5th year / # 18 February 2017
A day in
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La India Mine
Agnico Eagle Mines
Mining Leaders
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Rafael Rebollar Gonzรกlez President of the Communication Commission of the Mexican Mining Chamber (CAMIMEX)
Main Article
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MINING OF THE 21ST CENTURY THE MINING PHOTOGRAPHIC BREVIARY OF MEXICO @revenlaceminero facebook.com/enlace.minero
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Líder en el mercado con más de 27 años de servicio en la industria minera.
NUESTRO LABORATORIO METALÚRGICO ES DE ÚLTIMA GENERACIÓN REACTIVOS PARA FLOTACIÓN DE MINERALES INVESTIGACIÓN METALÚRGICA TRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS Modificadores de Superficie Espumantes Tratamiento de Aguas Inhibidores de Incrustación Floculantes
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MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR The time, the link between a moment and another, always dynamic, unreachable and sometimes insuficcent. Always limiting the efforts of the human being to perpetuate the facts, the moments and the transcendence that has sought for centuries. Photography then rescues the timelessness of moments, of the right instant and turns them into nostalgia for a time that’s now gone. Mining of the twenty-first century XXI is a book that combines the greatness of the mining industry with the fugacity of moments, through a collection of unpublished photographs that portrays the actual mining of the Mexican mining times that we’re living in. In our lead story, we bring you a fragment of this book, as a preamble to its next release. As always Enlace Minero takes you to visit throughout the mining proyects in Mexico, we’ll take you inside the mining proyect La India of Agnico-Eagle, an interesting walk-through in this gold mine, inmersed in the State of Sonora and in our section on mining leaders, we held an interview with Rafael Rebollar Gonzalez, Division Director of Metals and Chemicals of Peñoles Industries and current President of the Communication Commission of the Mexican Mining Chamber (CAMIMEX), we bring you in this issue an extensive conversation with a leader that makes it clear to us, that his main objective as the Chief of the Communication Commission of CAMIMEX is to achieve "That mining industry becomes a pride for the country". We therefore welcome you to this first edition of 2017 of Enlace Minero, celebrating our 5th anniversary communicating with mining character. Affectionately
LEM. Juan Carlos Piña Rodriguez Associate Director Enlace Minero Latin America
Directory Enlace Minero, revista trimestral Enero - Marzo 2017. Editor responsable: Juan Carlos Piña Rodríguez. Marketing: Adriana Quintero Bonilla. Community Manager: Karla Ceballos. RRPP: Rosa María de Guadalupe Piña Rodríguez. Diseño Editorial: Sofía Reynoso Ortiz Monasterio. Administración: Rosaura Bonilla Bonilla. Redacción y Corrección de Estilo: Viridiana Quintero Bonilla. Fotografía: Jorge Alberto Sanchez del Bosque Ventas: Jesus Salvador Castillo de León. No. De certificado de reserva de derechos al uso exclusivo 04-2013-121613250800-102 No. De certificado de Licitudde título y Contenidos: 16437 Domicilio de la publicación y empresa distribuidora: Enlace Empresarial de Consultoría Integral S.C. Av. Sierra Madre #433 -2 Colinas del padre, Zacatecas. C.P. 98085. Impreso en: Celsa Impresos; Cuencame 108 4ta. etapa, Paqrque Industrial Lagunero; Gomez Palacio, Dgo. Mex. CP. 35070 ventaslatinoamerica@enlaceminero.com direccion@enlaceminero.com 01 (492) 147 7094 The opinion of our collaborators does not necessarily reflect the editorial line of this magazine. prohibited the total or partial reproduction of content for profit, for other purposes, quoting reference.
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CONTENT
Agnico-Eagle La India
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Copper and Silver Pre-aerated FeedAirJetโ ข
14
The limits of groundwater
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Mining Economy
18
Main Article
32
Rafael Rebollar Gonzรกlez
40
7
A day in
AGNICO EAGLE MINES LA INDIA
1. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
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Madre Occidental", between the villages of Tarachi and Matarachi, approximately at 210 kilometers to the southeast of the city of Hermosillo.
gnico Eagle Mines is a Canadian company that operates and develops projects for the 2. HISTORY ex t raction of m i ne ral s, which at the beginning of September 2012 approved he first discovery of gold the deve l opm ent a nd in the region, as recorded construction of the mining by the Spaniards, was in p royect La I nd ia. T he 1673 in Ostimuri. The gold company has concessions in deposit in mulatto was more than 50,000 hectares in discovered by the Spanish the area, this mine proyect is in 1806, but is known that located in the municipality of indigenous people had Sahuaripa, Sonora, Mexico; In already exploded the area the mountainous area "sierra of oxides with "gold free" from
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the deposit of mulatto before the colonial times. Previous mining activities on the property include small underground mines which were exploted on a small scale at the beginning of 1920 to 1930. Is estimated that around 10,000 tons of material were removed. In the 2004, Grayd Resources Corp. Actively explored La India through its Mexican subsidiary Grayd Resource de Mexico SA de CV. The wor k s made by Grayd were geological mapping, geochemical, Aerial and direct geophysicals, reverse
circulating diamond drilling and metallurgical testing. I n N ove m b e r of 2 011, Agnico-Eagle acquired the project La India from Grayd Resource and in 22 months Agnico completed the design works and obtained the permissions, starting operations in September 2013 producing the first bar of dore in November of 2013. Commercial production was achieved in February of 2014, producing 75,094 ounces of gold in 2014, 104,362 in 2015, and the forecast in average is of 107,000 for 2016, 2017 and 2018.
3. PROJECT INVESTMENT, ONGOING AND FUTURE INVESTMENTS
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gnico Eagle declare comercial operation of the mine La India in Februar y of the 2014, consolidating an investment of 157 million of dollars, representing an investment Currently it is investing in of over two thousand million exploration to increase the pesos. Creating 350 direct reserves and therefore the jobs and 1,600 indirect, this life of the mine, efforts are can be translated into more aimed to keep drilling in near than two million man hours. by locations of the complex.
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4. CURRENT SITUATION OF THE MINE
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he mine proyect La India is currently well positioned with low costs of operations that redound in low operating costs thanks to the constant efficiency in the processes of exploitation and extraction.
