (Equal Measures, 2019). The Senegal government has recently adopted a national strategy for equity and gender to ensure that women, girls, men, and boys benefit equally from development projects (Equal Measures, 2019). However, realities have shown that traditional culture still prevents gender equality in practice (Equal Measures, 2019). Females in Senegal still suffer from gender-based violence and early and forced marriages (Equal Measures, 2019). The aim of proposing gender equal strategies is not arbitrarily enforcing the idea of feminism in to the local community of Baghere. But to provide strategies that help women in Baghere to live in a place without the breathless restrains from the patriarchal traditions.

Using Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, the primary objectives of the project are: to design a space that satisfies local women and their basic need, to build a safe and secure place for local women to meet and take shelter, to provide access to safe sources of food and water (Huitt, 2007). The project will create a sense of belongingness for local women. According to Abraham Maslow, the sense of belongingness is to help people during times of dilemma (Fountain House, 2012).

The sense of belongingness will create a space for individuals to share information and perspectives, whether positive or negative (Fountain House, 2012). The sense of belongingness could become a source of inner strength to help people avoid a sense of loneliness (Fountain House, 2012). Similarly, building the women’s centre aims to create local women a space to communicate and share their feelings.

Furthermore, it will equip women with the necessary tools, through workshops and education, to determine and respond to their own needs on their own terms.

Figure 5. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Framework for Needs Assessment (Huitt, 2007)

16. Land Tenure

Land Tenure Land Tenure Regime In Context Before subsequent processes could take place, the land would need to be secured by means of land tenure under the conditions imposed by local laws, regulations and policy. It was discovered that the land tenure system in Senegal as being a customary law-based system predominantly (although during the colonial era formal and positivistic laws through legal frameworks and statutes under the French Western systems had been attempted to be implemented with regards to the tenure system), with Baghere's system presumed to be under the same land tenure regime (USAID, 2010); (Awinsong). It was claimed by the FAO, an authoritative organization, that the tenure system works by means of Chef de Terre (i.e. Land Chief) acting as a custodian of community land and distributes it among household as needed; where the land will then be inherited through family lineage from father to son. However, in recent decades, a shift to intensive agriculture and private tenure has reduced the powers of the lineage of the chief with collective management of family land through lineages still observed, however (Jean-Philippe Platteau). This gives rise to question on the extent to which the chief has the power over the lands in Bagheret; what sort of family lineage owns the land genealogically); and wheher private tenure and agricultural use had taken over the chief's authority and hence land ownership.

17. Land Tenure

Possibility 1: Customary Land Tenure Systems

Possibility 2: Private Land Tenure System

Possibility 3: Agricultural Arrangements

Figure 6. Possible Tenure Arrangements within the village of Baghere, Senegal (diagrams by authors)

18. Land Tenure

SITE SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 1. The available vacant lots identified within the Baghere village will now be

•

selected with regards to the following criterions as inspired by the U.S. General Services Administration Public Building Service's philosophies (Service, n.d). Amongst the other site, we found the ideal lot to be most feasible compared to the other vacant lots by weighing up these criterions: Amongst the other site, we found the ideal lot to be most feasible compared to the other vacant lots by weighing up these criterions: Location

•

Legacy

•

Politics and Partnerships

•

Project Management

•

Financial Performance

Figure 7. Locations of vacant lots identified within the village of Baghere, Senegal (images adapted from Salo, 2021)

19. Land Tenure Table 2. Assessment Rating Matrix on the Ideal Lot versus Other Vacant Sites based on location, legacy, politics and partnerships, project management, and financial performance (table by author, 2021)

Attributes

Ideal Lot (Rating 1-10)

Other Vacant Lots (Rating 1-10)

Location

Located at the periphery but still near the town centre for ease of

Sites are far away from town centres more often then not. Some

access and safety for the women participants, located at a relatively

has access to the Balmadou forest for sourcing materials such as

higher topographical level that minimizes risk of excess flooding

bamboo useful for the building process. Some are located to

impact from the Casamance River and rainfall, has access to variety

nearby village which might complicate the political boundary for

of local road infrastructure easing access to site throughout the whole

the land tenure; however provides chances for local women to

project life cycle. Water sourcing are available from the wells within a

network with adjacent region thereby improving the Senegalese

few metres radius of the site as evident from photographs being given

gender equality index even higher through more participants in the

by the Bauo Salo committee. Electricity poles was spotted near the

project, some are near the Casamance River that allows natural

site based on the photographs provided. As these sources are

water sourcing with approval from authorities where necessary.

considered scarce within the region, access to these resources is a

Topography howver are mostly located at lower level of the

great opportunity posed for our project (9)

topography resulting in greater likelihood and consequence of flood impacts from rainfall and overflow from the Casamance River.

Uncertainty on the availability of water and electricity infrastructures (9)

Legacy

It is uncertain on the extent to the historical status of the site on the available information on. It would be mandatory to collect further information from the surrounding localities, community, and authorities with regards to the historic status of the site. Participatory design will be most relevant with regards to involving the local community and authorities with regards to this aspect of consideration which is rather social (0)

Politics and

Minimized risk to land tenure due to community having been

Higher land tenure disapproval risk due to community being

Partnerships

informed of the agenda with regards to Kaira Looro's Women House

uninformed, greater possibility that the land will be used for

20. Land Tenure Project. Community and authorities' approval is highly likely

agricultural purposes based on Baghere's current economic status

compared to other vacant sites under the customary law regime (8)

as per the current development status of the region outlined in the project brief. Further information might need to be collected in order to determine whether this is the case or not with regards to community's interest to the Kaira Looro project. (5)

Project

Site location allows ease of access due to availability of vast roads

Greater flexibility of benefits from a location perspective to be

Management

(useful for materials transport, community gatherings for discussions

selected from with regards to the Women's House project.

and activities during the operational stage, etc). Location near the

However, uncertainty of information provides less specific

town centre allows greater community involvement and participatory

information to how the sites would be beneficial to the project

design due to convenience of distance allowing for less risk for

compared to the detailed information available for the ideal lot.

tenure approval and securing the land for the women as soon as

Further information collection would improve the feasibility of

possible to improve gender equality index as soon as possible (9)

these sites (7)

Financial

This will be measured in terms of community costs. A

Performance

Although there could be vast benefits that could be

consideration that emerges would be the location risks (I.e. greater

derived from selecting another sites (I.e. there is a possibility that

distance from town center that might increase likelihood of less local

other sites might be more optimum in terms of location relative to

women (and men where applicable) participating in the event) and

the ideal lot in terms of the criterion outlined), lack of information

information risks (confidence of estimating the community benefits

provides less confidence for the team in estimating the social

and costs through the social returns on investments conducted). The

returns on investments and subsequent communal financial

more detailed information given by Bauo Salo for the ideal site gives

performance of the other sites relative to the ideal lot. Further

rise to less variability in financial performance estimates thereby

information provided will leverage the feasibility of other lots at

making it more feasible site to be selected from a financial

latter stage of the project (9)

perspective (10) TOTAL

36

30

21. Land Tenure

Figure 8. The Site Selection Rating Breakdown (left); and in overall respectively (right) (figures by author)

22. Land Tenure RISKS IN SECURING THE SITE As the security of tenure is of the primary goal for securing the project site from a development point of view as well as throughout the project life cycle during the operational stage of the building and the project as a whole, tenure insecurity constitutes a risk for the project as land is required in order to build the structure and run the program subsequently. Several sub-risks that could give rise to this event arising, with special regards to Senegal being a developing country, would be: (Technical Commitee on "Land Tenure and Development", 2009) •

Legal risks – contradictions between positive law and locally legitimate principles

•

Normative risks – uncertainty about the norms governing a given situation

•

Institutional risks – competition between the bodies regulating land tenure or conflict between the local government, community, and the NGO due to inappropriate procedures in securing land tenure

•

Contractual risks – vague or uncertain agreement between the parties concerned

Other sets of risks that should be considered cover: (Technical Commitee on "Land Tenure and Development", 2009) •

Access to land – for food, housing, its role in development, critical environmental issues - depending on whether our project would introduce another sets of threats to satisfying these local needs, land security might be at risk

•

Conflicts over access to land override the NGO's power over the project due to unfamiliarity of terrain to the NGOs

•

Diverse land rights that have evolved over time

•

Liberalisation and the need for land policies

•

Customary rights issues

The source of many of the aforementioned risks would be concluded to be lack of information and certainty for decision-making purposes, as well as lack of local knowledge. Controlling these risks by gaining access to local information and reducing uncertainty, as well as networking with locals would be a good starting point to control the risks. Establishment of appropriate databases and information systems within the NGO's headquarters for decision support systems is highly recommended.