5. DEVELOPED PROJECTS OR IN DEVELOPMENT
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urrently it’s evaluating and drilling around the mine proyect La India, with views to find resources that could mean potential for stock growth. "At the same time, the strategy considers extending the current pits of "North Zone"and “The Main area".
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inches, the height of the banks is 6 meters with a final design of 46 degrees slope . The production of ore from he mineral production of the beginning until the end the pit is of 16,000 tonnes of 2015 was 11 million tons per day with a total mine with an average grade of life of 10-years. The Mine 0.963 grams of gold per ton proyect La India operates 365 and 13.08 grams of silver days a year with two shifts of producing 340, 261 ounces of 12 hour day each. Agnico- gold and 4, 621, 469 ounces Eagle mines has presented a of silver. very positive behavior during 2016, with a cost per ounce The leaching patio is fed with of $536 USD, which is a very shredded material and it has competitive cost within the a capacity of 800 tons per sector. hour. Leaching patios have a 90-day cycle in which are irrigated 10 L/h/m2 of solution with consumption of 0.41 kg/ 6.2 INFORMATION ton of sodium cyanide.
6.1 LA INDIA OPERATIONS
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ABOUT OPERATIONS
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he str ipping ratio calculation in average is of 1:1, the distance ore is transported is 4.5 km on average and 2.5 km for the mineral waste, the blasting diameter drill holes is 5.75
Leaching patio covers an area of 465,700 m2 and it has a capacity of receiving 35 million tonnes of ore, is designed for each Bank of 8 meters height and a final height of 48 metres. Lime is added to control the PH using 2.5 kilograms by
ton of ore, cement also is ADR plant is designed to added in the process for the process cyanidic solutions agglomeration of clay using of low-grade ore of gold approximately 1.5 kg by ton. and silver for their benefit. The plant objective is the The adsorption, desorption recovery of the values of gold and recovery Plant (ADR) of and silver for their benefit. The the mine proyect La India plant aims at the recovery of operates 365 days a year with the values of gold and silver availability of operation of from a rich solution coming 90% and an efficiency of 95% from the leaching patio wich adsorption. The amount of is then taken to a process of adsorbed Au and Ag values a set of benefits broken down per ton of coal are 14 and into the following stages: 450 grams respectively. The washing processes is with 1. Adsorption of values in hydrochloric acid and the activated carbon. power supply is by diesel 2. Desorption or dispossession generators. of carbĂłn values.
3. Electro deposition of gold and silver. 4. Casting and preparation of bars dorĂŠ. The ADR plant consists of two trains of coal columns for adsorption of five tanks each, a circuit of plunder with capacity to process 7 tons of coal for each Elution; the circuit for looting basically is composed by a column of elution, storage tank of Elution, cell electrolyte, heat exchangers , boiler and washing acid circuit.
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7. ANNUAL AND PLANNED PRODUCTION
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he production in 2015 was 104,362 ounces of gold and the forecast average is of 107,000 for 2016, 2017 and 2018. The following table shows some important factors in the production of the 2015.
KEY FACTORS TYPES MINED
Open Sky , heap-leach
ESTIMATED LIFE TIME OF THE MINE (2016)
2014-2023
PRODUCTION 2015
104,362 oz of gold
MINE PRODUCTION
32,000 tons per day of mineral waste and ore
TOTAL COSTS 2015
US$ 436 for ounces of gold
MINING COSTS 2015
US$ 9 per ton
MINING TITLES
57, formed by 62,729 hectares including “La India”, Tarachi y regional.
SECUNDARY METALS
Silver
DESING PERFORMANCE
16,000 tons per day from the tituration plant 16,000 tons per day from de leaching process.
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 2016
408
8. GRANTED JOBS AND GENDER EQUITY
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he total direct employees in the proyect mine La India is 408 plus 59 generated jobs for contractors, also
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La India proyect generates about 2,500 indirect jobs in the region. The contracted percentage in the region is of 46% and 54% and are foreign mostly, professionals that are not easily found in the region. Agnico promotes gender equity, and because
of that 15% of the employees are women at the moment, which is a good percentage for a mining proyect and even so the mine still seeks each time to increase this percentage.
9. SOCIAL RESPONSIBLY ACTIONS
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2015-2016, H distinction and “Punto limpio� emited by the Ministry of tourism for the excellent operation in the service of diningrooms and camps; Family-responsible com pany and Mex i co without child labour by the Ministry of labour and Social prevention and Great Place To Work (GPTW), positioning ourselves within the best companies to work in Mexico. The means of development for the social link that the mine proyect La India takes place on, are intended to improve conditions in health, education, culture, sport, economic development, protection and environment actions and respect to the local traditions.
he complex La India of Agnico Eagle Mexico S.A. de C.V., in less than 3 years of operations and it has 4 years presence in Sonora, has worked intensely on development based on the foundations that have characterized it since it was established in Mexico, generating quality jobs, supporting the communities on issues of health, education, economic development, support to the Customs and traditions, development and of social and rural infrastructure, driving their operations with greatest safety possible protecting Agnico - Eagle has as a our most active values, our fundamental basis in its projects around the world, people. its sustainable development Proof of that is having received policy, in which there is several awards such as a commitment to create socially responsible company value for our shareholders, operating in a safe manner, socially and environmentally responsible, at the same time that we contribute to the prosperity of our employees, their families a n d t h e co m m u n i t i e s where we operate. Making th e p rotect i o n of th e environment, one of the four core values of Agnico-Eagle. Also it has the infrastructure for the production of 70,000 to 140,000 annual plants, which will be planted in areas to restore.