23. Land Tenure The resultant ratings for the risks discussed are shown below, which shows a rating of 77%, where it is above an average of 50%, which is quite high:at this stage.

Figure 9. Land Tenure Security Risk Rating Breakdown by Risk Elements (top); and Overall Land Security Risks Rating Respectively (bottom) (Figures by author

Table 3. Land Tenure Security Risks Rating (Table by Author) Risks

Risk Rating (1-10)

Legal Confusion

5

Normative Confusion

8

Institutional Confusion

8

Contractual Uncertainty

6

Access to Land

8

Land Access Conflicts

8

Diverse Land Rights

8

Liberalisation and Land Policy

8

Customary Rights Issues

10

TOTAL (/90)

69

TOTAL (/100)

77

24. Land Tenure Amendments To Site Purposes And Economic Implications The establishment of the site would mean that there are several implications for the local planners with regards to the functionality of the land. As the local economic activities involve an agricultural-based economy based on the information outlined within the brief, it is likely that the site will be used for agricultural purposes if kept vacant (Bauo Salo, 2021; (Analytics, 2021)). Installing the Women's House in Baghere, will therefore have an important implication: as the economy of Senegal currently progresses from agriculture to a services-based economy (Group, 2021), the Women's House initiative will shift the land use purposes for training the women for employment and economic participation as well. This would improve on the capability for the economy to transition to the services economy; along with the gender gap and inequality being eliminated. There has been evidence supporting this statement, where increased women's participation within the economy will improve income gains and the national GDP through reduced dependency ratios (Kalpana Kochar, 2017)) (see Figures 4 and 5) for a visualization of these effects.

Aside from that, the social returns on investment also justifies the change in the land use to the local councils and community as a whole (refer to Figure 6). Speaking of these economic benefits to be anticipated however; it is clear that there will be a shift in land use giving rise from an agriculture to gender activities purposes. This shift will additionally support Senegal's economy through better transitioning the economy from agriculture to services sectors through increase in women's participation and human resources development and upskilling through seminars, educational activities, and the likes. In overall, this will contribute to the overall welfare of Senegal's community and economy. Aside from that, the site will have food generating capacity which covers several aspects of agricultural activites within the region.

Figure 10. Economic Data Outlining the Income Growth Acceleration as Gender Gap and Dependency Ratios Reduces (sourced from: (Kalpana Kochar, 2017))

25. Land Tenure

Figure 11. Forecasted Social Returns on Investments for the Kaira Looro Project by the group (image by authors)

26. Land Tenure

Actions To Secure The Land And Approval Processes As the tenure in Senegal is based on a predominantly customary rights where land rights were based on non-codified laws with slight influence from positivist colonial laws, it is unclear on answering the question of which party owns the vacant ideal lot in our project in Baghere. Specific approval processes would also need to be collected through research on the field. Compliance to the landowner's conditions (I.e. the chief/ private landowner/ agricultural community arrangements) might be of essence throughout the process under the different tenure arrangement scenarios in Figure 1. Even though a research suggest that private land ownership is unfavorable in Senegal with the state being preferable source of authority, the private land arrangement scenario would also need to be anticipated (News, 2014).

With regards to the above consideration, investigations and thorough community research processes would need to be conducted in order to better understand the issues surrounding the three possible tenure arrangements outlined in Figure 1. There were several stakeholders identified that will be relevant to the land security activities and approval processes: (USAID) •

Central Government (with local land administrative such as the rural councils to be anticipated due to decentralization of land administration being identified)

•

Local Land Chief (if any)

•

Private land holders (if any)

•

Family land holders (if any)

•

Other NGOs attempting to secure the land for their projects

•

Donors involved within the Balauo Salo project (I.e. the Kaira Looro fundraising and the likes)

•

Other local communities group that might have conflicting interest over the land tenure

27. Land Tenure Having established the webs of social relationships that govern the ownership of the land, the local and central government's requirements and formal processes under the law, such as ensuring land productivity will need to be addressed. At the present, the government has supports for large-scale commercial development projects, which might indirectly influence the support on commercial NGOs such as the Balauo Salo (USAID); It is hoped that complying these formal requirements would result in greater possibility of the tenure being approved for the nominated lot for the Women's House in Baghere. Arrangements will be made such that the land rights can be passed to the local Baghere women population in a shared manner to uphold the gender equality in the area of land tenure. Ensuring continuous monitoring and controlling of local community behavior towards this tenure arrangement is to be conducted and inputted into the STDM information system as shown in Figure 13. above such that disputes can be resolved accordingly had they arise.

Figure 12. The Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) Information Systems (UN Habitat, 2020)

28. Land Tenure Then, ensuring that adequate financing at all times from the donor are ensured. At the present, it is not known on the likelihood of the land tenure being approved.

Ensuring that adequate financing at all times from the charity, the Balouo Salo Association, is paramount and transactions being made as directly as possible once the tenure is approved (Salo, 2021).

Finally, ensuring evidence of payments are stored (I.e. in the form of land certificates, contracts, and the likes) would be crucial in order to prevent unauthorized takeover of the land by either local or foreign parties outside the contract.

Figure 15.. Elements of the action plan to secure the tenure (Diagram by authors, 2021)

29. Land Tenure Other Planning Considerations For Gender Equality Aside from securing the land tenure for the purpose of this project, there were several aspects of Baghere's rural planning processes that might need to be adapted in order to reduce gender inequality and foster better inclusivity of women into the urban planning methodologies, both adminsitratively and technically: (The World Bank, 2020)

1. Administratively •

Set out overarching commitments to guide gender-inclusive planning and design processes toward meningful, effective outcomes and long-term improvements in the status of women, girls, and exual and gender minorities

•

Provide practicable methodologies, activities, and good practices for incorporating and elevating the voices of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities in participatory planning and design processes

•

Give clear, specific design guidelines, appropriate for and adaptable to all regions, for a range of planning and project typologies carried out

2. Technically •

Provide better employment, education, and basic human endowments to struggling women in the village of Baghere – eg: through making tenure processes more streamlined for projects such as the Kaira Looro, provide community gathering forums.

•

Allevaite the struggle to accumulate wealth and achieve economic independence – eg: through policy to secure women's employment and those that encourage local enterpreneurship such as reduced corporate taxations etc

•

Improvement to basic services and infrastructure – eg: in relations to needs and WASH, upgrade basic water and electrical infrastructures

•

Improve social freedoms - I.e. by eliminating barriers that hinder women from building social networks to cope with risk, stress, and shock – for example, invest in electricity and telecommunications as well as regular programs targeted towards women

•

Foster women's participation to exercise agency in public decision-making including decisions that shape the built environment – setting up a platform for participatory design such as through the design of community surveys, census, interviews and/or peer reviews from local women towards council's local planning proposals and agendas; and also provide a secure land rights for women to ensure they have greater sense of belonging to communal decisionmaking aside from also providing them with opportunities for obtaining equal income.

30. Construction Design Considerations

Construction Design Considerations Requirements.

Availability of resources: The Village of Baghere is has some of the lowest levels of development in Senegal and is in a relatively isolated region of the country. Much of the local transportation consists of carts, and the roads are mostly unpaved. Importing resources would take extra time and money and may be prone to delays based on the regional situation. Using locally available materials helps ensure that they are ethically sourced, keeps the cost down and allows for father community involvement.

There is also likely to be a lack of access to modern electrical grids, plumbing and heavy machinery, the construction design must account for this and not require large vehicles or components that will not be available such as cranes. The project must be operational without electricity and low water usage.

Constructability: The Women's house is to be self-constructed with the benefiting community, as such it cannot require techniques or resources that are unavailable to the local population and needs to able to be generated with local expertise. If training is required, it should be minimal and high-cost tradesmen should not be necessary for completion.

Performance and resilience: There are local natural challenges including a tough and varied climate, that is often hot and humid, a strong monsoon season and large periods of dry season that can lead to large dry spells and dusty conditions. The challenges of climate change have contributed to an increase in desertification of the region and loss of arable land, affecting Baghere's largest industry, agriculture. The Women's house needs to maintain integrity during periods of extreme weather, as well as provide shelter. The structure needs to be durable, resistant to water, dust, flooding and have good thermal properties that allow the inhabitants to be warm in cold months and keep cool on hot days.

31. Construction Design Considerations

Environmental and sustainability considerations: Part of the ethos of the Women's house is contribute to a brighter future and do no harm, this includes not contributing to further ecological damage and climate change. Ensuring that the project has ethically sourced materials that are sustainable is a key element and helps reduce consumption and environmental impact.

Water scarcity is also an increasing issue due to climate change and due to a lack of modern water treatment and infrastructure, materiality and construction elements should require as little consumption as possible and work to conserve as much resources as possible.

Cultural considerations: To further the Women's house's purpose, upmost care has to be undertaken to ensure that the project does not generate resentment or cultural conflict. The local population are to help construct, as well as contribute to the design and requirements through consultation. The project must not contain materials or systems that are culturally inappropriate, both in terms sensibilities and requirements, not impede of normal life in the area and fit in with regional palette.

Cost: The entire project has a budget of 18,000 euros, if exceeded there is no guarantee that any fundraising efforts may yeild more money, so it is imperative that the budget is adhered to otherwise the project may never reach completion. (Salo, The Women's House, 2021)

32. Construction Design Considerations

Building systems: Superadobe.

Also known as earthbag construction, superadobe consists as using sandbags of earth, stacked, and tied together to form a structural basis for a building.

Superadobe consists of a few main elements: •

Sandbags; often polymer or burlap.

•

Filling; moist soil, sand, and possibly small amounts of stabiliser such as cement or lime.

•

Barbed wire

Render; covering to the sandbag structure, can be plaster or clay and earth, but often a mix of both.

These materials are cheap, easy to transport, and most importantly common to the local region of Baghere. Earth and sand are natural components that could be harvested locally thus minimising the need for transportation of what is the largest and heaviest element of the construction. The tools necessary for superadobe construction are basic hand tools such as shovels and tampers, which are easily obtained locally. Superadobe requires no heavy machinery. (Cal-earth, 2020)

33. Construction Design Considerations Superadobe is known for its ease of construction, requiring only basic construction techniques which would be easy to impart onto the local workforce. There is no operation of unique tools or machinery and the process is relatively safe. It mostly requires simple manual labour, such as digging the foundation trench, filling, and stacking the bags, with the wire placed to tensile strength. Much of the structural elements are easily moved by hand and can be filled in place with no heavy lifting which can allow for participation of more demographics of the population. (Cal-earth, 2020)

Figure 13: Process Diagrams for Superadobe Construction (Diagram by authors)

34. Construction Design Considerations Superadobe, when coupled with passive design strategies, has excellent thermal properties. It allows for steady maintenance on internal temperatures even with hot or cold exteriors as superadobe has relatively low heat transmittance. There is also a high degree of thermal inertia, which allows heat stored in the walls during the day to be released at night. This coupled with a natural cross ventilation can allow the project to maintain a stable temperature in the comfort range. (Rincón, Carrobé, & Medrano, 2019) Superadobe is also a strong form of construction, with earthbags giving compressive strength and wire adding tensile strength.

Superadobe is often constructed in a circular fashion with domes and arches which have strong load bearing and distribution properties that can help resist external forces. The sandbags also add flooding resistance and the structures curvature and flexibility give it the properties needed to withstand extreme weather events, and if damaged can be repaired with locally available materials. (Daigle, 2008) Earthbag construction is widely regarded as one of the most sustainable and environmentally friendly forms of construction. With properties that allow for passive design strategies, low energy needs, and minimal usage of materials consisting of high embodied energy, it will have a far reduced negative environmental impact compared to other construction techniques such as concrete or baked bricks. Having locally available resources also means less impact through transportation and allows us to be certain that materials are ethically sourced. (Sinclair, 2006) Superadobe has been used before in Senegal and near Baghere in Tanaff. The process of construction allows for cooperation and collaboration with the locals, and after consultation, if appropriate can allow for involvement of demographics such as women, hopefully increasing agency, and empowerment There aesthetics and materiality of superadobe are not out of place in the Baghere region and typically allows for a inclusion of other types of construction methodologies, such as other roof types, that can be more traditionally culturally relevant and typical of local vernacular typologies. (Salo, Polyvalent Cultural Center, 2018).

The materials for superadobe are cheap and easy to source in the region, helping to cut down on transport costs. No expensive machinery or trade experts are required, and the building process is relatively quick, which can help keep labour costs low and reduce chances of delays due to extraneous site conditions.

(Pelayo, 2020)

35. Construction Design Considerations Treated Bamboo and Sheet Metal Roofing.

Bamboo is a lightweight timber with strong tensile properties that will be used as framing for sheet metal in the roofing structure. Bamboo is common in southern Senegal and grows in large quantities there, where it is often used as a construction material and in many other goods such as paper and furniture. As a versatile plant, bamboo has seen an increase in commercialisation globally as well as in Africa, with organisations such as the International Network of Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) leading the effort to promote sustainable use of the timber and increase access to information and technology, in the hopes that it will promote bamboo production and growth. Senegal is a member nation of INBAR (Musau, 2016). As the plant is in high frequency, access to the timber should pose no issue for the women's house. This also includes the borax salt required for treating the bamboo, should it need to be harvested or treated locally. It is also to be grown as part of the landscaping section of the women's house as part of the project's sustainability aspects, hopefully replacing the amount used and contributing more bamboo to potential future developments in the area.