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Caso de case Success éxito
Improving copper and silver recovery in flotation columns using pre-aerated FeedAirJet™ 1. BACKGROUND
nicknamed “Cavitador”, was developed by Eriez he particle size in a Flotation Division to increase mineral is an important recovery of fine and superparameter in the flotation fine particles. This type of process. In the literature sparger uses the principle of (Gaudin, et al., 1931; Morris, hydrodynamic cavitation to 1952) various works can be generate ultra-fine bubbles found that report the effects called pico-bubbles. With of particle sizes in the recovery many fine bubbles, superficial Figure1: Flotation through Pico bubbles of va l ua b l e m ate r i a l s. area increases, which favors generated by the cavitation system Wyslouzil et al. (2009) indicate the probability of Bubblethat the efficiency of the Particle contact (Figure 1), A Cavitation system consists flotation process is negatively thus improving recovery. of Cavitation Tubes, a impacted when it operates recirculation pump, air and in the borders, that is to say, Hydrodynamic cavitation is slurry manifolds, and the with fine particles (<10 μm) the process of nucleation associated instrumentation. or thick particles (> 250 μm). and growth of very small Particle recovery are typically bubbles of gas and/or steam The recirculation pump associated with inherent in a liquid while cavitation is takes slurry from the bottom limitations: a phenomenon that occurs of a flotation column and in liquids when the liquids pumps it through a slurry • Bubble-Particle adhesion pressure drops below its manifold prior to pushing it, • Bubble-Particle collision vapor pressure at the existing at the required pressure for • Detachment • Buoyancy and transportation temperature. Generally, it is bubble nucleation, through a process associated with a the Cavitation Tube. The The pre-aeration cavitation high velocity flow (Fan et al. slurry manifold acts as a system, Feed Air Jet (FAJ), 2010). pressurized slurry bank and
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distributes slurry equally to all Cavitation Tubes (CavTubeÂŽ) installed in the system. Prior to entry to the CavTubeÂŽ, pressurized air is fed into the slurry stream to produce an air slurry mixture. According to Zhou 2009, slurry preaeration extends bubble life and also aids nucleation of tiny bubbles on hydrophobic particles. Ca v i ta t i o n t u b e s a re designed to reduce pressure of flowing slurry below its vapor pressure thereby nucleating and shearing bubbles (Figure 2) prior to re-entry into the column. Bubbles form preferentially on hydrophobic particles and readily attach to larger bubbles in the column, thus increasing Bubble-Particle adhesion, Bubble-Particle collision, buoyancy and transportation.
Figure 2: Cavitation Illustration
3. CAVITADOR INSTALATION IN PLANT
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he Cavitador (Feed Air Jet), was installed during the last week of October, 2016. Operation commenced November 3, 2016. Figure 3 shows the installation of the Cavitador feeding the Copper Circuit Cleaner Column.
Ope rati ng pa ramete r s measured during operation: i. Inlet and outlet pressure to the Cavitador were maintained at 30 psi and 5 psi respectively. ii. Feed, Concentrate and Tails streams were sampled. iii. Size by size analysis was done on sampling over a one week period from which recovery by size was determined.
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he Cavitador was used in operation for one month commencing November 3, 2016, installed on the feed line to the 2nd Cleaner Column. November 2016 results were compared to those obtained in October 2016 because of consistent head grade, as shown in Figure 5, below.
Figure 5. Copper Head grades for October and November were consistent, within 1.53% Cu
Figure 3: Cavitator installation, feeding Copper Column, Cozamin Mine
Figure 6: Decreasing %Cu in Final tailings Note days where values are
2. OBJECTIVE
0.045%Cu.
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ncreasing recover y of fine and coarse copper particles in the copper circuit flotation column. With the intention of increasing column efficiency thereby improving global copper recovery.
4. RESULTS
Figure 6, shows a global recove r y of co ppe r increased to an average of 96.5% with a head grade of 1.60%Cu. F igu re4: Cavitado r I nstal lation, Cozamin Mine
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Figure 7: %Cu in column concentrate
Figure 9. October and November 2016, Ag head grade.
in the +250 µm fraction, there was a 7.6% increase in copper recovery. In the +150µm fraction the recovery increased 11.6%Cu, in the +106µm fraction recovery was up 4.39%Cu, the size range + 75µm saw an increase of 7.6%Cu. 45 to 20µm the average increase in copper recovery was of 7.6%.
Figure 7, shows the grade of final copper concentrate in Silver recovery in October October and November. In averaged 72%, in November October, copper grade was it increased to 75%. Lower 28.02% while it was 27.40% recoveries were expected in November. 60% of the due to reduced silver in the copper grade is obtained feed. However, there was from the two tank cells at the an increase of 3% in silver beginning of the process and recovery that coincided 40% comes from the columns. with the installation of the The target concentrate Cavitador, as shown in Figure grade for the test period was 10. has remained at 94.5%Cu 26.0%Cu. average, in October recovery was of 94.43%Cu and in Figure 11: Average Cu Recovery with Global recovery for 2016 November it was 95.31%Cu, and without CavitadorAg head grade. has remained at 94.5%Cu an increase of 0.88%. average, in October recovery was of 94.43%Cu and in November it was 95.31%Cu, Figure 12: shows the column an increase of 0.88%. Cu Grade-Recovery curve. There is a clear improvement in column operation with the Cavitador.
Figure 10: Silver Recovery OctoberNovember 2016
Recovery by size is shown Figure 8: Copper recovery October in Figure 11, comparing the and November recovery in size fractions from 10µm to 250µm, with Silver head grades were 46 and without the Cavitador. g/ton in October and 37 g/ Consistently the Feed Air ton in November, as shown in Jet improves recovery in Figure 9. an increase of 0.88%. every size fraction. Notably
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Figure 12: Copper Grade-Recovery
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
of the particles, increasing the probability of attachment to larger bubbles in the column, • Global recovery of copper and reducing the probability and silver increase with the of detachment. These Picouse of the Cavitador, an bubbles act as a secondary average of 0.8%Cu and collector, reducing collector 3%Ag, even with a decrease consumption, resulting in an in head grade. Performance improvement in recovery. of the flotation column It wa s ex p ected th at improved and as a result of Improvement would occur reduced recirculating load, especially in fine / super-fine the performance of cleaning particles that are typically circuit as a whole improved. difficult to recover. Size by size analysis shows that • Is estimated that Pico- hydrodynamic cavitation of bubbles generated by the feed also increases the cavitation form preferentially recovery of coarse particles. on the hydrophobic surface
REFERENCIAS: • Gaudi n, J. G rob and H. Henderson, “Effect of Particle Size in Flotation”, Technical Publication No. 414, AIME, New York, NY, USA, 1931. • Fan, MM. et al, “Nanobubble generation and its application i n f roth f l otati on (pa r t I): nanobubble generation and its effects on proper ties of microbubble and millimeter scale bubble solutions”, Mining Sci. & Tech, 20, pp 1-19, (2010).
•Flotation col umns a re operated differently than mechanical flotation cells and can recover a wide range of fine, medium and coarse particles. Columns are not considered a “black box” and require maintenance and knowledge of the basic controls (air, level and wash water) critical to maximize the performance. • Installation of the Cavitador increased recover y and grade of Copper and Silver at Cozamin Mine resulting in a global reduction in tailings %Cu and %Ag.
AUTORES: • Santos Rocio 1 , Regino Rafael 1, Morales Gustavo 1 , Lopez Oscar 2 , Sheehan Tim 3 • 1 Ca ps tone Go l d, M i na Cozamin • 2 Eriez Flotation Division México • 3 E r iez Flotation Division Canada
• T.M. Morris, “Measurement and Evaluation of the Rate of Flotation as a Function of Particle Size”, Mining Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 8, 1952, 794-798. • Wyslouzil, H. E., Kohmeunch, J., Christodoulou, L., & Fan, M. (2009, October). Coarse and fine particle flotation. In Proceedings of the 4 8th Conference of Metallurgists.
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Colaboration Caso de éxito
THE LIMITS OF GROUNDWATER. WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF THE INVISIBLE RESOURCE? Dr. Miguel Rangel Medina. Hydrogeology Consultant in IDEAS SA de CV • President of Latin American Association for development of groundwater hydrology (ALHSUD). www.alhsud.com • President Hidrogeologos International Association (IAH/IAH). Mexican resource www.iah-aih.mx invisible.
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roundwater is the most important source of water, there can be no doubt of this. One of the most recent studie (Inge de Graaf, 2016), cites that currently it supplies to a 2 billion people in the world for its drinking water consumption, but also is the most widely used in irrigation for food obtaining. In our country entire regions depend on it, from the center to the North of Mexico. However, in many regions of the planet given that we don't see it, is hard to determine his behavior underground. In the desert and semi-desert zones around the world a need for knowing has developed, it’s known that strong depletion of the levels in the aquifers have occurred, and for being the only available resource is becoming very worrying. For
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surface water, which we know there are large volumes that we can see and we measure easily, from small to large reservoirs! And when the level of those water reservoirs lowers there is concern of everyone who depends on them. But in the case of the underground water there isn’t the same concern from the population, and therefore in many cases is not posible to even measure levels in wells or to get estimates of their available volumes, simply because we can’t see it! Hence its name of "invisible resource".
Once his direction, load, potential and volumes of reserves are interpreted then we can know if the speed with which the extraction could be made of the resource in a well by means of pumping, could be enough to be over or in equality of the speed with which is being renewed and the infiltration of rain is enough to recharge the saturation level.
However, in many cases, due to the lack of observation we do not have the slightest idea of how long we can continue to reduce these reserves of water, before The measurement in the pumping leads to exhaustion levels of wells is the only way and devastating impacts on to observe and identify the environmental and sociohydrodynamics, this activity economic systems. In fact, it’s known as monitoring, in Mexico as in many other and allows us to know how countr ies these effects it moves and where. have become very evident,
And in consequence of this, is that damage usually alerts one greater impact to the and can be prevented! But entire industry especially the signals the underground in those which require the hydrological system sends resource 24-direct hours are never seen. Therefore, will be the cost of pumping. if a mining company won't However, in other regions This cost will increase if the want to reach the absolute w h e r e t h e o p p o s i t e , exhaustion of aquifers levels loss of sustainability and conditions of humidity and fast forces to the replacement efficiency, they will have to recharge of the underground of wells sites. Generally this pay attention to their levels allows having large volumes uncontrolled cases begin in wells! of groundwater reserves, the with minimum negligence danger is not the pumping until reaching the extreme, As an example, you can cite and mining of its reserves, then gradually adding and consequences of seriuos but the pollution. This may accumulating errors and lack bioenvironmental impact be due to the proximity of of correct precautions. directly attributed to public the aquifers to the soil surface, work proyects. When in a where it can become highly When the levels of the water region there is no control vulnerable depending on columns descend the costs of the decreasing of the the characteristics of the of deepening and pumping underground water levels is materials in the surface and those wells will increase common to have collapses all of the different kinds of (dynamic levels). Another of the ground, that happen physical, biological, and associated problem is with with the gradually sinking of chemical elements that get engines that suffer and the surface. In our country we drag or dissolve, increases the consume more energy when can observe in the corridor chances to lose their optimal they lose capacity and Celaya, Salamanca, in the quality from a natural source simply burn. As for pumps, bajio regiĂłn of Irapuato and for direct consumption. the same reason to his in Morelia, MichoacĂĄn. To the When putting together these deterioration starts when low North of the country, in the two negative effects; quality performance and specific Comarca Lagunera region and quantity, we can really hydraulic performance is and the most impressive in speak of over exploitation of reduced (fewer litres per the city of Mexico, where groundwater from an aquifer. second/meter pumping). these sinkings and failures are Then every liter per second common. In many coastal In coincidence with the will cost more! and could cities and small town, the cited study (De Graaf, 2016), stablish levels of chaotic consequences may be itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s well known that the most behavior of those wells that the increase in floods, and direct exhaustion of the supply production(hydraulic together with the reduction undergroung water es the and hydrodynamic). in the levels of groundwater reduction of the levels. it leads to a decrease in The losses will be at the order discharge of ground water of the day. The cost per KW/ to rivers, wetlands and hour pumping will be higher, lakes, thus resulting in the million-dollar sums will be lost rivers running dry, wetlands by ignorance, hardly any or that are not sustained and none observation, prevention groundwater, independent and in few words because of ecosystems suffers damages a lousy consuption of water costing millions of dollars a underground. The worst thing year. the hydrogeological units that integrate aquifers are devastating, and for years they have been observed by specialists.
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Collapses and sinkings in the city of Mexico. A classic sinking of the city left a well water pipes exposed above the ground level.