Bamboo being strong, lightweight, and cheaply available makes it an ideal roofing solution, and has been used frequently as such in the region. Bamboo roofing systems can be constructed by hand, and easily taught to the local population. Bamboo is often used as scaffolding during the construction process and requires little in the way of extraneous resources to utilise effectively. Once treated it can last for 25-30 years and will be elevated to avoid any issues with pests and termites. (Humanitarian Benchmark Consulting, 2018) Sheet metal, despite having a high embodied energy, has a multitude of advantages. It is lightweight and easy to install onto a bamboo framing, meaning the community can easily be involved in the construction process. It is durable and will last for years, which is important with permanence being a concern for the local population, and when compared to other systems such as tensile roofing, sheet metal is less prone to warping and tearing. This is especially important as water security is a major component of the project. A sheet metal roof will be able to capture water and withstand the high-water volume of the monsoon season without pooling or tearing, thus having to be frequently replaced. A secure, clean water source is vital and the resilience and reliability that a sheet metal system offers is valuable.

36. Construction Design Considerations We elected to use a structural system consisting of bamboo truss members consisting of three main bamboo members, which could be assembled on the ground and lightweight, so could be moved into position by hand. These are fixed to the superadobe structure via the use of rebar inserted into the structural bagging of the main walls.

Figure 14. Diagram for roofing system (Diagram by authors)

The bamboo battens are then laid across the trusses and the sheet metal fixed in place. This creates a large yet sturdy area for rainwater collection that can withstand the monsoon season's extremities and utilises the available and inexpensive resources. The elevated open roofing solution also allows for cross ventilation, which is especially important in Senegal's humid and warm climate, accentuating the strong thermal properties of the superadobe mass construction.

37. Construction Design Considerations The monsoon season accounts for the vast majority of the years total rainfall in Senegal. With accesss to clean water and water security being such a poiniant issue in the region, as much water must be secured and stored properly during the season to be utiliased for the rest of the year. (Weather & Climate, 2019) Typical water collection systems are inadequite as the monsoon season can easily lead to overflowing downpipes and gutters, meaning that precous water is wasted or clogged pipes leading no water collection at all. As such the main method for water collection in our design is very large and durable cement gutter encourperated into the adobe structure. Rebar fixed into the earthbags and mesh layed across it acts as the core onto which the mass will be grafted. Packers are placed onto the inside edge of the gutter to prevent any overflow to the building's internal side. Rain will flow off the sheet metal roof into the gutter, where it will be collected into a superadobe cistern. Superadobe cisterns are a good water storage solution as they are reliable and combine all the positive qualities of superadobe.

The water system in total makes use of easy to build and maintain hand pumps. Electric pumps are often unreliable machines that breakdown or have parts fail. In the remote area of Baghere, there is no way to fix them as access to the expertise or parts required might not be avalible. Coupled with the local electric grid's tenuous nature, electric pumps are an unsustainable and unreliable solution that if dysfunctional could result in the inahbitants of the project going without water. There are many open source hand pump Figure 15. Detailed Wall Section (Diagram by authors)

designs avaliable for developing countries to take advantage of that make use of easy to find and cheap

resources, such as, wheels, timber or bamboo. There are a wide variety of types of pump avalible, such as wheel pumps and Kenya pumps that are designed to require easy and minimal maintnance without the use of potentially hard to find items such as lubrication. (McJunkin, 1977)

38. Construction Design Considerations

The water storage system utilises a combination of superadobe water storage, hand pumps, piping and irrigation equipment, all of which are able to be locally sourced and utalised. Rainwater is collected from the roof and then stored into a superadobe cistern next to the main building, which is locted on the lower part of the site. The water is then pumped via hand pump from the close cistern to another superadobe water storage at the elevated portion of the site, from which the water is then piped back to the Women's House, using the elevation of the storage to give water pressure to the project. This form of storage system requires no electricity, is easy to maintain, uses local resources and is easy to construct with local labour.

Figure 16. Diagram of water system (Diagram by authors)

Although manual labour is needed to pump water, once the elevated tank is full the Women's house will have easy access to clean water with little maintenance required.

39. Construction Design Considerations

This system is in conjunction with a greywater system where waste is then utilised in the landscape to further reduce water wastage and help provide the varous plants and food growing areas with much-needed water. This will help reduce food scarcity and provide appropriate accomodations for cleaning solutions. The cleaning method at the current moment in Baghere is simple stick and board washing, often without access to cleaning chemicals and with unclean water carried long distances. The water system provides an eco-friendly space where used water is not simply discarded after use and is brought to the user, conserving time and energy.

For human waste we have opted to use a

Figure 17. Grey water principle diagram (Diagram by authors)

humanure dry toilet system. Humanure composting toilet systems have a number of advantages. Firstly they do not require any single use items, such as plastics, which helps reduce costs and waste, they require no access to sewage systems or potencialy expensive elements such as septic tanks, and the end product is a clean and safe manure that can can benefit the onsite plantations. A humanure system uses an aerobic degrdation process, an overall easily managable and sustainable method for dealing with human waste. (Toilets for People, 2020)

Figure 18. Toilets for People Design Diagram (Toilets for People, 2020)

40. Construction Design Considerations

The not for proffit Toilets for People has a freely avalible humanure system that was created with developing contexts in mind. It has been utilised by NGOs across the globe and can be made on site with locally avaliable, cheap and sustainable materials. It is also able to be integrated into the superadobe walling system so that the airation and urine storage aspect of the toilet is not compromised. The aboveground design is also far more flood-resistant and easy to maintain than the typical ground system commonly used.

Figure 19. Toilet section diagram (Diagram by authors)

41. Construction Design Considerations

For lighting and energy, our project intends make use of a proprietry product from Sundaya, a modular solar powered lighting system with batteries and phone charging built in. This system is designed to utilised in developing contexts where there is no access to stable energy grids, and is intended to provide durable, safe and cheap solar lighting solutions. Sundaya products are readily avaliable and cheap in Senegal, and is sold thorugh one of the countries retailers, Total Gas Stations, which has a location near Baghere. This means that should any of the products fail, replacments can be found easily and the modular nature of the product means more can be added or taken throughout the project lifecycle. (Dalberg, 2013)

Figure 20. Sundaya Modular lighting Product (Sundaya, 2018)

42. Construction Design Considerations

Construction Program.

Much of the focus of the project is in line with participatory design, engaging the local population and women especially has its own time considerations.

Individuals have their own family lives to go on with, occupations, needs and commitments that the project must take a back seat to. A self-help and self-build approach has a number of benefits; however, it cannot be expected that the local labour force will be able to put in a full day's work all the time, especially during harvest season or similar periods.

Each phase of development is broken down into planning, actual duration, and ongoing elements. The planning elements can include things like training, developing approaches and steps necessary before actual work can begin. Actual elements include the items that need to occur or be constructed for the building to be developed and functional. Ongoing elements are items that are continuously developed and can be produced whilst other sections of the project progress. For example, the landscape design incorporates mandala gardens, which only a few are required for the output of food, however the modular nature of mandala gardens means that more can be added further on. Likewise, with the fittings and fixtures, taps, toilets, and lighting are elements required for the facility to be functional and considered complete, however once those elements are done, and after handover, the inhabitants of the Women's House can make bamboo screens, carpets, and other elements that are an ongoing process with no deadline or weather dependence, leading to an increased sense of ownership and locals make the place their own.

43. Construction Design Considerations

Overall, the major and most weather dependant structural developments are outlined to be completed within six months. This is a timeframe that allows the building to be done outside of the monsoon season, during which the other phases can occur unimpeded. The site establishment would most likely occur in November or December, after the monsoon season and post-harvest period, as much of the local labour force would be indisposed with their agricultural practices. (Weather & Climate, 2019) Extra time has been accounted for, as labour will require training and upskilling, and unlike in developed contexts, where after a hard day of labour we always have access to a hearty meal, care must be taken not to overexert the workforce.