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n the city of Mexico the the city of Mexico and its i m ba l ance has been use in agriculture for more ta ken to deva s tati ng than 40 years in the former ends, the supply of the Mezquital Valley in Hidalgo city comes in to around is well known internationally. 94% of the groundwater. Part of the solutions it’s Therefore, not only can we been developed, a plant of talk about the collapse of waste water treatment that groudwater system, but decrease in at least around also unfortunately given the 60% of this degradation. its demand to the close by These effects have been water systems, if we continue analyzed not only by the to consume irresponsibly we’ll inefficiency of the system, lead our aquifers and near but for the absolute loss by reserves to grave impact. of sustainability. In a few Therefore in these cases words; "The city of Mexico is we speak of hydrosocial not business for the country", problems; because they are because: the sum of the deterioration O v e r e x p l o i t a t i o n h a s of the environment and modified the operation, socio-economic systems. quality and availability of Sustainability and its purpose groundwater in the practice: aquifer of the Valley of Mexico, • A co m b i n at i o n of g ene rati ng i r reve r s i b l e hydrological models with environmental impacts. social, economic models and development. T h e co n s e q u e n ce s o f • A solution to optimization overexploitation have been problems. directly manifested into the • Apply quality and water environment, the infraes balance models: simulate i n f ras t r uc t u re and t he the flow and quality of water economic conditions of the troughout the underground water acuifers. rivers, as well as • optimize the desired The costs of over exploitation results. has been transferred without any direct compensation to The serious impact of the the affected. Those whose discharge of sewage from have indeed started to protest
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to receive compensation, e.g. users of the Toluca Valley aquifer. But at an equally global scale in last decades lawsuits related to groundwater have more than doubled. These demands will continue to rise due to the growth of the population and because of climate variability and change. What doesn’t grow is the availability of the water. The National Academy of Science (1987) estimated a volume that has been decreasing since 1900 for the water on the planet, currently of 1.49 X 109 Km3 and distributed in the elements of the water cycle. This volume is strongly attached by demand and supports the increase of the population it also diminish by pollution. If this is true, it will take mankind to water crisis towards the year 2042. Conti nui ng the above, with growing costs by the dynamics of the global economy and its impact on the prices of energy, construction and operation as well as the maintenance and costly parts, the picture is worrying enough as to keep wasting the preciuos resource.
the rapid increase in the consuption of water in the city of Mexico. Obviously in sale to the user this price is subsidized. But if the trends follows the Estimated volumes of water in the world same, which is likely, the total hydroeconomics costs would grow by an order of up to $35, 300 million pesos per Estimated volumes of groundwater in the world year, 1.02% of the GDP of the Valley of Mexico and nearly Pollution losses three times the amount of effective investment. With this, the Government would Global water demand be forced to increase even more its subsidies to the sector, which would represent two-thirds of the financial costs of the service (source: Conagua, World Bank, GOB) Spain, ANEAS, urban water in the Valley of Mexico, 2013). rojection of availability A l s o wa s t h e co s t of Only the cost of energy is trend of the water in the construction, operation, $6,428 million pesos per year. planet (modified from m a i n t e n a n c e and The National Academy of a d m i n i s t ra t i o n of t h e Summa r y of estimated Science (1987).) required works, to bring costs for environmental water from other sources impact attr ibutable to and replace the springs loses, the overexploitation of Scary numbers. deterioration of the water groundwater. Even with all In the case of the city of quality, depletion of levels this unreasonable cost, it’s a Mex i co th e es t i m ated and the sinking of the land reality that for a community costs of 2016 considering from the city, approximate his supply will become a the different elements and cost reached $17 500 million hidrosocial problem and also water production factors, pesos, equivalent to $6.5 / even if it is still inefficient and reaching ex traordina r y m3 of water. unsustainable it’s necessary to keep on paying it because numbers however, they s h a l l b e cove r e d by The value of scarcity (1958- for Mexico city" the most public organizations, or 2007), considering the cost expensive water that there the consequences will be of investment accumulated is, is the water that we don’t catastrophic for the human to the year 2014, with have". In this case, we have conglomerate. investments of treatment to support and maintain it, plants, expansion of existing before correcting the sum The CONAGUA estimated and new sources, works of of historical errors. the scarcity value 2007-2012, drainage, modernization, based on the decrease in the etc., changes to an estimate flow of water of the springs of the order of $42,180 million supplying water to the city pesos, is equivalent to a cost of Mexico. of $11.95/m3. Price that shows Cubic kilometers per year
Water distribuition on Earth
P
21
IMPACT
COST MILLIONS IN PESOS
$/m2
PERIOD
Decrease in the quality of the water
22500
6.5
1962-2014
Modification of water quality
4227
0.96
1970-2014
Depletion of levels
3000
2.0
1950-2014
Shortage value
42180
11.95
1950-2007
TOTAL
72,527
21.41
Is obvious that the limits of groundwater are unknown or ignored. But do you know your region or the mining i ndust r y g roundwate r limits? Do you know which is the future of the invisible resource? would you be willing to let these problems arose in your mining proyect? and would prices continue to be subsidize? or would companys turn away from looking the issues? It think not! Because while doing and presenting the hydroeconomic balance to the investors and executive chiefs, independently from the hydrosocial conflict that it would had set path in parallel. The future of the invisible resource In 2010, around 20% of the world's population lived in areas of groundwater over exploited, meaning that groundwater levels fell below the exploitable economic limit. As a general rule: the economic limit is reached when the groundwater
22
food and that each year the world's population grows at 83 million people. In conclusion, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s worth mentioning that the ma j o r it y of ou r wate r reserves are hidden under the ground and most of our underground water treatment and gathering, o utg row s g ro u n d wate r renewa l needs, w h ich creates an unavoidable way to exhaustion. Growing demand and uncertainty of ex pected cl i mate change makes sure that our groundwater reserves are under increasing pressure.
becomes un reachab l e for a local farmer, which is approximately when the water level falls to 100 m below the surface.The prognosis for groundwater in the world is that, for the year 2050 between 26% and Therefore, the most important 36% of the world's population thing is to improve our will live in areas where k n ow l ed g e a bo ut th e econom ic ex p l oitation amounts of water that we limits would have been can use in the near future, reached (De Graaf, 2016). avoid i ng at the same Obviously, this persistence time, socio-economic and and the growing levels of envi ronmental impacts. stress of underground water I s ha rd to say that a will hurt local development hydrogeological study will and generate tension within contribute to bridging the the global socio-economic global knowledge divisions, system. Simulations of the perhaps not, but if it adds exhaustion of sources and and can help to guide decreases in the availability towards the sustainable use of groundwater, are taken in of water in particular places, retrospect from the intensive helping to overcome possible industr ial i zation per iod political conflicts over water (post World War II), towards in regions, and reducing the near future (1960-2050) potential socio-economic show trends of fluctuations friction between different of groundwater and their users who compete with discharges from the rivers the production of the mining that articulate a serious industry such as municipal crisis, considering that more sources and food industry than two thirds of all the from the present and the extracted groundwater are future. used for the production of
23
Case study
MINING ECONOMY 1ST PART
ORE RESERVES
nce mo re he re we are with you, trough this dynamic participation on Mining Economy.