Figure 21. Gantt Chart (Diagram by authors)

44. Construction Design Considerations Building Element

Quantity

Price

Pricing

Superadobe

200 m2 + cisterns (45 m2)

7,250 EURO

The pricing information has been gathered from local

Sheet Metal

550 kg

290 EURO

precedents of projects using similar building techniques,

Reinforcement bars

200 kg

102 EURO

local pricing data and market data. Although it may be

Bamboo (Treated)

600 kg

255 EURO

Extra material for gutter

-

300 EURO

Toilets

2

328 EURO

Plumbing (PVC)

150m + 30m (grey water)

210 EURO

Waterproofing membrane

440 m2

1200 EURO

possible for local resources to be found second hand, recycled, or cheaper, all elements have been priced for a worst-case scenario so that it is less likely for there to be a budget blowout during construction. Wastage, labour and contingency has been factored into the amount for each element.

TOTAL BUILDING

9,935 EURO

ELEMENT COST

Based on the pricing outcome, the project has 1,809 euros

Tools and fixings

20% allowance

1987 EURO

left over from 18,000 euro budget. This money can go

Rocket stoves

2% allowance

198 EURO

towards the ongoing occupation, food, maintenance, and

Hand pumps

3% allowance

298 EURO

training for the Women's House. Despite there being

Training

3% allowance

298 EURO

contingencies factored into the budget, the left-over money

Preliminaries

10% allowance

993 EURO

can also go towards any extra unforeseen issues that may

Furnitures

5% allowance

496 EURO

arise during the construction of the project, possibly even

Landscaping

10% allowance

993 EURO

disaster response.

Contingencies

10% allowance

993 EURO

TOTAL PROJECT COST Table 4. Pricing information (Table by authors)

16,191 EURO

45. Architecture

Architecture Introduction The Baghere Women's House's architectural design combines traditional vernacular form, function, and tectonics with low-tech, sustainable, and regionally appropriate construction methodologies. The building will be an open textbook of design, skills and tectonics that the community can take ownership of and spread throughout the region. It will focus on self-determination by creating space for educational workshops and collaboration—but in particular, the self-build process will establish simple, safe and efficient construction knowledge within the community. This construction process will focus on enabling women to take control of their own domestic safety—particularly where cooking is concerned—by giving them the skills to design and construct safe spaces.

The proposed building is positioned centrally on the site, running east to west and opening up to the street frontage. Capitalising on the westerly winds that dominate during the hottest months (Weather Spark, 2021), the design optimises ventilation by collecting the wind as it pushes upslope from the east-west river valley. Amenities are located on the southern side of the building to buffer the main spaces from direct sun exposure, whilst the landscape will shade the building on all sides. The greywater banana plantation in the southern corner will establish height quickly and shade the building early in the project, ensuring that a lack of established landscape during the early years does not significantly impact building performance. An expansive roof protects the collective activity zone, but even more essentially, harvests rainwater. An oversized, built-in gutter maximises collection and ensures that heavy downpours are not lost by overflowing.

Figure 22. Key Master Plans for the Women's House Architectural Design (Image by Dylan Newell)

46. Architecture

food forest garden

food forest garden

food forest garden

47. Architecture Functions Central to this architectural proposal is the concept of cooperative learning through participatory action and self-determination. The program emerges from a core multifunction collective activity zone from which group activities are undertaken. The space is adaptable, with open connections to the other areas, the ability to spill out into outdoor zones, and adjustable partition screening that change both the volume's size and characteristics. Rather than attaching the other functions to the collective activity zone, the volume emerges from found space in between, creating a connected feeling without a purely open plan design. Entering the building, a carved alcove on the northern edge places the administration area outside of the collective activity zone but enables both a welcoming presence and passive monitoring of activities. A timber slab bench separates the alcove from the collective area. Opposite the administration zone, a subtle half arched entry leads to both an ablutions area and a toilet. These are comfortable, spacious, and connected but are not obvious and allow for a modest entry from both the collective activity zone and outside. The dialogue space is in the northeast corner adjacent to the collective activity room—connected but spatially and acoustically distinct. It is comfortable and intimate for groups of up to 10. With a separate entry, the meeting space can accommodate groups distinctly different from the women who use the collective zone without the worry of intrusion. In particular, this design allows men to attend meetings in the dialogue space with minimal interference to the other areas. Nevertheless, the two areas' connectedness still allows the dialogue room to act as a breakout space.

Figure 23. 3D exterior rendered view of the Women's Centre Baghere, Senegal (image by Dylan Newell)

48. Architecture

Figure 25. Sectional Diagram of the Women's House Baghere, Senegal (Image by authors)

Figure 24 Building Srction by Dylan Newell

49. Architecture

The Architecture accommodates all functions suggested by Balouo Salo, centralising and prioritising the collective activity zone without compromising other functions. Furthermore, a cooking area increases the project's utility and consolidates the aim of low-tech self-determination and nutrition. The cooking space opens up to the collective activity zone, but remains distinctly separate to allow for adequate ventilation and fire safety. Movable partitions allow general community cooking or catering to coincide with a large workshop or meeting. The cooking space is both a demonstration site and a valuable function for community cooking. It encourages women to attend the centre for the pragmatic task of cooking while encouraging passive education. This education occurs firstly via the construction methodology, a super-adobe earthbag dome. This methodology ensures a safe, cheap and accessible building that eliminates flammable materials like thatched roofs while enabling highly ventilated yet sheltered spaces. The secondary education is on the cooking system, rocket stoves. Rocket stoves are safe and fuelefficient (MacCarty, Still, Ogle, & Drouin, 2008) whilst also demonstrating a low-tech DIY alternative to the three-stone fire so common to Sub-Saharan Africa (Dagnachew, Hof, Lucas, & van Vuuren, 2019). In Sub-Saharan Africa, nearly 900 million people rely on traditional biomass cooking, leading to an estimated 390 thousand deaths per year, 35% of which are children under 5. Household air pollutants like carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter are believed to be the major cause of death (Dagnachew, Hof, Lucas, & van Vuuren, 2019, p. 1). It is because of these astonishing numbers that cooking education has been considered an additional fundamental function. The low-tech methodologies employed are easily transferable to the community—and can easily be spread to surrounding communities through workshops at Women's House.

50. Architecture Adaptability The primary objective of the Women's House will be to improve nutrition and health through edible landscapes, low-tech and efficient cooking, clean drinking water and improved sanitation facilities. However, the architecture will remain a flexible space for ongoing education as the community changes and evolves. As has been seen through the descriptions of the functions, adaptability is inherent in the building's programmatic design. Once the Women's House's primary objectives have been achieved, the ongoing communal tradition of eating and cooking will continue to entice women to the House for its social value. Leveraging off this continued attendance, ongoing workshops will continue to encourage passive collaboration and education through other activities. The flexibility of the design makes the spaces easily adaptable. Simultaneously, the construction methodology lends itself to expansion—be that a new mains power connection or an additional workshop space. Because self-determination and self-building are the project's fundamental priority, works, changes, maintenance, and upgrades can be ongoing without outside expert oversight.

Figure 26. 3D Rendered View of Women's House Interiors (Image by authors)

51. Architecture Architectural Expression Bagehere has two distinct building typologies, a traditional vernacular as exemplified in figure 28 and a contemporary version seen in figure 29. The vernacular is generally a structural circular earth wall with timber in the round bush pole roof purlins and a thatched roof. On the other hand, contemporary construction is generally rectangular in shape and built with structural core filled blockwork walls, steel and timber hybrid roof support systems, and custom orb roof sheeting.

Many buildings fit somewhere between these two distinct styles—building with limited resources means construction is determined by material and finance availability. There is often an ideological dichotomy that exists between traditional vernacular and contemporary construction. Traditional vernacular is considered low-value and fragile, while contemporary construction is considered hardy and high-value. Without intimate, first-hand local knowledge, this dichotomy cannot be confirmed. However, based on photographic evidence—particularly from user-uploaded images from the local hardware store in the neighbouring village of Tanaff (Google, 2021)—we can assume this attitude does exist and design accordingly.

Figure 28 Vernacular architecture--image by Balouo Salo

Figure 27 Contemporary architectur--image by Balouo Salo

52. Architecture

The Architectural expression draws inspiration from vernacular forms. The curved earth domes built using Superadobe are inspired by the curved earth walls of local dwellings. While the lightweight bamboo roof structure draws on regional tectonics and materiality to create an expansive shelter that harvests rainwater from a custom orb roof. This architectural expression builds upon traditional forms while also improving building robustness. Domes have been used for their structural integrity, ease of construction, low cost, and resilience. Superadobe earthbag domes utilise a tectonic methodology that is quickly learnt and dispersed throughout the community. However, architectural expression has not been compromised through the use of simple tectonics. The building will still stand as a monumental and semiotic expression of gender equity—a form distinct from everything else amongst traditional and contemporary vernacular yet solely constructed by a female labour force.

53. Architecture Customs and Cultural Practices When implementing WASH, cultural practices are the most critical issue to understand. Afia Zakiya writes in her for Development in Practice: 'sanitation includes the physical environment as well as social, cultural, and temporal factors that operate as fundamental contexts defining knowledge, behaviours, and decisions relating to problems of water supply and sanitation practices' (2014, p. 706).

As asserted already, self-determination through the implementation of low-tech, easily replicable systems is the overarching principle guiding this project. Without community collaboration, regional customs and cultural practices cannot be verified. However, the simple, low tech nature of the WASH systems allows for easy on-site adaption and expansion.

However, the implementation of simple programmatic considerations will allow for primary cultural practices. As described in the functions, an amenities area that is both modest but connected ensures women feel comfortable using the facilities. For WASH principles to be successfully implemented in the community, modesty in toilet use is essential. Furthermore, Male toilets have not been included within the main facility. Instead, a separate male outhouse will be built to the south of the building, concealed by landscaping.

The Women's House leverages off the traditional cultural value that segregates Women to household chores, particularly cooking (Hooper L. , et al., 2018, p. 2).

Although this may reinforce, to a small degree, gender segregation, the early stages of this project focus on attendance, WASH and safety. Once these primary objectives have been fulfilled and the Women's House has become an uncontentious part of the village, there will be an opportunity to reassess the objectives.

Furthermore, the architectural expression utilises vernacular inspired circular rooms and open spaces that encourage and nurture the ongoing practice of mutual aid and collaborative craft (Little, 1962).

54. Architecture Negative Consequences Architecture always has the potential to polarise a community. In this case, the most fundamental problem is reinforcing gender segregation by encouraging women to gather in a space that supports what are culturally women's tasks. As discussed earlier, the counterpoint to this is encouraging women to gather in a safe and supportive environment in a community that may otherwise be reluctant to engage with issues of gender equality. For this reason, the potential for positives outcomes mitigates the risk potential.

While forming a collective has many potential positive outcomes, it can also foreground an already ostracised group within the community and create a physical and psychological target for anti women's sentiment. This sentiment may be furthered by increasing female independence and self-determination. This could pose a particular threat where the intention to engage women with tasks like construction. The nature of the project means adaptive changes on the fly, like integrating men into the process and education early in the program, can head off risks before they pose severe issues to the project and community.

Architecturally, there may be resistance to the materiality and form based on the use of non-industrial materials and a traditional vernacular aesthetic and tectonic.

As outlined earlier in the Architectural Expression section, cultural perceptions of traditional materials and tectonic being fragile and contemporary materials and design being strong can be problematic where alternative and sustainable construction methodologies are employed. In this case, educating the community early in the collaboration process, and implementing demonstration prototypes will lower this particular risk profile. Custom orb metal roof sheeting was included in the material specification to increase the perception of longevity and counteract the perceptions of fragility in the bamboo structural framing.

Whilst this project has been undertaken with only good intentions, there is always a risk of neo-colonialism (Zakiya, 2014, pp. 701-702). Remaining open and sensitive to cultural needs and historical context will remain important throughout te project—but particularly during the early colabrotive stage. The flexibility and adptability of the design allows room to adjust the design based on new and changing local feedback. It is important not to become fixatedand precious about the architectural design, but rather, focus on positive outcomes and the fundamental project goals.

55. Landscape Design

Landscape Design Introduction The Baghere Women's House supports local women by creating livelihood opportunities and a safe community that nurtures individuality within the context of gender inequality. The house's main aim is to ensure safety, health and nutrition. The landscape design will focus on food security and nutrition through on-site food production systems that support communal cooking and future livelihoods. The landscape plays a crucial role in the Women's house by making the site selfsupportive, creating spaces to grow, and producing sellable produce. The landscape design focuses on achieving social, economic, and environmental objectives for its users' welfare. Moreover, extensive research into local agricultural practices ensures regionally appropriate plants, soil typology, climate, and cultural practices are integrated into the design. The design sustains the existing local yield types and ensures nativity and secured output.

56. Landscape Design

Local Agricultural Practices The agriculture and livestock sector are the main economic activities in Senegal, engaging almost 70% of the working population and contributing approximately 17% of GDP. Most of Senegal lies within warm arid and semi-arid tropics. The soil conditions here are generally poor (Global Yeild Gap Atlas Senegal, 2021). The primary food crops grown in Senegal are millet, corn, sorghum and rice and the main cash crops grown are groundnut, cotton and sugarcane. A range of fruits and vegetables such as green beans, tomatoes, melons, sweet corn, radishes, watermelons are also grown for local and export markets. Cash crop cultivation dominates the agriculture sector, with 40% and 33% of cultivating land used for groundnut and cotton production, respectively (Country profile - Senegal, 2008).

With a growing population, poor soils, unstable and extreme weather conditions and a lack of suitable production facilities, the agricultural sector does not meet Senegal's agricultural needs. The country relies on food imports to offset shortages (Integrated Production and Pest Management Programme in Africa, 2021), especially rice. Consistent food price rises have become a significant threat for the population—but most significantly thse living on the poverty line—leading to poor nutrition and subsequent health issues. With Senegal being one of the world's top food importers, increasing unaffordability and fluctuating prices mean there is a pressing need for sustainable and equitable agriculture (Integrated Production and Pest Management Programme in Africa, 2021).

57. Landscape Design

Senegal's government has come up with various strategies to become self-reliant and avoid dependency on imports. The Great Agricultural Offensive for Food and Abundance (GOANA), is one such strategy aiming to boost the production of staple crops by converting vacant land into productive agricultural land, increasing irrigation, and stimulating foreign investment (Country profile - Senegal, 2008). Utilising aid from foreign organisations such as FAO, development and training activities are being carried out to support the government to develop the agricultural sector and fight poverty. The activities of the IPPM program by FAO promote the use of certified seeds, low-hazard bio-pesticides, and balanced fertilization methods. The program also aims to engage women in key decision-making to strengthen women's role in the agricultural sector and promote gender equality (Integrated Production and Pest Management Programme in Africa, 2021). The development of Climate-Smart Agriculture and horticulture in Senegal has helped combat hunger and establish food security in the country (Climate-Smart Agriculture, 2016, p. 1). These practices to sustainably increase agricultural production and resilience. Rainfall is the critical element determining agriculture production, with irrigation available for less than 5% of cultivated land. While groundnut-millet has traditionally dominated as a staple crop, recently, however, this has been replaced by alternative crops such as cowpea and cassava due to decreasing soil fertility and yields (Climate-Smart Agriculture, 2016, p. 4). The renewed importance of small scale vegetable gardens has helped focus support towards women, enhancing livelihoods and food security. Horticulture in Senegal is one of the most promising agribusiness subsectors due to its competitive advantage in land availability, climate, water conditions, low labour costs, and proximity to European markets (Climate-Smart Agriculture, 2016, p. 4).