In any mining company we obtain several categories of the reser ves, always foreseeing that the above mentioned reser ves are "dynamic"; that goes from one category to another one, and that way allowing the company to become a c) PILARS. - This one category real business, since we will not can be subdivided in: be neglecting: the Proyects, preparations and cut downs. 1) Suf f iciently big and numerous pilars that can be The Ore reserves split of the recovered by several systems. 2) Economically recoverable following way: pilars when they are left 1.- MINABLES BLOCKS. - behind in the work places. The mineral blocks split 3) Mineralized stockpiles simultaneously into three that should be considered classifications. like block, but for its probingcheck and extraction there a) BROKEN MINERAL. - It is are additional works needed the mineral that is in such such as rehabilitation of condition while estimating levels, mine intersections and the reserves. services.
O
This information will lead you to know basic and practical information on economy in the mining sector; and you will be able to take part in what itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d be an effective and efficient development in the operation of the mines and in the different companies where you work. MINING ECONOMY Mining economy is the study of the foundations and politics that determine the levels of production and productivity; straight focused on the costs that regulates a mining company.
24
b) BLOCKS. - They are considered at the moment of calculating the reserves and if there has been development in fronts, mine intersections, traditional blindholes and robbins made , etc., as well as the roof and floors that prove costeables for its exploitation.
LIMITS OF PROFITABILITY Costeable Ore. – This Ore is the one that pays all the costs of operation, indirect charges and the budgeted utility. Marginal Ore. – It’s the one that pays its costs (fixed and variable) but it has no profit; only it manages to absorb the fixed and variable costs. Mineral Incosteable. - It ‘s the one that does not pay any of its costs, wheter they’re fixed costs or variable costs.
to the monetary system; this is achieved by doing a rapid progress of the costs to verify if the mineral economic value or not. Simultaneously obtaining the unitary values and cut off grade of the mineral. CUT OFF GRADE
For such case are the following: ECONOMIC ORE: All the ore that pays his costs and expenses leaving or also exceeding the percentage of utility established. MARGINAL ORE: All the ore that pays his costs of operation, but not their General expenses, financial, amortization, etc.
It’s understood by cut off grade to all that mineral capable of absorbing the entire costs of operation (fixed costs and variable costs), To calculate the average depreciation, privileges, cut off grade obtaining depletion, etc. the desired profitability is BLOCK NOMENCLATURE IN necessary to have knowledge RESERVES Median cut off grade. – It’s the following data: all the mineral that covers — Type of site Proven reserves. - It is the it previously disclosed in — Type of mineralization mineral that has enough addition to a reasonable — Reserves information at short intervals percentage of utility that — Daily production and for which the geologic justifies the investment. — Method of mined character is well defined in — Dilution its size, in its form and the The profitability that must — Life of the mine content of the block is known. be obtained in accordance — Mineral recovery It is estimated by a certainty with the politics implanted in — Ore Concentrate every company and this one — Metal Prices of 85 %. must be definitely high for the — Costs Probable reserves. - It is the high risk factor that a mining — Casting charges mineral that has a probability operation goes with. — Profitability (ROI) of continuation of the mineralization of 70 % to 80 %. Therefore the high economic This data makes usa to risk of the operation must ask ourselves how much Stated reserves. - It is the profit with high returns. is expected to win? As m i ne ral that has l it tle Otherwise any capital that is already mentioned above information which is acquired available is preferable to put depends on the criteria or by the diamond drills. it to work with a stockbroker policy of each company. To where you get a safe certain exemplify and to takes usa CUT OFF GRADE, MEDIAN percentage and not like in deeper into this topic we will AND OBTENTION OF UNITARY a mining prospect where base in 40% and let us start VALUES ever ything is uncer tain. on the premise that we are Therefore, is essential and currently in recovery of the It is normal that sometimes of vital importance, before investment plan. Suppose it’s forgotten to translate starting a project to know if that the investment in a in a quantitative way the the ore in sight has economic mining proyect was or is 40 million dollars. mineral that is been seen, value or not.
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ROI = utility of operation investment
MONTHLY COSTS "X"
Mine = $11.53 Utility of operation = 40 MD Mill = 2.68 x 0.4 / Utility of operation = Services = 0.5 16 M. Dlls General expenses = 2. 93 Social Welfare = 3.15 The next step is to calculate the utilit y of operation Total= $20.79 DLLS. per ton of ore, to which must be added the cost of Depreciation = $1.63 operation as well as the " Amortization = 0.67 general expenses"wich are Exhaustion = 0.04 administrative, depreciations, Royalties = 3. 18 etc. ; and in this way we can determine the value of the Total= $5.48 mineral "In Situ" with which we could then make the Total cost of operation = necessar y combinations $ 26.31 DLLS. a cco rd a n ce w i t h t h e minerals Operating costs $ 26.31 DLLS. Utility of operation 25.81 DLLS. U op. x ton. / min.= Operation Total 52.21 DLLS. Annual utility exercise
that we are extracting and to achieve this step and to know the prices of minerals we can consult two official sources of information that are published monthly in the magazine Metals Week , with this official source of information we can know the price of gold, silver, zinc and lead. Another official source is the weekly financial and mining newsletter of Mexico(Boletin semanal financiero y minero de Mexico. Current quotes are:
Now we know how much it Annual production costs to knock the ore down, its benefits and also we have U op. x ton. / min.= set our goals for utility. Now 16 m dlls. what weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re missing is the need 620,000 tons. = 25.8 Dlls./ton. to know the price of minerals
To these values we substract the casting charges like: Manufactury, metallurgical losses, fines, freight etc. of which we then have the percentage of payment of each of these minerals.
2626
MINERAL
QUOTATION
UNITY
Au
$490.00 Dlls.
Ounce Troy
Ag
$11.30 Dlls.
Ounce Troy
Pb
$0.32 Dlls.
Ounce Troy
Zn
$0.35 Dlls.
Ounce Troy
Cu
$0.85 Dlls.
Libra
MINERALS
QUOTATION
% PAYABLE
NET PAYMENT
UNIT VALUES
Au Dlls. / %
$490.00 Dlls.x OT
15%
$ 73.50 Dlls.