58. Landscape Design

On-site food production system: The on-site food production system is a critical element of the Women's House as it supports the primary goal of supporting health, nutrition and selfdetermination. Integrating edible plants in the landscape provides both aesthetic and consumption benefits. The aims of the on-site food production system in the Women's House are•

To build a healthy, habitable space.

•

To increases food security.

•

To create livelihood opportunities for local women.

•

To reduce vulnerability by establishing gender equality.

•

To build community resilience.

Permaculture home gardens work as a small scale, onsite local food production system that promotes participation and provides income generation opportunity.

Women's income independence will improve social status and increase confidence. They are an integral part of the proposed local food production system and strengthen the ecosystem by using indigenous plants, vegetables, fruits, herbs and spices, trees and fauna.

There are several advantages to home scale gardening: •

It has low capital input and utilises simple technology.

•

It does not require intense labour.

•

It leverages off generational knowledge by utilising local and traditional crops.

•

It preserves indigenous knowledge and culture.

59. Landscape Design Food Security in Women’s House Senegal is one of the least developed countries globally, with 47% of the population living under the national poverty line (Climate-Smart Agriculture, 2016, p. 4).

Rural households suffer more food insecurity compared to urban households. It is essential to develop local programs that sustainably increase food availability and improve health. Home gardens have been documented as an essential supplemental nutrition source that contributes to greater food security and increased livelihoods (Dilrukshi Hashini Galhena, 2013). They stand as an efficicnet source of both food and income to the women. Home gardening contributes to food security by providing direct access to food that can be harvested and prepared (R.Marsh, 1998). The availability of enhanced quantity fresh foods improves nutrition and overall health. Home gardening has been identified as a means of providing year-round access to food for rural households. (Musotsi, 2008).

Moreover, funding for the landscape is circular, whereby the NGO provides financial support for initial development, and selling the yields generates the money for maintenance and expansion. This provides economic stability and a self-reliant community.

Figure 29. Women engaging in on-site producton system, (Joshi, 2019)

60. Landscape Design Some essential plants that can be grown at the Women’s House include•

Vegetables: Sweet Potato, Okra, African Eggplant (Nutri. Val-30 cal), Pumpkin, long beans, tomatoes (Nutri. Val-26 cal), bissap (Nutri.Val-31cal), cassava

•

Fruits: Papaya, mango, guava, banana.

Figure 30. Essential plants that can be planed and growth at the Women's House (left); Possible stewing method for on-site food harvesting (Joshi, 2019)

Employing climate-smart practices and creating a balanced ecosystem are two important considerations in planning home gardens in the project. A permaculture garden design emphasises the relationships built among the elements based on how they are put together to form a system as a whole to maximize their benefits.

The whole becomes greater than the sum of its parts. Permaculture design aims to minimize waste, human labour, and energy input by building systems.

(Caldwell, 2012). The Mandala Garden is a popular permaculture design approach because it increases planting space and creatins space-efficient paths that allow greater reach to more crops from one spot (Engels, 2017). Furthermore, Mandala gardens provide plenty of visual appeal and delicious produce (Waddington, 2020).

61. Landscape Design

Mandalas. Mandalas are broadly circular with patterns created by laying out a series of beds and pathways to create a growing space that is both functional and aesthetic. Mandalas can be joined to form an infinite system (Woodrow, 1996, pp. 5-19). The Women’s House has incorporated a three-mandala system with a series of keyholes paths. As mandala’s form a complete, circular system, they are ideal for the Women’s House; a single mandala will be constructed during a workshop at the construction phase, and with this knowledge, the women can implement more mandalas as materials, soil, labour, and finances allow.

These garden beds are designed to create no-dig beds keeping soil biota intact. Mulch and compost are applied to the soil to avoid digging, disturbing, and damaging the natural underground habitat and soil structure. Undisturbed microbes and soil life are vital in building a sustainable edible garden as the break down organic matter (Lowenfels & Lewis, 2010). The mulch is mixed with nitrogen-rich material to attract worms and microbes to support the process (Waddington, 2020). The plants that are rarely picked take up the inner space and the plants are often picked are planted at the outer edges to avoid frequent stepping on to the beds. With earthworms attracted, the water can be well distributed and absorbed by the worms' channels, and the mulch stops the water from evaporating (Woodrow, 1996). It makes this technique very beneficial for gardening in hot climates like Senegal.

The keyhole form creates a very time and motion efficient path design to make work easier and much more efficient by allowing easy access for picking and planting. It in turn allows easy maintenance (Woodrow, 1996). The keyhole path surrounds a small pond placed at the mandala's centre to create a balanced ecosystem within the landscape that attracts various birds and insects (Woodrow, 1996). Fruit trees are planted along the outer edge of the circular beds.

Integrating trees increases nutrient exchanges, deep water tapping, soil decompaction, plant protection and pest deterrence, whilst increasing yields through tree harvests. Blending trees with the garden makes the job easier for maintenance and regular surveillance for the fruit trees. It is much easier to provide mulch, water and surveillance to one garden than two separate areas (Woodrow, 1996).

62. Landscape Design

Figure 31. Mandala garden

63. Landscape Design Market Garden. In addition to mandalas, a market garden has been proposed for long-term, commercial production of mass crops. This will utilise, similar organic, no-dig methods as outlined throughout the mandals description. The market gardens will be higher yield but also higher labour. This part of the landscape will not be established during the construction phase.

Food Forest Garden. Food forests apply the concepts of a natural forest system to create a low maintenance edible garden centred around the health and productivity of the primary fruit and nut trees. Forests do not require human inputs to have complex and resilient ecosystems that complement rather than compete with one another. Redundancy is inherent in forest systems, so when an individual element is under stress, it can still recover and even thrive due to the complex and supportive inter-relations between plants, animals and soil biology (Jacke, 2005). The Women’s House landscape proposal integrates a food forest system into the northern boundary. The up-slope location of the forest will improve the water and nutrient cycle across the site. Additionally, it creates a natural and soft edge to the boundary.

Geology and Soil. The local geology is sandstone colluvium (Carte Pedalogique du Senegal, 2021), meaning it is sandy soil with unconsolidated sediments from downslope erosion. The site is too high to contain any remnant river loam soils. As such, the soil is low fertility but well-draining. Soil remediation is vital to increasing productivity. This should be done by slowly increasing organic matter in the soil through compost, mulching, animal systems and pioneer plant. Over time, the organic matter's breakdownnto small particles will increase soil fertility and improve soil microbiota (Lowenfels & Lewis, 2010). As such, the landscape system at the Women’s House must be an on-going project. Therefore, it is vital to concentrate on training during the construction phase to ensure the ongoing landscape works can be continued independently post-occupancy. Knowledge and self-determination will be key assets for the community.

Infiltration Swales. An infiltration swale is designed to slow down water movement through the site and allow it to infiltrate the groundwater over several hours to several days after a rain event. This stops mass run off of water during large rain events and effectively slows the water cycle down. The swales must be dug oncontour with a flat bottom—which differs from a diversion swale in that they are designed to move water downslope quickly.

64. Landscape Design Grey Water Reuse The Senegal area has limited freshwater and thus, there is a need for alternative sustainable water management strategies to efficiently use water and ensure water security in the Women’s House. Greywater reuse plays a fundamental role in converting wastewater into a valuable water resource (Fulvio Boano, 2020). It is essential to treat greywater before reuse to prevent polluting the surrounding area and other watercourses. Treating the greywater using nature-based solutions and using them as a secondary source of water and nutrients leads to effective, sustainable water resource management.

The primary sources of greywater in the Women’ House are kitchen sinks (cleaning vegetables and cooking waste-liquid) and the ablution area. It is beneficial to separate greywater from the wastewater at the source as the greywater has less organic pollutants and can be locally recycled via irrigation (Fulvio Boano, 2020).

A greywater treatment system should ideally be designed based on its source, quality, quantity, application and site condition. The greywater should be treated with eco-friendly technology, avoiding chemical additives and toxic by-products (A. A. Wurochekke, 2016). Nature-based solutions (NBS) are defined as: ‘‘actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits” (IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2016) (Fulvio Boano, 2020).

These technologies employ natural process’ with low energy inputs and minimal chemical use (Fulvio Boano, 2020).

The Women’s House will utilise a hybrid wetland system for greywater treatment. This system uses natural filtration, a phycoremediation process and a constructed plantation leech field (A. A. Wurochekke, 2016). Eliminating the need for advanced technology, this system can be used at a domestic scale. These processes are low cost, require no skilled personnel, are easy to handle and have high treatment efficiency, making them an ideal and reliable technology for the Women’s House.

65. Landscape Design

The greywater treatment process: •

The greywater is collected into a natural filtration unit for primary filtration to remove pathogens and suspended solids.

•

The water then moves into a landscape integrated underground chamber layered with sand, fine particles and gravel. The use of natural materials for filtration is efficient in removing pollutants while being inexpensive and simple to operate (A. A. Wurochekke, 2016).

•

The greywater dispersed into a specifically designed landscape for secondary treatment. This treatment process is called phytoremediation; it removes phosphorus, nitrates, and heavy metals to produce high-quality water. (A. A. Wurochekke, 2016). This system obtains its efficiency from high-level interactions between plants, substrate, biofilms and the nutrients in the greywater (Fulvio Boano, 2020). The contact between these elements favours the physical, chemical and biological processes such as sedimentation, precipitation and degradation, which are the fundamental mechanisms in removing the pathogens and pollutants. In this project, the landscape consists of plants such as Cyperus giganteus and Hymenachne grumosa and microalgae to remove phosphorus efficiently (from soap water) and nitrogen (blood from meat cleaned in kitchen sink) from the grey water. Microalgae have a high potential for removing organic/inorganic substances and nutrients from greywater, making them more attractive in treating greywater for reuse. This system provides an excellent removal efficiency for nutrients in the greywater from each wetland. (A. A. Wurochekke, 2016). The pipes in the wetlands should be monitored on clogging and cleaning of pipes may be required in 6-7 years (Constructed Wetlands, n.d.).

•

In the Women’s house, a series of Banana plantations are cultivated at the wetlands as their irrigation needs matches with the water source even before treating it further to efficiently use the greywater at initial level using drain to Mulch Basic technique (Ludwig, 2009, p. 49)

•

The water from the wetlands disinfected using natural substances such as Moringa oleifera and Strychnos potatorum seeds; these substances are free of toxic by-products and are low cost. The M.oleifera is a tropical tree that grows in India, Africa and South America, the seeds of which can be locally available. These seeds contain edible oil and water-soluble substance and protein, which have active coagulation properties (A. A. Wurochekke, 2016).

66. Landscape Design

Figure 32: Grey Water Treatment System

67. Landscape Design

Figure 33: Landscape layout for Bagare Women's House

68. Landscape Design

The landscaping elements integrated into the Bagare Women’s House work to achieve the design concept's primary objective: improved health, nutrition, and livelihoods. It does this by using onsite cooking and farming to create a self-supportive and resilient community. Improved food security and women’s participation in decision-making is empowering while simultaneously generating revenue for greater independence.

69. References

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76. References Figure 1. Roles of Respective Stakeholders throughout the Project Life Cycle (diagram by authors) ................................................................................................ 10 Figure 2. Statistics showing increasing amount of mobile phone users within Senegal from 2000-2019 (Statista, 2021 ................................................................. 10 Figure 3. Open fires and three rock stoves utilized in Senegal for cooking at the present period (Hooper L. et al., 2018) ................................................................ 11 Figure 4. Representation of the Rocket Stove System (diagram by authors ...................................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 5. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Framework for Needs Assessment (Huitt, 2007) ................................................................................................................. 15 Figure 6. Possible Tenure Arrangements within the village of Baghere, Senegal (diagrams by authors) ........................................................................................... 17 Figure 7. Locations of vacant lots identified within the village of Baghere, Senegal (images adapted from Salo, 2021) ................................................................... 18 Figure 8. The Site Selection Rating Breakdown (left); and in overall respectively (right) (figures by author)..................................................................................... 21 Figure 9. Land Tenure Security Risk Rating Breakdown by Risk Elements (top); and ........................................................................................................................ 23 Figure 10. Economic Data Outlining the Income Growth Acceleration as Gender Gap and Dependency Ratios Reduces (sourced from: (Kalpana Kochar, 2017)) ... 24 Figure 11. Forecasted Social Returns on Investments for the Kaira Looro Project by the group (image by authors).......................................................................... 25 Figure 12. The Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) Information Systems (UN Habitat, 2020) ...................................................................................................... 27 Figure 13: Process Diagrams for Superadobe Construction (Diagram by authors) ........................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 14. Diagram for roofing system (Diagram by authors) ........................................................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 15. Detailed Wall Section (Diagram by authors) ................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 16. Diagram of water system (Diagram by authors).............................................................................................................................................................. 38 Figure 17. Grey water principle diagram (Diagram by authors) ........................................................................................................................................................ 39 Figure 18. Toilets for People Design Diagram (Toilets for People, 2020)......................................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 19. Toilet section diagram (Diagram by authors) .......................................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 20. Sundaya Modular lighting Product (Sundaya, 2018) ....................................................................................................................................................... 41 Figure 21. Gantt Chart (Diagram by authors).................................................................................................................................................................................... 43

77. References

Figure 22. Key Master Plans for the Women's House Architectural Design (Image by Dylan Newell) ............................................................................................... 46 Figure 23. 3D exterior rendered view of the Women's Centre Baghere, Senegal (image by Dylan Newell) ........................................................................................ 47 Figure 24 Building Srction by Dylan Newell..................................................................................................................................................................................... 48 Figure 25. Sectional Diagram of the Women's House Baghere, Senegal (Image by authors) ............................................................................................................ 48 Figure 26. 3D Rendered View of Women's House Interiors (Image by authors) ................................................................................................................................ 50 Figure 27 Contemporary architectur--image by Balouo Salo............................................................................................................................................................ 51 Figure 28 Vernacular architecture--image by Balouo Salo ............................................................................................................................................................... 51 Figure 29. Women engaging in on-site producton system, (Joshi, 2019) ........................................................................................................................................ 59 Figure 30. Essential plants that can be planed and growth at the Women's House (left); Possible stewing method for on-site food harvesting (Joshi, 2019) .......... 60 Figure 31. Mandala garden .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 62 Figure 32: Grey Water Treatment System ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 66 Figure 33: Landscape layout for Bagare Women's House ................................................................................................................................................................. 67