$2.36 Dlls./Gr.
Ag Dlls. / %
$11.30 Dlls. OT
62%
$7.01 Dlls.
$0.23 Dlls./Gr.
Pb Dlls. / %
$0.32 Dlls. OT
64%
$0.20 Dlls.
$4.42 Dlls./%
Zn Dlls. / %
$0.35 Dlls. OT
17%
$0.60 Dlls.
$1.32 Dlls./%
Cu Dlls. /%
$0.85 Dlls. OT
25%
$0.21 Dlls.
$4.63 Dlls./%
If we wish to know how much is what are going to get in accordance with our standards we will have the following:
MINERALS
QUOTATION
% PAYABLE
NET PAYMENT
UNIT VALUES
Au Dlls. / %
$490.00 Dlls.x OT
15%
$ 73.50 Dlls.
$2.36 Dlls./Gr.
Ag Dlls. / %
$11.30 Dlls. OT
62%
$7.01 Dlls.
$0.23 Dlls./Gr.
Pb Dlls. / %
$0.32 Dlls. OT
64%
$0.20 Dlls.
$4.42 Dlls./%
Zn Dlls. / %
$0.35 Dlls. OT
17%
$0.60 Dlls.
$1.32 Dlls./%
Cu Dlls. /%
$0.85 Dlls. OT
25%
$0.21 Dlls.
$4.63 Dlls./%
In the previous chart we can observe that the therefore: minerals that make affordable or profitable 231 the site, are the silver and the lead. Therefore 0.90 = 257 GMS / ton. those are the minerals that should be consider Cut off grade "IN SITU" average profitability for a flourishing business. = 257Gms/ton. We will take as our main mineral silver so it is Same steps for the Pb. necessary to know the cut off grade or the Price by pound of the lead average to achieve profitability. Then we will less casting charges do the same steps for the lead. Net casting payment silver price by troy ounce $11.30 Dlls. by ounce of pb. less casting load $4.29 Dlls. payment-casting payment Total Charges= per ounce troy $7.01 Dlls. Casting Liq.per pound of Pb Calculation of troy ounce of silver required to cover total costs. 26.33 7.01 = 3.76 oz troy = 117 Gms/tonnes.
$0.32 Dlls. $0.12 Dlls. $0.20Dlls $26.33 Dlls. $0.20 = 132 lb. = 5.98% od Pb 0.90 = 6.64 = cut off grade
But by having a 10% dilution, we must make an adjustment. 117 0.90 = 130 Gms/ton.de Ag Cut off grade = 130 Gms/tonnes. AG
Profitability obtaining. 52.14 = 261 lbs. = 11.8% de Pb 0.20
Now to get the forecast utility will have: 52.14 7.01 = 7.44 ounce troy = 231 Gms / ton
Adjust by diluation 10% 11.8% = 13.1 % with gain of utility 0.90 And here we end the first of four parts about the interesting minning economy subject. See you next time.
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Main article NEMISA / Villa de la paz / San Luis Potosí Piña Rodríguez Juan Carlos/ Minería del S. XXI “Breviario fotográfico de la minería en México” Edición 1, México 2017.
MINING OF THE 21ST CENTURY THE MINING PHOTOGRAPHIC BREVIARY OF MEXICO 31
“Todo es presencia, todos los siglos son esté presente” — Octavio Paz
M
inería del S. XXI is born as a response to the search for words and concepts that are insufficient, because there are no words to describe and revive the sensations left by
32
contemplating the images that this magnanimous Industry carries out day by day. Minería del S. XXI is a book that fuses the grandeur of
the Mining Industr y with the fleeting moments, that way emerge Minería del S. XXI Breviario fotográfico de la Minería en México, summarized in a collection of unpublished photography,
Peñoles / Unidad Madero/ Zacatecas Piña Rodríguez Juan Carlos/ Minería del S. XXI “Breviario fotográfico de la minería en México” Edición 1, México 2017.
That portrays the current mining of Mexico in which we live, through 120 pages of photography, that illustrate 45 mining units of the current Mining environment in the country.
Enlace Minero brings to you a fragment of this book, as a prelude to the publication of it, a p h oto g ra p h i c breviary illustrates this report, accompanied by phrases taken at random from the
poems and essays of the famous Mexican writer, Nobel Prize for literature Octavio Paz.
33
Alamos Alamos Gold Gold // Mina Mina Mulatos/ Mulatos/ Sonora Sonora Piña Piña Rodríguez Rodríguez Juan Juan Carlos/ Carlos/ Minería Minería del del S. S. XXI XXI “Breviario “Breviario fotográfico fotográfico de de la la minería minería en en México” México” Edición Edición 1, 1, México México 2017. 2017.
34
“La memoria no es lo que recordamos, sino lo que nos recuerda. La memoria es un presente que nunca acaba de pasar”. — Octavio Paz
Alamos Alamos Gold Gold // Mina Mina Mulatos/ Mulatos/ Sonora Sonora Piña Piña Rodríguez Rodríguez Juan Juan Carlos/ Carlos/ Minería Minería del del S. S. XXI XXI “Breviario “Breviario fotográfico fotográfico de de la la minería minería en en México” México” Edición Edición 1, 1, México México 2017. 2017.
Peñoles Peñoles // Unidad Unidad Sabinas/ Sabinas/ Zacatecas Zacatecas Piña Piña Rodríguez Rodríguez Juan Juan Carlos/ Carlos/ Minería Minería del del S. S. XXI XXI “Breviario “Breviario fotográfico fotográfico de de la la minería minería en en México” México” Edición Edición 1, 1, México México 2017. 2017.
35
Argonaut Gold / Mina el Castillo/ Durango Piña Rodríguez Juan Carlos/ Minería del S. XXI “Breviario fotográfico de la minería en México” Edición 1, México 2017.
“Allí, en la soledad abierta, nos espera también la trascendencia: las manos de otros solitarios.” — Octavio Paz
36
GOLDCORP GOLDCORP // Mina Mina Peñasquito/ Peñasquito/ Zacatecas Zacatecas Piña Piña Rodríguez Rodríguez Juan Juan Carlos/ Carlos/ Minería Minería del del S. S. XXI XXI “Breviario “Breviario fotográfico fotográfico de de la la minería minería en en México” México” Edición Edición 1, 1, México México 2017. 2017.
37
“Vivir, es separarnos del que fuimos para internarnos en el que vamos a ser." — Octavio Paz
Fresnillo PLC / Unidad Saucito/ Zacatecas Piña Rodríguez Juan Carlos/ Minería del S. XXI “Breviario fotográfico de la minería en México” Edición 1, México 2017.
Endeavour Silver / Mina el Cubo/ Guanajuato Piña Rodríguez Juan Carlos/ Minería del S. XXI “Breviario fotográfico de la minería en México” Edición 1, México 2017.
38
Interview
RAFAEL REBOLLAR GONZÁLEZ President of the Communication Commission of the Mexican Mining Chamber (CAMIMEX)
E
nlace Minero held an interesting interview with one of the most significat figures in the current mining industry in Mexico, we refer to Rafael Rebollar González Division Director of metals and chemicals of industrias Peñoles and current President of the Communication Commission of the Mexican Mining Chamber (CAMIMEX). We want mining industry to become a pride for the country Positioning Mexican mining as a mode r n i ndust r y, generator for the country’s development, committed with thei r wor kers, the e nv i ro n m e nt a n d t h e communities in which it operates, are the objectives of the Communication Commission CAMIMEX. "Initially, we carry out an approchement
40
with the media so that they knew the var ious mining operations and were witness to the way in which they operate, his vision and commitment to the environment and their relationships with the communities where they operate. "After ward we saw the need to increase a communication campaign directed to the related sectors with mining activity, looking to be more sensitive in the form in which we communicate and relate with our groups of interest"... Said Rafael Rebollar when q ues ti oned about the actions that the CAMIMEX has followed to address issues of communication outside the industry. Inquiring about the strategies to be followed by mining companies to strengthen the image of the sector, Rebollar Gonzalez indicated that "companies that are affiliated to CAMIMEX have signed an ethics code, in which they undertake to conduct themselves with social responsibility, as well as with the laws and applicable regulations to our industry. Also, companies continuously adopt best practices in safety, environmental protection and bonding with their communitiesâ&#x20AC;? We need to change the communication code to positively connect us with our different audiences.
" F o r m a ny ye a r s , t h e CAMIMEX has annouced through various means of communication, the relevant information regarding the Mexican mining industry, among which stand out f i g u re s of i nve s t m e nt, economic impact, job creation and money currency, productions, etc., however, we realized that there are topics of general interest to the community that we have failed to report in a timely manner and I refer to those related to environment , sustainability, community, quality of life and education, which are subjects in which mining companies work every day and there are many good stories to tell. "We need to change the code of communication to connect us positively with our different audiences, emphasized the president of the Communication Co m m i s s i o n CA M I M E X " when asked about what areas of opportunity have been detected in matters of communication within the industry. We have the challenge of outstanding the value of good practices of our industry and to respond to the issues that are important to our audiences, we have everything to do it right and we want to do it well! Speaking of the challenges in communication, facing the mining industry, Rebollar
Gonzalez commented that "the biggest challenge is that the true benefits generated from the mining industry are received, both for the Mexican country, as for the communities in which we operate. There are negative perceptions of our industry and it is largely due to the lack of information. The type and quality of information is capable of creating promoters or detractors of our industry. So we have the challenge of outstanding the value of good practices of our industry and to respond to the issues that are important to our audiences,we have everything to do it well and we want to do it right! ". We must open up dialogue spaces with the involved social actors, to maintain an attitude of openness and strengthen our community development models. "Fully comply with the laws and regulations of our industry and continue and might accelerate upon case, the adoption of best practices. This will always be the best antidote to prevent any conflict. In addition, we must open up spaces for dialog with the social actors involved, to maintain an attitude of openness, strengthen our community development models, identify local practices that we wish to promote in conjunction with our communities and being key managers with our
41
authorities for the solution of and mistrust, and I think they problems that concern these should be clarifed to show communities. It’s necessary to the reality as it is. establish clear roles between authority, community and Speaking about the needs companies to understand that have not been satisfied the shared responsibility of concerning communication, all actors". mentioned Rafael Rafael Rebollar González Rebollar when questioned on specified that it is necessary the actions that the mining “to be able to transmit in a companies should take in the clear and simple way the short term, to avoid attacks benefits of the mining industry and the importance that it by groups of society. has in our daily lives. To put matters in the right context, CAMIMEX is the official there are a number of myths announcer of our industry that obviously generate and has positioned itself to misinformation and mistrust, the Authorities, Media and and I think they should be the General public, as a clarifed to show the reality source of truthful, accurate as it is. Companies who are and timely information. affiliated to CAMIMEX believe in the opening of information Becoming involved in the and transparency, and it is subject of the role that plays important that our audiences CAMIMEX in the matter of also believe it as well." communication towards society and the different interest groups, Rebollar " In CA MIMEX we have Gonzalez commented that identified that our role has "it plays a very important to be extended toward the role since the CAMIMEX promotion of good practices represents more than 90% and the development of a of the formal Mining Industry system of beliefs that can be of Mexico. Is the official adopted by all the affiliated announcer of our industry companies as a condition and has positioned itself to sine qua non. the authorities, the Media and the general public, as " In CA MIME X we have a source of truthful, accurate identified that our role has and timely information". to be extended toward the promotion of good practices and the development of a To put matters in the right system of beliefs that can be context, there are a number adopted by all the affiliated. of myths that obviously "This system includes Earth's generate misinformation t r a n s f o r m a t i o n f r o m
42
knowledge, job opportunities that transform the living conditions, creation of decent and fair work, strategic alliances that promote the local development, State and National and the transparency of the rules of the game" mentioned Rebollar Gonzalez, referring to the guidelines that should be taken concerning the comunication of CAMIMEX. The alliance that exists bet ween the a f f i l iated companies in CAMIMEX has made it posible to establish a clear vision towards where we must direct our efforts in matter of sustainability The alliance that exists bet ween the affiliated companies in CAMIMEX has made it posible to establish a clear vision towards where we must direct our efforts in matter of sustainability, i.e., economic, environmental and social, and demostrating with facts the value that we generate.We are very aware that the local practices form part of the reputation of the mining companies and therefore of our industry in general, from here, the importance of cumplying the l a w s, become an example of good practices in our communities and of course, communicate it in a clear way, truthful and timely. Ended Rafael Rebollar González.
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